| 1. Title: Understanding the effects of personal and school religiosity on the decision to abort a premarital pregnancy. Author: Adamczyk A Source: Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2009 Jun;50(2):180-95. Abstract: Although much research has examined the relationship between religion and abortion attitudes, few studies have examined whether religion influences abortion behavior. This study looks at whether individual and school religiosity influence reported abortion behavior among women who become pregnant while unmarried. Hierarchical Logistic Models are implemented to analyze two waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Findings show that personal religiosity is unrelated to reported abortion behavior. However, conservative Protestants appear less likely to obtain abortions than mainline Protestants, Catholics, and women of non-Christian faiths. Regardless of personal religious affiliation, having attended a school with a high proportion of conservative Protestants appears to discourage abortion as women enter their twenties. Conversely, women from private religious high schools appear more likely to report obtaining an abortion than women from public schools. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | YOUTH | STUDENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | PREGNANCY | UNMARRIED | RELIGION | ABORTION | CATHOLICISM | CHRISTIANITY | DECISION MAKING | PREMARITAL PREGNANCY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Schools | Reproduction | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 342236 Notification |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Changes in sexual behavior following a sex education program in Brazilian public schools. Mudancas no comportamento sexual de adolescentes de escolas publicas no Brasil apos um programa de educacao sexual. Author: Andrade HH; de Mello MB; Sousa MH; Makuch MY; Bertoni N; Faundes A Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2009 May;25(5):1168-1176. Abstract: This paper describes an evaluation of possible changes in sexual behavior in adolescents who participated in a school-based sex education program in selected public schools in four municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The program, given within the context of reproductive rights, dealt with risks involved in unsafe sexual practices, and focused on the positive aspects of sexuality. A quasi-experimental design with pre- and post-tests and a nonequivalent control group was used to evaluate the intervention. A total of 4,795 questionnaires were included in this analysis. The program succeeded in more than doubling consistent condom use with casual partners and in increasing the use of modern contraceptives during last intercourse by 68%. The intervention had no effect on age at first intercourse or on adolescents' engagement in sexual activities. The sex education program was effective in generating positive changes in the sexual behavior of adolescents, while not stimulating participation in sexual activities. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | ADOLESCENTS | SEX EDUCATION | PARTICIPATION | CHANGES | SEX BEHAVIOR | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | SEXUALITY | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | PROGRAM EVALUATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Schools | Education | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Behavior | Behavior | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 340176 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Effects of a rapid peer-based HIV/AIDS educational intervention on knowledge and attitudes of high school students in a high-income Arab country. Author: Barss P; Grivna M; Ganczak M; Bernsen R; Al-Maskari F Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Sep 1;52(1):86-98. Abstract: INTRODUCTION: In response to low knowledge about HIV and intolerant attitudes toward persons living with HIV among Arab university students, a peer-based educational intervention was developed and impact evaluated on knowledge and attitudes of high school students in 2 of 4 main cities of United Arab Emirates. METHODS: Four small teams of final year medical students, 3 female and 1 male, were trained. Multistage random sampling selected 14 female and 5 male Arab schools, then 56 female and 14 male grade 12 classes in Al Ain and Abu Dhabi. The 90-minute intervention included a factual presentation and 3 attitude workshops. Baseline and postintervention knowledge and attitudes were assessed. Significance was tested by McNemar, Wilcoxon signed rank, and multilevel regression tests. RESULTS: Response was 99.6%, 1398 females and 505 males. Misconceptions about modes of transmission and intolerant attitudes were evident. Mean knowledge score improved from 65% to 82% and attitude 51% to 64%, that is, relative increase 26% (P < 0.0005). Females had slightly lower baseline knowledge than males but showed greater improvement in knowledge and attitudes (P < 0.0005) CONCLUSIONS: Grade 12 students' knowledge about HIV/AIDS was inadequate and attitudes stigmatizing. Peer-based knowledge workshops were effective, especially among females. Concise integrated teaching and workshops designed to address key knowledge and attitudinal deficiencies can be highly effective. Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX EDUCATION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | INTERVENTIONS | STIGMA | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | PROMOTION | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | EPIDEMIOLOGY | Education | Schools | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Problems | Health | Marketing | Public Health Document Number: 342885 |
4.  Peer Reviewed Title: Trends in primary and secondary abstinence among Kenyan youth. Author: Chiao C; Mishra V Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Jul;Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, Demographic and Health Research Division, MEASURE DHS, 2007 Nov. 21(7):881-892. 15 p. (DHS Working Papers No. 36USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00) Abstract: The authors used data from Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys in 1993, 1998, and 2003 to examine 10-year trends in primary and secondary abstinence among never-married youth ages 15–24 and to explore the role of HIV prevention knowledge, schooling, and contextual factors in affecting their abstinence behaviors. Their analysis shows that both primary and secondary abstinence levels have risen in the past 10 years, with the abstinence levels higher among females than among males. Logistic regression models indicate that knowledge that abstinence can prevent HIV infection was positively associated with the likelihood of practicing abstinence. However, knowledge that condom use can prevent HIV infection was associated with lower abstinence practice. In-school youth were more likely to abstain from sex than those working. Effects of the contextual variables were only significant on the likelihood of primary abstinence among female youth. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | TECHNICAL REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | DATA ANALYSIS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | ABSTINENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | TRANSMISSION | HIV PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | CONDOM USE | BEHAVIOR | SEX EDUCATION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Education | Schools | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 322987 |
| 5. Title: [Health risk behaviors among adolescents in the south of Brazil: prevalence and associated factors] Comportamentos de risco a saude em adolescentes no Sul de Brasil: prevalencia e fatores associados. Author: Farias Junior JC; Nahas MV; Barros MV; Loch MR; Oliveira ES; De Bem MF; Lopes AS Source: Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública / Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Apr;25(4):344-352. Abstract: The authors sought to determine the prevalence of health risk behaviors and to analyze factors associated with exposure to such behaviors among adolescents in the state of Santa Catarina in the south of Brazil. Adolescents attending 240 high school classes at the state's public schools answered a questionnaire that collected demographics (sex, age, area of residence, and day versus night classes); social and economic data (working status and monthly family income); and information on health risk behaviors. The completed questionnaires of 5,028 adolescents (2,984 females and 2,044 males) 15-19 years of age were considered valid. The most prevalent health risk behaviors were insufficient levels of physical activity (36.5%), low intake of fruits and vegetables (46.5%), and irregular use of condoms (38.3%). Approximately 7 of 10 adolescents (64.7%) were exposed to two or more risk behaviors simultaneously. The following risk subgroups were identified: male adolescents, adolescents 18-19 years of age, living in urban areas, studying at night, and having a higher family income. The percentage of adolescents exposed to health risk behaviors was high, especially when simultaneous exposure to different behaviors was considered. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | EXPOSURE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | DIET | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Schools | Risk Factors | Health | Behavior | Nutrition Document Number: 340178 |
| 6. Title: Correlates of condom use among male high school students in Nairobi, Kenya. Author: Kabiru CW; Orpinas P Source: Journal of School Health. 2009 Sep;79(9):425-32. Abstract: This study examined sociodemographic, behavioral, and psychosocial characteristics of three groups of adolescent males: those who use condoms consistently, those who use them sporadically, and non-condom users. The sample consisted of 931 sexually experienced male high school students in Nairobi, Kenya. Cross tabulations and general linear models were used to test the relation between each explanatory variable and condom user group. Fifty-three percent of respondents reported having used condoms. Compared with nonusers and sporadic users, consistent users engaged in sexual intercourse for the first time at an older age and reported higher condom use self-efficacy, more positive peer attitudes toward safe sex, and stronger attitudes toward condom use. Compared with sporadic and consistent users, nonusers reported fewer sexual partners, less substance use, and more frequent intercourse with nonromantic partners. Sporadic users, compared with the other two groups, had more sexual partners and stronger attitudes that support that males and females have separate roles. The three groups did not differ in HIV/AIDS knowledge. All groups perceived their risk of contracting an STI as low, and this perception did not differ by condom use. Differences in participants' age by group were minimal. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | STUDENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | RISK BEHAVIOR | CHILD HEALTH | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | RISK FACTORS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Education | Schools | Health | Behavior Document Number: 342558 |
| 7. Title: Factors associated with sexual activity among high-school students in Nairobi, Kenya. Author: Kabiru CW; Orpinas P Source: Journal of Adolescence. 2009;32(4):1023-1039. Abstract: This study examined sociodemographic, behavioral, and psychosocial factors associated with heterosexual activity among a sample of 3,556 male and female high school students in Nairobi, Kenya. Approximately 50% of the males and 11% of females reported having had sexual intercourse at least once in their lifetime with a significant proportion reporting multiple sexual partnerships. Sexual activity was associated with various factors including religiosity, perceived parental attitudes towards sex, living arrangements, and school characteristics. However, the pattern of association differed for males and females. Results suggest that adolescents may benefit from sex education programs addressing multiple factors that may predispose adolescents to sexual activity, and that take into account gender differences. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | NEEDS | SEX EDUCATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Education | Schools | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Factors Document Number: 339858 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: A multilevel analysis of condom use among adolescents in the European Union. Author: Lazarus JV; Moghaddassi M; Godeau E; Ross J; Vignes C; Ostergren PO; Liljestrand J Source: Public Health. 2009 Feb;123(2):138-144. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study examined which individual and national factors affect condom use among adolescents. STUDY DESIGN: Multilevel analysis. METHODS: This study reviewed the data on bullying, alcohol use and condom use provided by 18 European countries and subnational entities in the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children survey. Another eight contextual variables were also analysed. Three multilevel logistic regression models were applied consecutively (analysing for crude geographical and school variance in condom use, adjusting for gender and adjusting all variables for one another). RESULTS: Among the 15-year-olds studied, 7.0% of the total variance in condom use was explained by school-related factors (intraschool-level correlation) and 5.8% by national/subnational factors. In the empty model, condom use was significantly associated with gender, alcohol consumption, predominant national religion and national prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In the full model, there was also a significant association with the Human Development Index ranking, gross domestic product, Gini coefficient and the Gender-related Development Index. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that while alcohol, gender, human development level, income, religion and HIV prevalence affect condom use in young Europeans, these factors do not explain all or even most of the variation. Nonetheless, since some of these factors are not traditionally associated with young people's sexual and reproductive health, these findings should enable more nuanced health policy programming. Language: English Keywords: EUROPEAN UNION | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ADOLESCENTS | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | SEX FACTORS | RELIGION | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Aggression | Schools | Education | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement Document Number: 329662 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, sources and perceived need among senior high school students: a cross-sectional study in China. Author: Li S; Huang H; Xu G; Cai Y; Shi R; Shen X Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Aug;20(8):561-5. Abstract: A total of 2,668 senior high school students, ages approximately 15–24 years, participated in a self-administered questionnaire. Information was collected on their knowledge about HIV and other sexually transmitted infections as well as their sources of information and perceived information need. Approximately 6.8% had a low level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS, 29.6% had a moderate level, and 63.7% had a high level. The most important information sources were, in rank order, TV/video (72.1%), school heath education curriculum (51.8%), and reading materials (45.7%). About half of the students confirmed a need for more information. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | KNOWLEDGE | INFORMATION SOURCES | NEEDS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Schools | Sociocultural Factors | Information | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 342219 |
| 10. Title: Correlates of the intention to remain sexually inactive among male adolescents in an Islamic country: case of the Republic of Iran. Author: Mohtasham G; Shamsaddin N; Bazargan M; Anosheravan K; Elaheh M; Fazlolah G Source: Journal of School Health. 2009 Mar;79(3):123-9. Abstract: BACKGROUND: There are very few studies that have examined sexual intentions and behaviors of adolescents in Islamic countries. This study employs the Health Belief Model to assess the correlates of the intention to remain sexually inactive among male adolescents in the Republic of Iran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed with a sample of 314 adolescents recruited from 3 high schools from Tehran, Iran. RESULTS: Fifty-seven percent of this sample planned to remain abstinent until marriage. Another 23% rejected the notion of remaining abstinent and 20% were uncertain. Multinomial logistic regression revealed that students whose mothers were employed and who received a higher daily allowance were more likely to report that they would not remain abstinent. No significant independent relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related knowledge and an intention to remain abstinent was detected. However, consistent with previous studies conducted in Asia, Africa, and in Western countries, we documented that (1) perceived subjective norms, (2) self-efficacy, (3) and perceived susceptibility to contracting the HIV virus all are associated with the intention to remain sexually inactive among adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: It seems abstinence until marriage is more likely to be practiced in traditional families. However, Iranian society is changing rapidly and traditional family structures, values, and norms may not sufficiently protect adolescents from HIV infection. The data from this study support previous studies conducted in Western countries, which found that intervention programs that focus on knowledge alone are ineffective in their ability to alter adolescents' intentions to postpone sexual activity. Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | THEORETICAL MODELS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | STUDENTS | ABSTINENCE | ISLAM | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | PREVALENCE | INCOME | EMPLOYMENT | VALUE ORIENTATION | Middle East | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Schools | Measurement | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 341162 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in secondary schools, family planning and occupational health centres in Luxembourg. Author: Mossong J; Muller M; Majery N; Mardaga C; Decruyenaere F; Schneider F Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Jul 1; Abstract: BACKGROUND: We conducted a prospective pilot screening study in three settings in Luxembourg where routine urine testing is carried out independently for other purposes with a short sexual behaviour questionnaire to estimate prevalence and determine risk factors of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection. METHODS: Screening was offered to sexually active volunteer participants aged less than 25 years in three settings: i) women in 3 family planning centres (FPC), ii) young women and men in 29 secondary schools and iii) women and men in an occupational health centre (OHC) for newly recruited employees and workers. First catch urine samples were tested using the COBAS Amplicor and an in-house assay. Multiple logistic regression was performed to analyse risk factors. RESULTS: Overall prevalence among 4141 participants was 7.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 6.3-9.2) in FPCs, 1.9% (95% CI 1.2-2.8) in secondary schools and 4.5% (95% CI 3.5-5.6) in the OHC. Depending on the setting, identified risk factors included being 18-22 years old, female sex, having three or more sexual partners in the past year, and inconsistent condom use. CONCLUSION: Screening is feasible in the three settings, but the prevalence of CT infection among men and women is highest in age groups that have left secondary school. Family planning centres were the setting with the highest CT prevalence and the only setting in our study able to provide case management, follow-up and repeat testing. Language: English Keywords: LUXEMBOURG | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PILOT PROJECTS | CHLAMYDIA | SCREENING | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Schools | Education | Health Facilities | Measurement Document Number: 341862 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: "If you don't abstain, you will die of AIDS": AIDS education in Kenyan public schools. Author: Njue C; Nzioka C; Ahlberg BM; Pertet AM; Voeten HA Source: AIDS Education and Prevention. 2009 Apr;21(2):169-79. Abstract: This article explores the constraints of implementing AIDS education in public schools in Kenya. The authors conducted 60 interviews with teachers and 60 focus group discussions with students in 21 primary and nine secondary schools. System and school-level constraints included lack of time in the curriculum, limited reach of secondary-school students (because AIDS education is embedded in biology, which is not compulsory), and disapproval of openness about sex and condoms by the Ministry of Education and parents. Alternative strategies to teach about AIDS had their own constraints. Teachers lacked training and support and felt uncomfortable with the topic. They were not used to interactive teaching methods and sometimes breached confidentiality. Teachers' negative attitudes constrained students from seeking information. The authors conclude that training interventions should be provided to teachers to increase their self-confidence, foster more positive attitudes, and stimulate interactive teaching methods. The Ministry of Education needs to have a clear policy toward the promotion of condoms. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | TEACHERS | STUDENTS | HEALTH EDUCATION | AIDS PREVENTION | ATTITUDES | ABSTINENCE | CURRICULUM | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Education | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Schools Document Number: 341679 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Family life and HIV/AIDS Education (FLHE) in schools in Enugu State: baseline study of reproductive health issues among In-School adolescents in Enugu State. Author: Nwaorgu OC; Onyeneho NG; Onyegegbu N; Okolo M; Ebele O Source: African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2009 Jun;13(2):17-32. Abstract: The authors studied the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) knowledge and practices among students in junior secondary school grades 1 and 3 in Enugu State, Nigeria. Results show that over 90% of the respondents were regularly involved in sexual activities. More than 17% indicated that they would definitely have sex in the next two years, while 19.2% said they might have sex in the next two years. The students lacked proper knowledge of protection, and knowledge scores on SRH issues were low especially among the urban dwellers. Approximately 64% of respondents did not know if condoms prevent pregnancy. Some indicated that charms and herbs are effective ways of preventing pregnancy. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | STUDENTS | HIV INFECTIONS | KNOWLEDGE | FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | CURRICULUM | BELIEFS | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Schools | Culture | Behavior Document Number: 339908 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexual activity and contraceptive use among secondary-school students in Slovenia. Author: Pinter B; Verdenik I; Grebenc M; Ceh F Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Apr;14(2):127-33. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate sexual activity and contraceptive use among secondary-school students in Slovenia. METHODS: A representative sample of 1095 third grade secondary-school students in Slovenia in 2004 was assessed by means of a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: The average age of the students was 17.4 +/- 0.7 years. Most students had experienced being in love (92%), dating (82%), kissing (87%), caressing (78%) and petting (61%). One half (53%) of them had already had coitus. Homosexual contacts had occurred among 2% of the boys and 11% of the girls. The main reason for the first sexual intercourse was love (44%) but it occurred by chance in 27% of the cases. Contraceptive methods used foremost at first intercourse were the condom (75%) and the pill (7%). Contraceptive methods resorted to on the occasion of the last intercourse were the condom (50%), the pill (32%), a double method whereby a condom is used in addition to the pill (4%), withdrawal (4%), periodic abstinence (1%), emergency contraception (1%), and other methods (1%); no contraceptive measures at all were applied in 7% of the encounters. CONCLUSIONS: At the age of 17 about one half of secondary-school students in Slovenia have already had sexual intercourse. Most students resort to effective contraception, but the double method is underused. Language: English Keywords: SLOVENIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | STUDENTS | HOMOSEXUALS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | LOVE | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | SEX FACTORS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | CONDOM USE | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Behavior | Schools | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Emotions | Psychological Factors | Reproduction | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 330934 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Evaluation of HIV/AIDS secondary school peer education in rural Nigeria. Author: van der Maas F; Otte WM Source: Health Education Research. 2009;24(4):547-557. Abstract: The authors assessed whether peer education is an effective method of HIV/AIDS awareness-in terms of knowledge, misconceptions, and behavior-among adolescents in rural Nigeria. A comparative case series (n = 250), cross-sectional structured survey (n = 135), and focus group discussions (n = 80) were undertaken among adolescents. In both the case series and structured survey, a questionnaire was used that addressed the following issues: sociodemography, knowledge on transmission and prevention of HIV/AIDS, accessibility to different sources of HIV/AIDS information, stigmatization, and sexual behavior. Binary logistic regression was applied to compare responses from the peer-educated and not peer-educated populations. The model was adjusted for confounders. The authors demonstrated increased knowledge and decreased misconceptions and sexual risk behavior in adolescents receiving peer education as compared to adolescents not receiving peer education. These differences are apparent both over time (2005-2007) and cross-sectional (2007). In conclusion, peer education in rural areas can be effective in HIV/AIDS prevention. Knowledge and behavior can be influenced positively. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | PEER EDUCATORS | RURAL POPULATION | ADOLESCENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | HEALTH EDUCATION | SEX EDUCATION | KNOWLEDGE | HIV TRANSMISSION | INFORMATION SOURCES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Education | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Schools | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Information Document Number: 341489 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Prevalence and predictors of HIV infection amongst Malian students. Author: White HL; Kristensen S; Coulibaly DM; Sarro YD; Chamot E Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Jun;21(6):701-707. Abstract: The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to assess the prevalence and identify predictors of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection among students in three cities of Mali. Between January and June 2005, the authors assessed HIV knowledge, attitudes, and associated sexual behaviors and tested HIV serostatus among 950 high school and university students in Sikasso, Bamako, and Koulikoro cities. The authors used a combination of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot testing. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were used to determine predictors of infection among students. Mean HIV prevalence was 3.1%, ranging from 1.8% in Sikasso to 3.6% in Bamako. The results showed the presence of all three HIV subtypes in Bamako, though HIV-1 predominated in all cities. Infection rates were slightly higher among males (3.6%) than among females (2.8%), but the difference was not significant. The single significant predictor of HIV infection was knowledge of HIV routes of transmission (p=0.01). HIV prevalence rates observed in this population were higher than general adult prevalence rates previously reported for Mali. Language: English Keywords: MALI | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREVALENCE | STUDENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | ADOLESCENTS | HIV | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | HIV TESTING | HIV TRANSMISSION | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Measurement | Education | Schools | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 339859 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV/AIDS education effects on behaviour among senior high school students in a medium-sized city in China. Author: Ye XX; Huang H; Li SH; Xu G; Cai Y; Chen T; Shen LX; Shi R Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Aug;20(8):549-52. Abstract: Few studies have examined the long-term effects of peer-led HIV prevention in Chinese adolescents. A two-year follow-up study was conducted among senior high school students in a medium-sized city of Fujian Province, from 1 March 2006 to 30 April 2008. In all, 3,068 students from 14 schools participated in an intervention in March 2006, and 893 students in five schools were followed up. Data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire at baseline, right after the intervention (one month later), and two years later. In the intervention group, the average knowledge score on information about reproductive health and HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections rose from 4.30 to 7.06 one month later (P < 0.01) and to 7.08 two years later (P < 0.01). Sustained increases were found in the attitude scores toward people living with HIV/AIDS and intention of condom use after the intervention. Future research should focus on strategies to sustain long-term behavior change. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | URBAN AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | PEER EDUCATORS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | QUESTIONNAIRES | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | CONDOM USE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Education | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Schools | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 342220 |
| 18. Title: Correlates of condom use among sexually experienced secondary school male students in Nairobi, Kenya. Author: Yotebieng M; Halpern CT; Mitchell EM; Adimora AA Source: SAHARA J. 2009 Mar;6(1):9-16. Abstract: This study aimed to examine perceptual factors associated with condom use, and the relationship between condom use and the timing of sexual debut among male secondary school students in Nairobi, Kenya. Data are from the TeenWeb study, a school-based project that used the World Wide Web to assess the health needs of secondary school students, and tested the web's utility as a teaching and research modality. Analyses are based on 214 sexually experienced males aged 14 - 20 years who completed web-based questionnaires about their sexual attitudes and behaviour. Results indicate that students did not see themselves as susceptible to HIV/AIDS and believed condom effectiveness in preventing HIV to be low. Consequently, only a marginal association was found between agreeing that buying condoms is embarrassing and condom use at first sexual intercourse. However, contrary to expectation, agreeing that condoms often break (almost half of participants) was associated with a higher likelihood of condom use at first sex. Each year of delay in sexual debut increased the likelihood of using a condom at first sex by 1.44 times. In turn, having used a condom at first sex increased the likelihood of using one at the most recent sex by 4.81 times, and elevated general condom use ('most or all the time') by 8.76 times. Interventions to increase awareness about the role of condoms in preventing HIV, delay sexual initiation, and teach proper condom use among secondary-school students in Nairobi are needed. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | STUDENTS | URBAN POPULATION | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | ATTITUDES | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | HIV PREVENTION | CONDOM FAILURE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Schools | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Condoms | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 331283 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Perceptions and practices on menstruation amongst Nigerian secondary school girls. [Perceptions et pratiques concernant la menstruation chez les étudiantes du secondaire] Author: Adinma ED; Adinma JI Source: African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2008 Apr;12(1):74-83. Abstract: This Cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted amongst 550 secondary school girls in southeastern Nigeria to determine their perceptions, problems, and practices on menstruation. Majority of the students, (75.6%), were aged 15-17 years. Only 39.3% perceived menstruation to be physiological. Abdominal pain/discomfort, (66.2%), was the commonest medical problem encountered by the respondents, although 45.8% had multiple problems. Medical problems were most commonly discussed with the mother, (47.1%), and least commonly discussed with the teachers, 0.4%. Analgesics, (75.6%), were most commonly used to relieve menstrual pain. Only 10% of respondents used non-pharmacologic remedies. Unsanitary menstrual absorbents were used by 55.7% of the respondents. Menstruation perceptions are poor, and practices often incorrect. A multi-dimensional approach focusing on capacity building of mothers, and teachers on sexuality education skills; using religious organizations as avenues for sexuality education; and effectively using the Mass Media as reproductive health education channels are recommended towards improving adolescents' perceptions and practices on menstruation. French Abstract: Cette étude descriptive transversale a été menée au sein des 550 étudiantes du secondaire au sud du Nigéria afin de déterminer leurs perceptions, leurs problèmes et leurs pratiques concernant la menstruation. La majorité des étudiantes (75,6%) aient âgées de 15 - 17 ans. Seules 39,3% ont perçu la menstruation comme physiologique. La douleur / gêne abominable (66,2%), était le problème médical le plus commun auquel ont fait face les participantes, bien que 45,8% avaient des problèmes multiples. Les problèmes médicaux ont été les plus communément discutés avec la mère (47,1%) et les moindre discutés avec les professeurs (0,4%). Les analgésiques (75,6%) ont été les plus communément utilisés pour soulager la douleur menstruelle. Seules 10% des participantes utilisaient des remèdes non pharmacologiques. 55% se sont servies des absorbants non-sanitaires parmi les participantes. Les perceptions de la menstruation était mauvaise et les pratiques étaient souvent incorrectes. Nous préconisons une approche multi-dimensionelle qui met l'accent sur le renforcement de la capacité des mères et des professeurs sur des compétences de l'éducation sexuelle ; se servant des organisations religieuses comme moyens de l'éducation sexuelle, et se servant effectivement des médias comme des voies pour l'éducation de la santé de reproduction, vers l'amélioration des perceptions et des pratiques des adolescentes à l'égard de la menstruation. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | PERCEPTION | MENSTRUATION | ABDOMINAL CRAMPS | SIDE EFFECTS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Schools | Education | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Reproduction | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 322427 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Effects of parental involvement in HIV/AIDS preventive education on secondary student knowledge about transmission and prevention in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Author: Akpabio II; Asuzu MC; Fajemilehin BR; Ofi B Source: International Quarterly of Community Health Education. 2008-2009;29(1):71-87. Abstract: This study investigated HIV/AIDS preventive health education involving nurses alone (IG1) and another involving both nurses and trained parents/ guardians (IG2) on students' knowledge of HIV/AIDS' transmission and prevention in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Subjects included 339 students selected through a multistage and stratified random sampling technique. A pre-test/post-test intervention design with control group was used. Data were obtained using questionnaire, and analysis involved the use of analysis of covariance, multiple classification analysis, and Scheffe's post-hoc test. Results show that students exposed to parental involvement had significantly better mean scores on knowledge of prevention (IG2: x=7.51; IG1: x=6.96 control: x=3.82). Furthermore, although the male students had significantly higher mean score with intervention involving only nurses, the females had higher mean score with intervention involving parents/guardians. It is recommended that parents/guardians should be trained and involved in HIV/AIDS' preventive education of secondary school students. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | STUDENTS | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | HIV TRANSMISSION | HEALTH EDUCATION | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | SEX EDUCATION | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Education | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Schools | Child Rearing | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 342119 |
| 21. Title: Prevalence of tobacco use among students aged 13-15 years in health ministers' council / gulf cooperation council member states, 2001 - 2004. Author: Al-Mulla AM; Helmy SA; Al-Lawati J; Nasser SA; Rahman SA Source: Journal of School Health. 2008 Jun;78(6):337-343. Abstract: This article examines differences and similarities in adolescent tobacco use among Member States of the Health Ministers' Council for the Gulf Cooperation Council (HMC/GCC) using Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) data. Nationally representative samples of students in grades associated with ages 13-15 in Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Schools were selected proportional to enrollment size, classes were randomly selected within participating schools, and all students in selected classes were eligible to participate. GYTS results confirmed that boys are significantly more likely than girls to smoke cigarettes or use shisha (water pipe). Students had higher rates of tobacco use than adults in Bahrain, Oman, and United Arab Emirates. For boys and girls, shisha use was higher than cigarette smoking in almost all countries. Susceptibility to initiate smoking among never smokers was higher than current cigarette smoking in all countries. Exposure to secondhandsmoke in public places was greater than 30%, direct protobacco advertising exposure was greater than 70% on billboards and in newspapers, and more than 10% of students were influenced by indirect advertising. Finally, less than half of the students were taught in school about the dangers of tobacco use in the past year. For boys and girls, high prevalence of cigarette smoking, high prevalence of shisha use, and high susceptibility of never smokers to initiate smoking in the next year are troubling indicators for the future of chronic disease and tobacco-related mortality in the Member States of the HMC/GCC. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | STUDENTS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | TOBACCO USE | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Schools | Behavior Document Number: 326860 |
| 22. Title: Marriage considerations in sending girls to school in Bangladesh: some qualitative evidence. Author: Amin S; Huq L Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2008. 17 p. (Working Paper No. 12) Abstract: This paper analyzes how parents' decisions about their daughters' schooling were affected by the rise in dowry demands in two villages in Northern Bangladesh. The influence of programs such as secondary school scholarships for girls is best viewed in the context of familial concerns about marriage and dowry. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RURAL AREAS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | DECISION MAKING | MARRIAGE | DOWRY | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | FUNDS | EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Adolescents | Behavior | Nuptiality | Schools | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 329513 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Prevalence of major HIV- risk related behaviour among SSS3 students in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria. Author: Aomreore AA; Alikor EA Source: African Journal of Health Sciences. 2008 Jan-Mar;15(1-2):42-49. Abstract: The paper intended to find the prevalence of HIV infection risk-related behaviours among third year senior secondary school students in Port Harcourt metropolis. A cross-sectional survey among 1800 third year senior secondary school students randomly selected from thirteen secondary schools in Port Harcourt metropolis was done using two-stage sampling technique. Demographic data and information on the sexual behaviour of each student in the study group was obtained from self-administered structured questionnaire. The prevalence of sexual intercourse was 61.1%. Males were more sexually active than females. Age of first sexual intercourse was 13.2 +or- 5.6 years for males and 13.9 +or- 4.1 years for females. Of the sexually active students, 32.6% had multiple sexual partners. Sexual activity of the students did not increase with age. The prevalence of Intravenous drug use (IVDU) was found to be 1.4%. The use of intravenous drugs was more among the males (80.8%) than among the females. The prevalence of blood transfusion is 10.3%. Among the sexually active students only 437 (36.9%) used condom. Sex of student, social class and school gender were significant predictors of ever-had sexual activity. The paper concludes that the prevalence of sexual behaviour related to the development of HIV/AIDS amongst the students is high. The need to highlight HIV/AIDS education programmes in the school curriculum of adolescents is discussed. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | URBAN POPULATION | STUDENTS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | IV DRUG USERS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | PREVALENCE | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV TRANSMISSION | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | SEX FACTORS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Sexual Partners | Behavior | Drug Use and Abuse | Schools | Measurement | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproduction Document Number: 323097 |
| 24. Title: Madrasas and NGOs: complements or substitutes? Non-state providers and growth in female education in Bangladesh. Author: Asadullah MN; Chaudhury N Source: [Washington, D.C], World Bank, South Asia Region, Human Development Unit, 2008 Feb. 20 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4511) Abstract: There has been a proliferation of non-state providers of education services in the developing world. In Bangladesh, for instance, Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee runs more than 40,000 non-formal schools that cater to school-drop outs from poor families or operate in villages where there's little provision for formal schools. This paper presents a rationale for supporting these schools on the basis of their spillover effects on female enrollment in secondary (registered) madrasa schools (Islamic faith schools). Most madrasa high schools in Bangladesh are financed by the sate and include a modern curriculum alongside traditional religious subjects. Using an establishment-level dataset on student enrollment in secondary schools and madrasas, the authors demonstrate that the presence of madrasas is positively associated with secondary female enrollment growth. Such feminization of madrasas is therefore unique and merits careful analysis. The authors test the effects of the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee primary schools on growth in female enrollment in madrasas. The analysis deals with potential endoegeneity by using data on number of the number of school branches and female members in the sub-district. The findings show that madrasas that are located in regions with a greater number of Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee schools have higher growth in female enrollment. This relationship is further strengthened by the finding that there is, however, no effect of these schools on female enrollment growth in secular schools. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ISLAM | EDUCATION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Religion | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Schools Document Number: 325677 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Effectiveness of IEC interventions in reducing HIV/AIDS related stigma among high school adolescents in Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia. Author: Bekele A; Ali A Source: Ethiopian Journal of Health Development. 2008;22(3):232-242. Abstract: Background: Stigma and discrimination are among the major challenges in HIV/AIDS to disease prevention while IEC interventions are among the mechanisms to mitigate them. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of IEC interventions. Methods: Interventional study was conducted from January to March 2007 among high school adolescents in Awassa Town using four different IEC interventions namely; interpersonal communication, pamphlets, educational video and the combination of the three interventions. Results: Stigmatizing attitudes ranged from 0-65.2%. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed grade, religion, beliefs in HIV transmission by witchcraft and HIV transmission by feeding on uncooked egg/meat of chicken that swallowed used condom were independent predictors of avoidant behavioral intentions. Residence, fathers' education, television ownership, witchcraft transmission, healthy looking person can have HIV, HIV prevention by having sex with virgin girls and PLWHA with multiple sexual partners were found to be the main determinants of coercive attitude. ANOVA (F-statistics) revealed that the interventions were effective with and statistics=17.484 (pvalue< 0.0001). Conclusion: Misconceptions on HIV transmission and prevention, stigmatizing and discriminatory attitudes were prevalent among the adolescents. Remarkable reduction in HIV related misconceptions, stigmatizing and discriminatory attitudes were observed. Hence, campaigns using combined IEC interventions on HIV/AIDS need to be intensified to dispel some of the prevailing misconceptions and associated stigma and discrimination among school adolescents. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | IEC | INFORMATION | EDUCATION | COMMUNICATION | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Schools | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Program Evaluation Document Number: 329294 |
| 26. Title: Impact of health education on sexual risk behaviour of secondary school students in Jos, Nigeria. Author: Daboer JC; Ogbonna C; Jamda MA Source: Nigerian Journal of Medicine. 2008 Jul-Aug;17(3):324-9. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Secondary school students are a high risk group for HIV transmission. They could also be easily reached with health education interventions. There is as yet no global consensus on the nature, content and effectiveness of this intervention among this group. It is also not known how effective this intervention is in reducing sexual risk behaviour among secondary school students in our environment. The aim of the study was to find out the impact of HIV/AIDS health education intervention on the sexual risk behaviour of secondary school students. METHODS: This was an interventional follow-up study among senior secondary school students with controls selected from similar schools. The students' sexual risk behaviour was assessed at baseline followed by a HIV/AIDS health education intervention. The risk behaviour was then re-assessed 6 months after the intervention. RESULT: Students who lived in urban areas and those who lived with both parents were less likely to have experienced sexual intercourse at baseline than those who lived in the rural areas (but school in Jos during school sessions), and those who lived with single parents and other relations. Health education delayed sexual debut among students who were sexually naive but had no effect on the sexual activity of those who were already sexually experienced. CONCLUSION: Health Education intervention has a place in reducing secondary school students' sexual risk behaviourif commenced before their sexual debut. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | URBAN AREAS | STUDENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | HEALTH EDUCATION | IMPACT | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Education | Schools | Communication | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 328896 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Risky sexual behaviors of high-school pupils in an era of HIV and AIDS. Author: Frank S; Esterhuizen T; Jinabhai CC; Sullivan K; Taylor M Source: South African Medical Journal. 2008 May;98(5):394-398. Abstract: Objective. To identify risky sexual behaviours and demographic factors that place high-school pupils at risk of HIV and AIDS. Methods. A cross-sectional study was undertaken to explore factors influencing the sexual behaviour of high-school pupils (mean age 15.4 years; SD 1.11). Structured self-reported questionnaires were completed by all grade 10 pupils (N=805) at all the Wentworth, Durban, public high schools. Results. Significant gender differences in sexual practices were reported, such as males being more likely to engage in sexual activity than females (OR 4.92; p<0.001). More males (24.8%) initiated sex before age 12, compared with more females (30%) who initiated sex between 16 to 20 years of age (p<0.001). Significantly more males preferred older partners than females (p=0.002), more females were forced to have sex than males (p =0.009), and more males used alcohol on the last occasion of sex than females (p=0.04). Religious affiliation and parental supervision were found to have a significant effect on sexual activity among pupils. Conclusions. High-school pupils are at high risk of HIV and AIDS, yet they continue to engage in risky sexual behaviours. Preventive efforts therefore need to be aggressively up-scaled and redirected towards specific risky practices, taking gender differences into account. Contextual factors such as religious norms and parental supervision also require greater attention. Risky sexual behaviours are reflective of a broader crisis in society. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | STUDENTS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | RAPE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Behavior | Schools | Population | Population Characteristics | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 330667 |
| 28. Title: Violence against girls: are schools doing enough to protect them against HIV and AIDS? Author: Leach F Source: In: Gender equality, HIV, and AIDS. A challenge for the education sector edited by Sheila Aikman, Elaine Unterhalter, and Tania Boler. Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxfam GB, 2008. :60-83. Abstract: It is now generally acknowledged that HIV prevalence rates among school-going youth are significantly lower than among those out of school, and that education reduces vulnerability to HIV infection in some way (Hargreaves and Boler 2006; Pridmore and Yates 2005; Jukes and Desai 2005). This is an especially important finding for girls, being the group at most risk. However, we need to avoid overstating claims about the link between schooling and HIV, as the nature of this relationship is not well understood. Even if we do accept that schooling has an impact on vulnerability to HIV in some complex and not fully understood way, it is important to consider the extent to which schools are actively working to protect students, girls in particular, from exposure to the virus, rather than merely passing on messages about safe sex. This chapter focuses on one particular aspect of schooling that has been largely ignored in assessments of the link between schooling and exposure to HIV. This is the existence of sexual violence in schools, which until recently was an underresearched and poorly recognised global phenomenon. The chapter discusses some of the findings of a small number of school-based studies of gender violence in developing countries, most of which were conducted in sub-Saharan Africa.This research concentration on Africa can be explained in part by the high level of donor funding for education in the region, and in part by the urgent need to examine the effectiveness of locating HIV and AIDS awareness-raising programmes in schools.We need to recognise, however, that the problem is confined neither to Africa nor to developing countries but is a global phenomenon, as a recent collection of country case studies testifies (Leach and Mitchell 2006). There is an expanding literature in the developing world on the way in which the school provides an important arena for the construction of masculine and feminine identities (Dunne et al. 2005; Pattman and Chege 2003; Kakuru 2006). This chapter provides evidence to suggest that, by promoting certain norms and practices which reinforce gender hierarchies, and by failing to tackle violent incidents that result from this unequal gender regime, school authorities are in fact encouraging male sexual violence against girls. This inaction not only presents risks to girls' sexual health, it also undermines health messages, including those about HIV, being passed on in schools. As research in Uganda reveals, the messages imparted through the AIDS curriculum about safe sex, negotiated sex, and equal partnership in sexual relationships are in conflict with, and neutralised by, an informal school culture which permits widespread sexual harassment and abuse of girls (Mirembe and Davies 2001). The chapter concludes that schools could do much more to reduce the vulnerability of both girls and boys to HIV by working vigorously to eliminate sexual violence and gender inequalities within their walls. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | STUDENTS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | SEXUAL ABUSE | VIOLENCE | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | POVERTY | PREGNANCY | HEALTH | IMPACT | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Schools | Education | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Reproduction | Communication Document Number: 330173 |
| 29. Title: In two different worlds: How Malawian girls experience schooling. Author: Mbilizi MA Source: Journal of International Women’s Studies. 2008 May;9(3):223-240. Abstract: This paper reports on a qualitative case study of how Malawian girls experience schooling in single-sex versus coeducational institutions. It is a qualitative narrative depicting the socializing and learning processes which affect girls' potential to succeed in mathematics and science subjects and careers. Further I use critical reflection to describe my own experiences as a student, teacher, and researcher at one of the single-sex boarding schools. The results confirm other research findings that single-sex school environments are effective in building high expectations and aspirations for higher education among girls. In single-sex schools, girls held higher educational expectations and occupational aspirations for non traditional careers than girls in coeducational schools. In coeducational schools girls' abilities were marginalized by school administrators, teachers, and boys. Girls were seen as a distraction to the boys and faced sexual abuse and pressure to attend to their physical appearance. The paper advocates for the expansion of single-sex boarding schools for girls, group cohesion among girls in coeducational schools, gender streaming of math and science classes, gender equity training for teachers, and the increased practice of gender fair teaching. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | EDUCATION | OCCUPATIONS | SEX FACTORS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Schools Document Number: 327267 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexual behaviour of in-school adolescents in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria. [Comporteuent sexuel des adolescents qui fréquentent encore l' école à Ibadan au sud-ouest du Nigéria] Author: Morhason-Bello IO; Oladokun A; Enakpene CA; Fabamwo AO; Obisesan KA; Ojengbede OA Source: African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2008 Aug;12(2):89-97. Abstract: This study was a crossectional survey conducted among 716 senior secondary school adolescents in Ibadan from March to August 2005. The result of 695 that was analyzed revealed that the mean age of 15 +or- 2.6 years. 28.3% of the respondents had previous sexual exposure with higher proportions being male (p=0.00043). Majorities' first sexual exposure was unplanned. Family settings and educational level do not have significant influence on the previous sexual exposure. The methods of sexual activity were mainly through vagina route while some had also practiced oral and anal sex. Most of those that are sexually exposed had more than one partner. About half of the respondents learn about sex from their friends while others through their parents and media. We conclude that in-school adolescents practiced unsafe sexual activity and they are therefore predisposed to STI/HIV and other reproductive health risks. French Abstract: Comporteuent sexuel des adolescents qui fréquentent encore l' école à Ibadan au sud-ouest du Nigéria. Cette étude était une enquête transversale menée au sein de 716 adolescents des lycées à Ibadan entre les mois de mars et d'août 2005. Le résultats concernant 695 qui ont été analysés ont révélé que l'âge moyen était de 15±2,6, ans. 28,3% des enquêtés ont eu une expérience sexuelle antérieure, les adolescents mâles ayant des proportions supérieures (p=0,00043). Dans la plupart des cas, la première expérience sexuelle était imprévue. Les cadres familiaux et le niveau de scolarisation n'influencent pas de manière significative les expériences sexuelles antérieures. Les méthodes de l'activite sexuelle étaient surtout par voie vaginale alors que certains ont pratiqué aussi le fellation et le sexe par voie anale. La plupart de ceux qui sont exposés sexuellement avaient plus d'un partenaire. A peu près une moitié des enquêtés se renseignent sur le sexe auprès de leurs amis tandis que les autres le font auprès de leurs parents et dans la média. Nous concluons que les adolescents qui fréquentent encore l'école s'engagent dans l'activité sexuelle dangereuse et qu' ils sont en conséquence prédisposés aux IST/VIH et aux risques de la santé de reproduction. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | SEX BEHAVIOR | FIRST INTERCOURSE | RISK FACTORS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Schools | Education | Behavior | Biology | Health Document Number: 322325 |
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