1.  Title: Youth, women's rights, and political change in Iran. Author: Roudi F Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2009 Jul. [1] p. Abstract: Recent political developments in Iran highlight the country's demographic and social shifts over the past 20 years. One in three Iranians is between the ages of 15 and 29. Furthermore, 60 percent of the Iranian population is under 30, born around the 1979 Islamic revolution or after. This youth bulge, along with changes in women's fertility and reproductive health, provide a backdrop for understanding Iran's current political instability. Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | YOUTH | WOMEN | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | POLITICAL FACTORS | CHANGES | SEX DISTRIBUTION | FERTILITY DECLINE | Middle East | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Rights | Sociocultural Factors | Social Change | Sex Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 342028 |
| 2. Title: Cross-national variation in attitudinal measures of gender preference for children: An examination of Demographic and HealthSurveys from 40 countries. Author: Fuse K Source: Calverton, Maryland, MACRO International, MEASURE DHS, 2008 Jul. 38 p. (DHS Working Papers No. 44USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00) Abstract: While much research has examined gender preferences for children by studying behavioral measures such as skewed sex ratios, sex imbalance in infant mortality, and sibling size and order, attitudinal measures have been analyzed less systematically. Using data from 40 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 2000 and 2006, this paper advances understanding of gender preferences for children in developing countries by examining attitudinal measures of gender preference cross-nationally. This paper also explores basic socioeconomic determinants of attitudinal gender preference. Findings of this study show that, while the most popular type of preference in the vast majority of countries is balance preference (preference for an equal number of girls and boys), countries and regions vary widely in prevalence of son and daughter preferences. Daughter preference is common in most of Latin America/Caribbean, some of Southeast Asia, and in about one-third of sub-Saharan African countries. Son preference is most common in North Africa, South Asia, some of Southeast Asia, and in about two-thirds of sub-Sahara African countries examined. Of the socioeconomic factors examined, lower educational attainment and lower levels of household wealth generally explain gender preferences for children, particularly in countries where son preference is pronounced. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CHILDREN | SONS | SEX RATIO | SEX DISTRIBUTION | INFANT MORTALITY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | SEX PREFERENCE | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Factors | Mortality | Economic Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 331581 |
| 3. Title: Global aging and the demographic divide. Author: Haub C Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2008 Apr. [7] p. Abstract: In the latter half of the last century, the world's developed nations completed a long process of demographic transition. The field of demography describes this demographic transition as a shift from a period of high mortality, short lives, and large families to one with a longer life expectancy and far fewer children. This transformation took many centuries in Europe and North America as people moved from farms to cities; basic public health measures steadily reduced the risk of contagious disease; and modern medicine prolonged lives to unprecedented lengths. In developing countries, this demographic transition is certainly underway, though these countries vary widely at their places along the spectrum. Very low birth rates and the resultant population decrease have received considerable media attention, particularly in Europe and parts of eastern Asia. In the past, when demographers projected national and global populations, the projections commonly assumed that birth rates would decline worldwide but only to the "two-child" family, i.e., two children per woman or per couple on average. An assumption that fertility would fall below this rate would have some unpleasant consequences: a decrease in population size and a population top-heavy with retired seniors who would depend upon the social taxes paid by a dwindling number of younger workers. While it may not have been desirable to project such a gloomy scenario in the past, this is exactly what has transpired in many countries. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | POPULATION | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | FERTILITY DECLINE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | POPULATION PROJECTION | AGE DISTRIBUTION CHANGES | SEX DISTRIBUTION | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Estimation Techniques | Age Distribution | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Sex Factors Document Number: 326012 |
| 4. Title: Sex ratio at birth and excess female child mortality in India: trends, differentials and regional patterns. Author: Arokiasamy P Source: In: Watering the neighbour's garden: The growing demographic female deficit in Asia, edited by Isabelle Attane and Christophe Z. Guilmoto. Paris, France, Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography [CICRED], 2007. :49-72. "Chapters in this volume originate from papers presented at an international seminar organized by the authors in Singapore on 5-7 December 2005". Abstract: The region comprising the northern and western states of India, where evidence of stronger son preference is well documented, has the history of most imbalanced sex ratio. The corresponding link between adverse female/male child mortality differentials and the recent sharp rise in child sex ratios, related to foetal mortality, constitutes the main focus of this analysis. Set in this context, this chapter assesses the evidence of trends and regional patterns in sex bias against female children. It explores the dynamics of gender bias in terms of two proximate determinants of sex ratio, namely, sex ratio at birth and excess female child mortality. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | CHILD, FEMALE | SEX RATIO | CHILD MORTALITY | SEX DISTRIBUTION | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | EXCESS MORTALITY | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | SEX DISCRIMINATION | AMNIOCENTESIS | ULTRASONICS | ABORTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Health | Research Methodology | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Genetic Techniques | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning Document Number: 308894 Notification |
| 5. Title: Introduction. Author: Attane I; Guilmoto CZ Source: In: Watering the neighbour's garden: The growing demographic female deficit in Asia, edited by Isabelle Attane and Christophe Z. Guilmoto. Paris, France, Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography [CICRED], 2007. :1-22. "Chapters in this volume originate from papers presented at an international seminar organized by the authors in Singapore on 5-7 December 2005". Abstract: These chapters cover a wide array of territories and issues and should help to map the priority issues for future research on masculinization processes in Asia. Obviously, lack of adequate data hampers any progress in both the understanding and the monitoring of current trends. But chapters included in this volume bring together a large amount of quantitative and qualitative data that should inspire scholars. What is probably still lacking is a unified theory accounting for the almost simultaneous rejection of girls expressed by Asian families in countries that otherwise have experienced rather different political and economic conditions over the last two decades. Without such a conceptual frame, it is difficult to foresee the demographic and sociological ramifications of rising sex ratios on Asian societies. With China and India accounting together for more than a third of the world's population, the consequences of this changing sex composition are likely to be significant and probably felt beyond their own borders. At the same time, there is a real ignorance about the potential impact of the current demographic trends, leading observers to draw all kinds of conclusions. These range from rather optimistic views of future self-regulatory mechanisms bound to correct this imbalance to the benefit of women to more doomsday scenarios with hordes of unmarried males causing disorder in Asia. The more optimistic hypothesis posits that the rising proportion of boys in the child populations is obviously unsustainable in the long run: changing sex composition should therefore automatically lead parents to reverse their proson strategy once the deficit of women hits young male adults. A far less sanguine theory envisions somewhat dramatic consequences of the demographic masculinization on the very fabric of Asian societies torn by potentially rising conflict and violence (Hudson, den Boer, 2004). As the world has apparently never experienced any such type of crisis, there is precious little in terms of social and historical literature or documentation that may help to comprehend the ultimate consequences of this singular demographic development while historical experience is missing. We hope that bringing together these studies will help to put the growing Asian female deficit higher on the international population agenda. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA | CRITIQUE | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | CENSUS METHODS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | SEX DISTRIBUTION | SEX RATIO | GENDER ISSUES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | ABORTION | DATA QUALITY | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Census | Population Statistics | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Geographic Factors | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Data Analysis Document Number: 308892 Notification |
| 6. Title: Estimation of excess in context of AIDS deaths and the probable causes: 1994-2002. Author: Bhattacharya M; Neogi S; Sogarwal R Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [10] p. Abstract: Estimating the number of deaths due to AIDS is an ever-growing challenge across the globe. Dynamics of HIV spread is known to vary from region to region. India with its huge population size would yield a large number of AIDS deaths even with a slight increase in the HIV sero-prevalence rate. It is therefore prudent to try estimating the contribution of HIV/AIDS to overall mortality. In this study, we present estimates of excess deaths in four states of India (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu) from 1994 to 2002. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ADULTS | EXCESS MORTALITY | AIDS | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | DEATH RATE | SEX DISTRIBUTION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Data Analysis | Theoretical Models | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Mortality | Sex Factors Document Number: 317857 |
| 7. Title: Imbalanced sex ratio at birth and female child survival in China: issues and prospects. Author: Li S; Wei Y; Jiang Q; Feldman MW Source: In: Watering the neighbour's garden: The growing demographic female deficit in Asia, edited by Isabelle Attane and Christophe Z. Guilmoto. Paris, France, Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography [CICRED], 2007. :25-47. "Chapters in this volume originate from papers presented at an international seminar organized by the authors in Singapore on 5-7 December 2005". Abstract: This chapter reviews theoretical and empirical research on China's girl child survival and analyzes the history and present status of the survival environment for female children. By comparison with relevant international experience, it also assesses intervention activities and policies of the Chinese government and examines prospects for girl child survival in China. The data used come mainly from the following sources: census, official statistics and ad-hoc survey data published by government bureaus, and results of previous surveys and studies. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILD, FEMALE | POPULATION | SEX RATIO | SEX DISTRIBUTION | GENDER ISSUES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SEX PREFERENCE | CHILD SURVIVAL | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Sex Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 308893 |
| 8. Title: Population: a lively introduction. 5th ed. Author: McFalls JA Jr Source: Population Bulletin. 2007 Mar;62(1):1-31. Abstract: This Population Bulletin presents the basic what, why, and how of the study of demography. It is not a comprehensive treatment of the subject, but it does provide an overview of demographic processes and the basic measures used to assess them. In addition, it traces population trends in the world and the United States, surveys the demographic differences among population groups, and examines broad social issues linked to population change. The first three sections of this Bulletin provide the framework for studying the dynamics of population. Fertility, mortality, and migration are at the root of all demographic change. The fourth section reveals how changes in fertility, mortality, and migration affect a population's size and growth rate, and how population projections are calculated. The fifth section delves into the composition of population according to common variables: age, sex, and race or ethnicity. The sixth section describes how the geographic distribution of population changes, primarily through migration. The final sections discuss issues and problems associated with population growth. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | TEACHING MATERIALS | DEMOGRAPHY | FERTILITY | MORTALITY | MIGRATION | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | AGE DISTRIBUTION | SEX DISTRIBUTION | POPULATION GROWTH | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Age Factors | Sex Factors Document Number: 315066 |
| 9. Title: A sharp increase in sex ratio at birth in the Caucasus. Why? How? Author: Mesle F; Vallin J; Badurashvili I Source: In: Watering the neighbour's garden: The growing demographic female deficit in Asia, edited by Isabelle Attane and Christophe Z. Guilmoto. Paris, France, Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography [CICRED], 2007. :73-88. "Chapters in this volume originate from papers presented at an international seminar organized by the authors in Singapore on 5-7 December 2005". Abstract: From the mid-1990s, sex ratio at birth in the three countries of the Caucasus (Figure 1) abruptly increased to levels that had so far only been observed in certain regions of India (Das Gupta, 1987; Nanda and Véron, 2005) and China (Zeng et al., 1993; Gu and Roy, 1995) where families show a marked preference for male children. Whereas up to 1995, sex ratio at birth seemed to be closely fixed to the universal level of 105 males per 100 females, in 2000, it reaches 115 in Azerbaijan, 118 in Georgia, and as high as 120 in Armenia. The phenomenon is all the more striking that it occurred simultaneously in all three countries, in clear contrast to the neighbouring ones. This occurred at the end of the Communist era, with all the political, social, and administrative changes involved in this transition phase. One can obviously begin by questioning the reality of the phenomenon in a context where the bureaucratic and statistical instruments of the Soviet period are partially ruined and in the process of being reconstructed. However, this hypothesis does not withstand a critical examination of the data: the phenomenon is real. We will therefore attempt to discuss why and how it has occurred. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILD, FEMALE | SEX RATIO | POPULATION POLICY | SEX PREFERENCE | SEX DISTRIBUTION | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | BIRTH RECORDS | DATA QUALITY | BIRTH ORDER | ABORTION | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Vital Statistics | Population Statistics | Data Analysis | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning Document Number: 308895 Notification |
| 10. Title: Manifestation of tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus: A large Indian study. Author: Rajasekaran S; Mahilmaran A; Annadurai S; Kumar S; Raja K Source: Annals of Thoracic Medicine. 2007 Apr-Jun;2(2):58-60. Abstract: Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine, Tambaram Sanatorium, Chennai, is the largest HIV-care center in South East Asia. As many as 29,300 HIV patients visited this center at least once in the year 2005 for care and support. Clinical manifestations and the modes of presentation of tuberculosis were assessed among 12,750 adult and adolescent patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attending the hospital for the first time. Database of Hospital Information System, specially evolved for managing patients afflicted with tuberculosis and HIV, was utilized. The particulars confined to patients with tuberculosis and HIV co-infection who visited the hospital for the first time from January to December 2005 were considered for the analysis. Proportion test and Chi-square test with Yates correction were done. As many as 12,750 adult and adolescent HIV-confirmed patients were screened for the possible presence of tuberculosis. Out of them, 4,383 (34.4%) patients had tuberculosis. Among them, 2,448(55.9%) had pulmonary tuberculosis, and the remaining 1,935 (44.1%) had either disseminated or extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (P < 0.001). Positive sputum-smear microscopy for acid fast bacilli was evident in 1,363 (31.1%) patients; however, it was significantly lower compared to positive smear rate of 44% in HIV patients (P < 0.001). Tuberculosis was found to be the predominant co-infection among the symptomatic patients infected with HIV attending the largest care center for the first time in India. Advanced tuberculosis, disseminated tuberculosis and sputum smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis were the presenting clinical manifestations in 44% of the patients, as they had moderate to advanced immunosuppression. Early detection of tuberculosis co-infection is absolutely necessary. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | TUBERCULOSIS | PULMONARY EFFECTS | HIV INFECTIONS | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | SCREENING | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | AGE DISTRIBUTION | SEX DISTRIBUTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Infections | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Viral Diseases | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Factors Document Number: 320462 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: The demographic impact of a female deficit in China, 2000-2050. Author: Attane I Source: Population and Development Review. 2006 Dec;32(4):755-770. Abstract: The long-term effects of the female deficit will not be measured only in terms of a shortage of potential wives when the male and female birth cohorts reach marriageable age. The demographic impact of a continuing sex imbalance at the youngest ages--along the patterns that have been observed in China for the past 20 years--will also be felt in the lost childbirths attributable to these non-formed unions. Even if all women continue to have the same number of births as previously, the reduction in the number and share of females in the total population will lead to a reduction in total births. Assuming continuation of sex selection of children in the coming decades, the result will be a rising deficit of female births, which, some two decades later, will produce a deficit of marriageable females. Furthermore, smaller future cohorts will lead to a rapid slowdown in China's population growth. There will also be significant further impact in the form of a rise in the total sex ratio. Using population projections constructed according to four scenarios differentiated by the assumed sex ratio at birth, I identify the effects of the sex imbalance on three essential population characteristics--population growth, number of births, and sex structure--between 2000 and 2050. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | ADULTS | SEX PREFERENCE | ABORTION | SEX RATIO | SEX DISTRIBUTION | BIRTH RATE | SEX FACTORS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Fertility Measurements | Fertility Document Number: 310843 Notification |
| 12. Title: Awareness and practices regarding factors associated with lymphatic filariasis in a municipal area of north Kerala. Author: Jayakumary M; Jayadevan S; Divakaran B; Jeesha CH; Dass S Source: Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2006 Jun;31(2)4p Abstract: This population-based cross sectional study was conducted in Taliparamba Municipal area, which is endemic for bancroftian filariasis. The period of study was from October 2000 to March 2001. All individuals present in the houses at the time of visit were included except those whose age was either less than 10 years or more than 80 years. This study was conducted with the help of enumerators selected from the respective wards. They visited each house and collected data regarding the socio-economic status, family particulars and detail of the mode of spread, activity of National Filarial Control Programme (NFCP) unit, prevalent practices against mosquito bite etc. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CLIENTS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | EDUCATION | SEX DISTRIBUTION | KNOWLEDGE | FILARIASIS | IMMUNITY, CELLULAR | RELIGION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 302242 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Combined methods for the study of water contact behavior in a rural schistosomiasis-endemic area in Brazil. [Métodos combinados para el estudio de conductas de contacto con el agua en una zona rural de Brasil con esquistosomiasis endémica] Author: Kloos H; Rodrigues JC; Pereira WR; Velásquez-Meléndez G; Lo Verde P Source: Acta Tropica. 2006;97:31-41. Abstract: A new combined methodology consisting of direct observation and two types of interviews (internal and external interviews) was evaluated for use in exposure risk assessment in schistosomiasis. Specific objectives were to determine its usefulness in achieving equitable coverage of gendered exposure risk and its efficiency in identifying water contact behavior in a rural area in Brazil with different settlement patterns, land use and domestic water supplies. Of the 2476 water contacts recorded, 1223 (49.4%) were identified by direct observation, 946 (38.2%) by internal interviews and 307 (12.4%) by external interviews. Significantly longer mean durations of contacts were recorded for females and greater mean percentage of body surface exposed for males (P < 0.01), reflecting differences in gendered water contact activities. Direct observation identified slightly more male contacts, external interviews significantly more male contacts (P < 0.006), and internal interviews moderately more female contacts. The three methods recorded mean numbers of contacts and mean TBM (total body minutes) per person, declining with age. Significant differences were found between the three methods in regard to frequency and/or intensity of washing clothes, fetching water, washing utensils, washing multiple parts of the body, and bathing. The three methods also recorded differentially frequencies and exposure intensities in the three study communities, among different age groups, by gender and for individual study members. These activity-, locality-, age/gender- and person-specific patterns reflect the relative efficiency and complementarity of the three methods in settlements with different land use, access to streams and water supplies. (author's) Spanish Abstract: Se estudió una nueva metodología combinada -que consiste en observación directa y dos tipos de entrevistas (interna y externa)- para utilizarla en la evaluación del riesgo de exposición a la esquistosomiasis. Los objetivos específicos fueron determinar la utilidad de esta metodología para lograr una protección equitativa del riesgo de exposición según el género y su eficiencia para identificar conductas de contacto con el agua en una zona rural de Brasil con diferentes patrones de asentamientos, de uso de la tierra y de suministro doméstico de agua. De los 2476 contactos con el agua registrados, 1223 (49,4%) se identificaron mediante observación directa, 946 (38,2%) mediante entrevistas internas y 307 (12,4%) mediante entrevistas externas. Se observaron duraciones medias de contacto marcadamente más prolongadas en el caso de las mujeres y un mayor promedio en el porcentaje de superficie corporal expuesta en el caso de los hombres (P < 0,01), lo que refleja diferencias de género respecto de las actividades en contacto con el agua. La observación directa identificó un número apenas mayor de contactos masculinos, las entrevistas externas un número significativamente mayor de contactos masculinos (p > 0,006) y las entrevistas internas un número moderadamente mayor de contactos femeninos. Los tres métodos registraron número medio de contactos y los minutos de exposición de todo el cuerpo por persona y se observó que ambos valores decrecían en relación con la edad. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los tres métodos con respecto a la frecuencia y/o la intensidad de lavar ropa, buscar agua, lavar utensilios, lavar muchas partes del cuerpo y bañarse. Los tres métodos también discriminaron las frecuencias y las intensidades de las exposiciones en las tres comunidades estudiadas, en diferentes grupos etáreos, según el género y los participantes individuales del estudio. Estos patrones específicos según cada actividad, localidad, edad/género y persona reflejan la eficiencia relativa y la complementariedad de los tres métodos en los asentamientos con diferencias en el uso de la tierra, el acceso al caudal y el suministro de agua potable. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | POPULATION | RURAL AREAS | AGE DISTRIBUTION | SEX DISTRIBUTION | WATER SUPPLY | WATER QUALITY | BEHAVIOR | SCHISTOSOMIASIS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Sex Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Environmental Pollution | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Water Document Number: 293389 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Mortality of tuberculosis patients in Chennai, India. Author: Kolappan C; Subramani R; Karunakaran K; Narayanan PR Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2006 Jul;84(7):555-560. Abstract: We aimed to measure the mortality rate and excess general mortality as well as identify groups at high risk for mortality among a cohort of tuberculosis patients treated in Chennai Corporation clinics in south India. In this retrospective cohort study we followed up 2674 patients (1800 males and 874 females) who were registered and treated under the DOTS strategy in Chennai Corporation clinics in 2000. The follow-up period from the date of start of treatment to either the date of interview, or death was 600 days. The mortality rate among this cohort of tuberculosis patients was 60/1000 person-years. The excess general mortality expressed as standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was 6.1 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 5.4--6.9). Younger patients, men, patients with Category II disease, patients who defaulted on, or failed courses of treatment, and male smokers who were alcoholics, all had higher mortality ratios when compared to the rest of the cohort. The excess mortality in this cohort was six times more than that in the general population. Young age, male sex, smearpositivity, treatment default, treatment failure and the combination of smoking and alcoholism were identified as risk factors for tuberculosis mortality. We suggest that mortality rate and excess mortality be routinely used as a monitoring tool for evaluating the efficiency of the national control programme. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | CLIENTS | TUBERCULOSIS | MORTALITY | RISK FACTORS | TOBACCO USE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | AGE DISTRIBUTION | SEX DISTRIBUTION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Infections | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Behavior | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Sex Factors Document Number: 303727 |
| 15. Title: Network of sexual contacts and sexually transmitted HIV infection in Burkina Faso. Author: Latora V; Nyamba A; Simpore J; Sylvette B; Diane S Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2006 Jun;78(6):724-729. Abstract: Two thirds of the people who have been infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the world live in Sub-Saharan African countries. The results of a study measuring the degree distribution of the network of sexual contacts in Burkina Faso are described. Such a network is responsible for the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, and in particular of HIV. It has been found that the number of different sexual partners reported by males is a power law distribution with an exponent t = 2.9 (0.1). This is consistent with the degree distribution of scale-free networks. On the other hand, the females can be divided into two groups: the prostitutes with an average of 400 different partners per year, and females with a stable partner, having a rapidly decreasing degree distribution. Such a result may have important implications on the control of sexually transmitted diseases and in particular of HIV. Since scale-free networks have no epidemic threshold, a campaign based on prevention and anti-viral treatment of few highly connected nodes can be more successful than any policy based on enlarged but random distribution of the available anti-viral treatments. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BURKINA FASO | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SEX WORKERS | TRUCK DRIVERS | PREGNANT WOMEN | HETEROSEXUALS | HIV TRANSMISSION | EPIDEMICS | SEX DISTRIBUTION | HIV PREVENTION | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Factors Document Number: 306331 |
| 16. Title: Spatial distribution of M. tuberculosis / HIV coinfection in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, 1991-2001. Author: Rodrigues AL Jr; Ruffino-Netto A; de Castilho EA Source: Revista de Saude Publica / Journal of Public Health. 2006 Apr;40(2):265-270. Abstract: The objective was to assess the spatial pattern of tuberculosis incidence in relation to the AIDS epidemic, with the aim of investigating the geographical influence on causality. All AIDS cases from State of São Paulo, notified to the Brazilian Ministry of Health between 1991 and 2001, were included. The cases were stratified by municipality, by administrative health regions, AIDS transmission categories, gender and years since diagnosis. A Gaussian geostatistical model was used to construct a thematic risk map, utilizing the tuberculosis incidence among AIDS cases as the response variable. Exploratory analysis showed two patterns of AIDS incidence: one for the state capital, and another, with increasing risk, for the other municipalities. The more populous regions presented higher risk of tuberculosis transmission, with a pattern that matched the land occupation pattern, from east to west. The health regions with the highest AIDS incidence coefficients (per 10,000 inhabitants) were Santos (53.5), São José do Rio Preto (43.1), Ribeirão Preto (42.4) and São Paulo (40.3). The health regions with greatest tuberculosis incidence among AIDS cases were Santos (44.9%), Franco da Rocha (39.9%), Osasco (39.6%) and São Paulo (38.9%). The results allow the conclusion that geographical coordinates presented an association with tuberculosis risk, but not with AIDS risk. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | TUBERCULOSIS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | COMPLICATIONS | INCIDENCE | TRANSMISSION | SEX DISTRIBUTION | RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Public Health | Health | Measurement | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 310704 |
| 17. Title: Emergence of dengue virus type-3 in northern India. Author: Dash PK; Saxena P; Abhyankar A; Bhargava R; Jana AM Source: Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 2005 Mar;36(2):370-377. Abstract: During the last few decades dengue has reemerged in several parts of Southeast Asia, including India. A major outbreak of dengue infection occurred in northern India during October to December 2003. To determine the etiology, we carried out serological, virological and molecular investigations of this outbreak. A total of 76 dengue suspected patient blood samples were collected from Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh and Delhi, India. Serological investigations carried out using an in-house Dipstick ELISA protocol revealed the presence of anti-dengue antibodies in 53 patients. Twelve of them (22%) had a positive IgM response, indicative of primary infection, and 22 of them (42%) revealed only IgG antibodies, indicative of secondary infection. RT-PCR analysis employing dengue group specific amplimer revealed the presence of dengue specific RNA in four acute phase samples. These four RT-PCR positive samples were further processed for virus isolation in C(-6/36) cells and suckling mice, yielding four dengue virus isolates. The Nested PCR analysis employing serotype specific amplimer revealed the presence of dengue-3 specific 389 bp amplicon. This study confirmed the reemergence of dengue virus type-3 in a dominant form in India after a gap of nine years. Earlier, dengue virus type-2 was implicated as the etiology of a major dengue epidemic in Delhi in 1996 and Gwalior in 2001. The implication of dengue type-3 as etiology of a DHF epidemic in neighboring Sri Lanka and Bangladesh recently confirms the reemergence of dengue type-3 as the dominant form on the Indian subcontinent. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CLIENTS | DENGUE | ANTIBODIES | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | DISEASE TRANSMISSION CONTROL | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | AGE DISTRIBUTION | SEX DISTRIBUTION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Prevention and Control | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Factors Document Number: 291474 |
| 18. Title: Profiles of the changes in the levels of mortality in the Republic of Panama, for province and indigenous districts and some considerations related to poverty and health, period: 1990-2000. Author: Lopez Cousin RJ Source: [Unpublished] 2005. Presented at the CICRED Seminar on Mortality as Both a Determinant and a Consequence of Poverty and Hunger, Thiruvananthapuram, India, February 23-25, 2005. 23 p. Abstract: There is a large problems of poverty among the indigenous population. A report of the World Bank indicates that in 1997 it stops, 83% of the indigenous population lived under the line of poverty. The report doesn't only consider the economic conditions, but also another series of factors in its evaluation of the poverty. The conditions are among these factors of housing, access to basic services, access to bank money, it appraises from birth and the size of the family. Most of the Panamanians are proud of the indigenous population and their history, languages and forms of life. Their traditional dances are shown with enthusiasm when promoting Panama as a tourist destination. But on the other hand, there are many situations in which the natives are excluded. This is the case, for example, in the labor sector, where often they are discriminated. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: PANAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS METHODS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CENSUS | POVERTY | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | SEX DISTRIBUTION | AGE DISTRIBUTION | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | LIFE EXPECTANCY | CAUSES OF DEATH | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Sex Factors | Age Factors | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Length of Life Document Number: 310986 |
| 19. Title: Surveillance of drug resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs in districts of Hoogli in West Bengal and Mayurbhanj in Orissa. Author: Mahadev B; Kumar P; Agarwal SP; Chauhan LS; Srikantaramu N Source: Indian Journal of Tuberculosis. 2005;52(1):5-10. Abstract: Background: The Central TB Division (CTD), Government of India, initiated a systematic drug resistance surveillance (DRS), as per the global guidelines, among new TB patients reporting to health facilities under RNTCP. The data obtained from two districts of the eastern part of the country conducted by National TB Institute (NTI) are presented in this study. Objective: To measure the levels and pattern of resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs among "newly diagnosed" sputum smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis cases in two identified districts, namely, Hoogli of West Bengal and Mayurbhanj of Orissa. Results: Of the total 693 smear positive specimens subjected for culture from both the districts, 545 (78.6%) were culture positive for M. tuberculosis, 62 (8.9%) were culture negative and 86 (12.4%) were contaminated. Culture negativity and contamination rates were 7.9% & 9.9% from Mayurbhanj district and 10% and 14.9% respectively from Hoogli district. The resistance to any drug was 5.4% in Mayurbhanj and 16.7 in Hoogli district. The resistance level to all the four primary drugs ranged from 0.4% to 3.9% in Mayurbhanj and 1.9% to 13.7% in Hoogli district. MDR was 0.7% (95% CI: 0.0% - 1.7%) and 3.0% (95% CI: 1 % - 5.1 %) in Mayurbhanj and Hoogli districts respectively. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that the levels of H, R and MDR in these two districts are within the expected levels, when compared with other studies conducted in India as per global DRS guidelines. However, in order to document success of RNTCP in reducing the levels of MDR TB, particularly in younger population, it is now necessary to conduct DRS in much larger population. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | CLIENTS | TUBERCULOSIS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | TESTING | TREATMENT | DRUG RESISTANCE | PREVALENCE | SEX DISTRIBUTION | AGE DISTRIBUTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors Document Number: 287546 |
| 20. Title: Vulnerable daughters in a modernizing society: from 'son preference' to 'daughter discrimination' in modern India. Author: Sekher TV; Hatti N Source: [Unpublished] 2005. Presented at the CEPED-CICRED-INED Seminar on Female Deficit in Asia: Trends and Perspectives, Singapore, December 5-7, 2005. 30 p. Abstract: The high masculine sex ratios of the Indian population had been a matter of concern for some time. Considerable attention have been paid to different dimensions of female deficits in India and persisting regional variations, since the numerical imbalances between the male and female sexes were pointed out in the seventies. The results of 2001 Census have set off a further debate on the issue and have narrowed down the focus to the changes in the juvenile or child sex ratio. Changes in the sex ratio of children, aged 0-6 years, are better indicators of status of girl child in India, known to be more hostile to females in their early ages. It also reflects the sum total of intra-household gender relations. Why millions of girls do not appear to be surviving in contemporary India, despite an overall improvement in development and many governmental measure to enhance the status of women? Why are female children still at risk and why is daughter discrimination on the increase despite progress in femaleliteracy and participation of women in economic and political activities? Is there any significant shift from son preference to daughter discrimination at the household level? There is an urgent need to focus attention on increasing daughter-discrimination and aspects related to children differentiated by their gendered value. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | SONS | SEX RATIO | SEX DISTRIBUTION | SEX PREFERENCE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FERTILITY DECLINE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Health | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Population Dynamics | Fertility Changes | Fertility Document Number: 314646 |
| 21. Title: The young and the restless: Population age structure and civil war. Author: Staveteig S Source: In: Environmental Change and Security Program Report. Issue 11, [compiled by] Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Environmental Change and Security Program. Washington, D.C., Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Environmental Change and Security Program, 2005. :12-19. Abstract: Three months after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the New York Times asked, "Is the Devil in the Demographics?" The article examined the vulnerability of large cohorts of unemployed youth to extremist ideology and political recruitment, and speculated about the hazards created by future youth cohorts in the Middle East. In the post-9/11 era, however, there has been very little academic research on the relationship between youthful age structure and warfare. Literature on civil war and insurgency has instead highlighted the role of other causal factors such as the presence of valuable resources, the degree of ethnic fractionalization, and type of political regime, while downplaying the importance of population age structure. While these factors likely play an important role in the onset of civil war, the importance of youthful age structure-particularly in insurgency-based civil wars-should not be ignored. The relationship between large youth cohorts and civil war appears to have held throughout history. For example, Herbert Moller (1968) suggests that wars in pre-modern and present-day Europe, including the rise of the Nazi party in Germany, corresponded with surges in the proportion of young men in the population. Yale historian Paul Kennedy (1993) argues that revolutions occur more often in countries with large populations of "energetic, frustrated, young men."3 Even after controlling for the fact that more youthful countries are less developed and have more vulnerable political regimes, my research finds that a large difference in the number of young adults compared to the number of older adults-"relative cohort size"-can help predict civil war, particularly insurgent-based civil wars. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | COHORT ANALYSIS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | MEN | YOUTH | POPULATION | WAR | AGE DISTRIBUTION | SEX DISTRIBUTION | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Studies | Demographic Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Factors Document Number: 325133 |
| 22. Title: Antimicrobial drug use in hospitalised paediatric patients: a cross-national comparison between Germany and Croatia. Author: Ufer M; Radosevic N; Vogt A; Palcevski G; Francetic I Source: Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 2005 Oct;14(10):735-739. Abstract: The purpose was to compare the utilisation of systemic antimicrobials at the paediatric units of the university hospitals in Marburg (Germany) and Rijeka (Croatia). A prospective, observational analysis of hospital records from 300 incident users of antimicrobials in each study centre that were younger than 19 years. Antimicrobial utilisation was analysed in six gender-specific age groups with respect to drug choice, duration of treatment and hospital stay, indication and route of administration. The extent of antimicrobial drug use was assessed by the number of treatment courses. In each hospital, more than 1/3 of the patients were younger than 1 year. The duration of hospital stay was about two-fold longer in Rijeka (18.5 ± 5.8 days) than in Marburg (8.6 ± 3.8 days). Pneumonia and other respiratory tract infections were the most common indications in Marburg (38.6%) and Rijeka (58.7%). The cumulative percentage of patients treated with an equal number of different antimicrobials was lower in Rijeka than in Marburg. The most commonly used antimicrobials were ampicillin (40.3%) and cefuroxim (35.9%) in Marburg, but ceftriaxone (43.3%) and cefotaxim (14.0%) in Rijeka. A shorter treatment duration, less variation in the prescribing pattern and a greater adherence to the use of recommended antimicrobials argue for a more rational antimicrobial drug use in Marburg than in Rijeka. However, a further identification of drug choice determinants is warranted. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GERMANY | CROATIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CHILDREN | ADOLESCENTS | INFECTIONS | ANTIBIOTICS | TREATMENT | AGE DISTRIBUTION | SEX DISTRIBUTION | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Drugs | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sex Factors Document Number: 299135 |
| 23. Title: Female deficit in India: role of prevention of sex selective abortion act. Author: Visaria L Source: [Unpublished] 2005. Presented at the CEPED-CICRED-INED Seminar on Female Deficit in Asia: Trends and Perspectives, Singapore, December 5-7, 2005. 18 p. Abstract: The deficit of women in India's population has been documented ever since the first decennial enumeration of people was conducted in the British-occupied parts of India in the late nineteenth Century. Over the span of more than 100 years, the deficit of women has progressively increased as evident from the sex ratio of the population; the number of women per 1000 men more or less steadily declined from 972 in 1901 to 933 in 2001. Partly because of population growth, the absolute difference in the number between men and women increased from 3.4 million in 1901 to 36 million in 2001. Assuming a female to male sex ratio of 1.022 observed in sub-Saharan Africa, a region where bias against women is not evident, as a standard, Sen estimated that there were nearly 100 million women missing in the world around 2000 and nearly a third of them were missing in India. Along with China and few other South Asian countries, India exhibits the anomalous phenomenon of deficit of women in the population. These countries share certain features like being patrilineal in social structure, exhibiting strong son preference and where men traditionally enjoy higher social status relative to women. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | CENSUS | WOMEN | SEX RATIO | SEX DISTRIBUTION | ABORTION RATE | POLICY | ADVOCACY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication Document Number: 314647 Notification |
| 24. Title: Sex ratios at birth in Viet Nam and some localities: current situation and comments. Author: Vo Anh Dung; Phuong Thi Thu Huong; Nguyen Ngoc Huyen; Le Thanh Son Source: [Unpublished] 2005. Presented at the CEPED-CICRED-INED Seminar on Female Deficit in Asia: Trends and Perspectives, Singapore, December 5-7, 2005. 8 p. Abstract: Sex ratios and sex ratios at birth reflect the structure of a population by sex. With different economic, social and cultural contexts, these ratios may vary among countries or areas within a country. Although at present, gender imbalance leading to a female deficit in Viet Nam is not as serious as in some other countries, recent reported data on sex ratios at birth in certain provinces requires comprehensive studies on reasons and impacts of the problems for future appropriate policy response. This report presents major characteristics of population structure by sex of the country and some selected provinces over in recent years as to provide preliminary comments. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | SEX RATIO | SEX DISTRIBUTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 314645 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: The burden of road traffic injuries in developing countries: the 1st national injury survey of Pakistan. Author: Ghaffar A; Hyder AA; Masud TI Source: Public Health. 2004 Apr;118(3):211-217. Abstract: The objectives were to assess the burden of road traffic injuries in Pakistan—a developing country in South Asia. A nationally representative household interview survey, to measure the burden of all injuries for all ages and in both genders using a three-month recall period. The overall incidence of injury events was 41 (CI: 39.2–43.8) per 1000 per year and for road traffic injuries 15 (CI: 13.7–16.5) per 1000 per year. The relative risk for road traffic injuries was found to be higher in males, those 16–45 years old, and those in the professional category of laborers and vendors. This first national survey reflects the growing impact of injuries, especially road traffic injuries in Pakistan and portends a challenge for the national health system. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | HOUSEHOLDS | SURVEYS | RISK ASSESSMENT | TRAFFIC SAFETY | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | INCIDENCE | EPIDEMIOLOGY | SEX DISTRIBUTION | AGE FACTORS | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Family and Household | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Evaluation | Safety | Public Health | Health | Measurement | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 191629 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: China's missing children: the 2000 census underreporting surprise. Author: Goodkind DM Source: Population Studies. 2004;58(3):281-295. Abstract: We compare the age and sex structure of China’s 2000 population census to an estimate of that structure derived from a projection from the 1990 census. Based on China’s own official estimates of demographic change, our intercensal analysis indicates a shortfall in enumeration of more than a quarter of all children under age 5 and an eighth of those between 5 and 9, a total of nearly 37 million children missing in the 2000 census. We show that the shortfall is primarily due to underreporting of children in the census. Sex differences in child underreporting were fairly minor. Child underreporting in China is not unprecedented, but child underreporting rates in 2000 were about triple those of previous censuses. We attribute the increase primarily to policy changes beginning in the early 1990s that held officials at all jurisdictional levels personally responsible for enforcing birth quotas. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | CHILD | CENSUS | DATA REPORTING | AGE DISTRIBUTION | SEX DISTRIBUTION | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | ONE CHILD POLICY | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Statistics | Data Collection | Sex Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Antinatalist Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 279176 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Determinants of HIV-1 load in subjects with early and later HIV infections, in a general-population cohort of Rakai, Uganda. Author: Gray RH; Li X; Wawer MJ; Serwadda D; Sewankambo NK Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2004 Apr 1;189(7):1209-1215. Abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 RNA loads were determined for 256 subjects with early (incident) HIV infection and for 1293 subjects with later (prevalent) HIV infection, in a Ugandan cohort. Prevalent infections were classified as latent (0–1 symptoms) and midstage disease (=2 symptoms), and deaths were ascribed to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Among subjects with incident HIV infection, HIV load did not differ by sex, but, among subjects with prevalent HIV infection, it was higher in males than in females. HIV load was highest in subjects (25–29 years old) with incident HIV infection but increased with age in subjects with prevalent HIV infection. Viremia was higher after serconversion than in latency and increased with more advanced disease. Viremia was increased with genital ulcer disease (GUD) in both subjects with incident infection and in those with prevalent infection, and with herpes simplex virus type 2 seropositivity in subjects with incident HIV infection. GUD was consistently associated with higher HIV loads in subjects with incident and those with prevalent HIV infection, suggesting that treatment of GUD might reduce HIV viremia. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | INCIDENCE | PREVALENCE | AIDS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | SEROCONVERSION | SEX DISTRIBUTION | CHANCROID | HERPES GENITALIS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Measurement | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections Document Number: 191390 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Stigma, discrimination, and ostracization: HIV / AIDS infection in Nigeria. Author: Oyelese AO Source: International Quarterly of Community Health Education. 2004;22(1-2):125-129. Abstract: The AIDS epidemic continues and HIV-infected persons continue to suffer stigmatization and discrimination in Nigeria. The results of an open-ended questionnaire administered non-randomly in Ile-Ife and Ilesa in the late 1990s confirm this. Six questions on Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) were asked; 83 (36.4%) males and 145 (63.6%) females aged between 11 and 60 years responded. The respondents included 101 students, 49 civil servants, 39 artisans and traders. Others included 29 health professionals (doctors and nurses, etc.), 8 teachers, and 2 commercial sex workers. The median of negative responses (rejection) is 42.2%. It is concluded that there still exists a significant but suppressed or subtle stigmatization and discrimination against HIV-infected people, a major constraint in the management and control of HIV/AIDS. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | WORKERS | AGE DISTRIBUTION | SEX DISTRIBUTION | AIDS | HIV PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Social Problems Document Number: 276574 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Introduced Plasmodium vivax malaria in a Bolivian community at an elevation of 2,300 meters. Author: Rutar T; Salgueiro EJ; Maguire JH Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2004;70(1):15-19. Abstract: Tuntunani, Bolivia, a community of 199 persons situated at an elevation of 2,300 meters, experienced its first malaria outbreak in 1998. Blood smears from 63 of 183 symptomatic residents were examined, and 52 showed Plasmodium vivax. An investigation two years later indicated that the epidemic resulted from introduced transmission, since persons of all ages and both sexes were infected, and there had been no travel to low-lying endemic areas in the five months preceding the epidemic. Treatment became available only two months into the epidemic, at which time 58% of the people had been ill for three weeks or longer. This outbreak demonstrates the vulnerability of highland populations with poor access to health care to introduced malaria. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BOLIVIA | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | DATA ANALYSIS | MEN | RURAL POPULATION | MALARIA PREVENTION | DISEASE TRANSMISSION CONTROL | EPIDEMIOLOGY | AGE DISTRIBUTION | SEX DISTRIBUTION | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | South America, Central | South America | Latin America | Americas | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Prevention and Control | Public Health | Health | Age Factors | Sex Factors Document Number: 190293 |
| 30. Title: An overview of sexually transmitted infections among adolescents. Author: Shafii T; Burstein GR Source: Adolescent Medicine Clinics. 2004 Jun;15(2):201-214. Abstract: Adolescents 15 to 17 years of age and young adults 18 to 24 years of age have the highest rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) compared with other age groups in the United States. Of the 15 million cases of STIs diagnosed annually in the United States, over 25% (4 million) occur among teenagers. This review presents surveillance data that describe the STI morbidity and associated risk factors for some of the most common STIs among adolescents. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | ADOLESCENTS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PREVALENCE | EPIDEMIOLOGY | SEX FACTORS | SEX DISTRIBUTION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Public Health | Health | Economic Factors | Biology | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 306445 |
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