| 1. Title: High prevalence of HIV infection among injection drug users (IDUs) in Hyderabad and Sukkur, Pakistan. Author: Altaf A; Saleem N; Abbas S; Muzaffar R Source: JPMA. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2009 Mar;59(3):136-40. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate size of injection drug users (IDU), determine their high risk behaviours and assess the prevalence of HIV. METHOD: As part of second generation surveillance (SGS), we investigated specific demographic and behavioural characteristics of IDUs in Hyderabad and Sukkur in 2005. It was a cross sectional study. The survey was preceded by geographic mapping to determine size estimation and to define sampling procedures prior to integrated behavioural and biological survey (IBBS). A sample size of at least 400 was calculated for each city. Besides calculating frequencies, chi square was used for comparing variables among HIV positive and negative IDUs like time elapsed as IDU, number of injections, sharing needles and self perception of acquiring HIV infection. RESULTS: A total of 800 (Hyderabad 398; Sukkur 402) questionnaires and DBS samples were collected. The estimated number of IDUs in both cities was 3,225 (Hyderabad 975 and Sukkur 2250 respectively). Average age of IDUs in Hyderabad was 36.5 years and 34.6 years in Sukkur. Sharing of injection equipment for last injection was reported by 34 (8.5%) in Hyderabad and 135 (33.6%) in Sukkur. In both cities behaviours such as injecting drugs for more than 10 years (p = 0.00) and injecting four or more times in a day (p = 0.11) were significantly associated with seropositivity of HIV infection. In Hyderabad the seroprevalence of HIV was 25.4% (101/398) and in Sukkur it was 19.2% (77/402). CONCLUSION: The burden of HIV among IDUs in Hyderabad and Sukkur is extremely high and can play a significant role in transmitting the infection to other vulnerable groups. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | IV DRUG USERS | URBAN POPULATION | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | RISK BEHAVIOR | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | NEEDLE SHARING | SELF-PERCEPTION | RISK ASSESSMENT | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Population | Measurement | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Perception | Psychological Factors | Evaluation Document Number: 330915 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: [Opinions by physicians from the Family Health Program on four health care priorities proposed by the Agenda for Commitment to Comprehensive Child Health and Reduction of Infant Mortality] Perspectivas de medicos do Programa Saude da Familia acerca das linhas de cuidado Author: Alves e Silva AC; Villar MA; Wuillaume SM; Cardoso MH Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica. 2009 Feb;25(2):349-58. Abstract: The aim of this study was to understand how physicians from a team in the Brazilian Family Health Program perceive their work in child health, as compared to the program's principles outlined in the Agenda for Commitment to Comprehensive Child Health and Reduction of Infant Mortality, under the Ministry of Health. The backdrop was the strategy for implementation of primary care under the Unified National Health System (SUS). Semi-structured interviews were held, and the material was submitted to content analysis. According to the findings, in general the Agenda is being met. However, there are difficulties with referral and counter-referral; the measures proposed by the Family Health Program require medical and sociological competence and face problems inherent to biomedical training; the infrastructure and inputs are precarious; and the training provided does not prepare physicians sufficiently for a more comprehensive approach. In conclusion, the primary care model in Brazil requires adjustments to the country's reality, and partnerships that transcend the system are necessary. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | PHYSICIANS | CHILD HEALTH | SELF-PERCEPTION | INFANT MORTALITY | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM EVALUATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Perception | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Services | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342669 |
3.  Title: Why embarrassment inhibits the acquisition and use of condoms: A qualitative approach to understanding risky sexual behaviour. Author: Bell J Source: Journal of Adolescence. 2009 Apr;32(2):379-91. Abstract: This article is based on research commissioned by the UK Government's Teenage Pregnancy Unit. The Living on the Edge (LOTE) study qualitatively explored factors that shape young people's experiences and attitudes towards sexual behaviour and young parenthood in three linked seaside and rural areas in England. It identifies embarrassment as a key risk factor in young people's sexual behaviour and demonstrates why engaging in protective behaviour and seeking information and advice, can be constrained by fear of embarrassment and concerns about how they are regarded by others. This paper also argues that embarrassment around condom use is not necessarily restricted to adolescence. Embarrassment is a deeply unpleasant experience for everyone and people (young and old) are motivated to avoid it. Implications and recommendations for future policy and service provision are highlighted. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS | EMOTIONS | SELF-PERCEPTION | FEAR | CONDOM USE | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Perception | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 342414 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: "When in the body, it makes you look fat and HIV negative": the constitution of antiretroviral therapy in local discourse among youth in Kahe, Tanzania. Author: Ezekiel MJ; Talle A; Juma JM; Klepp K Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Mar;68(5):957-964. Abstract: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is becoming increasingly more accessible within the health care system in Tanzania. However, the impact of the increased availability of ART on local conceptions about medicines, health and physical wellbeing has not been fully explored. In this article we examine how ART is constituted within local discourses about treatment and healing. Based on 21 focus group discussions with young people aged 14-24 years in a rural area (Kahe), we examine how local terms and descriptions of antiretroviral therapy relate to wider definitions about the body, health, illness and drug efficacy. Findings illustrate how local understandings of ART draw on a wider discourse about the therapeutic functions of medicines and clinical dimensions of HIV/AIDS. Therapeutic efficacy of antiretroviral medication appeared to overlap and sometimes contradict locally shared understandings of the clinical functions of medicines in the body. Implications of ART on bodily appearance and HIV signs may influence conceptions about sick role, perpetuate stigma and affect local strategies for HIV prevention. Structural inequities in access, limited information on therapeutic efficacy of ART and perceived difficulties with status disclosure appear to inform local conceptions and possible implications of ART. Policy and programme interventions to foster public understanding and acceptability of ART should emphasize treatment education about the benefits and limitations of therapy and increased access to ART in rural areas, and should integrate voluntary status disclosure and HIV prevention. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | RURAL AREAS | YOUTH | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV | STIGMA | SELF-PERCEPTION | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Perception | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 325348 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: How well do women recall past contraceptive use? A pilot study. Author: Guttinger AK; Chen ZE Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Jul;35(3):173-5. Abstract: BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY: Many women use a variety of contraceptive methods during their reproductive lives. Investigating this exposure is one of the most frequently performed epidemiological investigations. Accurate recall of methods used, as well as validating this information, can be difficult. A pilot study compared recalled contraceptive use over 5 years with that documented in the case notes of 30 women. RESULTS: 47% of episodes of method use were accurately recalled to the month of starting method use; this figure rose to 94% when episodes with disagreement within +/-12 months were also considered. Similarly, 44% and 91% of episodes were accurately recalled to the month and within +/-12 months of stopping method use, respectively. Accuracy of recall for duration of use followed a similar pattern. 7% of users were unable to distinguish between use of a combined pill and a progestogen-only pill and one-third of women using an intrauterine contraceptive were unable to distinguish an intrauterine device (IUD) from the intrauterine system (IUS). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Almost all women can recall accurately which contraceptive methods they have used in the past year but are less accurate in respect of exact starting and stopping dates. Some women confuse the combined pill with the progestogen-only pill and others confuse the IUD and the IUS. The findings need to be replicated in other settings and with populations of less well-educated women. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD SWITCHING | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | TIME FACTORS | SELF-PERCEPTION | INTERVIEWS | RECORDS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Dynamics | Perception | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Data Collection | Information Processing | Information Document Number: 342136 |
| 6. Title: Contraceptive self-efficacy and contraceptive knowledge of Hong Kong Chinese women with unplanned pregnancy. Author: Ip WY; Sin LL; Chan DS Source: Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2009 Jul 8; Abstract: Aim and objectives. The purpose of this study was to explore contraceptive practice, the level of knowledge and self-efficacy of contraception among Chinese women with unplanned pregnancy and to determine the relationships between these variables. Background. The construct of self-efficacy can be employed as a theory to design a nursing intervention to prevent sexually active women from unplanned pregnancy. Only a few western studies have investigated the relationships between self-efficacy and contraception behaviour yet none targeted at the Chinese population. Design. Cross-sectional survey. Methods. This study employed a cross-sectional survey design. A convenience sample of 117 eligible Chinese females completed all the questionnaires, which included the Chinese version of the Contraceptive Self-efficacy Scale and Contraceptive Knowledge Scale. Results. The findings in this study suggested that younger, unmarried women at the lower income group, who adopted male condoms are at risk for unplanned pregnancy. The sample demonstrated an above medium level of knowledge and self-efficacy in contraception. However, no significant relationship was found between contraceptive self-efficacy and knowledge (p>0.05). Conclusions. Contraceptive obstacles were revealed by participants' moderate level of contraceptive self-efficacy and contraceptive knowledge. The relationship between contraceptive knowledge of specific methods and contraceptive self-efficacy need further exploration in future studies. Relevance to clinical practice. The dominant use of male condoms by the sample of this study sheds light on future direction in the development of educational programmes and contraceptive promotion strategies appropriate for women with unplanned pregnancy. Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | WOMEN | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONDOM USE | KNOWLEDGE | SELF-PERCEPTION | AGE FACTORS | MARITAL STATUS | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Perception | Psychological Factors | Population Characteristics | Nuptiality Document Number: 342217 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV/AIDS and the health of older people in the slums of Nairobi, Kenya: results from a cross sectional survey. Author: Kyobutungi C; Ezeh AC; Zulu E; Falkingham J Source: BMC Public Health. 2009 May 27;9(1):153. Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The proportion of older people is increasing worldwide. Globally, it is estimated that older people (those 60 years or older) constitute more than 11% of the population. As the HIV/AIDS pandemic rages in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), its impact on older people needs closer attention given the increased economic and social roles older people have taken on as a result of increased mortality among adults in the productive age groups. Few studies have looked at older people and their health in SSA or indeed the impact of HIV/AIDS on their health. This study aims to assess the effect of being directly or indirectly affected by HIV/AIDS on the health of older people in two Nairobi slums. METHODS: Data were collected from residents of the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance area, who on 1st October 2006, were 50 years and older. Health status was assessed using the short SAGE (Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health) form and two outcome measures - self-rated health and a composite health score - were generated. To assess HIV/AIDS affected status, respondents were asked: Have you personally been affected by HIV/AIDS? If yes, a follow up question: "How have you been personally affected by HIV/AIDS?" was asked. Ordinal logistic regression was used in models with self-rated health and linear regression in models with the health score. RESULTS: About 18% of respondents reported being affected by HIV/AIDS in at least one way, although less than 1% reported being infected with HIV. Nearly 60% of respondents reported being in good health, 27% in fair health and 14% in poor health. The overall mean health score was 70.6 (SD: 13.9). Females reported worse health outcomes than males. Respondents directly or indirectly affected by HIV/AIDS reported worse health outcomes than those not affected: mean health score: 68.5 and 71.1 respectively (t=3.21), and an adjusted odds ratio of reporting "poor health" of 1.42 (95%CI: 1.12-1.80). CONCLUSION: Poor health outcomes among older people affected by HIV/AIDS highlight the need for policies that target them in the fight against HIV/AIDS if they are to play their envisaged care giving and other traditional roles. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | KAP SURVEYS | HEALTH SURVEYS | OLDER ADULTS | SLUMS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | SEX FACTORS | SELF-PERCEPTION | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | HEALTH POLICY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Health | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Perception | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341484 |
| 8. Title: Gender, intimacy, and risky sex: a terror management account. Author: Lam SR; Morrison KR; Smeesters D Source: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2009 Aug;35(8):1046-56. Abstract: Three studies tested whether mortality salience would lead men to be more sexually risky than women. In Study 1, men reported greater intentions to engage in risky sexual behaviors than did women after a mortality prime, but not after a control prime. In Study 2, men desired more future sexual partners and had a lower need for intimacy than did women, but again, only when mortality was salient. Furthermore, need for romantic intimacy mediated the relationship between mortality salience, gender, and desired number of future partners. Using a behavioral rather than a self-reported dependent measure, Study 3 showed that men primed with mortality were less likely than women to select a package of condoms (versus a pen) as a free gift after the experiment. Implications for gender differences in responses to mortality salience, as well as for how to design effective safe-sex interventions, are discussed. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | STUDENTS | MORTALITY | SELF ESTEEM | SELF-PERCEPTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | MOTIVATION | SEX FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Education | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Perception | Population Characteristics Document Number: 342853 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexual risk behaviour for women working in recreational venues in Mwanza, Tanzania: considerations for the acceptability and use of vaginal microbicide gels. Author: Lees S; Desmond N; Allen C; Bugeke G; Vallely A; Ross D Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May 14;:1. Abstract: Qualitative research was conducted to explore the social context of sexual-risk behaviour among women working in recreational occupations, during a feasibility study in preparation for the Phase III clinical trial of vaginal microbicides in Mwanza, Tanzania. Participant observation was conducted in 68 recreational venues. Six focus group discussions were conducted with women working in recreational occupations and two with male customers at these venues. Findings revealed that these women are at risk of HIV due their dependence on sexual transactions to improve their economic circumstances, which take place in environments and relationships where condom use is difficult. However, the findings revealed that, in spite of constraints, women did take actions to prevent HIV by negotiating for condom use or avoiding perceived risky practices or partnerships, in particular moving to more casual partnerships where condom negotiation is more acceptable. This indicates that, given their perception of their own risk, women working in recreational occupations will welcome an effective microbicide. However, sustained use will depend on how formulations overcome the difficulties women currently experience with condom negotiation and the specific environments and relationships in which they engage in sex. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WORKERS | PARKS AND RECREATIONAL FACILITIES | MICROBICIDES | VAGINAL GEL | CONDOM USE | HIV PREVENTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK ASSESSMENT | PERCEPTION | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | SELF-PERCEPTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Natural Resources | Environment | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Vaginal Spermicides | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Evaluation | Psychological Factors | Interpersonal Relations Document Number: 341493 |
| 10. Title: Self-reported and P3 event-related potential evaluations of condoms: does what we say match how we feel? Author: Lust SA; Bartholow BD Source: Psychophysiology. 2009 Mar;46(2):420-4. Abstract: Research consistently reveals positive self-reported condom evaluations, yet such evaluations often do not predict condom use. Whereas positive self-reports likely reflect social norms regarding prevention of diseases and pregnancy, psychophysiological measures might better assess spontaneous condom evaluations. Here, participants completed a visual oddball task in which condoms and alcoholic beverages were infrequent targets among neutral, positive, and negative context images. Although self-reported condom evaluations were very positive, condom images presented in a negative context produced a smaller P3 than condom images presented in a neutral or positive context, suggesting that spontaneous condom evaluations were more negative than positive. The P3 elicited by alcohol images indicated positive evaluations. The findings underscore the multifaceted nature of evaluations and point to the utility of ERPs for assessing health-related attitudes. Language: English Keywords: MISSOURI | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | STUDENTS | CONDOM USE | UNIVERSITIES | SELF-PERCEPTION | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | VALUE ORIENTATION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | CONTRACEPTION | ATTITUDES | PHYSIOLOGY | CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Schools | Perception | Psychological Factors | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Family Planning | Biology | Central Nervous System Document Number: 331226 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Social context, sexual risk perceptions and stigma: HIV vulnerability among male sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya. Author: Okal J; Luchters S; Geibel S; Chersich MF; Lango D; Temmerman M Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May 29;:1. Abstract: Knowledge about sexual practices and life experiences of men having sex with men in Kenya, and indeed in East Africa, is limited. Although the impact of male same-sex HIV transmission in Africa is increasingly acknowledged, HIV prevention initiatives remain focused largely on heterosexual and mother-to-child transmission. Using data from ten in-depth interviews and three focus group discussions (36 men), this analysis explores social and behavioural determinants of sexual risks among men who sell sex to men in Mombasa, Kenya. Analysis showed a range and variation of men by age and social class. First male same-sex experiences occurred for diverse reasons, including love and pleasure, as part of sexual exploration, economic exchange and coercion. Condom use is erratic and subject to common constraints, including notions of sexual interference and motivations of clients. Low knowledge compounds sexual risk taking, with a widespread belief that the risk of HIV transmission through anal sex is lower than vaginal sex. Traditional family values, stereotypes of abnormality, gender norms and cultural and religious influences underlie intense stigma and discrimination. This information is guiding development of peer education programmes and sensitisation of health providers, addressing unmet HIV prevention needs. Such changes are required throughout Eastern Africa. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | URBAN POPULATION | SEX WORKERS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | PERCEPTION | CULTURE | HIV TRANSMISSION | SELF-PERCEPTION | STIGMA | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 341490 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Growing rejection of female genital cutting among women of reproductive age in Amhara, Ethiopia. Author: Rahlenbeck SI; Mekonnen W Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May;11(4):443-452. Abstract: Data on female genital cutting are presented from 1942 women aged 15-49 years in Amhara region, Ethiopia, 2005. Reportedly 69% (1333/1942) had undergone the procedure. Rates showed a secular decline, decreasing from 77% in women aged 45-49 years old to 59% in those age 15-24 years. Of women with daughters, 64% had at least one circumcised daughter. Again, prevalence declined from 78% in daughters of mothers aged 45-49 years to 45% in those aged 15-24 years. In logistic regression, controlling for maternal FGC status, age and religion, maternal education was a strong predictor of having a circumcised daughter. Fifty-four percent of respondents disapproved of the continuation of FGC. In logistic regression controlling for covariates, education and self-empowerment were factors associated with rejecting FGC. Women who had ever attended a school had a 4-fold increase in the odds of disapproving the practice than those who never did and respondents who scored high on empowerment indices had a 1.5-fold increase in the odds to favour discontinuation compared to women scoring low. Future efforts to eliminate this harmful practice should be particularly directed to illiterate populations in rural areas. Efforts strengthening women's empowerment will accelerate the progress of these programmes. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MOTHERS | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | ATTITUDES | PREVALENCE | AGE FACTORS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | RELIGION | SELF-PERCEPTION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Measurement | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Perception | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Women's Status Document Number: 341090 |
| 13. Title: Women and contraception in research: a pilot study. Author: Schonfeld TL; Amoura NJ; Stoner JA; Gordon BG Source: Journal of Women's Health. 2009 Apr;18(4):507-12. Abstract: BACKGROUND: There are no data on women's willingness to participate in clinical trials as a function of real or perceived reproductive risk. Further, it is unknown whether the requirement for contraception or the common practice of limiting women's contraceptive choices influences their willingness to participate in research. The uncertainty about women's preferences on these matters remains a barrier for recruiting women to and retaining women as subjects in clinical trials. METHODS: We developed a pilot study to determine women's willingness to participate in research with contraceptive requirements by looking at the three most common types of reversible contraceptives: hormonal contraception, barrier contraception, and intrauterine contraception. This study tested the hypotheses that restrictions on contraceptive choice impact women's willingness to participate in research and that the impact of contraceptive choice differs depending on women's perception of risk. RESULTS: Women's willingness to participate in the proposed study decreased overall as reproductive risk increased. In addition, requirements for specific contraceptive methods negatively impacted women's reported willingness to participate in the research studies in our survey. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that requirements for specific contraceptive methods negatively impacted women's reported willingness to participate in research. If confirmed in a larger sample, the negative effect of contraceptive limitations on women's willingness to participate in research would be of importance to clinical investigators and to institutional review boards (IRBs), as most adult biomedical research has as an explicit goal the equitable recruitment of women of childbearing potential. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | KAP SURVEYS | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | HUMAN VOLUNTEERS | SELF-PERCEPTION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | RISK ASSESSMENT | PARTICIPATION | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Clinical Research | Demographic Factors | Population | Perception | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health | Evaluation | Social Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage Document Number: 330975 |
| 14. Title: Self-perceived and unmet general health need among PLWHA in Nigeria. Author: Adedigba MA; Ogunbodede E; Jeboda SO; Naidoo S Source: East African Journal of Public Health. 2008 Dec;5(3):199-204. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study set out to determine the self-reported unmet health needs of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in a Nigerian population. METHODS: A prospective study conducted among consecutive 209 consenting PLWHA in the South-western Nigeria; who sought for care in the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals complex, Ile-Ife and General Hospital, Ilesa were recruited. Participants completed a comprehensive survey seeking information to determine their unmet needs in the following areas: Medication, Dental, Mental, Home care, Hospital admission, access to antiretroviral therapy and emergency services. RESULTS: One or more unmet needs were reported by 79.4% of the sample. Needs for medication, home-based care and mental care were more likely to be unmet. There was a statistically significant relationship between unmet needs and living arrangements (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Perceived oral health status was the factor that best predicted the unmet need. Perceived oral health status of these patients should be improved to reduce the level of the unmet needs. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SELF-PERCEPTION | HEALTH | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | DRUGS | MENTAL HEALTH | HOME VISITS | HOSPITALS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | EMERGENCY SERVICES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Perception | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Evaluation | HIV | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Communication | Health Facilities | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331261 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Socio-demographic factors influence contraception use among female students of the University of Novi Sad (Serbia). Author: Bjelica A Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Dec;13(4):422-30. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To identify some of the socio-demographic factors that influence the use of contraception among female university students and to gain a deeper insight into their contraceptive behaviour. METHODS: The study encompassed 597 randomly chosen, sexually active, second- and third-year female students of the University of Novi Sad (Serbia). The questionnaire, specially designed for the purpose of this investigation, covered a number of socio-demographic factors that could presumably influence the contraceptive behaviour of the polled students. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences among the respondents with respect to contraception use appeared to be: mother's education, presence of an elder sibling in the family, motivation for engaging in sexual intercourse, talking with friends, as well as self-assessment of the knowledge about contraception. CONCLUSION: The identified socio-demographic factors that influence the contraceptive behaviour of female students should allow to devise appropriate strategies for the promotion of the use of contraception by this young population. Language: English Keywords: SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | STUDENTS | WOMEN | UNIVERSITIES | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | MOTIVATION | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | PEER PRESSURE | SELF-PERCEPTION | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Education | Population | Schools | Contraception | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Reproduction | Psychosocial Factors | Perception Document Number: 331097 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Low prevalence of detectable HIV plasma viremia in patients treated with antiretroviral therapy in Burkina Faso and Mali. Author: Boileau C; Nguyen VK; Sylla M; Machouf N; Chamberland A Source: JAIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2008 Aug 1;48(4):476-484. Abstract: Background: Sub-Saharan Africa has seen dramatic increases in the numbers of people treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Although standard ART regimens are now universally applied, viral load measurement is not currently part of standard monitoring protocols in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: We describe the prevalence of inadequate virological response (IVR) to ART (viral load $ 500 copies/mL) and identify factors associated with this outcome in 606 HIV-positive patients treated for at least 6 months. Recruitment took place in 7 hospitals and community-based sites in Bamako and Ouagadougou, and information was collected using medical charts and interviews. Results: The overall prevalence of IVR in treatment-naive patients was 12.3% and 24.4% for pretreated patients. There were no differences in rates of IVR according to ART delivery sites and time on treatment. Patients living farther away [odds ratio (OR) = 2.48; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.40 to 4.39], those on protease inhibitor or nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor regimens (OR = 3.23; 95% CI 1.79 to 5.82) and those reporting treatment interruptions (OR = 2.36; 95% CI 1.35 to 4.15), had increased odds of IVR. Immune suppression (OR = 3.32, 95% CI 1.94 to 5.70) and poor self-rated health (OR = 2.00; 95% CI 1.17 to 3.41) were also associated with IVR. Conclusions: Sufficient expertise and dedication exist in public hospital and community-based programs to achieve rates of treatment success comparable to better-resourced settings. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BURKINA FASO | MALI | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | MONITORING | SELF-PERCEPTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | HIV | Evaluation | Perception | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 327771 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Predicting hypothetical willingness to participate (WTP) in a future Phase III HIV vaccine trial among high-risk adolescents. Author: Giocos G; Kagee A; Swartz L Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2008 Nov;12(6):842-851. Abstract: The present study sought to determine whether the Theory of Planned Behaviour predicted stated hypothetical willingness to participate (WTP) in future Phase III HIV vaccine trials among South African adolescents. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses showed that The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) significantly predicted WTP. Of all the predictors, Subjective norms significantly predicted WTP (OR = 1.19, 95% C.I. = 1.06-1.34). A stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that Subjective Norms (OR = 1.19, 95% C.I. = 1.07-1.34) and Attitude towards participation in an HIV vaccine trial (OR = 1.32, 95% C.I. = 1.00-1.74) were significant predictors of WTP. The addition of Knowledge of HIV vaccines and HIV vaccine trials, Perceived self-risk of HIV infection, Health-promoting behaviours and Attitudes towards HIV/AIDS yielded non-significant results. These findings provide support for the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and suggest that psychosocial factors may play an important role in WTP in Phase III HIV vaccine trials among adolescents. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | KAP SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | THEORETICAL MODELS | ADOLESCENTS | HUMAN VOLUNTEERS | VACCINES | PARTICIPATION | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | ATTITUDES | SELF-PERCEPTION | RISK ASSESSMENT | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Data Analysis | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Behavior | Behavior | Technology | Economic Factors | Decision Making | Psychological Factors | Perception | Evaluation Document Number: 322721 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Correlates of condom use among sex workers and their boyfriends in three West African countries. Author: Godin G; Bah AT; Sow A; Minani I; Morin D Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2008 May;12(3):441-451. Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify correlates associated with condom use at last intercourse between sex workers (SW) and their boyfriends (BF). The sample was derived as a convenience sample recruited through existing HIV prevention organizations in Benin, Guinea and Senegal. The Theory of Planned Behavior served as the conceptual framework. A total of 406 individuals (220 SW and 186 BF) participated in the study. Socio-demographic, behavioral and psychological variables were collected through a face-to-face administered questionnaire. Condom use at last intercourse was significantly associated with intention and perceived control among SW as well as their BF. With respect to intention, perceived control, attitude and moral norm explained 82 and 74% of intention of SW and BF, respectively. These results suggest that promoting condom use among SW and BF should be based primarily on the development of personal ability to overcome obstacles to condom use. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | SEX WORKERS | COUPLES | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | SELF-PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | VALUE ORIENTATION | Developing Countries | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Perception | Psychological Factors Document Number: 325901 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Adolescent sexual risk: factors predicting condom use across the stages of change. Author: Grossman C; Hadley W; Brown LK; Houck CD; Peters A; Tolou-Shams M Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2008 Nov;12(6):913-922. Abstract: This study examined factors associated with high-risk adolescents' movement toward or away from adopting consistent condom use behavior using the Transtheoretical Model Stages of Change. Participants drawn from the inactive comparison condition of a randomized HIV prevention trial (Project SHIELD) responded to items assessing pros and cons of condom use, peer norms, condom communication, and perceived invulnerability to HIV. Participants were categorized based on their condom use behavior using the Transtheoretical Model. Multiple logistic regressions found that progression to consistent condom use was predicted by continuing to perceive more advantages to condom use, reporting greater condom use communication with partners, and less perceived invulnerability to HIV. Movement away from adopting consistent condom use was predicted by a decrease in perceived advantages to condom use, increased perceived condom disadvantages, and fewer condom discussions. Future interventions may be tailored to enhance these factors that were found to change over time. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | CONDOM USE | PEER PRESSURE | ATTITUDES | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | SELF-PERCEPTION | RISK ASSESSMENT | HIV TRANSMISSION | BELIEFS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Data Analysis | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Psychosocial Factors | Psychological Factors | Interpersonal Relations | Perception | Evaluation | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Culture | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 322723 |
| 20. Title: Correlates of relationship, psychological, and sexual behavioral factors for HIV risk among Indian women. Author: Gupta RN; Wyatt GE; Swaminathan S; Rewari BB; Locke TF Source: Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology. 2008 Jul;14(3):256-65. Abstract: The rate of HIV/AIDS among women in India is expected to rise yet few studies have examined factors related to HIV risk among Indian women. The objective of this prospective, cross-sectional study was to characterize similarities and differences in the relationships, psychological well-being, and sexual behaviors among Indian women (N=459). Both HIV positive (N=216) and negative (N=243) women from urban and rural areas in India were included in this study. Chi-square, analysis of variance, and logistic regression analyses revealed that in both geographic groups, HIV-positive women were significantly more likely to report marital dissatisfaction, a history of forced sex, domestic violence, depressive symptoms and husband's extra marital sex when compared to the HIV-negative women. Findings also indicate that specific factors related to the quality of the marital relationship such as domestic violence, martial dysfunction, and depressive symptoms may be related to HIV-related risks for women. Implications for future research and culturally relevant interventions are discussed. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SPOUSE | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SEX BEHAVIOR | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | RISK BEHAVIOR | DEPRESSION | EXTRAMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | SELF-PERCEPTION | SATISFACTION | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Perception | Crime | Social Problems Document Number: 328562 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Pleasure, prophylaxis and procreation: a qualitative analysis of intermittent contraceptive use and unintended pregnancy. Author: Higgins JA; Hirsch JS; Trussell J Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2008 Sep;40(3):130-7. Abstract: CONTEXT: Although pregnancy ambivalence is consistently associated with poorer contraceptive use, little is known about the sexual, social and emotional dynamics at work in pregnancy ambivalence. METHODS: During in-depth sexual and reproductive history interviews conducted in 2003, 36 women and men were asked about the relational and emotional circumstances surrounding each pregnancy, as well as their thoughts about conceiving a baby with both current and previous partners. An ethnographic, inductive approach was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Half of respondents had experienced at least one unintended pregnancy. Respondents described three categories of pleasure related to pregnancy ambivalence: active eroticization of risk, in which pregnancy fantasies heightened the charge of the sexual encounter; passive romanticization of pregnancy, in which people neither actively sought nor prevented conception; and an escapist pleasure in imagining that a pregnancy would sweep one away from hardship. All three categories were associated with misuse or nonuse of coitus-dependent methods. CONCLUSIONS: For some individuals, the perceived emotional and sexual benefits of conception may outweigh the goal of averting conception, even when a child is not wholly intended. Future behavioral studies should collect more nuanced data on pregnancy-related pleasure. Clinicians and patients would benefit from clearer guidelines for assessing ambivalence and for linking ambivalent clients with longer-acting methods that are not coitus-dependent. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | EMOTIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | PREGNANCY | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | ATTITUDES | SELF-PERCEPTION | SEXUALITY | SEX BEHAVIOR | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Perception | Personality | Reproductive Behavior Document Number: 329169 |
| 22. Title: Spousal violence in Bangladesh as reported by men. Prevalence and risk factors. Author: Johnson KB; Das MB Source: Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2008 Jun 3;:[19] p. Abstract: To study risk factors for perpetration of spousal violence among men in Bangladesh, self-reported Demographic and Health Surveys data from 2,780 married men using bivariate and multivariate techniques are analyzed. Of the respondents, 74% report having ever been violent toward their wives; 37% report violence in the past year. Nonnormative behaviors increase the risk for violence: Men who marry more than once, men who use drugs, and men who are unfaithful to their wives are all significantly more likely to report violence against their spouses. Egalitarian attitudes toward women do not decrease the risk for violence. However, attitudes explicitly about wife-beating are the strongest predictor of violence: Men who believe wife-beating is acceptable are more than 4 times as likely to report recent violence against their wives. While men's selfreports of spousal violence indicate that wife-beating is prevalent in Bangladesh, the results indicate opportunities for programmatic intervention. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | ATTITUDES | SELF-PERCEPTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Perception Document Number: 327855 |
| 23. Title: Race, ethnicity, and the education gradient in health. Author: Kimbro RT; Bzostek S; Goldman N; Rodríguez G Source: Health Affairs. 2008 Mar-Apr;27(2):361-372. Abstract: Using pooled data from the 2000-2006 National Health Interview Survey, we document how the relationship between education and a broad range of health measures varies by race/ethnicity and nativity. We found that education is a more powerful determinant of health behaviors and outcomes for some groups than it is for others. In addition, the education differentials for foreign-born groups are typically more modest than those for corresponding native-born populations. We also show how the education-health relationship varies across Hispanic and Asian subgroups. We argue that any intervention for eliminating health disparities must take these patterns into account. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | ETHNIC GROUPS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | INTERVENTIONS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | RISK BEHAVIOR | OBESITY | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | SELF-PERCEPTION | FITNESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Health | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Behavior | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Perception | Psychological Factors Document Number: 325261 |
| 24. Title: Prevalence and sociocultural predictors of sexual dysfunction among Chinese men who have sex with men in Hong Kong. Author: Lau JT; Kim JH; Tsui HY Source: Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2008;:[14] p. Abstract: Introduction. Limited data are available on sexual dysfunction (SD) in men who have sex with men (MSM) population. Aims. The study investigates the prevalence and associated sociocultural factors of SD in MSM. Methods. With an informed consent, 324 MSM respondents were interviewed by trained peer workers in certain gay venues, and another 87 MSM self-administered the same questionnaire via a gay website. Main Outcome Measures. Self-reported pain during intercourse, premature ejaculation, anxiety about sex, erectile dysfunction, no pleasure from sex, no orgasm, and hypoactive sexual desire were evaluated. Results. Of all respondents, 42.5% had at least one of the seven studied SD for at least three consecutive months in the last 12 months (pain during sex, 13.8%; premature ejaculation, 10.4%; anxiety, 18.7%; erectile problems, 6.3%; no pleasure, 13.8%; no orgasm, 5.6%; hypoactive sexual desire, 8.3%), whereas 11.4% were dissatisfied with their sexual life. Except for erectile dysfunction, age had no significant effects on individual SD. The results of the multivariate analyses show that unemployment, venue of recruitment, substance use, number of HIV-related behaviors practiced, unprotected anal sex, self-perceived discrimination against MSM, self-identity of sexual orientation, experience of being discriminated because of one's MSM status, uneasy or shame feeling about one's sexual orientation/status, and the count variable of social support received regarding one's MSM status were associated with SD (multivariate OR = 1.68-5.57), whereas having no or few MSM friends and exposure to HIV-related education were associated with lower chances of having some SD problems (multivariate OR = 0.16-0.46). Only associations with P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Conclusions. The prevalence of SD among MSM in Hong Kong is relatively high. SD in this group is associated with HIV-related behaviors as well as sociocultural factors related to social support and acceptance of one's MSM status. A moresupportive environment is essential for the promotion of sexual health in MSM. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | HEALTH SURVEYS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | PREVALENCE | CULTURE | IMPOTENCE | SATISFACTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | ANXIETY DISORDERS | PAIN | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | PERCEPTION | SELF-PERCEPTION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Health | Behavior | Measurement | Sociocultural Factors | Genital Effects, Male | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Psychological Factors | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Social Problems Document Number: 327385 |
| 25. Title: A combined oral contraceptive containing 3-mg drospirenone/ 20-microg ethinyl estradiol in the treatment of acne vulgaris: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating lesion counts and participant self-assessment. Author: Lucky AW; Koltun W; Thiboutot D; Niknian M; Sampson-Landers C; Korner P Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine For the Practitioner. 2008 Aug;82(2):143-50. Abstract: This study compared the efficacy of a low-dose combined oral contraceptive (COC) containing 3-mg drospirenone and 20-microg ethinyl estradiol (3-mg DRSP/20-microg EE) administered in a 24-day active pill/4-day inert pill (24/4) regimen and placebo in women with moderate acne vulgaris during 6 treatment cycles. A total of 534 participants were randomized and dispensed study medication (n = 266 [3-mg DRSP/20-microg EE 24/4 regimen COC group]; n = 268 [placebo group]). Women of reproductive age were eligible for inclusion in the study. Treatment with the 3-mg DRSP/20-microg EE 24/4 regimen COC was associated with a greater reduction from baseline to end point in individual lesion counts (papules, pustules, open and closed comedones) compared with placebo. The mean nodule count remained essentially constant throughout the study and was low in both treatment groups. There was a significantly higher probability that a participant had an improved assessment on the investigator's overall improvement rating scale (odds ratio [OR], 4.02; 95% CI [confidence interval], 2.29-7.31; P < .0001) and participant's overall self-assessment rating scale (OR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.60-5.13; P = .0005) in the 3-mg DRSP/20-microg EE 24/4 regimen COC group than in the placebo group. The COC 3-mg DRSP/20-microg EE 24/4 regimen is a suitable option for women with moderate acne vulgaris who require contraception. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | DOUBLE-BLIND STUDIES | WOMEN | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ACNE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | SELF-PERCEPTION | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | TREATMENT | USFDA | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Dermatitis | Diseases | Perception | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Drugs | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 328895 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Personal and partner measures in stages of consistent condom use among African-American heterosexual crack cocaine smokers. Author: Pallonen UE; Williams ML; Timpson SC; Bowen A; Ross MW Source: AIDS Care. 2008 Feb;20(2):212-220. Abstract: Participants' personal condom use measures and those of their last sex partner's were examined in five stages of change for consistent condom use among 449 urban sexually active, heterosexual, African-American crack smokers. The measures included participants' personal and their last sex partner's perceived responsibility, personal and perceived negative attitudes, and participants' self-efficacy to use condoms. The relationships between the measures and the stages were examined using analyses of variance and multivariate logistic regression. Over 90% of participants did not use condoms, consistently. Two-thirds of the inconsistent users were in the precontemplation stage. The rest were equally divided between the contemplation and preparation stages. Personal responsibility outperformed other measures in initial intention to become a regular condom user; partner's perceived responsibility dominated continued intention and actual consistent condom use. Negative attitudes and self-efficacies had strong relationships to the stages of consistent condom use in univariate analyses but these relationships became substantially weaker when the responsibility, attitude, and self-efficacy concepts were entered simultaneously into multivariate analyses. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | BLACKS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | HETEROSEXUALS | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | SAFER SEX | PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | CONDOM USE | SELF-PERCEPTION | SELF ESTEEM | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 324770 |
| 27. Title: Determinants of self rated health and mortality in Russia -- Are they the same? Author: Perlman F; Bobak M Source: International Journal for Equity in Health. 2008 Jul 25;7(19):[24] p. Abstract: Research into Russia's health crisis during the 1990s includes studies of both mortality and self-rated health, assuming that the determinants of the two are the same. In this paper, we tested this assumption, using data from a single study on both outcomes and socioeconomic, lifestyle and psychological predictor variables. We analysed data from 7 rounds (1994-2001) of the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, a panel study of a general population sample (11,482 adults aged over 18 living in households of 2 or more people). Self-rated health was measured on a 5 point scale and dichotomised by combining responses "very poor" and "poor" into poor health. Deaths (n=782) during a mean follow up of 4.1 years were reported by another household member. Associations between several predictor variables and poor or very poor self-rated health and mortality were measured using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards analysis respectively. Poor self-rated health was significantly associated with mortality; hazard ratios, compared with very good, good or average health, were 1.69 (1.36-2.10) men and 1.74 (1.38- 2.20) in women. Low education predicted both mortality and poor self-rated health. Income was a better predictor of mortality than of self-rated health. Smoking doubled the risk of death but was not related to subjective wellbeing. Frequent drinkers reported better health but had increased mortality, compared with occasional drinkers. Greater life satisfaction was related to self-rated health but not to mortality. Although subjective health predicted mortality, the predictors of these two outcomes differed. Influences on subjective health other than serious disease and risk factors for relatively sudden deaths in apparently well people may be important, but require further research. Meanwhile, caution is required when using findings studies of self-rated health in Russia to understand the determinants of mortality. (author's) Language: English Keywords: RUSSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | HEALTH | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | SELF-PERCEPTION | MORTALITY | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | RISK FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | LIFE STYLE | QUALITY OF LIFE | Asia, Northern | Asia | Developing Countries | Perception | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Welfare Document Number: 327931 |
| 28. Title: A mixed-method exploration of body image and sexual health among adolescent boys. Author: Schooler D; Impett EA; Hirschman C; Bonem L Source: American Journal of Men's Health. 2008 Dec;2(4):322-39. Abstract: This study uses a mixed-method approach to examine the relationship between body image and sexual health among adolescent boys. In Study 1, eight 12th-grade boys participated in semistructured interviews focusing on dating and sexuality. Qualitative analyses revealed several differences between boys who were satisfied with their bodies and boys who were not. Specifically, boys who were satisfied with their bodies indicated that they were clear about what they wanted sexually and were comfortable communicating those wants with partners. In contrast, boys with low body satisfaction were often unclear about their sexual choices and resisted talking about sexuality with partners. Study 2 examined these same themes using quantitative data from 149 boys from the 12th grade who completed surveys assessing body image, sexual experiences, and sexual attitudes. Body satisfaction was significantly associated with sexual agency and with clarity of personal sexual values. Implications for promoting adolescent sexual health are discussed. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | STUDENTS | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | SEXUALITY | SELF ESTEEM | SELF-PERCEPTION | SATISFACTION | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | INTERVIEWS | ATTITUDES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Perception | Interpersonal Relations | Data Collection Document Number: 342854 |
| 29. Title: Sexual relationship power, intimate partner violence, and condom use among minority urban girls. Author: Teitelman AM; Ratcliffe SJ; Morales-Aleman MM; Sullivan CM Source: Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2008 Dec;23(12):1694-1712. Abstract: This study examined the association between sexual relationship power, intimate partner violence, and condom use among African American and Hispanic urban girls. In this sample of 56 sexually active girls, 50% did not use condoms consistently and therefore were at higher risk for acquiring HIV or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Teens who experienced more intimate partner violence had a significantly higher likelihood of inconsistent condom use and therefore a greater risk for HIV/STDs. Girls' sense of sexual control in their relationships was not directly associated with inconsistent condom use but was inversely related to verbal and emotional abuse. Interventions aimed at reducing HIV/STD risk for adolescent girls need to address patterns of dominance and control in adolescent relationships as well as multiple forms of partner violence. This suggests the need for multilevel intervention approaches that promote girls' agency and multiple ways to keep girls safe from perpetrators of partner abuse. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | BLACKS | HISPANICS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | CONDOM USE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | SELF-PERCEPTION | PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Behavior | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Perception | Psychological Factors | Aggression Document Number: 328411 |
| 30. Title: The politics of identity and sexual violence: A review of Bosnia and Rwanda. Author: Weitsman PA Source: Human Rights Quarterly. 2008 Aug;30(3):561-578. Abstract: This article argues that particular assumptions about biology, ethnicity, genetics, and gender create a permissive environment for policies of sexual violence during war. It further asserts that the children born as a consequence of these policies become a prism for identity politics. The arguments regarding identity and war and the consequences on policies of sexual violence during wartime are illustrated through analyses of the Serbian militia's rape campaigns in Bosnia in the early 1990s and the mass rape and killing of Tutsis in Rwanda in 1994. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA | RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | WOMEN | WAR | SELF-PERCEPTION | GENDER ISSUES | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | SEXUAL ABUSE | |