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1.          Title: Effectiveness of a community-based intervention to improve nutrition in young children in Senegal: a difference in difference analysis. Author: Alderman H; Ndiaye B; Linnemayr S; Ka A; Rokx C; Dieng K; Mulder-Sibanda M Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2009 May;12(5):667-73. Abstract: There are few studies of community growth promotion as a means of addressing malnutrition that are based on longitudinal analysis of large-scale programmes with adequate controls to construct a counterfactual. The current study uses a difference in difference comparison of cohorts to assess the impact on the proportion of underweight children who lived in villages receiving services provided by the Senegal Nutrition Enhancement Project between 2004 and 2006. The project, designed to extend nutrition and growth promotion intervention into rural areas through non-governmental organisation service providers, significantly lowered the risk of a child having a weight more than 2 sd below international norms. The odds ratio of being underweight for children in programme villages after introduction of the intervention was 0.83 (95% CI 0.686, 1.000), after controlling for regional trends and village and household characteristics. Most measured aspects of health care and health seeking behaviour improved in the treatment relative to the control. Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | RURAL POPULATION | CHILD NUTRITION | INTERVENTIONS | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | BODY WEIGHT | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | PROMOTION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | GROWTH | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Program Evaluation | Physiology | Biology | Marketing | Economic Factors | Behavior | Child Development Document Number: 342116

2.    Title: Demographic data for development in sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Baldwin W; Diers J Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2009. 15 p. (Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper No. 13) Abstract: More demographic data are being collected throughout the developing world than ever before, but the effective use of that data to further development goals is often lacking. This paper summarizes case studies on the demand for data in four sub-Saharan African countries, namely Ethiopia, Ghana, Senegal, and Uganda. The project's objective was to create a detailed portrait of access and demand at the country level, and to determine whether policymakers are getting the data they need to develop sound policies. Common findings across the four countries include an increased external demand from international initiatives that has not necessarily translated into internal demand for data; a missing link between producers and users of data; and a need for data to be presented in user-friendly formats. One driver of internal demand for data is the decentralization and democratization process that is underway in all four countries; this demand highlighted the paucity of available data that can be disaggregated at the level to which policies were being devolved. Next steps are to support initiatives to establish data access as a right, encourage a culture of data-sharing among funders and producers of data, strengthen intermediaries between policymakers and data collectors, display data in accessible formats such as maps, and disaggregate available data to the most useful levels. (Author's abstract) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | GHANA | SENEGAL | UGANDA | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | DATA COLLECTION | CASE STUDIES | DATA QUALITY | NEEDS | DECENTRALIZATION | DEMOCRACY | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | POVERTY | GENDER ISSUES | YOUTH | POLICY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Research Methodology | Studies | Data Analysis | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Political Systems | Communication | Socioeconomic Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331433

3. Peer Reviewed Title: Modeling CD4+ cell count increase over a six-year period in HIV-1-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Senegal. Author: De Beaudrap P; Etard JF; Diouf A; Ndiaye I; Gueye NF; Gueye PM; Sow PS; Mboup S; Ndoye I; Ecochard R; Eric D Author: ANRS 1215/90 Study Group Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 Jun;80(6):1047-53. Abstract: To assess the extents and determinants of long-term CD4 cell increases after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART), changes in CD4 cell counts were analyzed in a cohort of HIV-1-infected Senegalese using a mixed-effects model. After a median follow-up of 54 months, an average of 483 CD4 cells/mm3 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 331; 680) was reached. The average asymptote level was approximately 421 cells/mm3 (95% CI = 390; 454) in patients with < 200 cells/mm3 at baseline and approximately 500 cells/mm3 in patients with > 200 cells/mm3. The independent predictors of long-term CD4 cell reconstitution were the baseline CD4 cell count and the monthly average viral load over the entire follow-up. This good long-term immune reconstitution, optimal in subjects with low average viral loads and > 200 CD4 cells/mm3 at baseline, argues in favor of the earliest possible access to ART and underlines the importance of strict compliance with the treatment. Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | CLIENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | TIME FACTORS | HEMATOLOGIC TESTS | USER COMPLIANCE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Procedures | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior Document Number: 341762

4.          Peer Reviewed Title: Task shifting for emergency obstetric surgery in district hospitals in Senegal. Author: De Brouwere V; Dieng T; Diadhiou M; Witter S; Denerville E Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2009 May;17(33):32-44. Abstract: Due to a long-term shortage of obstetricians, the Ministry of Health of Senegal and Dakar University Obstetric Department agreed in 1998 to train district teams consisting of an anaesthetist, general practitioner and surgical assistant in emergency obstetric surgery. An evaluation of the policy was carried out in three districts in 2006, covering trends in rates of major obstetric interventions, outcomes in newborns and mothers, and the views of key informants, community members and final year medical students. From 2001 to 2006, 11 surgical teams were trained but only six were functioning in 2006. The current rate of training is not rapid enough to cover all districts by 2015. An increase in the rate of interventions was noted as soon as a team had been put in place, but unmet need persisted. Central decision-makers considered the policy more viable than training gynaecologists for district hospitals, but resistance from senior academic clinicians, a perceived lack of career progression among the doctors trained, and lack of programme coordination were obstacles. Practitioners felt the work was valuable, but complained of low additional pay and not being replaced during training. Communities appreciated that the services saved lives and money, but called for improved information and greater continuity of care. Spanish Abstract: Debido a la prolongada escasez de obstetras, el Ministerio de Salud de Senegal y el Departamento Obstétrico de la Universidad de Dakar acordaron, en 1998, capacitar a equipos distritales integrados por un anestesista, un médico general y un auxiliar quirúrgico en cirugía obstétrica de emergencia. En 2006, se realizó una evaluación de la política en tres distritos, donde se examinaron las tendencias en las tasas de intervenciones obstétricas importantes, los resultados en recién nacidos y madres, y los puntos de vista de informantes clave, miembros de la comunidad y estudiantes de medicina en su último año académico. Del 2000 al 2006, 11 equipos quirúrgicos fueron capacitados, pero sólo seis funcionaban en 2006. El ritmo actual de capacitación no es suficientemente rápido para abarcar todos los distritos al cabo del 2015. Se observó un aumento en el índice de intervenciones tan pronto se establecía un equipo, pero la necesidad insatisfecha persistió. Las autoridades decisorias centrales estimaron que esta política era más viable que capacitar ginecólogos en los hospitales distritales. Entre los obstáculos figuraban la resistencia de los médicos académicos sénior, la percibida falta de ascenso profesional entre los médicos capacitados y la falta de coordinación del programa. Los médicos estimaron el trabajo valioso, pero se quejaban de la baja paga adicional y de no ser sustituidos durante la capacitación. Las comunidades estaban agradecidas porque los servicios salvaron vidas y ahorraron dinero, pero solicitaron mejor información y mayor continuidad de servicios. French Abstract: Face au manque d'obstétriciens à long terme, le Ministère sénégalais de la santé et le Département d'obstétrique de l'Université de Dakar ont convenu en 1998 de former des équipes de district composées d'un anesthésiste, d'un médecin généraliste et d'un assistant en chirurgie obstétricale d'urgence. En 2006, une évaluation de la politique a été menée dans trois districts pour analyser les tendances des principales interventions obstétricales, les résultats pour les nouveau-nés et les mères et les opinions des informateurs clés, des membres des communautés et des étudiants en dernière année de médecine. De 2001 à 2006, 11 équipes chirurgicales ont été formées mais six seulement fonctionnaient encore en 2006. Le rythme actuel de formation n'est pas assez rapide pour couvrir tous les districts d'ici à 2015. Une augmentation du taux d'interventions a été notée dès la mise en place d'une équipe, mais les besoins insatisfaits demeuraient. Pour les décideurs centraux, cette politique était plus viable que la formation de gynécologues pour les hôpitaux de district, mais elle se heurtait à la résistance des professeurs cliniciens, à un manque perçu de possibilités d'avancement pour les médecins formés et à une coordination insuffisante entre programmes. Les praticiens estimaient que le travail était utile, mais déploraient la faible rémunération complémentaire et regrettaient de ne pas être remplacés pendant la formation. Les communautés se félicitaient que les services sauvent des vies et économisent de l'argent, mais demandaient davantage d'information et une plus grande continuité des soins. Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | EMERGENCY SERVICES | OBSTETRICAL SURGERY | HOSPITALS | CESAREAN SECTION | TRAINING PROGRAMS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | HEALTH POLICY | OBSTACLES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Facilities | Education | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 342013

5.          Peer Reviewed Title: Health-seeking behaviour for childhood malaria: household dynamics in rural Senegal. Author: Franckel A; Lalou R Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Jan;41(1):1-19. Abstract: Research on health care behaviour in sub-Saharan Africa usually considers the mother as the reference in the household when a child is sick. The study of health care management within the family is a key issue for understanding therapeutic rationales. This study was conducted in the region of Fatick in Senegal among 902 children with malaria-related fever. The data were taken from a retrospective quantitative survey conducted in all compounds of the DSS (Demographic Surveillance Site) of Niakhar. The results show that child care-taking is fundamentally a collective process: in 70.9% of out-of-home resorts, the treatment decision was collective. The health care process of 68.1% of morbid episodes involved several individuals. The involvement of the mother, the father and other relatives in the collective management of health care followed different logics. Each care-giver had a specific and complementary function depending on gender norms, intergenerational relations and characteristics of the family unit. Family management of illness aims at optimizing financial and human resources given the economic, logistical and social constraints on health care. Nevertheless, collective management also favoured home-based care, prevented good treatment compliance and delayed the resort to health facilities. These results suggest that health education campaigns should focus on an early involvement of fathers in health care-giving and also on the strengthening of the autonomy of mothers. Mothers' empowerment should give women more autonomy in their child's treatment choice. Lastly, there is a need to develop community health facilities and establish shared funding at the community level. Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | SUMMARY REPORT | RURAL AREAS | HOUSEHOLDS | CHILDREN | MALARIA | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | BEHAVIOR | HEALTH SERVICES | TREATMENT | HOME CARE | DECISION MAKING | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Care and Support Document Number: 330567

6.          Peer Reviewed Title: Emergence of multiclass drug-resistance in HIV-2 in antiretroviral-treated individuals in Senegal: implications for HIV-2 treatment in resouce-limited West Africa. Author: Gottlieb GS; Badiane NM; Hawes SE; Fortes L; Toure M; Ndour CT; Starling AK; Traore F; Sall F; Wong KG; Cherne SL; Anderson DJ; Dye SA; Smith RA; Mullins JI; Kiviat NB; Sow PS Author: University of Washington-Dakar HIV-2 Study Group Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2009 Feb 15;48(4):476-83. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The efficacy of various antiretroviral (ARV) therapy regimens for human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) infection remains unclear. HIV-2 is intrinsically resistant to the nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and to enfuvirtide and may also be less susceptible than HIV-1 to some protease inhibitors (PIs). However, the mutations in HIV-2 that confer ARV resistance are not well characterized. METHODS: Twenty-three patients were studied as part of an ongoing prospective longitudinal cohort study of ARV therapy for HIV-2 infection in Senegal. Patients were treated with nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)- and PI (indinavir)-based regimens. HIV-2 pol genes from these patients were genotyped, and the mutations predictive of resistance in HIV-2 were assessed. Correlates of ARV resistance were analyzed. RESULTS: Multiclass drug-resistance mutations (NRTI and PI) were detected in strains in 30% of patients; 52% had evidence of resistance to at least 1 ARV class. The reverse-transcriptase mutations M184V and K65R, which confer high-level resistance to lamivudine and emtricitabine in HIV-2, were found in strains from 43% and 9% of patients, respectively. The Q151M mutation, which confers multinucleoside resistance in HIV-2, emerged in strains from 9% of patients. HIV-1-associated thymidine analogue mutations (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, and T215Y/F) were not observed, with the exception of K70R, which was present together with K65R and Q151M in a strain from 1 patient. Eight patients had HIV-2 with PI mutations associated with indinavir resistance, including K7R, I54M, V62A, I82F, L90M, L99F; 4 patients had strains with multiple PI resistance-associated mutations. The duration of ARV therapy was positively associated with the development of drug resistance (P = .02). Nine (82%) of 11 patients with HIV-2 with detectable ARV resistance had undetectable plasma HIV-2 RNA loads (<1.4 log(10) copies/mL), compared with 3 (25%) of 12 patients with HIV-2 with detectable ARV resistance (P = .009). Patients with ARV-resistant virus had higher plasma HIV-2 RNA loads, compared with those with non-ARV-resistant virus (median, 1.7 log(10) copies/mL [range, <1.4 to 2.6 log(10) copies/mL] vs. <1.4 log(10) copies/mL [range, <1.4 to 1.6 log(10) copies/mL]; P = .003). CONCLUSIONS: HIV-2-infected individuals treated with ARV therapy in Senegal commonly have HIV-2 mutations consistent with multiclass drug resistance. Additional clinical studies are required to improve the efficacy of primary and salvage treatment regimens for treating HIV-2 infection. Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | CLIENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | DRUG RESISTANCE | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | AIDS | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 342643

7.          Peer Reviewed Title: Lipodystrophy and metabolic disorders in HIV-1-infected adults on 4- to 9-year antiretroviral therapy in Senegal: a case-control study. Author: Mercier S; Gueye NF; Cournil A; Fontbonne A; Copin N; Ndiaye I; Dupuy AM; Cames C; Sow PS; Ndoye I; Delaporte E; Simondon KB Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Jun 1;51(2):224-30. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess adverse effects of long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), that is, lipodystrophy and metabolic disorders, in a cohort of African patients. METHODS: One hundred eighty HIV-1-infected patients treated with HAART for 4-9 years in Dakar and 180 age-matched and sex-matched controls were enrolled. Regional subcutaneous fat changes were assessed by physicians, and fasting blood samples were drawn. Centralization of body fat was estimated using skinfold ratio, waist circumference, and waist to hip ratio (WHR). RESULTS: Mean duration of HAART was 5.4 years. Main drugs received were zidovudine, stavudine, and protease inhibitors. The prevalence of moderate-severe lipodystrophy was 31.1% (95% confidence interval: 24.3 to 37.9), with 13.3%, 14.5%, and 3.3% for lipoatrophy, lipohypertrophy, and mixed forms, respectively. Mild-severe lipodystrophy affected 65.0% (58.0; 72.0) of patients. Stavudine was the only independent risk factor (any vs. none: odds ratio = 2.8; 1.4 to 5.5). Patients had lower body mass index and skinfolds but greater centralization of body fat (WHR, P < 0.0001 and skinfold ratio, P < 0.001), fasting glucose (P < 0.0001), homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance, and triglyceride levels (P < 0.01 for both) than controls. Moderately-severely lipodystrophic patients had higher triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than other patients (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Moderate-severe lipodystrophy affected one third of West African patients on long-term HAART and was associated with a less favorable metabolic profile. Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | ADULTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | SIDE EFFECTS | LIPID METABOLIC EFFECTS | PREVALENCE | LIPIDS | ANTHROPOMETRY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Physiology | Biology | Measurement Document Number: 341775

8.          Peer Reviewed Title: Placental Malarial Infection as a Risk Factor for Hypertensive Disorders During Pregnancy in Africa: A Case-Control Study in an Urban Area of Senegal, West Africa. Author: Ndao CT; Dumont A; Fievet N; Doucoure S; Gaye A; Lehesran JY Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2009 Aug 13; Abstract: In tropical countries, malaria and hypertension are common diseases of pregnancy. They have physiopathologic similarities such as placental ischemia, endothelial dysfunction, and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Recent findings suggested their possible link. The authors conducted a case-control study to explore the relation between malaria and hypertension at Guediawaye, a hypoendemic malarial setting in Senegal. Cases were pregnant women admitted to the delivery unit for hypertension. Controls were pregnant women admitted for normal delivery, without any history of hypertension or proteinuria during the present pregnancy. Malarial infection was determined by placental tissue examination. From January to December 2002, 77 cases of gestational hypertension, 113 cases of preeclampsia, 59 cases of eclampsia, and 241 controls were enrolled. Placental malarial infection (PMI) was present in 14 cases (6.3%) and in 15 controls (6.2%). The prevalence of PMI was 4.6% for eclampsia, 4.0% for preeclampsia, and 11.6% for gestational hypertension. In multivariate analysis, PMI appeared to be an independent risk factor for gestational hypertension (adjusted odds ratio = 2.7, 95% confidence interval: 1.0, 7.6). The authors found an association between PMI and nonproteinuric hypertension in women living in a malaria-hypoendemic area. The exact significance of such relation should be clarified in further studies in different settings of malarial endemicity. Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | RISK FACTORS | HYPERTENSION | PREGNANCY | MALARIA | PREECLAMPSIA | FETAL MEMBRANES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Reproduction | Parasitic Diseases | Pregnancy Complications | Fetus Document Number: 342554

9. Title: [Tolerance study of a triple first-line antiretroviral combination zidovudine, lamivudine and efavirenz in Dakar, Senegal] Etude de la tolerance d'une tritherapie antiretro- virale de premiere intention Author: Seydi M; Diop SA; Dieng AB; Tekpa G; Soumare M; Diouf A; Niang Kh; Lakh A; Ndiaye I; Fall MB; Diop BM; Sow A; Sow PS Source: Bulletin De La Societe De Pathologie Exotique. 2009 May;102(2):99-100. Abstract: This study aimed at describing the side-effects reported in patients infected with HIV-1 treated initially by the association zidovudine, lamivudine and efavirenz between 2002 and 2007 in the Regional Centre of Clinical Research and Training in Dakar as part of the cohort of the Senegalese Initiative Access to Antiretroviral. Adverse effects were entered and analysed using the software Epi Info version 6.04. The average age of the patients was 38 years old. During the follow-up (average = 741 days), adverse effects were reported 75 times and 39 patients were concerned. The most frequent type of side-effects was neuropsychiatric (47%), digestive (20%) and dermatological (16%). They were severe in 13% of cases and severe anaemia was noted in eight cases. These required a change of therapy in 19%, mainly for severe anaemia (15%). The association zidovudine, lamivudine and efavirenz doesn't seem to induce severe side-effects. Nevertheless, considering the frequency of neuropsychiatric side-effects and severity of hematological side-effects, attention should be paid to neuropsychiatric and blood examination of patients undergoing this combination antiretroviral therapy. Language: French Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CLIENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | SIDE EFFECTS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | ANEMIA | DERMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 342811

10.    Title: How to be reasonably sure a client is not pregnant. [Checklist]. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, FHI, 2008. [2] p. Abstract: In order to help nonmenstruating clients safely initiate their method of choice, Family Health International (FHI) developed a simple checklist for use by family planning providers. Although originally the Pregnancy Checklist was developed for use by family planning providers, it can also be used by other health care providers who need to determine whether a client is not pregnant. For example, pharmacists may use this checklist when prescribing certain medications that should be avoided during pregnancy (e.g., certain antibiotics or anti-seizure drugs). The checklist is endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and is based on criteria established by WHO for determining with reasonable certainty that a woman is not pregnant. Evaluation of the checklist in family planning clinics has demonstrated that the tool is very effective in correctly identifying women who are not pregnant. Furthermore, recent studies in Guatemala, Mali, and Senegal have shown that use of the checklist by family planning providers significantly reduced the proportion of clients being turned away due to menstrual status and improved women's access to contraceptive services. Language: English Keywords: GUATEMALA | MALI | SENEGAL | SUMMARY REPORT | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREGNANCY TESTS | RELIABILITY | MEDICINE | DRUGS | SIDE EFFECTS | TREATMENT | FAMILY PLANNING | WHO | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Procedures | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Measurement | Research Methodology | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331506

11.    Title: AWARENESS Project. Senegal country report, 2004-2007. Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Jan. [12] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00) Abstract: In late 2004, the Senegal USAID Mission requested that IRH provide limited technical assistance to MSH, its main reproductive health coordinating agency, and the Ministry of Health (DSR) to introduce the SDM into the family planning program. USAID/Senegal provided a small amount of funding to IRH to cover staff time and costs for a trip to conduct a training of trainers (TOT), one monitoring trip, and long-distance technical assistance. In August 2005, MSH -as part of the Prevention of Maternal Mortality (PREMOMA) project -launched the SDM program with a TOT at central and regional levels conducted by two IRH representatives. With the DSR, MSH then trained health providers and community agents in 8 districts in the regions of Dakar and Thies. About six months after the initial TOT, IRH conducted a monitoring trip that showed both great provider and client interest and the need to raise community awareness about new services. MSH trained 38 trainers and 256 providers from 58 government clinics in the two project regions. MSH also worked with IRH to implement a quality monitoring system of regular visits to providers, using IRH's Knowledge Improvement Tool (KIT) and an MSH coaching guide. Unfortunately, MSH had difficulty obtaining data on the number of SDM acceptors, and therefore, this information is unavailable. MSH also trained 40 community agents from the Christian Children's Fund (CCF) and 12 trainers from a local FBO, Senegalese Association for the Promotion of the Family. The PREMOMA project ended in September 2006, and the Mission included the SDM as part of the next reproductive health project, awarded to IntraHealth. IRH oriented IntraHealth staff in the U.S. and Senegal to SDM activities in Senegal, but had no funding or contact after that point for any needed follow-up. To maintain momentum between projects, IRH funded a local community based organization, Tostan, to conduct awareness-raising in the areas around the pilot sites. IRH trained 75 Tostan trainers who subsequently trained approximately 850 community mobilizers. Because of the pilot nature of SDM introduction in Senegal, progress toward full integration into norms and protocols, and management information, supervision, procurement, and distribution systems was limited. As mentioned, MSH implemented a supervision system for the pilot series. It also adapted provider job aids from IRH samples. Neither the government nor NGOs have included the SDM in their information systems, nor are CycleBeads part of the commodities management system. IRH understands that the DSR included the SDM in its revised norms and protocols. The Mission instructed their CAs, including IntraHealth and CCF, to include the SDM in their portfolios, both in clinics as well as in a proposed community-based distribution program. The Mission has also provided funding to purchase CycleBeads, further strengthening the potential for SDM scaleup. An assessment is planned for 2008 to determine the status of SDM in Senegal and identify potential needs for further assistance. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | SUMMARY REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | FERTILITY AWARENESS | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | PROGRAM DESIGN | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | IMPLEMENTATION | CAPACITY BUILDING | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | AWARENESS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Sustainability | Training Programs | Education | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 327645

12.    Title: Decentralization of postabortion care in Senegal and Tanzania. Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID] Source: Washington, D.C., USAID, [2008]. [2] p. (Technical Brief) Abstract: Postabortion care (PAC) is an important intervention to treat complications related to miscarriage and unsafe abortion, reduce the incidence of repeat unplanned pregnancy, and decrease the incidence of repeat abortion. To protect maternal health and avert abortions USAID funds PAC programs that comprehensively address women's needs through three core components: 1. Emergency treatment for complications of spontaneous or induced abortion; 2. Family planning (FP) counseling and services, and, depending on disease prevalence and available resources, evaluation and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV counseling and / or referral for testing; 3. Community empowerment through community awareness and mobilization. In developing countries, PAC programs are frequently available only in urban or regional health facilities, placing rural women at greater risk for mortality and morbidity from complications because they lack access to services. To improve access, USAID has worked with two focus countries, Senegal and Tanzania, to decentralize PAC activities. In 2007, the Frontiers Project evaluated these activities. The evaluation showed that PAC can be safely and successfully decentralized with services capably provided by mid-level personnel in health centers, dispensaries, and some health posts when providers are trained and supervised and equipment and supplies are available. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | DECENTRALIZATION | POSTABORTION CARE | NEEDS | EMERGENCY SERVICES | INTERVENTIONS | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | AWARENESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Western | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Change | Knowledge Document Number: 331610

13.          Peer Reviewed Title: Gains in awareness, ownership and use of insecticide-treated nets in Nigeria, Senegal, Uganda and Zambia. Author: Baume CA; Marin MC Source: Malaria Journal. 2008 Aug 7;:[27] p. Abstract: In April 2000, the Roll Back Malaria (RBM) "Abuja Summit" set a target of having at least 60% of pregnant women and children under five use insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). Thereafter, programmes were implemented to create demand, reduce taxes and tariffs, spur the commercial market, and reach vulnerable populations with free or subsidized ITNs. Using national ITN monitoring data from the USAID-sponsored AED/NetMark project, this article examines the extent to which these activities were successful in increasing awareness, ownership, and use of nets and ITNs. A series of surveys with standardized sampling and measurement methods was used to compare four countries at two points in time. Surveys were conducted in 2000 and again in 2004 (Nigeria, Senegal, Zambia) or 2006 (Uganda). They contained questions permitting classification of each net as untreated, ever-treated or currently-treated (an ITN). Household members as well as nets owned were enumerated so that households, household members, and nets could be used as units of analysis. Several measures of net/ITN ownership, plus RBM ITN use indicators, were calculated. The results show the impact of ITN activities before the launch of massive free net distribution programmes. In 2000, treated nets were just being introduced to the public, but four to six years later the awareness of ITNs was nearly universal in all countries but Nigeria, where awareness increased from 7% to 60%. By any measure, there were large increases in ownership of nets, especially treated nets, in all countries. All countries but Nigeria made commensurate gains in the proportion of under-fives sleeping under a net/ITN, and in all countries the proportion of pregnant women sleeping under a net/ITN increased greatly. A mix of demand creation, a strengthened commercial sector, reduced taxes and tariffs, and programmes making ITNs available at reduced prices resulted in impressive gains in awareness, ownership, and use of nets and ITNs in Nigeria, Senegal, Zambia, and Uganda between 2000 and 2004-2006. None of the countries reached the ambitious Abuja targets for ITN use, but they made substantial progress towards them. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | SENEGAL | UGANDA | ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | MALARIA PREVENTION | BED NETS | AWARENESS | INTERVENTIONS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Southern | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 328114

14.          Title: Evaluation of Senegalese plants used in malaria treatment: Focus on Chrozophora senegalensis. Author: Benoit-Vical F; Soh PN; Salery M; Harguem L; Poupat C Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008 Feb 28;116(1):43-48. Abstract: An ethnobotanical study was conducted in the Dakar area of Senegal to investigate the species used in the treatment of malaria. Seven plants are principally used: Cissampelos mucronata, Maytenus senegalensis, Terminalia macroptera, Bidens engleri, Ceratotheca sesamoides, Chrozophora senegalensis and Mitracarpus scaber. From a bibliographic study, it had been shown that the Cissampelos mucronata, Maytenus senegalensis and Terminalia macroptera have already been studied by several authors, and so only Bidens engleri, Ceratotheca sesamoides, Chrozophora senegalensis and Mitracarpus scaber were evaluated in the present study. For each plant, extracts were prepared with different solvents and tested in vitro on two chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains. Crude extracts from the leaves and the stems of Chrozophora senegalensis showed the best in vitro results. The IC/50 value of an aqueous extract of Chrozophora senegalensis was 1.6 microg/ml without cytotoxicity. The in vivo antiplasmodialactivity of Chrozophora extracts was determined by both the oral and the intraperitoneal ways. The stages of Plasmodium cycle targeted by Chrozophora were then studied in vitro. These results could justify the traditional use of this plant in malaria treatment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | MALARIA | MEDICINAL PLANTS | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures Document Number: 325337

15.    Title: Family Health International's partnership on the FRONTIERS Program, 1998 - 2008. Author: Bratt JH; Adamchak S; Homan R; Janowitz B; Williamson N Source: [Arlington, Virginia], Family Health International [FHI], 2008 Sep. 10 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-98-00012-00) Abstract: The Population Council (PC) and Family Health International (FHI) have a long history of collaboration to advance the goal of improving reproductive health in the developing world. In operations research, the two institutions began working together informally in the late 1980s through the regional OR projects managed by the Population Council. FHI contributed its expertise in health economics and collaborated with Council staff to test many innovations and techniques to control costs and increase income, mainly in Latin America and Africa. When USAID combined the regional OR projects into a global procurement in 1998, the Population Council and FHI (along with Tulane University) bid as partners. FHI took responsibility for two main areas: overall direction of the Global Agenda for Operations Research and economic evaluation across the entire FRONTIERS program. FHI contributed a full-time staff position to provide leadership and coordination for the global research agenda and approximately two full-time equivalent staff positions for the economic evaluation activities. The purpose of this report is to describe, in broad strokes, the activities carried out and the products produced by FHI in the course of this ten-year partnership. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | BANGLADESH | MEXICO | SENEGAL | SUMMARY REPORT | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | YOUTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | ANTENATAL CARE | FAMILY PLANNING | POSTPARTUM | PARTICIPATION | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | North America | Americas | Africa, Western | Research Methodology | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Puerperium | Reproduction | Social Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 331440

16. Title: [Evaluation of integrated management of childhood illness three years after implementation in a health care district in Senegal] Evaluation de la Prise en Charge Integree des Maladies de l'Enfant dans un Author: Camara B; Faye PM; Diagne-Gueye NR; Ba A; Dieng-Sow M Source: Medecine Tropicale. 2008 Apr;68(2):162-6. Abstract: The strategy of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) has been recommended by both WHO and UNICEF for first-level health facilities to control the main childhood diseases in developing countries. In Senegal, IMCI was adopted in 1996 and had been implemented in several pilot health districts by the year 2000. This study was conducted three years after implementation of IMCI in the Darou Mousty health district. The purpose was to evaluate determinant factors for implementation as well as the required skills of personnel. Evaluation was based on a review of IMCI records at health care facilities in the District and a survey to collect the opinion of healthcare workers involved in the program. All qualified personal, i.e. two doctors, eleven nurses and one midwife at the time of the survey, had received training in the IMCI approach. Although they all stated that this training improved their skills in managing paediatric patients, only 16 % used the approach on a regular basis. The most frequently reported reason for non-use was unwieldiness of IMCI procedures. According to IMCI guidelines, proper procedures were used in only 53 of the 1465 children (3.6%) who consulted during the study period. This low compliance rate was due to the inability of healthcare personnel to apply therapeutic protocols, plan appointments or identify emergency cases. These findings suggest that basic training and in-service courses must place greater emphasis on IMCI procedures and that regular supervision is needed to optimize this strategy in Senegal. Language: French Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | MANAGEMENT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | CHILD HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | SUPERVISION | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Organization and Administration | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 328915

17.          Title: Change over time of mortality predictors after HAART initiation in a Senegalese cohort. Author: De Beaudrap P; Etard JF; Ecochard R; Diouf A; Dieng AB Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2008 Mar;23(3):227-234. Abstract: In 1998, Senegal was among the first sub-Saharan African countries to launch a Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) access program. Initial studies have demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy of this initiative. Analyses showed a peak of mortality short after starting HAART warranting an investigation of early and late mortality predictors. 404 HIV-1-infected Senegalese adult patients were enrolled and data censored as of September 2005. Predictor effects on mortality were first examined over the whole follow-up period (median 46 months) using a Cox model and Shoenfeld residuals. Then, changes of these effects were examined separately over the early and late treatment periods; i.e., less and more than 6-month follow-up. During the early period, baseline body mass index and baseline total lymphocyte count were significant predictors of mortality (Hazard Ratios 0.82 [0.72-0.93] and 0.80 [0.69-0.92] per 200 cell/mm3, respectively) while baseline viral load was not significantly associatedwith mortality. During the late period, viro-immunological markers (baseline CD4-cell count and 6-month viral load) had the highest impact. In addition, the viral load at 6-month was a significant predictor (HR = 1.42 [1.20-1.66]). In this cohort, impaired clinical status could explain the high early mortality rate while viro-immunological markers were rather predictors of late mortality. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ADULTS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | CAUSES OF DEATH | MORTALITY | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | IMMUNITY, CELLULAR | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Dynamics | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 325314

18.             Peer Reviewed Title: Bionomics of malaria vectors and relationship with malaria transmission and epidemiology in three physiographic zones in the Senegal River Basin. Author: Dia I; Konate L; Samb B; Sarr JB; Diop A Source: Acta Tropica. 2008 Feb;105(2):145-153. Abstract: Following the implementation of two dams in the Senegal River, entomological and parasitological studies were conducted in three different ecological zones in the Senegal River Basin (the low valley of Senegal River, the Guiers Lake area and the low valley of Ferlo) every 3 month in June 2004, September 2004, December 2004 and March 2005. The objective of this work was to study the influence of environmental heterogeneities on vector bionomics and malaria epidemiology. Mosquitoes were collected when landing on human volunteers and by pyrethrum spray catches. In the parasitological survey, blood samples were taken from a cohort of schoolchildren under 9 years during each entomology survey. Seven anopheline species were collected: Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles gambiae M form, Anopheles funestus, Anopheles pharoensis, Anopheles coustani, Anopheles wellcomei and Anopheles rufipes. A. arabiensis, A. funestus and A. pharoensis were predominant in the low valley of the Senegal River, A. funestus in theGuiers Lake area and A. arabiensis in the low valley of Ferlo. Mosquito populations' dynamics varied temporally depending on the rainy season for each zone. The anthropophilic rates varied between 6 and 76% for A. gambiae s.l. and 23 and 80% for A. funestus. Only 4/396 A. pharoensis and 1/3076 A. funestus tested carried Plasmodium falciparum CS antigen. These results suggest the implication of A. pharoensis in malaria transmission. The related entomological inoculation rates were estimated to 10.44 in Mbilor and 3 infected bites in Gankette Balla and were due, respectively, to A. pharoensis and A. funestus. Overall, 1636 thick blood smears were tested from blood samples taken from schoolchildren with, respectively, a parasite and gametocyte average prevalence of 9 and 0.9%. The parasite prevalence was uniformly low in Mbilor and Gankette Balla whereas; it increased in September (16%) and then remained stable in December and March (22%) in Mboula where malaria transmission was not perceptible. However, significant differences were observed over time for parasite prevalence in Mbilor and Mboula villages whereas; it was only in Gankette Balla village where gametocyte prevalence was significantly different over time. Our study demonstrates the influence of ecological changes resulted from dams implementation in the Senegal River on the composition of vectorial system, malaria transmission and epidemiology. Such changes should be thoroughly surveyed in order to prevent any possible malaria outbreak in the Senegal River Basin. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CHILDREN | ANIMALS | MALARIA | PREVALENCE | SEASONAL VARIATION | PARASITES | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | DISEASE TRANSMISSION CONTROL | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Natural Resources | Environment | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Population Dynamics | Biology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Prevention and Control Document Number: 324403

19.          Title: [Decentralization of the immunological monitoring of people living with HIV/AIDS in a limiting setting with a low HIV seroprevalence: the experience of Senegal] Decentralisation du suivi immunologique des personnes vivant avec le VIH dans un Author: Diaw PA; Sylla Niang M; Toure Kane C; Dieye TD; Diop Ndiaye H Source: Annales De Biologie Clinique. 2008 Jul-Aug;66(4):409-16. Abstract: Our work aimed to propose a manual method of counting CD4 T lymphocytes which is an alternative magnetic immunoseparation followed by a reading with a fluorescence microscope as an alternative to the automated flow cytometry. This alternative technique is easier for use, less expensive and could answer the difficulties encountered for the monitoring CD4 T cells count in developing countries. The specific objectives were: 1) to train the technicians of the peripheral sites in order to make the numeration of the CD4 T lymphocytes more accessible at the peripheral level; 2) to equip the sites with necessary facilities for the T lymphocytes CD4 count; 3) to put in place a system of quality control permitting the reliability of the results. A hundred and fifty patients have been enrolled in three care services for people living with HIV/AIDS in Dakar. This population was constituted of 119 seropositive and 31 seronegative patients acting as control group to have some patients with high rates of T lymphocytes CD4. For the follow-up at peripheral level, the patients were constituted of the active line of the patients living with HIV/AIDS supported in the targeted sites. The measurements allowed studying concordances for different rates of lymphocytes: 0 to 199, 200 to 499 and over 500 cells by mm3. The results showed also a very good correlation (r = 0.97 or r = 0.98 according to the operator) between the two methods for CD4 rates inferior to 500 cells by mm3 among both the negative group and the HIV positive patients. We also discussed the profit of decentralization for the program and the patient, as well as the setting up of an external quality control to validate the alternative technique. According to the results, the Dynabeads is well correlated with the Facscount. It is a technique that can be used as an alternative in the zones with limited resources, low prevalence and for a small number of samples. Language: French Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | MONITORING | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV TESTING | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | DECENTRALIZATION | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Evaluation | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329307

20.          Peer Reviewed Title: Low seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 among pregnant women in Senegal. Author: Diawara S; Kane CT; Legoff J; Gaye AG; Mboup S Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2008 Mar;19(3):159-160. Abstract: Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is considered as a major co-factor of both sexual transmission and acquisition of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The HIV epidemic in Senegal is characterized by a remarkable and stable low prevalence. Whether HSV-2 may also constitute a possible co-factor favouring the spreading of HIV epidemic in Senegal is yet unknown. This prompted us to evaluate the HSV-2 seroprevalence in the sentinel population of pregnant women in Senegal. Two hundred and sixty pregnant women attending Roi Baudouin maternity in the capital city Dakar (n = 135) and the antenatal clinic in Kaolack (n = 125), the third city of Senegal, were prospectively recruited between March and August 2003. Fifty-six women (22%) were positive for HSV-2 serology. The prevalence of HSV-2 seropositivity was higher in women living in Dakar (26%) than in those living in Kaolack (16%) (P less than 0.01). Only two women from Dakar and two other from Kaolack were found to be HIV-1-infected. Our observations suggest a seemingly low seroprevalence of HSV-2 infection in adult women Senegal, comparable with those usually reported in Western countries. Further, epidemiological surveys are needed to confirm these results in the general population. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | HERPES GENITALIS | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | URBAN AREAS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Viral Diseases | Public Health | Health | Geographic Factors Document Number: 325958

21.          Title: Hepatitis B, C seroprevalence and delta viruses in HIV-1 Senegalese patients at HAART initiation (retrospective study). Author: Diop-Ndiaye H; Toure-Kane C; Etard JF; Lo G; Diaw P; Ngom-Gueye NF Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2008 Aug;80(8):1332-6. Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine hepatitis co-infection in a cohort of HIV infected patients at their inclusion in the Senegalese Initiative of ART Access. B, C, and D Hepatitis viruses serological markers were checked retrospectively on 363 stored plasma. For HBV, the Abbott laboratories equipment IMx was used to detect HBs Ag and anti Core Ab on negative HBs Ag samples. For HDV, anti Delta Ab was performed using the Abbott Murex Kit on all HBs Ag positive samples. For HCV, anti HCV Ab was detected by IMx as double screening test and confirmed by INNO-LIA(TM) HCV Core of Innogenetics laboratories. The statistical analysis was done with STATA V8. The study population was composed of 164 men and 199 women aged between 16 and 66 years. The immune and virological markers averages at their enrollment were 154 cell/mm(3) for TLCD4+ (n = 355 patients) and 4.9 log for viral load (n = 277 patients). HBs Ag was found in 61 patients or 16.8% and the prevalence of anti-HBc Ab was 83.2% (252/295). 2 patients or 3% on HBs Ag positive sample presents HBV/HDV co-infection Ab anti HCV was detects in 6 patients or 1.6% after confirmation and 2 patients had triple infection with HBV. These results showed that the prevalence of HBV and HCV in the population of persons living with HIV/AIDS in Senegal is similar to that found in the general population. Our data indicated that hepatitis pathology in the PLwHIV was essentially due to HBV. Further studies are needed to diagnose occult hepatitis in order to set up therapeutic strategies taking into account co-infections by hepatitis viruses in the ART programmes. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | HEPATITIS | COMPLICATIONS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Studies | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Public Health | Health | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 328350

22.    Title: Enhancing utilization of the findings from the Youth Reproductive Health Project in Senegal. Author: Diop NJ; Diagne AF Source: [Washington, D.C.], Population Council, Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 2008 Mar. [35] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-98-00012-00) Abstract: In 1999, FRONTIERS began a three-year collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO), the Senegalese ministries of Education (MOE), of Youth (MOY), and Family and Social Affairs (MOFSA), the Center for Research and Training (CEFOREP) and the Population Training Group (GEEP) to test the feasibility, effectiveness and cost of school-, clinic-, and community-based interventions to improve the reproductive health of youth aged 10-19 years. The Operations Research (OR) study focused on providing information appropriate to the cultural context of Senegalese adolescents on a variety of reproductive health issues including: knowledge of the human body; puberty; sexuality; gender roles; different cultural, familial, and peer values regarding sexual and reproductive behavior; contraception; responsible parenthood; STIs and AIDS; and sources of help and services. The study tested different ways of providing information. At the community through outreach, an 'edutainment' format was adopted; this comprised interactive participation of beneficiaries involving both education and entertainment. In schools, extra curricular activities and events such as music festivals were used as the forum. In clinics, a combination of edutainment and standard approaches of providing information were used. The study was undertaken in three urban communities in northern Senegal. It had an overall positive result on young people's reproductive health knowledge, enhanced community understanding of youth reproductive health needs, and showed that a multisectoral approach is vital to supporting young people's healthy growth. This success prompted a follow-on effort, beginning in 2004, to institutionalize youth reproductive health in the study districts, create a favorable policy and funding environment for adolescent reproductive health at the national level, and scale up the intervention in Senegal and to other Francophone African countries (Mauritania, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Mali). This summary describes the essential process elements of this institutionalization effort. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | PARTICIPATION | CAPACITY BUILDING | IMPLEMENTATION | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Social Behavior | Behavior | Program Sustainability Document Number: 331598

23.    Title: Evaluation of the long-term impact of the TOSTAN programme on the abandonment of FGM / C and early marriage: results from a qualitative study in Senegal. Author: Diop NJ; Moreau A; Benga H Source: [Dakar, Senegal], Population Council, Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 2008 Jan. [36] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-98-00012-00) Abstract: In 1998-1999, a village empowerment programme was implemented in the Thies / Fatick and Kolda regions of Senegal by the non-governmental organization Tostan. This report is the qualitative component of an evaluation conducted at the request of UNICEF to assess the impact of this programme several years after its implementation. The overall responsibility of the evaluation was given to Macro International. The Human Development Research Centre (CRDH) implemented the quantitative component and the Population Council implemented the qualitative component, with funding from USAID through its Frontiers in Reproductive Health program. In 1998, the Tostan program was organised around the following modules: problem solving; basic hygiene; oral rehydration therapy (ORT) and vaccination; resource and financial management; leadership; feasibility studies (income-generating / micro-credit projects); women s health (sexuality, pregnancy management); child development; democracy; and sustainable management of natural resources. The ultimate goal of the programme was to mobilise communities to hold public declarations in support of abandoning harmful traditional practices, including FGM/C and child marriage. The objectives of this evaluation were to assess the: Overall impact of the program implemented by Tostan on the daily life of women and men in several communities in Senegal; Post declaration phase of the program, in order to evaluate whether it is associated with actual abandonment of FGM/C and to estimate the magnitude and pace of abandonment; Abandonment of child marriage as it is associated with FGM/C. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | EVALUATION REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | USAID | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | HEALTH EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Evaluation | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Government Agencies | Programs | Organization and Administration | Diseases | Education Document Number: 326785

24.    Title: Improving communication between parents and adolescents on reproductive health and HIV / AIDS. Author: Diop NJ; Diagne A Source: [Washington, D.C.], Population Council, Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 2008 Mar. [53] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-98-00012-00) Abstract: In 2005 the Population Council's FRONTIERS in Reproductive Health Program, in collaboration with the Centre for Development and Population Activities (CEDPA), the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Youth in Senegal, conducted an operations research project aimed at improving parent-child (specifically parent-adolescent) communication about reproductive health and HIV / AIDS. The study was designed to focus on parents / guardians of adolescents (10-14 years and 15-19 years) and adolescent youth living in urban and rural Senegal. The overall objective was to gain a better understanding of interventions designed specifically to reduce risks to Adolescent Reproductive Health. The specific goal of the project was to develop a model of intervention and assess its effectiveness and functionality in increasing adult-youth communication around issues of adolescent well-being, sexuality and reproductive health in terms of changes in the areas of: Parents' and youth's knowledge and attitudes about issues concerning adolescents, particularly reproductive health; Community support for adolescent needs, particularly in communication on adolescents' reproductive health issues; The frequency, quality, and topics discussed during parent-child (parent-adolescent) communication; The protective and regulatory mechanisms used by parents to address adolescents' reproductive health. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | PARENTS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | PERCEPTION | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | INTERVENTIONS | CONDOM USE | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication | Programs | Organization and Administration | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 331599

25.    Title: Improving communication between parents and adolescents on reproductive health and HIV / AIDS. Executive summary. Author: Diop NJ; Diagne A Source: In: Improving communication between parents and adolescents on reproductive health and HIV / AIDS, by Nafissatou J. Diop, Alioune Diagne. [Washington, D.C,], Population Council, Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 2008 Mar. :i-viii. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-98-00012-00) English summary of French report. Abstract: In 2005 the Population Council's FRONTIERS in Reproductive Health Program, in collaboration with the Centre for Development and Population Activities (CEDPA), the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Youth in Senegal, conducted an operations research project aimed at improving parent-child (specifically parent-adolescent) communication about reproductive health and HIV/AIDS. The study was designed to focus on parents/guardians of adolescents (10-14 years and 15-19 years) and adolescent youth living in urban and rural Senegal. The overall objective was to gain a better understanding of interventions designed specifically to reduce risks to Adolescent Reproductive Health. The specific goal of the project was to develop a model of intervention and assess its effectiveness and functionality in increasing adult-youth communication around issues of adolescent well-being, sexuality and reproductive health in terms of changes in the areas of: parents' and youth's knowledge and attitudes about issues concerning adolescents, particularly reproductive health; community support for adolescent needs, particularly in communication on adolescents' reproductive health issues; the frequency, quality, and topics discussed during parent-child (parent-adolescent) communication; the protective and regulatory mechanisms used by parents to address adolescents' reproductive health. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | PARENTS | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | INTERVENTIONS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | PROGRAM DESIGN | PRE-POST TESTS | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Communication | Health | Psychological Factors Document Number: 326885

26. Title: Setting the pace for peace: understanding the Casamance conflict in Senegal. Author: Diouf PS Source: Women's World. 2008;43:3-8. Abstract: Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | ETHNIC GROUPS | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | WAR | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | HUMAN RIGHTS | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | CONSTITUTION | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Organizations | Political Factors | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Geography | Social Sciences | Science Document Number: 331337

27.    Title: 2008 National Youth Shadow Report: Progress Made on the 2001 UNGASS Declaration of Commitment on HIV / AIDS. Senegal. Author: Dombou E; Diagne B Source: New York, New York, Global Youth Action Network, Global Youth Coalition on HIV / AIDS, 2008. 10 p. Abstract: The authors conducted a literature review of relevant policies, publications and reports, including activities and cases studies on youth interventions, interviews with national and international NGO workers, as well as policymakers involved in the fight against HIV and AIDS. Questionnaires were prepared on the basis of the indicators suggested by UNAIDS in the document "Guideline on Construction of Core indicators." Key findings: 1) Senegal has a national policy on HIV and AIDS to guide a multisectoral country response; 2) Only 22% of young people had accurate comprehensive knowledge on HIV, Far below the UNGASS target of 95% by 2010; 3) Youth participation in policy and programme formulation, implementation or design is almost nonexistent; and 4) A large population of adolescents and young people is out of school and very difficult to reach with information, education and services. Key recommendations: 1) An incentive policy for voluntary testing services should be instated to attract young people to get tested; 2) Public structures such as the National Centre of Blood Transfusion (CNTS) should contribute to the efforts of testing and provide advice, sensitization and training with youth; 3) The government should increase the visibility of and access to HIV awareness programs, specifically for the young sex workers, out of school youth and young people living with HIV (YPLHIV); and 4) It is necessary to employ more young people in the decision making process by granting them positions of leadership. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | YOUTH | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | SEX WORKERS | FUNDS | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | MISINFORMATION | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | HIV PREVENTION | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Communication | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 326059

28.    Peer Reviewed Title: Adult mortality in a rural area of Senegal: Non-communicable diseases have a large impact in Mlomp. Author: Duthe G; Pison G Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Aug 1;19(37):1419-1448. Abstract: This study provides original estimates of adult mortality in Mlomp, a rural population of Senegal which has been monitored for twenty years. Causes of death are assessed through verbal autopsies which are completed by medical information. Between ages 15 and 60, male mortality is much higher than female mortality. Globally, AIDS mortality does not have the tragic impact observed in other regions of Africa, and maternal mortality is relatively low for a rural area, unlike injuries which are common among men. In Mlomp, non-communicable diseases, especially cancers, are predominant. In addition to behavioural factors, infectious diseases may contribute to this situation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | MORTALITY | DEATH RECORDS | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | AUTOPSY | CAUSES OF DEATH | COMMUNITY SURVEYS | SEX FACTORS | DISEASES | NEOPLASMS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Vital Statistics | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Population Characteristics Document Number: 327944

29.    Title: Malaria resurgence in Senegal: measuring malaria mortality in Mlomp. Author: Duthe G Source: Population-E. 2008;63(3):443-468. Abstract: Malaria is one of the leading causes of child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. With the development of drug-resistant parasites, the fight against malaria has become complex, and because demographic and health data are scarce in the most hard-hit countries, the impact of the disease is difficult to evaluate. Demographic surveillance sites provide a means to measure levels and trends in mortality and causes of death. The data they provide are not exhaustive, however, for malaria in particular. At the Mlomp site in Senegal, information from inhabitants can be matched against data from local health facilities for more precise study of malaria mortality. From very low levels in the late 1980s, malaria mortality increased as the Plasmodium falciparum became resistant to chloroquine, the standard drug which, until then, had been an effective treatment. Although the introduction of new treatments in the early 2000s reduced diagnosed malaria mortality, the adoption of a broad definition of deaths attributable to malaria shows that the disease still accounts for a large share of mortality. Spanish Abstract: El paludismo es una de las principales causas de mortalidad de los niños en África al sur del Sahara. Ahora bien, la lucha contra esta enfermedad es compleja – con el desarrollo de resistencias de los parásitos a los tratamientos administrados – y la falta de datos demográficos y sanitarios en los países más afectados impide su evaluación. Los centros de seguimiento demográfico permiten medir los niveles y tendencias de la mortalidad y de las causas de muertes. Los datos que proporcionan presentan sin embargo límites, sobre todo en el caso del paludismo. En Senegal, el centro de Mlomp permite aparejar las informaciones recogidas ante los habitantes con las de las instituciones sanitarias locales y por lo tanto estudiar con precisión la mortalidad palúdica. Esta, muy reducida al final de los años 1980, ha aumentado a raíz del desarrollo de una resistencia del Plasmodium falciparum a la cloroquina, el tratamiento corrientemente utilizado y hasta la fecha eficaz. La introducción de nuevos tratamientos a principios de los años 2000 ha permitido efectivamente reducir la mortalidad palúdica diagnosticada pero la adopción de una definición amplia de las muertes debido al paludismo muestra que representaría todavía una proporción importante de la mortalidad. French Abstract: Le paludisme est l'une des principales causes de mortalité des enfants en Afrique au sud du Sahara. Or, la lutte contre cette maladie est complexe – avec le développement de résistances des parasites aux traitements administrés – et le manque de données démographiques et sanitaires dans les pays les plus touchés empêche son évaluation. Les sites de suivi démographique permettent de mesurer les niveaux et tendances de la mortalité et des causes de décès. Les données qu'ils fournissent présentent toutefois des limites, surtout dans le cas du paludisme. Au Sénégal, le site de Mlomp permet de coupler les informations collectées auprès des habitants avec celles des institutions sanitaires locales, et donc d'étudier précisément la mortalité palustre. Celle-ci, très faible à la fin des années 1980, a augmenté suite au développement d'une résistance du Plasmodium falciparum à la chloroquine, le traitement couramment utilisé et jusque-là efficace. L'introduction de nouveaux traitements au début des années 2000 a bien permis de réduire la mortalité palustre diagnostiquée mais l'adoption d'une définition large des décès attribuables au paludisme montre qu'elle représenterait encore une part importante de la mortalité. Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | RURAL POPULATION | PREVALENCE | MALARIA | AUTOPSY | DEATH RATE | CAUSES OF DEATH | DRUG RESISTANCE | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Treatment Document Number: 329875

30.          Title: [Becoming a mother in Senegal: the experience of motherhood in a setting of social injustice and health service failures] Devenir mere au Senegal : des experiences de maternite entre inegalites sociales Author: Faye SL Source: Sante. 2008 Jul-Sep;18(3):175-83. Abstract: We explain here the processes through which social injustice is created, the indicators that define social status, and the mechanism that express them in the field of health. Because we do not believe that they come out of any natural process, we seek to discover the extent to which they are socially produced. The data we use here come from a qualitative survey conducted in a rural community (Malicounda, Senegal) and targeting pregnant women and those giving birth. The results show that the individual environments, the policies of the maternal health services and women's social standing contribute jointly to the experience of motherhood and to access to health care. Taking into account the realties of health care facilities (places of mediation, personalization of health care relations), the social situation, defined as all the resources and all of the women's attributes, determines to a large extent the care or management she receives in those facilities. Three cases studies show how individual characteristics, social resources, relationships, and structural and political factors define social status and access to care. These attributes are so closely connected that it is hard to assign to any one of them an exclusive role in explaining social injustice. They also change throughout her lifetime, depending on social, occupational, emotional or relational successes or failures, which modify her social status and affect her life and health experiences. Language: French Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | RURAL POPULATION | MOTHERS | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | SAFE MOTHERHOOD | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Maternal Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341590