1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Young women and limits to the normalisation of condom use: a qualitative study. Author: Williamson LM; Buston K; Sweeting H Source: AIDS Care. 2009 May;21(5):561-6. Abstract: Encouraging condom use among young women is a major focus of HIV/STI prevention efforts but the degree to which they see themselves as being at risk limits their use of the method. In this paper, we examine the extent to which condom use has become normalised among young women. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 year old women from eastern Scotland (N=20). Purposive sampling was used to select a heterogeneous group with different levels of sexual experience and from different social backgrounds. All of the interviewees had used (male) condoms but only three reported consistent use. The rest had changed to other methods, most often the pill, though they typically went back to using condoms occasionally. Condoms were talked about as the most readily available contraceptive method, and were most often the first contraceptive method used. The young women had ingrained expectations of use, but for most, these norms centred only on their new or casual partners, with whom not using condoms was thought to be irresponsible. Many reported negative experiences with condoms, and condom dislike and failure were common, lessening trust in the method. Although the sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention provided by condoms was important, this was seen as additional, and secondary, to pregnancy prevention. As the perceived risks of STIs lessened in relationships with boyfriends, so did condom use. The promotion of condoms for STI prevention alone fails to consider the wider influences of partners and young women's negative experiences of the method. Focusing on the development of condom negotiation skills alone will not address these issues. Interventions to counter dislike, method failure, and the limits of the normalisation of condom use should be included in STI prevention efforts. Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN | YOUTH | CONDOM USE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD SWITCHING | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | PERCEPTION | CONDOM FAILURE | RISK ASSESSMENT | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Psychological Factors | Condoms | Barrier Methods | Evaluation | Interpersonal Relations Document Number: 341100 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Young women's perceptions of pregnancy risk and use of emergency contraception: findings from a qualitative study. Author: Williamson LM; Buston K; Sweeting H Source: Contraception. 2009 Apr;79(4):310-5. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Advance provision of emergency contraception (EC) has increased use but not impacted on pregnancy or abortion rates. Here we describe young women's EC use and experiences of unprotected sex to explore why this difference occurs. METHODS: In-depth interviews with twenty 20-year-old women from eastern Scotland. RESULTS: The majority (16) had used EC; 10 reported some experience of unprotected sex. EC use followed contraceptive failure and unexpected or unplanned, but not frequent, unprotected sex. Acknowledging the need for EC requires recognition of pregnancy risk. Those reporting frequent unprotected sex misperceived their pregnancy risk and did not use EC. This group was from socially disadvantaged backgrounds, and all became pregnant. CONCLUSIONS: EC remains an important "backup" contraceptive and should continue to be widely available. With high levels of unprotected sex, nonuse of EC and unintended pregnancies, further efforts are required to improve the sexual and reproductive health outcomes of disadvantaged young women. Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | RISK FACTORS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | PERCEPTION | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Health | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Usage | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 330556 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Why are rates of sterilization in decline? A pilot study designed to explore reasons for declining female sterilization in Scotland. Author: Chen ZE; Glasier A; Warner P Source: Contraception. 2008 Oct;78(4):309-314. Abstract: In the last decade, female sterilization had been in decline throughout the UK. It is not clear whether fewer women are requesting sterilization or whether the universal enthusiasm for long-acting reversible methods is leading health professionals to discourage women from being sterilized. Since correct and consistent use of alternative, reversible contraceptive methods depends somewhat on their acceptability, it is important to determine whether women are being refused sterilization or whether they are freely choosing other methods. This study aims to explore whether female sterilization is being widely considered as a contraceptive method, the reasons for choosing or rejecting it, and whether women are being discouraged by health professionals from being sterilized. A self-completed questionnaire survey among 205 women aged 30 to 50 years who felt that their family was complete attending a family planning clinic in Scotland. Of the 203 women included in the study, 151 (74.4%) had heard of femalesterilization, 90 had discussed it with someone (60%) and 87 (58%) had considered it as a contraceptive option. Of the 56 women who consulted their family doctor about sterilization, almost half (27; 48%) were not referred to a hospital and fewer than one (17, 30.4%) in three of them was eventually sterilized or had arrangements in place to get it done. Free-text comments from the women revealed a variety of reasons for not choosing female sterilization and suggested that some women are being deterred from sterilization. The study suggests that some women are being actively encouraged by health professionals to use long-acting reversible contraceptive methods and discouraged from choosing sterilization. However, other women recognize for themselves the wisdom of keeping their fertility options open. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | SURVEYS | WOMEN | FEMALE STERILIZATION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception Document Number: 328081 |
| 4. Title: Risk for postpartum depression, breastfeeding practices, and mammary gland permeability. Author: Flores-Quijano ME; Cordova A; Contreras-Ramirez V; Farias-Hernandez L; Tolentino MC Source: Journal of Human Lactation. 2008;24(1):50-57. Abstract: In a cross-sectional study, 163 breastfeeding women completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), a questionnaire on demographics and infant feeding and hand-expressed breast milk for Na and K quantification, between 2 and 12 weeks postpartum. Forty women (24.5%) had an EPDS score compatible with the risk of a depressive episode, and 63 (41%) did not feel confident about breastfeeding. These 2 variables were significantly correlated to each other and individually correlated to breastfeeding exclusiveness. Weeks postpartum was correlated to breastfeeding exclusiveness and Na:K in milk (all P less than .001). A logistic regression model showed that supplementation increased the risk of high Na:K in milk by 209%, whereas a longer time postpartum lowered the risk for mammary gland permeability. This study suggests that postpartum depression and low breastfeeding confidence, which may be present concomitantly, are associated with increased mammary gland permeability, only to the extent in which depression dissuades the mother from exclusive breastfeeding. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | DEPRESSION | HUMAN MILK | MAMMARY GLAND EFFECTS | LACTATION | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Breastfeeding | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Maternal Physiology | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 324668 |
5.  Title: Association between number of siblings and cause-specific mortality in the Glasgow alumni cohort study. Author: Galobardes B; McCarron P; Jeffreys M; Smith GD Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2008 Feb;23(2):89-93. Abstract: In the Glasgow University Alumni cohort, students with no siblings experienced higher respiratory disease mortality. This risk diminished after accounting for potential confounders. We did not find strong evidence of an association with all cause, coronary heart disease, stroke or stomach cancer mortality. Number of siblings is a proxy for other exposures and exploring its association with specific disease outcomes can help disentangle some of the pathways relating early life exposures to adult mortality. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | STUDENTS | UNIVERSITIES | CAUSES OF DEATH | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | SIBLINGS | RISK FACTORS | LIFE CYCLE | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Education | Schools | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Biology | Family Research Document Number: 324658 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Attitudes of women in Scotland to contraception: a qualitative study to explore the acceptability of long-acting methods. Author: Glasier A; Scorer J; Bigrigg A Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Oct;34(4):213-7. Abstract: BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY: Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) (i.e. injections, implants and intrauterine methods) has the potential to reduce unintended pregnancies but in the UK these methods are under-used. To inform a campaign planned to increase awareness of LARC, eight focus discussion groups were held with 55 women in two cities in Scotland, UK. Trained interviewers sought spontaneous views of unintended pregnancy and contraception in general, and condoms and pills in particular, and attitudes towards health professionals giving contraceptive advice. Attitudes towards LARC were discussed both before and after women were given detailed information about the methods. RESULTS: Women recognised the importance of using contraception but admitted to taking risks. Pills and condoms were familiar and acceptable despite undesirable side effects. Women were poorly informed about LARC, had firm but incorrect beliefs about their safety and side effects, disliked any method which involved an invasive procedure and/or vaginal examination, and had rather a low opinion of advice given by health professionals. Accurate information was not wholly successful in dispelling negative views of LARC. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Many factors influence contraceptive choice. Attitudes towards methods are complex and may be difficult to change. Some barriers to LARC, including the need to see a health professional, cannot be overcome but giving more information about ease of use, reversibility, effects on weight and the positive experiences of other women, as well as describing these methods as lasting rather than long-acting, may help improve acceptability. Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN | ATTITUDES | SATISFACTION | LONGTERM EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | INJECTABLES | IUD | CAMPAIGNS | KNOWLEDGE | BELIEFS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Time Factors | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Communication Programs | Communication | Sociocultural Factors | Culture | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 329394 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Complications after second trimester surgical and medical abortion. Author: Grossman D; Blanchard K; Blumenthal P Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2008 May;16(31 Suppl):173-82. Abstract: Second trimester abortion is associated with higher rates of complications compared to first trimester abortion. Dilatation and evacuation (D&E) and medical induction using misoprostol alone or a combination of mifepristone and misoprostol are the methods most commonly used for later abortion in developed countries, yet little research has directly compared them. We reviewed the literature on PubMed and identified only one small randomised controlled trial and one retrospective cohort study with comparative data for these methods, although the cohort study did not include cases using the mifepristone regimen. We expanded our search to include case series and cohort studies for a single method. In the randomised trial, women undergoing medical induction reported significantly more pain and experienced more adverse events. In the cohort study, incomplete abortion was significantly more common among women undergoing medical induction. In the single method studies, serious complications such as uterine perforation, uterine rupture and haemorrhage were rare, although the latter may be more common with medical induction. Mild infection may also be more prevalent after medical induction. Current evidence suggests that, given trained providers and where otherwise feasible, D&E is preferable to medical induction. A larger randomised controlled trial is needed that directly compares outcomes between the two methods, examines acceptability to women and explores clinicians' perspectives on providing them. Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SCOTLAND | CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAFETY | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | ABORTION | CERVICAL DILATATION | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | North America, Northern | Public Health | Health | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 330092 Notification |
| 8. Title: Increasing use of long-acting reversible contraception. Author: Hairon N Source: Nursing Times. 2008 Oct 21-27;104(42):23-4. Abstract: New research exploring women's attitudes to contraception suggests some ways to boost the uptake of long-acting reversible methods. Many women are worried about the effects of contraceptives on future fertility (Glasier et al, 2008). This research, which aimed to inform a campaign to increase the use of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC), suggested that practitioners should stop describing these methods as 'long-acting' and stress their lasting protection instead. The study, published in the Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care, found concerns about side-effects such as weight gain deterred women, outweighing even the fear of unwanted pregnancy. In spite of NICE (2005) guidance on the use of LARC, its uptake in the UK is low. The study authors conclude that, while some barriers to its use cannot be overcome, giving more information on ease of use, reversibility, effects on weight and other women's positive experiences may help improve acceptability. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | IUD | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 329824 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Coping strategies of families in HIV/AIDS care: some exploratory data from two developmental contexts. Author: Palattiyil G; Chakrabarti M Source: AIDS Care. 2008 Aug;20(7):881-5. Abstract: Caring for a family member with HIV/AIDS presents multiple challenges that strain a family's physical, economic and emotional resources. Family carers provide physical care and financial support and deal with changes in family relationships and roles, often with little support from outside of the family. Carers in developing countries face even greater challenges, due to lack of medical and support services, poverty and widespread discrimination against those with HIV/AIDS. Little is known about how family carers cope with these challenges or about the ways that development impacts on the process of coping. The current study explored coping strategies used by family carers in two contexts, Kerala, India and Scotland, UK. As part of a larger study, 28 family carers of persons living with HIV/AIDS were interviewed -23 in Kerala and 5 in Scotland. A modified version of the Ways of Coping scale was used to assess coping strategies. Responses were compared on the total number of coping responses used as well as on selected subscales of the WOC. Differences were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U-test. The two cohorts differed significantly in terms of the coping strategies used. The carers from Scotland used a larger number of different coping strategies and scored higher on measures of problem focused coping, positive reappraisal, seeking social support, self-controlling and distancing/detachment. Respondents from Kerala scored higher on a measure of self-blame. Results are discussed in terms of the impact of community resources on coping strategies. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | SCOTLAND | UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HOME CARE | CARE AND SUPPORT | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Data Collection | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems Document Number: 328867 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Young women under 16 years with experience of sexual intercourse: who becomes pregnant? Author: Buston K; Williamson L; Hart G Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2007 Mar;61(3):221-225. Abstract: The UK has the highest rate of teenage pregnancies in western Europe. Although there is a large body of literature focusing on predictors of conception among this age group, almost all the work compares those young women who have become pregnant with their peers, regardless of whether or not their peers have experienced sexual intercourse. The objective was to compare 16-year-old young women who have become pregnant with their peers who also have experience of sexual intercourse, but who have not conceived. Analysis of data from the baseline and follow--up surveys conducted as part of a trial of sex education. Setting and participants: Female school students aged 14-16 years from the East of Scotland. Main results: Young age of self and partner, and non-use of contraception, all at first intercourse, are most strongly associated with pregnancy. Those who engage in sexual intercourse at a relatively young age will often have had more opportunity to become pregnant than those whose sexual debut comes later. Similarly, the fact that those who use contraception at first intercourse have been less likely to conceive than those who do not could reflect the overall patterns of contraceptive use: young women who have used contraception at each occasion of intercourse will have had less chance to conceive than those who have not. Having a young partner at first intercourse suggests that, if this pattern continues, the couple may lack the resources needed to prevent a pregnancy due to the immaturity of both partners. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PEER GROUPS | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | AGE FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FIRST INTERCOURSE | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 312679 |
| 11. Title: Vasectomy reversal: Is the microscope really essential? Author: Gopi SS; Townell NH Source: Scottish Medical Journal. 2007;52(2):18-20. Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the outcomes of bilateral vasectomy reversal procedure in relation to the macroscopic technique, surgical time and duration of obstructive interval. We performed a retrospective study over a twelve-year period using a macroscopic technique. All cases of vasectomy reversal were consecutive and performed by the same surgeon. The procedure was performed using a single layer, spatulate end to end anastomosis technique using 6 × 6-0 prolene. No loupe magnification was used. The median age of the men was 42 years (range 30-56). The median obstructive interval in years was 8.5 years (range 2-23). The procedure was a day case and the median surgical time under general anaesthetic was 75 minutes (range 45-90). None of the patients required hospital admission following discharge. 63 of the 70 patients had positive patency test postoperatively (90%). The sperm count was more than twenty million /ml. The pregnancy rate was 54 % and the miscarriage rate was 7.1%. The outcomes of macroscopic vasectomy reversal performed by an experienced surgeon can have a high success rate using the macroscopic single layer spatulate end to end anastomosis technique. This technique is easy to learn compared to the learning curve involved in microsurgery and is an effective means of "re-establishing" fertility in vasectomised men. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | STERILIZATION SEEKERS | PHYSICIANS | VASECTOMY | VAS REANASTOMOSIS | MICROSURGERY | UROGENITAL SURGERY | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Male Sterilization | Sterilization Reversal | Reversible Sterilization | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services Document Number: 321087 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Impact of a theoretically based sex education programme (SHARE) delivered by teachers on NHS registered conceptions and terminations: final results of cluster randomised trial. Author: Henderson M; Wight D; Raab GM; Abraham C; Parkes A Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2007 Jan 20;334(7585):133. Abstract: The objective was to assess the impact of a theoretically based sex education programme (SHARE) delivered by teachers compared with conventional education in terms of conceptions and terminations registered by the NHS. Design: Follow-up of cluster randomised trial 4.5 years after intervention. Setting: NHS records of women who had attended 25 secondary schools in east Scotland. Participants: 4196 women (99.5% of those eligible). Intervention: SHARE programme (intervention group) v existing sex education (control group). Main outcome measure: NHS recorded conceptions and terminations for the achieved sample linked at age 20. In an "intention to treat" analysis there were no significant differences between the groups in registered conceptions per 1000 pupils (300 SHARE v 274 control; difference 26, 95% confidence interval - 33 to 86) and terminations per 1000 pupils (127 v 112; difference 15, - 13 to 42) between ages 16 and 20. This specially designed sex education programme did not reduce conceptions or terminations by age 20 compared with conventional provision. The lack of effect was not due to quality of delivery. Enhancing teacher led school sex education beyond conventional provision in eastern Scotland is unlikely to reduce terminations in teenagers. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVENTIONS | TEACHERS | ADOLESCENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | SEX EDUCATION | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | IMPACT | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Schools | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Diseases | Communication Document Number: 312019 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: "Low" fertility and population replacement in Scotland. Author: MacInnes J; Diaz JP Source: Population, Space and Place. 2007 Jan-Feb;13(1):3-21. Abstract: It has been argued that Scotland faces population ageing and decline that will have potentially serious economic and social consequences, and that the origin of these processes lie in its low and declining fertility rates. After considering alternatives to the total period rate measure of fertility, empirical evidence and theoretical argument about low fertility and its consequences is briefly reviewed. The paper argues that low fertility in general may not be the problem it is often purported to be, that Scotland has relatively high fertility, and that pro-natalist policies are neither desirable nor necessary. It suggests that low fertility and population ageing may be viewed as positive developments, and that within Europe, Scotland is distinguished more by its excess of early deaths than by any shortage of births. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | LITERATURE REVIEW | POPULATION | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FERTILITY DECLINE | SOCIAL CHANGE | DEMOGRAPHY | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | POPULATION POLICY | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | EXCESS MORTALITY | POPULATION FORECAST | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Sociocultural Factors | Social Sciences | Science | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Migration | Mortality | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology Document Number: 311616 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Effect of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate on bone density in a Scottishindustrial city. Author: McGough P; Bigrigg A Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2007 Sep;12(3):253-259. Abstract: The objective was to determine if long-term users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injectable contraception (DMPA) were more likely than their peers to have low bone density. The design used was a cross-sectional observational study. The setting for the study was the Domiciliary Family Planning Service, Glasgow, Scotland. The subjects for the study were clients of the Domiciliary Service who had used DMPA for contraception for longer than 5 years (mean 12 years) were invited to participate and select their own control, a friend or relative who had never used this method of contraception. Bone density was measured at the hip and lumbar spine by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). DMPA users had a significantly lower bone density than controls, 12-13% less at both hip and lumbar spine. This difference remained even when controlling for parity, smoking, family history of kyphosis or hip fracture, and body mass index. DMPA significantly decreases bone density in a group of long-term users with significant social deprivation. The long-term significance of this remains uncertain. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | INJECTABLES | MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE | SKELETAL EFFECTS | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 319632 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Chlamydia trachomatis testing among 13-25-year-olds in non-genitourinary medicine settings. Author: Williamson LM; Scott G; Carrick-Anderson K; Kernaghan K; Hart GJ Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2007 Jul;33(3):177-182. Abstract: In this paper we examine Chlamydia trachomatis testing in settings other than genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics, focusing on the factors associated with chlamydial infection and with postal testing. Analysis of tests collected from young people aged 13-25 years (n = 4475) between May 2001 and June 2004 via postal testing kits, at a local sexual health clinic, and at further education colleges in Lothian, Scotland. 84.8% of the testers were female and 15.2% were male. 84 men (12.3%, 95% CI 10.1-15.0) and 403 women (10.6%, 95% CI 9.7-11.6) tested positive. The odds of a positive result was nearly doubled for postal and clinic testers, relative to college testers; and increased by 70% for 16-19-year-olds, compared with 13-15-year-olds. Postal testing was the main source for men (80.2%) while 46.1% of women used postal and 48.1% used clinic testing. Postal testing was significantly associated with age, sex and National Health Service (NHS) board area, with odds increasing with age, and lower odds among females than males, and among Lothian residents than those out with this NHS board area. Substantial chlamydial infection was apparent among the young people in this study and positivity rates were highest among postal and clinic testers and those in the 16-19-year age group. While postal kits were the main source for men, and should be used to target them, the combination of this approach with continuing screening programmes in clinic settings would be most effective at targeting those most at risk. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | YOUTH | CHLAMYDIA | SCREENING | TESTING | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Measurement | Research Methodology | Behavior Document Number: 318326 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: There is too much sex in Scotland. Source: Lancet. 2006 Mar 11;367(9513):790. Abstract: So suggested Gordon Scott, a specialist in genito-urinary medicine from Edinburgh, during a debate last week hosted by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. The motion before him was, "This house believes that an abstinence only approach is the best way to prevent sexual ill health." Among an audience of about 100 people, only five voted in favour of the motion before the debate began. But the event took an unexpected turn. Many experts in sexual health rail against President George Bush's preoccupation with pushing abstinence as the solution to AIDS. They bristle at the church's preference for faith over reality, at least when it comes to the sexual behaviour of teenagers. Yet the case for abstinence--or rather "abstinence-plus"--won many hearts and minds in Glasgow. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | PANEL DISCUSSION | YOUTH | ABSTINENCE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | SEXUALITY | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Group Meeting | Communication | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 299363 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Induction of second trimester abortion (12-20 weeks) with mifepristone and misoprostol: a review of 386 consecutive cases. Author: Goh SE; Thong KJ Source: Contraception. 2006 May;73(5):516-519. Abstract: A retrospective analysis of 386 women who underwent termination of pregnancy between 12 and 24 weeks' gestation. Each woman received 200 mg mifepristone orally followed by vaginal misoprostol 800 µg 36 to 48 h later. Three hours after the initial misoprostol administration, 400-µg doses of vaginal misoprostol were administered every 3 h, to a maximum of four doses in 24 h. If abortion failed, 200 mg mifepristone is given again 3 h after the last misoprostol dose, followed by 12 h of rest before vaginal misoprostol administration is repeated as per previous course of treatment. Overall, 97.9% and 99.5% of the women aborted within 24 and 36 h, respectively. The median induction-to-abortion interval was 6.7 h (range: 1.4-73.8 h), and nulliparous women took significantly longer time to abort (6.0 h in multiparous women compared to 7.6 h in nulliparous women; p < .0001). One woman failed to abort within 48 h. Surgical evacuation of the uterus was performed in 5% of women for incomplete abortion or retained placenta. Multiparous women were less likely to need analgesic administration for pain relief, and to experience vomiting and diarrhea, than nulliparous women. The combination of 200 mg mifepristone and vaginally administered misoprostol is a safe, effective and noninvasive regimen for termination of pregnancy between 12 and 20 weeks. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREGNANCY, SECOND TRIMESTER | RU-486 | ABORTION | MISOPROSTOL | PROSTAGLANDINS, ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | TIME FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Safety | Public Health Document Number: 299440 Notification |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Continuation rates of Implanon in the UK: data from an observational study in a clinical setting. Author: Lakha F; Glasier AF Source: Contraception. 2006 Oct;74(4):287-289. Abstract: Long-acting reversible methods of contraception can potentially reduce unintended pregnancy. There are few data on "real-life" continuation rates of the contraceptive implant Implanon. Three hundred twenty-four women choosing Implanon in a community family planning clinic in Scotland were followed up by case note review (n = 236) or postal questionnaire (n = 87) 3 years after insertion of the implant (1 woman chose not to disclose her home address). Data were available for 85% of the women. Continuation rates were 89% (CI 84--91) at 6 months, 75% (CI 69--79) at 1 year, 59% (CI 52--63) at 2 years and 47% (CI 40--52) at 2 years and 9 months. Of the 68 women who discontinued Implanon within 1 year, 62 (91%) did so because of unwanted side effects, the most common being frequent and/or unpredictable bleeding (n = 42, 62%). Almost half changed to a less-effective method of contraception; however, one third (n = 99, 39%) chose to use a second implant when the first one expired. Continuation rates of Implanon in this clinic setting in the UK make it a cost-effective method of contraception and justify its widespread provision. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 306803 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Unintended pregnancy and use of emergency contraception among a large cohort of women attending for antenatal care or abortion in Scotland. Author: Lakha F; Glasier A Source: Lancet. 2006 Nov 18;368(9549):1782-1787. Abstract: Unintended pregnancy is common. Although many unintended pregnancies end in induced abortion, up to a third of those proceeding to birth might be unplanned. Some of these pregnancies could be prevented by emergency contraception. We have sought to establish how many pregnancies ending in either childbirth or abortion are unintended, and what proportion of women use emergency contraception to try to prevent pregnancy. 2908 women who attended an Edinburgh hospital for antenatal care and 907 attending for abortion fully completed a self-administered questionnaire including a validated measure of pregnancy intention and questions about emergency contraceptive use. 814 (89.7%) of 907 pregnancies among women requesting abortion were unintended compared with only 250 (8.6%) among 2908 women who planned to continue pregnancy. However, only 1909 (65.6%) of continuing pregnancies were intended. The rest of the women were ambivalent about pregnancy intention. In women who continued with their pregnancies intendedness was related to age, with unintended pregnancy most probable in young women (p < 0.0001). Emergency contraception was used by 113 (11.8%) of women who requested abortion but only 40 (1%) of those planning to continue pregnancy. In those whose pregnancy was continuing, the proportions reporting use of emergency contraception were higher in young women than in older women and in those who reported that their pregnancies were unintended than in those who meant to become pregnant (both p<0.0001). Unintended pregnancy is common, even among women planning to continue pregnancy. However, EC use is low even among women with no intention of conceiving, and is thus unlikely to reduce unintended pregnancy rates. Rather, we need to find ways to improve the use of regular contraception. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ABORTION | ANTENATAL CARE | AGE FACTORS | OBSTACLES | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Organization and Administration Document Number: 309665 Notification |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Long-acting reversible contraceptives: not only effective, but also a cost-effective option for the National Health Service. Author: Mavranezouli I; Wilkinson C Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2006;32(1):3-5. Abstract: The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) clinical guideline on long-acting reversible contraception was published recently. The key themes of the guideline are: choice, through better access and information; safety, through clinical guidance and training for health care professionals; and cost effectiveness. It is this last aspect that we address in this commentary. While NICE guidance is applicable to England and Wales, some aspects of it may be relevant to the provision of care and practice in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC) are among the most effective contraceptive methods. Unlike widely used methods, such as the combined oral contraceptive pill (COC) and barrier methods, the effectiveness of LARC is less dependent on users' compliance/correct use of a method. This property makes LARC suitable, in terms of contraceptive protection, for certain subgroups of the population, such as adolescents or women with no established regular routine, who have been shown to comply poorly with commonly used contraceptive methods. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | NORTHERN IRELAND | SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REVERSIBILITY | SAFETY | INFORMATION | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Family Planning | Public Health | Training Programs | Education | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 294296 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: The changing prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among men who have sex with men who attended a sexually transmitted infections clinic in Edinburgh, Scotland between 1989 and 2003. Author: McMillan A Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2006 Aug;17(8):539-542. Abstract: The aim of the study was to discover if the prevalence of serological markers of hepatitis B virus infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) who attended a sexually transmitted infections clinic in Edinburgh, Scotland had changed in a 15-year period. This was a retrospective study of 3334 MSM attending the clinic as new patients. Forty-four men (1%) had hepatitis B surface antigenaemia. Overall, sera from 398 (12%) men gave positive results for anti-HBc. The seroprevalence of HBV in men aged 25--34 years and older men declined significantly during the study period. There was no significant change in seropositivity for anti-HBc in men aged 16--24 years. The proportion of men who had been vaccinated previously rose significantly during the most recent three-year period. Although there has been a decline in the prevalence of infection in clinic attendees, there is continued transmission of HBV in the local community. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | HEPATITIS | PREVALENCE | VACCINATION | TESTING | ANTIGENS | ANTIBODIES | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Immunization | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 304191 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Unfulfilled expectations: how circumstances impinge on women's reproductive choices. Author: Porter M; Bhattacharya S; van Teijlingen E Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2006 Apr;62(7):1757-1767. Abstract: Throughout Europe women are having fewer babies, but more of them are being delivered by caesarean section. There is some evidence that this major surgical procedure discourages women and/or their partners from having further children. This study is aimed at ascertaining the extent to which mode of delivery in first confinement affected women's decision-making about having another child. This paper reports results from (1) a questionnaire sent to 5300 women who delivered their first baby in Aberdeen in northeast Scotland between 1980 and 1995, but who did not have another viable pregnancy within 5 years, and (2) in-depth interviews with a stratified random sample of 82 of these respondents which covered experiences of birth, decision-making about subsequent pregnancies and infertility. Verbatim transcripts were analysed thematically. Questionnaires were returned by 3204 women (60%). Among those who had no further pregnancies, 1182 (71%) had deliberately limited their fertility. Of those who had a second child, 696 (66%) deliberately left a gap of 5 or more years between them. The factors which apparently influenced the decision to limit fertility included early intention, experience of the first, or index birth, health, lifestyle, influence of partner, age, first child and fertility problems. In interviews, women presented these factors as constraints on their behaviour, which restrained them from freely choosing to have more children and in some cases to have the number they had planned. As the decision to have only one child or to leave a large gap between children is unusual, women may have been presenting their choices in this way to make their actions appear more socially acceptable and their motivations as blameless. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | CESAREAN SECTION | BIRTH SPACING | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | DECISION MAKING | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Obstetrical Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Behavior Document Number: 297433 |
| 23. Title: Perceptions of school-aged women in northeast Scotland on sex education: A focus group study. Author: Reid JM; van Teijlingen ER Source: International Journal of Health Promotion and Education. 2006;44(2):59-64. Abstract: Aim to investigate the current attitudes and behaviour of young women towards formal sex education and informal sources of sexual health advice. Method Qualitative research methods were adopted in the form of focus group discussions, which included questions on sex education sexual health campaigns and informal sources of sexual health information and advice. The group interviews were recorded. A content analysis of the transcriptions was undertaken to identify the key themes and concepts. Results Five focus groups were conducted in formal secondary-school settings and one in a community education centre. In total 31 young women aged 16 -18 years participated in the study. Results showed that partisans viewed the delivery of sex education as outdated and often ineffective. Teachers are not deemed to be effective providers of sex education and external healthcare facilitators are preferred. The main sources of sexual health information and advice for young women are friends, older sisters and girls' magazines, with parents and school nurses generally regarded as poor sources. Current sexual health campaigns are ineffective in targeting young people, with many unable to report any that are running at present, or the messages they try to portray. Conclusions Young women view sexual intercourse as a normal activity for adolescents to partake in. This study suggests that those working in the health and education sectors should listen to the ideas and view of young people when planning and providing sexual health education, as the current provision of sex education is perceived to be ineffective by young people in fulfilling their needs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | SCHOOLS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SEX EDUCATION | ATTITUDES | BEHAVIOR | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Education | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors Document Number: 307053 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Measuring pregnancy intention and its relationship with contraceptive use among women undergoing therapeutic abortion. Author: Schunmann C; Glasier A Source: Contraception. 2006 May;73(5):520-524. Abstract: Most pregnancies ending in therapeutic abortion are assumed to have been unintended. In the developed world, most arise from inconsistent or incorrect contraceptive use. Ambivalence about pregnancy might be associated with less effective contraceptive use. Three hundred sixteen women undergoing abortion in Scotland were interviewed about contraceptive use at the time of conception. A modified measure of pregnancy intendedness was used to determine ambivalence. Pregnancy appeared to be clearly unintended for 92% of women. Sixteen percent were not using contraception and had higher intendedness scores (p < .001) than those using a method. Forty-four percent were using contraception inconsistently or incorrectly, almost always condoms or oral contraception, but method choice was not linked to pregnancy intendedness. Women who are ambivalent about the desire for pregnancy are less likely to use contraception. The challenge for reducing abortion rates lies in improving contraceptive use among the much larger group of women who do not intend to get pregnant but use contraception imperfectly. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PREGNANT WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ABORTION | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | ATTITUDES | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 299442 Notification |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Specialist contraceptive counselling and provision after termination of pregnancy improves uptake of long-acting methods but does not prevent repeat abortion: a randomized trial. Author: Schunmann C; Glasier A Source: Human Reproduction. 2006 Sep;21(9):2296-2303. Abstract: One in four abortions in the UK is undertaken for women who have had one before. Women undergoing abortion in Edinburgh were targeted for improved contraceptive advice and provision in this randomized trial. Between November 2001 and May 2002, women recruited at assessment for abortion were randomized at admission to receive specialist contraceptive advice and enhanced provision (316 women) or standard care (297 women). Randomization was based on the week of admission. Contraceptive use 16 weeks after abortion was assessed by questionnaire and subsequent abortions by review of the hospital records 2 years later. Women receiving specialist advice and enhanced provision were more likely to leave the hospital with contraception (271 versus 115, P < 0.001), which was more likely to be a long-acting method (141 versus 78, P < 0.001) than women receiving standard care. Four months later, there was no significant difference in contraceptive prevalence or continuation, but women in the intervention group were more likely to be using contraceptive implants (32 versus 6, P < 0.001). Two years later, 14.6% of women in the intervention group (44/302) and 10% of controls (27/268) had undergone another abortion in the same hospital (P = 0.267). Specialist contraceptive advice and enhanced provision had a short-lived effect on contraceptive uptake and increased the use of long-acting methods but did not appear to reduce repeat abortions. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | COUNSELORS | ABORTION | WOMEN | COUNSELING | POSTABORTAL PROGRAMS | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Fertility Control, Postconception | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning Programs | Contraceptive Usage | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 307404 Notification |
| 26. Title: The impact of knowledge and social influences on adolescents' breast-feeding beliefs and intentions. Author: Swanson V; Power K; Kaur B; Carter H; Shepherd K Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2006 May;9(3):297-305. Abstract: Many health promotion educational interventions assume that increasing knowledge directly influences beliefs, intentions and behaviour, whereas research suggests that knowledge alone is insufficient for behavioural change. Social cognition frameworks such as the Theory of Reasoned Action propose a central role for beliefs and social normative influences. This Scottish study evaluates the role of knowledge and social influences (subjective norms, exposure to breast-feeding, social barriers) on beliefs and future intentions to breast-feed or bottle-feed. Social influences from family and peers are investigated. A cross-sectional between-subjects observational design was used. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 229 (46%) male and 267 (54%) female adolescents aged 11--18 years. Participants completed questionnaires during lessons at three secondary schools in Central Scotland. Knowledge about health benefits of breast-feeding was generally poor. Analyses found that perceived social barriers to breast-feeding moderated the relationship between knowledge and beliefs. More knowledge, positive beliefs and supportive subjective norms also predicted future intentions to breast-feed. Parental norms exerted greater influence than peer norms on adolescents' breast-feeding beliefs. Knowledge and social influences are important predictors of positive breast-feeding beliefs and future intentions to breast-feed in adolescents. This has important implications for breast-feeding health promotion interventions in young people. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | BREASTFEEDING | BELIEFS | KNOWLEDGE | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | ATTITUDES | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 302524 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Compliance and user satisfaction with the intra-uterine contraceptive device in Family Planning Service: the results of a survey in Fife, Scotland, August 2004. Author: Tewari R; Kay VJ Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2006 Mar;11(1):28-37. Abstract: The study was designed to assess user satisfaction and duration of use of intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) in Fife. A questionnaire was given to 254 women attending a Fife Family Planning Clinic, in whom an IUD had been fitted over 3 years ago, with a 71% response rate. The majority of respondents were over age 30 years (81%) and parous (91%). The most frequently used IUD was the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS: 39%), with the rest of the coils being an assortment of copper-medicated coils. Side effects were common, occurring in 92% of users and compliance was low, with 23% using for less than 1 year. Comparisons between LNG-IUS and other IUD-users showed similar side-effects, although mood disorders were higher with LNG-IUS. Overall satisfaction rates with the family planning service were high. Methods to improve IUD uptake and compliance are needed, particularly in younger women and nulliparous women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING SURVEYS | WOMEN | USER COMPLIANCE | SATISFACTION | IUD, HORMONE RELEASING | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | IUD SIDE EFFECTS | MENTAL DISORDERS | LEVONORGESTREL | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Psychological Factors | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Diseases | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 295016 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Preventing unintended pregnancy: let us count the ways. Author: Trussell J; Raymond EG Source: Lancet. 2006 Nov 18;368(9549):1747-1748. Abstract: In today's Lancet, Fatim Lakha and Anna Glasier report that 42% of pregnancies in women attending the New Royal Infirmary in Edinburgh, Scotland, were unintended. Of women with unintended pregnancies, only 10% used emergency contraception in the cycle in which they became pregnant. Lakha and Glasier conclude that because of low usage, emergency contraception is unlikely to hold much promise in reducing unintended pregnancy. That at most a tenth of women with unintended pregnancies tried to prevent their pregnancies by using emergency contraception seems dismal, but this statistic cannot be meaningfully interpreted without simultaneously considering the effectiveness of this method. If use of emergency contraception prevents 89% of pregnancies that otherwise would have happened, then for every pregnancy that is established, about eight (89/11) will have been averted. In that case, a finding that 10% of unintended pregnancies were emergency contraception failures would imply that, in the general community, emergency contraception was used in 51% of cycles that would have resulted in an unintended pregnancy. That level of use would be encouraging. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | CRITIQUE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | INTERVENTIONS | ABORTION | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Fertility Control, Postconception Document Number: 309656 Notification |
| 29. Title: Parental influences on young people's sexual behaviour: a longitudinal analysis. Author: Wight D; Williamson L; Henderson M Source: Journal of Adolescence. 2006 Aug;29(4):473-494. Abstract: Both family structure and processes have been associated with young people's sexual behaviour, but most studies are cross-sectional and focus on only one outcome: age at first intercourse. This paper uses longitudinal data from a survey of Scottish teenagers (N = 5041) to show how low parental monitoring predicts early sexual activity for both sexes (with some reverse causation), and for females it also predicts more sexual partners and less condom use. A lot of spending money also predicts early sexual activity and, for males, having more sexual partners. Comfort talking with parents about sex, however, seems to bear little relationship to sexual behaviour. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | SEX BEHAVIOR | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | CONDOM USE | RISK BEHAVIOR | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexual Partners | Behavior | Child Rearing | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 306581 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Young teenagers' perceptions of their own and others' bodies: a qualitative study of obese, overweight and 'normal' weight young people in Scotland. Author: Wills W; Backett-Milburn K; Gregory S; Lawton J Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2006;62:396-406. Abstract: The rise in numbers of overweight/obese children in the UK is causing widespread concern. Biomedical constructions of body acceptability and 'good health' mean that overweight/obese young people are frequently seen as deviant. The socio-cultural contexts within which young teenagers become fat, and lay conceptualisations of fatness, have largely been ignored. This qualitative study involved in-depth interviews with teenagers aged 13-14 years (n = 36), drawn from families living in areas classified as socio-economically disadvantaged. Half of the sample had a Body Mass Index (BMI) classifying them as overweight or obese, whilst the remainder were classified as being 'normal' weight. Participants' embodied perceptions of fatness were complex and sometimes contradictory. We discuss what young teenagers perceive the influences on fatness and body size to be; the professed consequences of being fat; participants' experiences of attempting to lose weight; and, their reported interactions with friends and family relating to fatness and dieting. Participants rarely mentioned any health-related consequences of their own and others' fatness, although wearing 'nice' clothes and being slowed down were raised as considerations by girls and boys, respectively. 'Normal' weight teenagers who disliked their bodies or who wanted to lose weight often claimed to be anxious about this. Being very obese also led to anxiety and reported attempts at 'crash dieting'. Acceptance of body size/shape was, however, common amongst the overweight and obese teenagers, although some had attempted weight loss. The teenagers in this study were rarely supportive of friends or family who attempted to lose weight and frequently disagreed with others' perceptions of fatness. These findings are important as they contradict the common perception that being overweight/ obese is related to body dissatisfaction and that young people have a fear of fatness. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS | OBESITY | BODY WEIGHT | SELF-PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Perception | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 295309 |
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