| 1. Title: HIV Infection--Guangdong Province, China, 1997-2007. Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2009 Apr 24;58(15):396-400. Abstract: In 2007, an estimated 700,000 persons in China were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. An estimated 50,000 new HIV infections and 20,000 deaths related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) occurred in 2007, and an estimated 71% of persons with HIV infection were unaware of their HIV status. In 2007, 40.6% of those living with HIV had been infected through heterosexual transmission and 38.1% through injection-drug use. Guangdong Province in southeastern China is the country's most populous province, with an estimated 75.6 million permanent residents and 16.5 million migrants; the province has undergone rapid economic development. Since 1986, a case-based surveillance system (CBSS) in China has collected data on persons infected with HIV, including demographic characteristics and transmission categories. To assess recent trends in HIV infection in the province, the Guangdong Center for Disease Control, with technical assistance from CDC, analyzed CBSS data for the period 1997--2007. The results of that analysis indicated that the number of HIV cases increased from 102 in 1997 to 4,593 in 2007, although this increase resulted, in part, from expanded testing and surveillance. Among males classified by HIV transmission category, 82.1% of newly diagnosed infections were attributed to injection-drug use. Among females classified by HIV transmission category, 53.7% engaged in high-risk heterosexual conduct. Despite substantial methodologic limitations, these results can be useful to Guangdong public health agencies in targeting and evaluating HIV prevention, care, and treatment programs. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | IV DRUG USERS | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | SEX FACTORS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | INTERNET | AGE FACTORS | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Measurement | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Information Networks | Communication | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 331260 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Factors affecting awareness of emergency contraception among college students in Kathmandu, Nepal. Author: Adhikari R Source: BMC Women's Health. 2009 Sep 17;9(1):27. Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: In Nepal, Emergency Contraception (EC) could play a critical role in reducing unintended pregnancies, but very few people aware about it. This paper aims to investigate the level of awareness and factors influencing awareness of EC among college students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in April-May 2006. Structured self-administered questionnaires were administered to 1,137 college students (573 males and 564 females) in Kathmandu district. The association between awareness of EC and the explanatory variables were first assessed in bivariate analysis using the Chi-square test. The associations were further explored using a multivariate logistic analysis. RESULTS: Only about two-thirds of college students (68%) had ever heard about EC. Bivariate analysis shows that males were more aware (72%) of EC than were females (64%). Similarly, the awareness level was significantly higher among younger, unmarried youth who were from outside Kathmandu Valley, who lived with friends, and who had received reproductive health (RH) education in school/college. The study also found that students' sex, permanent place of residence (district), and RH education are significant predictors of awareness of EC. Males are 1.5 times more likely to be aware of EC compared to females. Furthermore, students who lived in Kathmandu Valley were 41% less likely to be aware of EC than were students from outside Kathmandu Valley. On the other hand, those students who received RH education in school/college were almost nine times more likely to be aware of EC compared to those who did not receive such education. CONCLUSIONS: Awareness of the EC is low among college students in Nepal. Health education initiatives should target students as they are more likely to be sexually active. There is a need to further educate students about EC which can help to reduce unintended pregnancies, many of which result in unsafe abortion and take a large toll on women's health. Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDENTS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | AWARENESS | QUESTIONNAIRES | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | SEX EDUCATION | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Education | Contraception | Family Planning | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 342836 |
3.  Title: Assessment of family planning services in Kenya: Evidence from the 2004 Kenya Service Provision Assessment Survey. Author: Agwanda A; Khasakhala A; Kimani M Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, MEASURE DHS, 2009 Jan. [51] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00Kenya Working Papers No. 4) Based on further analysis of the 2004 Kenya Service Provision Assessment Survey. Abstract: This study focused on factors associated with the readiness of Kenyan health facilities to provide quality and appropriate care to family planning clientele; the degree to which health care providers foster informed selection of an appropriate contraceptive method; and the extent to which clients perceive services to be of high quality. Data was obtained from the 2004 Kenya Service Provision Assessment. The composite indicators scores for facility readiness were generally low and many facilities lacked simple items like visual aids, guidelines, towels, speculum, etc. There were marked differences in facility readiness by region, facility type, and managing authority. Provider service provision scores were generally high but the only important difference was by region. Client satisfaction was dependent on the facility type, managing authority, sex of the provider, and the waiting time to receive services. Clients were more likely to be satisfied with female rather than male providers. Clients were less satisfied in Nyanza, although the facilities were more ready with high-performing providers. In contrast, North Eastern Province had less ready facilities, but high client satisfaction and high provider performance. Health centre, clinics, and dispensaries need to be revamped to appropriate standards so as to include all basic elements of family planning service provision. North Eastern Province, with motivated workers, highly satisfied clients but poor facilities, deserves proper attention. Facilities in Nairobi need improvements in staff supervision and retraining. There is need to educate the clientele on the availability of appropriate services within the government facilities. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | HEALTH SURVEYS | KAP SURVEYS | EVALUATION INDEXES | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL CHARACTERISTICS | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL EVALUATION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | PERCEPTION | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | SATISFACTION | SEX FACTORS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Health | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Family Planning Personnel | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 329890 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV prevalence and associated risk factors among individuals aged 13-34 years in rural western Kenya. Author: Amornkul PN; Vandenhoudt H; Nasokho P; Odhiambo F; Mwaengo D Source: Plos One. 2009 Jul;4(7):e6470. Abstract: From a demographic surveillance system, the authors selected a random sample of Asembo, Kenya residents ages 13–34 years, who were contacted at home and invited to a nearby mobile study site. From October 2003 to April 2004, consenting participants were interviewed on risk behavior and tested for HIV and HSV-2. HIV voluntary counseling and testing was offered. Of 2,606 eligible residents, 1,822 (70%) enrolled. Primary reasons for refusal included not wanting blood taken, not wanting to learn HIV status, and partner or parental objection. Females comprised 53% of 1,762 participants providing blood. Adjusted HIV prevalence was 15.4% overall: 20.5% among females and 10.2% among males. HIV prevalence was highest in women ages 25-29 years (36.5%) and men ages 30-34 years (41.1%). HSV-2 prevalence was 40.0% overall: 53% among females, 25.8% among males. In multivariate models stratified by gender and marital status, HIV infection was strongly associated with age, higher number of sex partners, widowhood, and HSV-2 seropositivity. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | HIV INFECTIONS | HERPES GENITALIS | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | MIGRATION | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Measurement | Health | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Dynamics | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 339909 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexual risk behaviour of the first cohort undergoing screening for enrollment into Phase I/II HIV vaccine trials in South Africa. Author: Andersson KM; Van Niekerk RM; Niccolai LM; Mlungwana ON; Holdsworth IM; Bogoshi M; McIntyre JA; Gray GE; Vardas E Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Feb;20(2):95-101. Abstract: We assessed risk behaviour in a heterosexual cohort undergoing prescreening for the first Phase I/II HIV vaccine trials in Soweto. We developed a survey and collected self-reported data from HIV-negative potential volunteers. Of 488 participants, most were single and approximately half were from households with incomes below the poverty level. Males reported higher rates of heavy alcohol use (P < 0.001), marijuana use (P < 0.001) and other recreational drug use (P < 0.01). Males reported more sex partners than females in the previous six months (P < 0.001), as well as more casual/anonymous partners (P < 0.001) and one-night stands (P < 0.001). Multivariate analyses revealed substance use and male gender predicted higher risk behaviours, including <100% condom use with known/suspected HIV-positive partners, having casual/anonymous partners and having more than two partners. For this population, male volunteers may need increased risk-reduction counselling during Phase I/II trials and additional recruitment methods may be necessary to identify high-risk female volunteers for Phase III efficacy trials. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CLINICAL TRIALS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | HETEROSEXUALS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | VACCINES | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | SCREENING | POVERTY | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | SEX FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Data Analysis | Behavior | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Examinations and Diagnoses | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 331093 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Education gender gaps in Pakistan: Is the labor market to blame? Author: Aslam M Source: Economic Development and Cultural Change. 2009 Jul;57(4):747-784. Abstract: Differential labor market returns to male and female education are one potential explanation for large gender gaps in education in Pakistan. We empirically test this explanation by estimating private returns to education separately for male and female wage earners. This article contributes to the literature by using a variety of methodologies (ordinary least squares, Heckman correction, two-stage least squares, and household fixed effects) in order to estimate economic returns to education. The latest nationally representative data-the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (2002)-are used. Earnings function estimates consistently reveal a sizable gender asymmetry in economic returns to education, with returns to women's education being substantially and statistically significantly higher than men's. The return to an additional year of schooling ranges between 7% and 11% for men and between 13% and 18% for women. There are also large, direct returns to women's education at low levels of schooling, and the education-earnings profile is more convex for women than for men. However, a decomposition of the gender wage gap (into the component "explained" by differing male and female endowments and the residual component) suggests that there is highly differentiated treatment by employers. We conclude that the total labor market returns are much higher for men, despite returns to education being higher for women. This suggests that parents may have an investment motive in allocating more resources to boys than to girls within households. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | LABOR FORCE | SPOUSE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | GENDER ISSUES | SEX FACTORS | INEQUALITIES | INCOME | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 341095 |
| 7. Title: Adherence and treatment response among HIV-1 infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy in a rural government hospital in southwestern Uganda. Author: Bajunirwe F; Arts EJ; Tisch DJ; King CH; Debanne SM Source: Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care. 2009 Mar-Apr;8(2):139-147. Abstract: Background. Large-scale, government-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) programs in rural areas of resource-poor countries remain largely unevaluated. Methods. We conducted a retrospective review of all patients receiving (n = 399) to assess survival and retention in care and a prospective evaluation of patients on ART for at least 6 months (n = 175). We used 3-day self-report to measure adherence. Results. The probability (95% confidence interval [CI]) of surviving and remaining in care was 0.76 (0.72, 0.81) at 1 year. Men and patients with advanced disease were more likely to die or be lost to follow-up. At baseline, 149 (85%) reported 100% adherence. Nonadherence was associated with lack of suppression of viral replication (odds ratio [OR] = 4.5; 95% CI: 1.8, 11.5). Missing a scheduled clinic visit and lack of disclosure of HIV status were associated with nonadherence. Conclusion. Viral suppression was high, but counseling to include HIV disclosure to family and keeping scheduled clinic appointments may improve long-term adherence and treatment outcomes. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ADULTS | RURAL POPULATION | HIV INFECTIONS | USER COMPLIANCE | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | SEX FACTORS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | HIV | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331336 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Is sexual risk taking behaviour changing in rural south-west Uganda? Behaviour trends in a rural population cohort 1993 2006. Author: Biraro S; Shafer LA; Kleinschmidt I; Wolff B; Karabalinda A; Nalwoga A; Musinguzi J; Kirungi W; Opio A; Whitworth J; Grosskurth H Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 1):i3-i11. Abstract: Objective: To describe sexual behaviour trends in a rural Ugandan cohort in the context of an evolving HIV epidemic, 1993-2006. Methods: Sexual behaviour data were collected annually from a population cohort in which HIV serological surveys were also conducted. Behaviour trends were determined using survival analysis and logistic regression. Trends are reported based on the years in which the respective indicators were collected. Results: Between 1993 and 2006, median age at first sex increased from 16.7 years to 18.2 years among 17-20-year-old girls and from 18.5 years to 19.9 years among boys. Both sexes reported a dip in age at sexual debut between 1998 and 2001. One or more casual partners in the past 12 months among men rose from 11.6% in 1997 to 12.7% in 2004 and then declined to 10.2% in 2006. Among women it increased from 1.4% in 1997 to 3.7% in 2004 and then reduced to 1.4% in 2006. The rise in casual partners between 1997 and 2004 was driven mainly by older age groups. Trends in condom use with casual partners varied by age, increasing among those aged 35+ years, declining in the middle age groups and presenting a dip and then a rise in the youngest aged group (13-19 years). Conclusion: Among youth, risky behaviour declined but increased in the late 1990s/early 2000s. Among those aged 35+ years, condom use rose but casual partners also rose. Several indicators portrayed a temporary increase in risk taking behaviour from 1998 to 2002. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | RURAL POPULATION | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV INFECTIONS | SEX FACTORS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | CONDOM USE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexual Partners | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 340101 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Antiretroviral adherence in rural Zambia: the first year of treatment availability. Author: Birbeck GL; Chomba E; Kvalsund M; Bradbury R; Mang'ombe C; Malama K; Kaile T; Byers PA; Organek N Author: RAAZ Study Team Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 Apr;80(4):669-74. Abstract: We conducted a retrospective chart review of antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic patients treated during the first 12 months after clinics opened in rural Zambia and assessed adherence based on clinic attendance, patient report, and staff assessment. We identified 255 eligible patients (mean age, 39.7 years; 44.3% male; 56.5% married; and 45.5% with only primary school education). Twenty percent had partners known to be HIV positive. Twenty percent were widowed. Thirty-seven percent had disclosed their HIV status to their spouse. Disclosure was less likely among women (27.5% versus 49.6%, P = 0.0005); 36.5% had "clinic buddies" to provide adherence support. Adherence rates were good for 59.2%. Disclosure of HIV status to ones' spouse (P = 0.047), knowing spouses' HIV status (P = 0.02), and having a clinic buddy (P = 0.01) were associated with good adherence. Social support is a key patient-level resource impacting ART adherence in rural Zambia. Limited spousal disclosure affects women more than men. Clinic buddies are associated with better adherence. Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SPOUSE | SOCIAL NETWORKS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | USER COMPLIANCE | CLINIC VISITS | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | KNOWLEDGE | SEX FACTORS | SPOUSAL SUPPORT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Friends and Relatives | HIV | Behavior | Service Statistics | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Interpersonal Relations | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 331277 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Do men and women with HIV differ in their quality of life? A study from south India. Author: Chandra PS; Satyanarayana VA; Satishchandra P; Satish KS; Kumar M Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Feb;13(1):110-117. Abstract: This paper examined gender differences in Quality of Life (QOL) among people living with HIV/ AIDS in South India using the locally validated version of the WHO Quality of Life Instrument for HIV (WHOQOLHIV 120). Participants (N = 109) were men and women with HIV1 Clade C infection participating in a cohort study. There was no gender difference in CD4 counts or use of antiretroviral therapy. Of the 29 facets of QOL, men reported significantly higher QOL in the following facetspositive feeling, sexual activity, financial resources and transport, while women reported significantly higher QOL on the forgiveness and blame facet. Of the six domains of QOL, men reported better quality of life in the environmental domain while women had higher scores on the spirituality/religion and personal beliefs domain. Understanding these gender differences may provide potentially useful information for tailoring interventions to enhance QOL among people infected with HIV/AIDS. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SEX FACTORS | QUALITY OF LIFE | HIV | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Welfare | Economic Factors Document Number: 330154 |
| 11. Title: Women's health and gender-based clinical trials on etoricoxib: methodological gender bias. Author: Chilet-Rosell E; Ruiz-Cantero MT; Horga JF Source: Journal of Public Health. 2009 Sep;31(3):434-45. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine compliance with published good practice guidelines for gender and clinical trials using etoricoxib. The rationale for choosing etoricoxib was that it is widely used by women and there is evidence of potential interaction with contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy as highlighted in the product characteristics. METHODS: The study reviewed 58 etoricoxib published trials (54 papers) to determine if they met the gender recommendations of the Guidelines of Food and Drug Administration (1993) and the Sex, Gender and Pain Special Interest Group Consensus Working Group Report (2007). RESULTS: Women formed 70% of a total of 49 835 subjects included in the etoricoxib trials, but only 31% of the subjects were in Phase I. About 85.7% of trials did not show sex-stratified data. About 90.6 and 93.3% did not provide efficacy and adverse effects data by sex, respectively. There is scarce information about the influence of issues that specifically affect women. Discussion Women are under-represented in the published etoricoxib trials, specifically, in Phase I. Sex-stratified data on efficacy and adverse effects are scarce in etoricoxib trials. Together with the lack of data on women-specific issues, this suggests that etoricoxib may pose the same potential problems for women as other cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL TRIALS | DRUGS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | DRUG INTERACTIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | SIDE EFFECTS | THROMBOSIS | SEX FACTORS | PREGNANCY | VALIDITY | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Measurement Document Number: 342950 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Association of attitudes and beliefs towards antiretroviral therapy with HIV-seroprevalence in the general population of Kisumu, Kenya. Author: Cohen CR; Montandon M; Carrico AW; Shiboski S; Bostrom A; Obure A; Kwena Z; Bailey RC; Nguti R; Bukusi EA Source: PLoS One. 2009;4(3):e4573. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Since antiretroviral therapy (ART) became available in the developed world, the prevalence of unprotected sex and the incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV have increased. We hypothesized that a similar phenomenon may be occurring in sub-Saharan Africa concomitant with the scale-up of HIV treatment. METHODS: We conducted a general population-based survey in Kisumu, Kenya. Participants completed an interview that included demographics as well as ART-related attitudes and beliefs (AB) and then underwent HIV serological testing. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of AB about ART indicated two factors: 1) ART-related risk compensation (increased sexual risk taking now that ART is available); and 2) a perception that HIV is more controllable now that ART is available. Logistic regression was used to determine associations of these factors with HIV-seroprevalence after controlling for age. FINDINGS: 1,655 (90%) of 1,844 people aged 15-49 contacted, including 749 men and 906 women, consented to participate in the study. Most participants (n = 1164; 71%) had heard of ART. Of those who had heard of ART, 23% believed ART was a cure for HIV. ART-related risk compensation (Adjusted (A)OR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.16-1.81), and a belief that ART cures HIV (AOR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.22-3.76) were associated with an increased HIV seroprevalence in men but not women after controlling for age. In particular, ART-related risk compensation was associated with an increased HIV-seroprevalence in young (aged 15-24 years) men (OR = 1.56; 95% CI 1.12-2.19). CONCLUSIONS: ART-related risk compensation and a belief that ART cures HIV were associated with an increased HIV seroprevalence among men but not women. HIV prevention programs in sub-Saharan Africa that target the general population should include educational messages about ART and address the changing beliefs about HIV in the era of greater ART availability. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX FACTORS | KNOWLEDGE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Population | HIV | Population Characteristics Document Number: 331237 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Fertility intentions and reproductive health care needs of people living with HIV in Cape Town, South Africa: implications for integrating reproductive health and HIV care services. Author: Cooper D; Moodley J; Zweigenthal V; Bekker LG; Shah I; Myer L Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(Suppl 1):S38-S46. Abstract: Tailoring sexual and reproductive health services to meet the needs of people living with the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) is a growing concern but there are few insights into these issues where HIV is most prevalent. This cross-sectional study investigated the fertility intentions and associated health care needs of 459 women and men, not sampled as intimate partners of each other, living with HIV in Cape Town, South Africa. An almost equal proportion of women (55%) and men (43%) living with HIV, reported not intending to have children as were open to the possibility of having children (45 and 57%, respectively). Overall, greater intentions to have children were associated with being male, having fewer children, living in an informal settlement and use of antiretroviral therapy. There were important gender differences in the determinants of future childbearing intentions, with being on HAART strongly associated with women's fertility intentions. Gender differences were also apparent in participants' key reasons for wanting children. A minority of participants had discussed their reproductive intentions and related issues with HIV health care providers. There is an urgent need for intervention models to integrate HIV care with sexual and reproduction health counseling and services that account for the diverse reproductive needs of these populations. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | URBAN POPULATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | NEEDS | COUNSELING | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | SEX FACTORS | HIV/FP INTEGRATION | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Economic Factors | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control Document Number: 341901 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: The impact of gender and income on survival and retention in a South African antiretroviral therapy programme. Author: Cornell M; Myer L; Kaplan R; Bekker LG; Wood R Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2009 Jul;14(7):722-31. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Despite the rapid expansion of antiretroviral therapy (ART) services in Africa, there are few data on whether outcomes differ for women and men and what factors may drive such variation. We investigated the association of gender and income with survival and retention in a South African ART programme. METHODS: A total of 2196 treatment-naive adults were followed for 1 year on ART. Proportional hazards regression was used to explore associations between baseline characteristics and survival and loss-to-follow-up (LTFU). RESULTS: Patients were predominantly female (67%). Men presented at an older age and with more advanced HIV disease, and during early ART the crude death rate was higher among men than women (22.8 vs 12.5/100 person-years; P = 0.002). However in multivariate analysis, gender was not significantly associated with survival after adjusting for baseline clinical and immunovirological status (HR = 1.46, 95% CI = 0.96-2.22; P = 0.076). In late ART (4-12 months), there was no gender difference in mortality rates (3.5 vs 3.8/100 person-years; P = 0.817). In multivariate analysis, survival was strongly associated with age (HR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.02-1.09; P < 0.001), CD4 count >150 vs <50 cells/microl (HR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.14-0.87; P = 0.023) and any monthly income vs none (HR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.25-0.88; P = 0.018). Having some monthly income was protective against LTFU at 1 year on ART (adjusted HR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.39-0.82; P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Men's high early mortality on ART appears due largely to their presentation with more advanced HIV disease. Efforts are needed to enroll men into care earlier in HIV disease and to reduce socio-economic inequalities in ART programme outcomes. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | MORTALITY | INEQUALITIES | INCOME | SEX FACTORS | IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 342641 |
| 15. Title: Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis in women. Author: Coutinho JM; Ferro JM; Canhao P; Barinagarrementeria F; Cantu C; Bousser MG; Stam J Source: Stroke. 2009 Jul;40(7):2356-61. Abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Little is known about the gender-specific manifestations of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis, a disease that is much more common in women than men. METHODS: We used data of the International Study on Cerebral Vein and Dural sinus Thrombosis (ISCVT), a multicenter prospective observational study, to analyze gender-specific differences in clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of cerebral venous thrombosis. RESULTS: Four hundred sixty-five of a total of 624 patients were women (75%). Women were significantly younger, had less often a chronic onset of symptoms, and had more often headache at presentation. There were no gender differences in ancillary investigations or treatment. A gender-specific risk factor (oral contraceptives, pregnancy, puerperium, and hormonal replacement therapy) was present in 65% of women. Women had a better prognosis than men (complete recovery 81% versus 71%l P=0.01), which was entirely due to a better outcome in female patients with gender-specific risk factors. Women without gender-specific risk factors are similar to men in clinical presentation, risk factor profile, and outcome. Logistic regression analysis confirmed that the absence of gender-specific risk factors is a strong and independent predictor of poor outcome in women with sinus thrombosis (OR, 3.7; CI, 1.9 to 7.4). CONCLUSIONS: Our study identified important differences between women and men in presentation, course, and risk factors of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis and showed that women with a gender-specific risk factor have a much better prognosis than other patients. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | CLIENTS | WOMEN | CEREBROVASCULAR EFFECTS | THROMBOSIS | RISK FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Health | Population Characteristics Document Number: 342314 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Measuring trends in age at first sex and age at marriage in Manicaland, Zimbabwe. Author: Cremin I; Mushati P; Hallett T; Mupambireyi Z; Nyamukapa C; Garnett GP; Gregson S Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 1):i34-i40. Abstract: The authors analyzed longitudinal data from three rounds of a population-based cohort in eastern Zimbabwe. Reports of age at first sex and age at marriage from 6,837 individuals attending multiple rounds were classified according to consistency. Survival analysis was used to identify trends in the timing of first sex and marriage. In this population, women initiate sex and enter marriage at younger ages than men but spend much less time between first sex and marriage. Among those surveyed between 1998 and 2005, median ages at first sex and first marriage were 18.5 years and 21.4 years for men and 18.2 years and 18.5 years, respectively, for women aged 15-54 years. High levels of reports of both age at first sex and age at marriage among those attending multiple surveys were found to be unreliable. Excluding reports identified as unreliable from these analyses did not alter the observed trends in either age at first sex or age at marriage. Tracing birth cohorts as they aged revealed reporting biases, particularly among the youngest cohorts. Comparisons by birth cohorts, which span a period of >40 years, indicate that median age at first sex has remained constant over time for women but has declined gradually for men. Although many reports of age at first sex and age at marriage were found to be unreliable, inclusion of such reports did not result in artificial generation or suppression of trends. Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | TARGET POPULATION | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | MARRIAGE AGE | BIAS | SEX FACTORS | RELIABILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Error Sources | Measurement Document Number: 340105 |
| 17. Title: Determinants of condom use: results of the Canadian Community Health Survey 3.1. Author: Dhalla S; Poole G Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health / Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 2009 Jul-Aug;100(4):299-303. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine the independent effects of mood disorder, age, race/ethnicity, personal income, being a current student, having a regular medical doctor and substance use in relationship to condom use at last intercourse in a Canadian population stratified by sex. METHODS: We used Cycle 3.1 of the 2006 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS 3.1), a population-based, voluntary, cross-sectional survey of subjects ages 12-85 years. Data collection took place between January and December 2005. From the survey, a study sample of 20,975 people was drawn, consisting of individuals providing valid responses (yes/no) to mood disorder and last-time condom use. The question of sexual behaviours was asked only of those ages 15-49 years. Logistic regression was used to examine individual variables as potential determinants of last-time condom use stratified by sex. RESULTS: The relationship between mood disorder and condom use was non-significant in both males (AOR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.70-1.04) and females (AOR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.78-1.03). Increasing age was found to be inversely associated with last-time condom use in both males and females. Male factors significantly associated with last-time condom use were being of white ethnicity (AOR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.64-0.79) and being a current student (AOR = 1.28, 95% CI =1.16-1.42). Female factors associated with last-time condom use were being of white ethnicity (AOR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.63-0.79) and being a former drinker (AOR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.63-3.11). CONCLUSION: Our results identify important determinants of last-time condom use in both males and females in the CCHS 3.1. These findings may have important implications for the devising and implementation of safe sex programs in a Canadian population ages 15-49 years. Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ETHNIC GROUPS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | CONDOM USE | MENTAL DISORDERS | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Americas | Health | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 342618 |
| 18. Title: Women, contraception, and consent to research participation [editorial] Author: Ding EL; Nagda SR Source: Journal of Women's Health. 2009 Apr;18(4):439-41. Abstract: This editorial piece explores women's Willingness To Participate (WTP) in clinical research. The sufficient inclusion of women in clinical research remains a challenge due to research participation conflicting with women's contraceptive behaviors and is further complicated by the potential risk of harm to a fetus. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | STUDY DESIGN | PILOT PROJECTS | WOMEN | INFORMED CONSENT | SEX FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | PARTICIPATION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | PERCEPTION | COST EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Social Behavior | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage | Psychological Factors | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation Document Number: 330976 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender factors associated with sexual abstinent behaviour of rural South African high school going youth in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Author: Dlamini S; Taylor M; Mkhize N; Huver R; Sathiparsad R; de Vries H; Naidoo K; Jinabhai C Source: Health Education Research. 2009 Jun;24(3):450-60. Abstract: The cross-sectional study investigated South African rural high school learners' choice of sexual abstinence in order to be able to develop tailored health education messages. All Grade 9 learners from one class at each of 10 randomly selected rural high schools participated. The Integrated Model for Motivational and Behavioural Change was used to elicit attitudes, social influences, self-efficacy and intentions towards sexual abstinence. Chi-square and t-tests were used for bivariate analysis. In total, 454 learners, mean age 16.7 years (standard deviation 1.41) range 14-20 years, participated, of whom 246 (54.2%) were female. When comparing learners reporting abstinence (n = 252) with those not abstinent (n = 202), abstinent learners were significantly more often females (P < 0.005), younger (16.5 years versus 17.1 years, P < 0.005) and drank less alcohol (P < 0.005). Abstaining girls believed that their friends and parents think that they should abstain from sex, that their friends abstained from sex and that abstinence helped them to mature emotionally. Abstinent boys expressed intentions to abstain from sex until marriage. Targeted intervention research is required to encourage South African rural high school learners to delay their sexual initiation to reduce their risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Different abstinent messages are needed for boys and girls to address the different patterns of behaviour observed. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | STUDENTS | ABSTINENCE | PREVALENCE | ATTITUDES | SEX FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Measurement | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 341430 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Attitudes towards the male contraceptive pill in men and women in casual and stable sexual relationships. Author: Eberhardt J; van Wersch A; Meikle N Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Jul;35(3):161-5. Abstract: BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY: Men's and women's attitudes towards the male contraceptive pill and their trust in the effective use of the male pill were investigated, as well as the associated variables of reported health behaviours, perceived self-efficacy and type of sexual relationship, using a questionnaire survey. RESULTS: Although both sexes had a favourable attitude towards the male pill, females had a more positive attitude than men. Conversely, women had less trust that men would use the male pill effectively. Males in stable sexual relationships were more positive about the male pill than those in casual sexual relationships. Gender, relationship type and trust in the effective use of the male pill reliably predicted attitude towards the male pill. High perceived self-efficacy was related to engaging in more health behaviours, and in men a positive association between health behaviours and attitude towards the male pill has been found. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: A positive attitude towards the male pill does not automatically imply that the individual is confident about its effective use. Once the male pill is widely available, promotional campaigns could target not only men but also their female partners, as the latter tend to come into contact with health services more frequently. In order to increase confidence in effective implementation, a variety of presentations of the male pill should be made available in line with individual needs and lifestyles. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | MALE CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | QUESTIONNAIRES | MALE ROLE | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 342138 |
| 21. Title: Migraine: a question and answer review. Author: Evans RW Source: Medical Clinics of North America. 2009 Mar;93(2):245-62, vii. Abstract: Internists commonly treat migraine, which affects more than 29 million Americans yearly. This article reviews epidemiology, pathophysiology, comorbidity, clinical features, diagnostic testing, acute and preventive treatment, and women's issues. Physicians and migraineurs would like to see more effective and more tolerable medications. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CLASSIFICATION | CELEBRITIES | PREVALENCE | MIGRAINE | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | GENETICS | COMPLICATIONS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | HEADACHE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Influentials | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Measurement | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 341118 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Like parent, like child: Intergenerational transmission of partner violence in Cebu, the Philippines. Author: Fehringer JA; Hindin MJ Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2009 Apr;44(4):363-371. Abstract: Purpose: This study investigates the prevalence of partner violence perpetration and receipt among a sample of young men and women in the Philippines, as well as the relationship between witnessing interparental violence during childhood and current violence in partnerships. Methods: We used 1994, 2002, and 2005 data from 472 married or cohabiting young adults from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey in Cebu, the Philippines. This is a longitudinal data set following more than 2000 Filipino women and their index children since the child's birth in 1983-1984. Results: Prevalence of partner violence perpetration was 55.8% for female and 25.1% for male respondents. Prevalence of victimization was 27.7% for females and 30.5% for males. In all, 45% of females and 50% of males reported having witnessed their parents/caretakers physically hurt one another during childhood. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that witnessing interparental violence significantly predicted report of violent act victimization and reciprocal violent acts. Greater parental joint decision making and being male were independently associated with a lower risk of report of both reciprocal violent acts and violent act victimization. Duration of marriage or cohabition was associated with report of violent act victimization and reciprocal violent acts. There were gender interaction effects for several factors, including mother's church attendance and household purchase of alcohol at age 11 years. Conclusions: Implications for further research and violence prevention programs include early intervention with adolescents and focus on gender differences in violence determinants. Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILDREN | PARENTS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PREVALENCE | SEX FACTORS | RELIGION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Measurement Document Number: 341085 |
| 23. Title: Knowledge of HIV risk factors among immigrants in Thailand. Author: Fuller TD; Chamratrithirong A Source: Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. 2009 Apr;11(2):83-91. Abstract: This study is based on a sample of 3,374 immigrants from Cambodia and Myanmar who worked in 17 different provinces in Thailand. Many immigrants workers had not even heard of HIV/AIDS before coming to Thailand, but most have received instruction about HIV/AIDS from some source in Thailand, and a large majority are now aware of HIV/AIDS. While immigrant workers in Thailand are fairly knowledgeable about the risk factors for HIV transmission, important gaps remain. Women, persons with less than five years of education, seafarers, agricultural workers, those who do not personally know anyone affected by HIV/AIDS, and those who have not yet received instruction in HIV/AIDS are the ones most likely to have gaps in their knowledge of HIV/AIDS risk factors. Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | CAMBODIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | IMMIGRANTS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | KNOWLEDGE | HIV TRANSMISSION | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | INFORMATION SOURCES | SEX FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SEX EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Information | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Education Document Number: 331116 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Epidemiologic study of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Infection in the patients referred to health centers in Hamadan province, Iran. Author: Ghannad MS; Arab SM; Mirzaei M; Moinipur A Source: AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 2009 Mar;25(3):277-83. Abstract: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is one of the most important infectious diseases threatening the world's population today. The main aim of this study was to assess the epidemiologic features of HIV/AIDS from January 1989 to March 2007 in Hamadan province, Iran. In a cross-sectional study, epidemiodemographic characteristics of HIV/AIDS-positive patients during a period of 17 years were collected from health centers in Hamadan province. This study showed that about 1.8% of HIV/AIDS cases in Iran involved people who lived in Hamadan province. Further study is needed to determine the reasons for this. From January 1989 to March 2007, 285 individuals including 275 males and 10 females were infected with HIV in this province. The study showed that 88% of patients lived in urban areas while 12% involved a rural population. Hamadan city had the highest rate of HIV/AIDS infection and death with 191 and 33 individuals, respectively. The main transmission route was intravenous drug use with 78%. From 28 patients who were entered into the AIDS phase, only 10 patients returned to health centers to be covered under definite treatment. The establishment of the Triangular Clinic can be presented as the starting point in the organization of infected people to detect HIV/AIDS. Altogether, efforts in reducing the impact of HIV in this province to date can be considered beneficial. Continuous laboratory diagnostic strategies may lead in time to therapeutic approaches that result in appropriate outcomes. Language: English Keywords: IRAN | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | URBAN POPULATION | IV DRUG USERS | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | SEX FACTORS | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV TESTING | Middle East | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Measurement | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 331235 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: A human immunodeficiency virus risk reduction intervention for incarcerated youth: a randomized controlled trial. Author: Goldberg E; Millson P; Rivers S; Manning SJ; Leslie K; Read S; Shipley C; Victor JC Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2009 Feb;44(2):136-45. Abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate, by gender, the impact of a structured, comprehensive risk reduction intervention with and without boosters on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) knowledge, attitudes and behaviors in incarcerated youth; and to determine predictors of increasing HIV knowledge and reducing high-risk attitudes and behaviors. METHODS: This randomized controlled trial involved participants completing structured interviews at 1, 3, and 6 months. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyze changes over time. The study was conducted in secure custody facilities and in the community. The study sample comprising 391 incarcerated youth, 102 female and 289 male aged 12-18, formed the voluntary sample. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: education intervention; education intervention with booster; or no systematic intervention. The outcome and predictor measures included the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Youth Self Report, Drug Use Inventory, and HIV Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavior Scale. RESULTS: The 6-month retention rate was 59.6%. At 6 months, males in the education and booster groups sustained increases in knowledge scores (p < 0.001). Females in these groups sustained increased condom attitude scores (p = 0.004). Males in the booster group sustained increased prevention attitude scores (p = 0.017). Females in the booster group reported more consistent condom use (odds ratio [OR] = 4.20; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.81, 9.77). Age, gender, drug use, and psychological profiles were predictive of outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention and boosters led to gender-specific improvements in knowledge, attitudes, and condom use. Result variations by gender underline the importance of gender issues in prevention interventions. Predictors of success were identified to inform future HIV education interventions. Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | KAP SURVEYS | PRISONERS | YOUTH | HIV PREVENTION | SEX FACTORS | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | TIME FACTORS | HEALTH EDUCATION | SEX EDUCATION | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Americas | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Population Dynamics | Education Document Number: 331072 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among men, transgenders and women selling sex in two cities in Pakistan: a cross-sectional prevalence survey. Author: Hawkes S; Collumbien M; Platt L; Lalji N; Andreasen A; Chow J; Muzaffar R; ur-Rehman H; Siddiqui N; Hasan S; Bokhari A Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 2):ii8-ii16. Abstract: Objectives: The extent and possibilities of spread of the HIV epidemic are not fully understood in Pakistan. A survey was conducted among men, women and transgender populations selling sex in Rawalpindi (Punjab) and Abbottabad (North West Frontier Province) in order to inform evidence-based programme planning. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was performed with participants recruited through respondent-driven sampling. Male and transgender sex workers were analysed in three gender groups; women were analysed as one group. Behavioural surveys were conducted and clinical specimens collected. Laboratory tests looked for evidence of acute infection (gonorrhoea, Chlamydia, syphilis, Trichomonas) and infection over the lifetime (HIV, herpes simplex virus-2, syphilis). Predictors of infection were explored using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of HIV was low in 917 male and transgender sex workers and absent in 533 female sex workers in the study. High levels of current sexually transmitted infections were found, predominantly among transgender sex workers. Risk behaviours were common and knowledge of HIV was extremely low. Multivariable analysis found a large number of factors associated with higher levels of infection, including experience of forced first sex. Protection against risk was low, but those sex workers who reported using condoms at last sex had lower rates of infection. Conclusions: The HIV epidemic is currently in its early stages among people who sell sex, but there may be potential for a much greater spread given the levels of other sexually transmitted infections found and the concomitant low levels of both protective knowledge and risk-reducing behaviours. Action is needed now to avert an epidemic. Framing interventions by upholding the recognition and protection of human rights is vital. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | SEX WORKERS | PREVALENCE | PROGRAM DESIGN | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SEX FACTORS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Data Analysis | Behavior | Measurement | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 340118 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender differences in the prevalence and behavioral risk factors on HIV in South African drug users. Author: Hedden SL; Whitaker D; Floyd L; Latimer WW Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Apr;13(2):288-296. Abstract: South Africa continues to be the global epicenter of HIV infection. Further, extensive gender disparities in HIV infection exist with females four times as likely to be infected with HIV/AIDS as males (UNAIDS, AIDS epidemic update, 2006; WHO, Epidemiological fact sheets on HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections, 2006). A cross-sectional collection of drug users recruited in the Pretoria region of South Africa (N = 385) was used to model HIV infection as a function of sexual risk behaviors and drug use as modified by gender. Receiving money from illicit sources and knowing someone with AIDS were loosely associated with HIV. Gender interactions were observed for age, cocaine use and condom use. Gender stratified analyses revealed that males who used condoms, were younger and tested negative for cocaine use were less likely to test positive for HIV. Findings suggest that males may have more control of risk behaviors and support the need for gender specific prevention strategies. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | URBAN POPULATION | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | CRIME | SEX FACTORS | CONDOM USE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Behavior | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 340127 |
| 28. Title: Premarital romantic partnerships: attitudes and sexual experiences of youth in Delhi, India. Author: Hindin J; Hindin MJ Source: International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Jun;35(2):97-104. Abstract: Attitudes toward and behavior within romantic partnerships were examined using data collected in 2004 from unmarried youth (583 males and 475 females, ages 15–19) living in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods in Delhi, India. Associations between specific attitudes or behaviors and age, gender, and sexual experience were determined using Fisher's exact tests. Sixty-two percent of males and 53% of females reported that someone of the opposite sex had expressed an interest in them; 86% of males and 63% of females reported feeling good about it. In addition, 67% of males and 47% of females reported that they liked someone of the opposite sex. Compared with females, males were more likely to seek information about the person they were interested in (76% vs. 61%), and to engage in heterosexual premarital sex (32% vs. 6%). Females were less likely than males to report that it is okay to engage in premarital sex if the male and female love one another (14% vs. 33%). For both males and females, television and films were the most popular source of information on issues related to sexual health. Gender disparities in the formation of premarital romantic partnerships and in the experience of sexual relations make a strong case for sexuality education programs tailored differently for young men and for young women. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | YOUTH | LOW INCOME POPULATION | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | ATTITUDES | SEX FACTORS | INFORMATION SOURCES | FILM AND VIDEO | TELEVISION | INTERVIEWS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Information | Mass Media | Communication | Broadcast Media | Data Collection Document Number: 339892 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexual partnerships in britain: characteristics differ by gender and predict likelihood of condom use. Author: Hollander D Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;41(1):64-5. Abstract: Men and women in Britain report many differences in the characteristics of their heterosexual partnerships, and some differences in partnership characteristics are reflected in the likelihood of risky behavior. For example, men are more likely than women to have casual partners, and they are less likely than women to have partners of roughly their own age. Condom use is more likely in casual partnerships than within marriage; even so, the level of use in casual relationships suggests that many men and women are inadequately protected against the risk of STD infection. Additionally, condom use the first time a couple has sex is more likely if the partners are about the same age than if the male is five or more years older than the female. In nearly one-quarter of men's new partnerships, but only one in 10 of women's, first sex with a new partner occurs within 24 hours after the couple's meeting. These are among the findings of an analysis based on data from Britain's 1999-2001 National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles.1 The survey was based on a stratified probability sample of more than 11,000 British residents aged 16-44, who participated in face-to-face interviews and computer-assisted self-interviews. A total of 9,598 respondents reported having had at least one heterosexual partner in the past year; investigators used data on this subsample to study partnership formation, and they employed logistic regression to assess associations between partnership characteristics and condom use. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | SEXUAL PARTNERS | CONDOM USE | SEX FACTORS | SEX BEHAVIOR | MARITAL STATUS | AGE FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 330702 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Association Between Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Changes in Risk Behaviors Among Injecting Drug Users in Southern China. Author: Jin X; Smith K; Sun Y; Ding G; Yao Y; Xu J; Chang D; Wang G; Zhu Y; Wang N Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 May 18; Abstract: BACKGROUND:: There is growing need for research in China regarding posttest risk behavior differences among injecting drug users that explores the effect of various testing modes (nonvoluntary vs. voluntary) and other related factors on changes in posttest risk behaviors. METHODS:: One hundred seventy-two study subjects self-reported human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related personal risk behaviors including condom use rates and needle-sharing habits. Fisher exact test and multivariate regression analysis compared the impact of HIV testing mode on ongoing risk behaviors for HIV transmission. RESULTS:: The study found that those who received positive test results were 5.37 times more likely to increase condom use with regular sexual partners, that men were 8.8 times more likely than women to increase posttest condom use in commercial sexual activities. Needle-sharing behavior was significantly lower for subjects who tested HIV-positive (odds ratio [OR]: 4.5), who notified sexual partners of test results (OR: 0.03), and who had tested voluntarily (OR: 0.04). CONCLUSION:: Based on the study results this report concludes that voluntary HIV testing and encouragement of partner notification of test results should be incorporated into China's national testing strategy. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | IV DRUG USERS | SEX WORKERS | HIV TESTING | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | HIV TRANSMISSION | CONDOM USE | NEEDLE SHARING | SEX FACTORS | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | NOTIFICATION | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Sex Behavior | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | |