1.  Title: Diarrheal disease: solutions to defeat a global killer. Author: Program for Appropriate Technology in Health [PATH] Source: Washington, D.C., PATH, 2009. 38 p. Abstract: Today, the leading causes of death among children under the age of five, particularly in the developing world, are pneumonia and diarrhea. These illnesses are both preventable and treatable. The global health community possesses the interventions and knowledge to save millions of children's lives worldwide. We can do this by reprioritizing diarrheal disease on the global health agenda; educating, increasing awareness, and mobilizing health care providers, policymakers, and the larger global community around the burden of diarrheal disease and the lifesaving interventions that exist today; and by implementing these solutions with a coordinated approach. Proven, lifesaving, prevention and treatment methods [include]: safe water, improved sanitation and good hygiene; vaccines; exclusive breastfeeding and optimal complementary feeding; oral rehydration therapy (ORT) / oral rehydration solution (ORS); zinc treatment and other micronutrients. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CHILDREN | DIARRHEA | MALNUTRITION | CHILD MORTALITY | ZINC | WATER QUALITY | CAUSES OF DEATH | SANITATION | TREATMENT | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Nutrition Disorders | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 331382 |
2.  Title: The conceptions of care among family caregivers of persons living with HIV/AIDS in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Author: Aga F; Kylma J; Nikkonen M Source: Journal of Transcultural Nursing. 2009 Jan;20(1):37-50. Abstract: This focused ethnographic study explores and describes the conceptions of care among family caregivers of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWAs) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Leininger's theory of culture care diversity and universality is the conceptual anchor of this ethnographic study. Using semistructured interviews and participant observation, 6 key informants and 12 general informants were interviewed in their home in Amharic language. Data were analyzed in Amharic using Leininger's phases of ethnonursing analysis for qualitative data and then translated to English. Four major themes representing family caregivers' conceptions of care were identified: nourishing the PLWA while struggling with poverty, maintenance of cleanliness and hygiene of the person and surroundings, comforting the PLWA, and sacrificing self to sustain the PLWA. Valuable data were gathered about the family caregivers' conceptions of care. Nurses can use this knowledge to design and provide culturally congruent care to family caregivers and PLWAs in the community. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | PERCEPTION | CARE AND SUPPORT | TREATMENT | HYGIENE | POVERTY | SANITATION | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | HOME CARE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Public Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 330218 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Improved sanitation and income are associated with decreased rates of hospitalization for diarrhoea in Brazilian infants. Author: Andrade IG; Queiroz JW; Cabral AP; Lieberman JA; Jeronimo SM Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 May;103(5):506-11. Abstract: Diarrhoeal diseases remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Brazilian children. However, from 1992 to 2001 there was a significant decline in hospitalizations for acute diarrhoea in children below 1 year of age in Brazil. A significant improvement in child health was also observed in the state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), with a decrease in child mortality from 70 to 40 deaths per 1000. Using distributed lag analysis we analysed a number of factors possibly connected with decreased hospitalization in RN and found that hospitalization was correlated up to lag 3 with poverty (P<0.001) and inflation (P<0.001). Improvements in public health infrastructure such as better waste collection, presence of city water supply and increased sanitation, socio-economic variables such as education and literacy, and increased investment in health services were all important in reducing severe early childhood diarrhoeas and thus directly associated with the decrease in hospitalization. We also observed a positive seasonal correlation between rainfall and hospitalizations with an increased in rainfall impacting positively on hospitalization in all lags. The data suggests that increased buying power and reductions in poverty played a crucial role in reducing hospitalizations for acute diarrhoea in infants in RN. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | INFANT | DIARRHEA, INFANTILE | POVERTY | INFANT MORTALITY | SANITATION | HOSPITALS | PUBLIC HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diarrhea | Diseases | Economic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Health | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 342512 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Community-based environmental management for malaria control: evidence from a small-scale intervention in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Author: Castro MC; Tsuruta A; Kanamori S; Kannady K; Mkude S Source: Malaria Journal. 2009;8:57. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Historically, environmental management has brought important achievements in malaria control and overall improvements of health conditions. Currently, however, implementation is often considered not to be cost-effective. A community-based environmental management for malaria control was conducted in Dar es Salaam between 2005 and 2007. After community sensitization, two drains were cleaned followed by maintenance. This paper assessed the impact of the intervention on community awareness, prevalence of malaria infection, and Anopheles larval presence in drains. METHODS: A survey was conducted in neighbourhoods adjacent to cleaned drains; for comparison, neighbourhoods adjacent to two drains treated with larvicides and two drains under no intervention were also surveyed. Data routinely collected by the Urban Malaria Control Programme were also used. Diverse impacts were evaluated through comparison of means, odds ratios (OR), logistic regression, and time trends calculated by moving averages. RESULTS: Individual awareness of health risks and intervention goals were significantly higher among sensitized neighbourhoods. A reduction in the odds of malaria infection during the post-cleaning period in intervention neighbourhoods was observed when compared to the pre-cleaning period (OR = 0.12, 95% CI 0.05-0.3, p < 0.001). During the post-cleaning period, a higher risk of infection (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.4, p = 0.0069) was observed in neighbourhoods under no intervention compared to intervention ones. Eighteen months after the initial cleaning, one of the drains was still clean due to continued maintenance efforts (it contained no waste materials and the water was flowing at normal velocity). A three-month moving average of the percentage of water habitats in that drain containing pupae and/or Anopheles larvae indicated a decline in larval density. In the other drain, lack of proper resources and local commitment limited success. CONCLUSION: Although environmental management was historically coordinated by authoritarian/colonial regimes or by industries/corporations, its successful implementation as part of an integrated vector management framework for malaria control under democratic governments can be possible if four conditions are observed: political will and commitment, community sensitization and participation, provision of financial resources for initial cleaning and structural repairs, and inter-sectoral collaboration. Such effort not only is expected to reduce malaria transmission, but has the potential to empower communities, improve health and environmental conditions, and ultimately contribute to poverty alleviation and sustainable development. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | URBAN AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | MALARIA PREVENTION | VECTOR CONTROL | INTERVENTIONS | SANITATION | MALARIA | PREVALENCE | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | POLITICAL FACTORS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Programs | Organization and Administration | Public Health | Health | Measurement | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 341983 |
| 5. Title: Sustainable community management of urban water and sanitation schemes (a training manual). Author: Castro V; Msuya N; Makoye C Source: Nairobi, Kenya, World Bank, Water and Sanitation Program - Africa, 2009 Jan. 52 p. Abstract: The aim of this capacity building programme is to improve the efficiency and positive impact of urban, community-managed water and sanitation schemes. The manual was originally developed in collaboration with the Dar es Salaam Water and Sewerage Authority's (DAWASA) Community Water Supply and Sanitation Program (CWSSP); but some of the material is applicable to other urban communities who may need to improve their management practices and increase the likelihood of a sustainable operation. The material included in this manual is intended to provide a trainer with the tools and information to build management capacity in the target communities. Although the manual is geared for trainers, it has also been designed to serve as a reference tool for communities who may wish to review the material on an on-going basis. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | MANUAL | WATER SUPPLY | SANITATION | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | PROCEDURES | COMMUNICATION | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Health | Programs | Economic Factors Document Number: 331414 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: [Child health in poor areas: findings from a population-based study in Caracol, Piaui, and Garrafao do Norte, Para, Brazil] Saude infantil em areas pobres: resultados de um estudo de base populacional nos municipios de Caracol, Piaui, e Garrafao do Norte, Para, Brasil. Author: Cesar JA; Chrestani MA; Fantinel EJ; Goncalves TS; Neumann NA Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2009 Apr;25(4):809-818. Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate child health indicators in the municipalities (counties) of Caracol, Piauí State, and Garrafão do Norte, Pará State, Brazil. Through household visits using systematic sampling, previously trained interviewers applied a standard questionnaire to mothers of under-five children, investigating socioeconomic status, housing and environmental sanitation, demographic characteristics, disease patterns, and prenatal and childbirth care. The analysis used the t-test and chi-square test to compare indicators between the two municipalities. Of the 1,728 children studied, 60% were from families with incomes less than one monthly minimum wage (approximately U$200), 41% had no type of sewage treatment or disposal, 10% of mothers reported zero prenatal visits, 30% of the children were born in the same municipality, and 30% had been taken to a pediatric consultation in the previous 3 months; 20% had a height-for-age deficit > 2 standard deviations. All target indicators were deficient in both the municipalities (especially in Garrafão do Norte). Expanding health care supply and improving housing and sanitation conditions are priorities in both municipalities. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | MOTHERS | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | HOUSEHOLDS | SANITATION | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | ANTENATAL CARE | BEHAVIOR | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | INCOME | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Public Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 341867 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: [Child health in poor areas: findings from a population-based study in Caracol, Piaui, and Garrafao do Norte, Para, Brazil] Saude infantil em areas pobres: resultados de um estudo de base populacional nos Author: Cesar JA; Chrestani MA; Fantinel EJ; Goncalves TS; Neumann NA Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica. 2009 Apr;25(4):809-18. Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate child health indicators in the municipalities (counties) of Caracol, Piaui State, and Garrafao do Norte, Para State, Brazil. Through household visits using systematic sampling, previously trained interviewers applied a standard questionnaire to mothers of under-five children, investigating socioeconomic status, housing and environmental sanitation, demographic characteristics, disease patterns, and prenatal and childbirth care. The analysis used the t-test and chi-square test to compare indicators between the two municipalities. Of the 1,728 children studied, 60% were from families with incomes less than one monthly minimum wage (approximately U$200), 41% had no type of sewage treatment or disposal, 10% of mothers reported zero prenatal visits, 30% of the children were born in the same municipality, and 30% had been taken to a pediatric consultation in the previous 3 months; 20% had a height-for-age deficit > 2 standard deviations. All target indicators were deficient in both the municipalities (especially in Garrafao do Norte). Expanding health care supply and improving housing and sanitation conditions are priorities in both municipalities. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | HOUSEHOLDS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | SANITATION | ANTENATAL CARE | INCOME | SOCIAL WELFARE | NEEDS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health | Public Health | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 342662 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Pilot trial of an intervention aimed at modifying drug preparation practices among injection drug users in Puerto Rico. Author: Colon HM; Finlinson HA; Negron J; Sosa I; Rios-Olivares E; Robles RR Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(3):523-31. Abstract: Injection drug users (IDUs) contaminate preparation materials with blood-borne pathogens by using syringes as measuring and dispensing devices. In collaboration with IDUs, we developed a preventive intervention consisting of four new preparation practices aimed at avoiding the use of syringes in the preparation, and reducing the contamination of the materials. This report describes the results of a pilot trial introducing the new practices to ascertain their adoption potential and their potential efficacy in reducing contamination. Participants comprised 37 active IDUs among whom the new practices were promoted during 16 weeks. In addition to self-reported behaviors, the study collected cookers and plastic caps from shooting galleries and tested them for the presence of blood residues. Adoption rates were: (1) cleaning of skin area with hand sanitizer--65.6%; (2) directly pouring water with a dropper into the cooker--56.3%; (3) drawing drug solution with a preparation syringe and syringe filter--34.4%; and, (4) backload rinsing syringes--53.1%. Rates of blood residues detected in cookers and plastic caps were 41.7% prior to the trial, 28.6% at week 8, 24.6% at week 14, and 12.0% at week 18. We believe the results of the pilot trial are compelling and suggest that this intervention merits further formal testing. Language: English Keywords: PUERTO RICO | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | IV DRUG USERS | CLIENTS | HIV PREVENTION | SANITATION | PARTICIPATION | BEHAVIOR | Caribbean | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Drug Use and Abuse | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Public Health | Health | Social Behavior Document Number: 342088 |
| 9. Title: Poverty, bridging between injecting drug users and the general population, and "interiorization" may explain the spread of HIV in southern Brazil. Author: Hacker MA; Leite I; Friedman SR; Carrijo RG; Bastos FI Source: Health and Place. 2009 Jun;15(2):514-9. Abstract: The aim of this paper is to study how structural determinants and the role of injecting drug users (IDUs) as a bridging population to the general population affected the AIDS subepidemic in southern Brazil during 1986-2000. Data from 288 southernmost Brazilian municipalities were analyzed. Using hierarchical modeling and inputs from a Geographic Information System, a multilevel model was constructed. The dependent variable was the logged AIDS standardized incidence rate (among the heterosexual population aged 15-69-years-old); independent variables included indicators for education, water provision, sewage, and garbage collection, per capita income, Gini coefficient (on income), Human Development Index, indicators of accessibility, and AIDS rate among IDUs. Significant predictors included AIDS rate among IDUs, distance from/to highways/railways, the Human Development Index and the ratio of residents who have access to sanitary installations. Poverty (as measured by socioeconomic indicators) and bridging from IDUs contribute to the spread of HIV/AIDS in Brazilian southern municipalities. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | IV DRUG USERS | HIV TRANSMISSION | POVERTY | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | PREVALENCE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | DISTANCE | SANITATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Factors | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Geographic Factors | Population | Public Health | Health Document Number: 330964 |
| 10. Title: Girls’ success: Mentoring guide for life skills. Author: Kays L Source: Washington, D.C., Academy for Educational Development [AED], Center for Gender Equity, 2009. [115] p. Abstract: This guide discusses mentoring girls to help them develop important life skills. Some of the topics covered include healthy living, inner strength, making good choices, reproductive health, and sexuality. The guide provides discussion questions about each topic and learning activities that can be conducted in mentoring sessions or when girls are in school or with their families. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HUMAN RIGHTS | SEXUALITY | PUBERTY | NUTRITION | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | HYGIENE | DIET | SANITATION | WATER QUALITY | QUALITY OF LIFE | COUNSELING | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Reproduction | Public Health | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331823 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: The impact of an urban sewerage system on childhood diarrhoea in Tehran, Iran: a concurrent control field trial. Author: Kolahi AA; Rastegarpour A; Sohrabi MR Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 May;103(5):500-5. Abstract: The stepwise implementation of the Tehran Sewerage Project provided a convenient setting for which health impacts of an urban sewerage system could be examined with appropriate controls. In 2001, Tehran municipal districts 17 and 18 had no sewerage system connections, but areas within these districts had been planned to be connected by 2006. These areas were chosen as an intervention group. Neighbouring areas, with a similar socio-economic status, that had not been planned to connect to the sewerage system by 2006, were chosen as controls. Homes within designated areas were randomized and surveyed twice to determine diarrhoea incidences for children aged 6-60 months, once in 2001, before connection to the sewerage system, and once again in 2006, after the intervention. By 2006, 76% of the homes in the intervention zones were connected to the sewerage system. In the first stage of the study, diarrhoea incidences for intervention and control groups were 18.6 and 16.6%, respectively. In the second stage, incidences decreased to 10.1 and 10.5%, respectively. Data collected from 4179 children demonstrated that the diarrhoea incidence had decreased by 46% in the intervention group, whereas it had decreased by 37% in the controls. Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | URBAN POPULATION | SANITATION | PUBLIC HEALTH | DIARRHEA | WASTE MANAGEMENT | HYGIENE | Middle East | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Diseases | Environment Document Number: 342515 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Population-based study of a widespread outbreak of diarrhea associated with increased mortality and malnutrition in Botswana, January-March, 2006. Author: Mach O; Lu L; Creek T; Bowen A; Arvelo W; Smit M; Masunge J; Brennan M; Handzel T Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 May;80(5):812-8. Abstract: In early 2006, coinciding with heavy rains, Botswana health facilities reported increases in diarrhea, mortality, and acute malnutrition among young children. Data on diarrhea, human immunodeficiency virus, feeding, mortality, and water/sanitation were collected by random cluster survey. Anthropometric data were measured and drinking water samples were tested. Of 537 surveyed children less than five years of age, one-third experienced >or= 1 episode of diarrhea. Prevalence of acute malnutrition was 7.9%, and the mortality rate for children less than five years of age was 2.6/10,000/day during the outbreak. Significant risk factors for diarrhea included an age less than two years; breastfeeding was protective. Diarrhea lasting for more than 14 days and failure to thrive were risk factors for acute malnutrition. Prevalence of acute malnutrition was higher than previously documented and the mortality rate in children less than five years of age during the outbreak was above the international threshold for emergency action with an estimated 547 excess deaths. This survey highlights the need for safe infant feeding and effective treatment of malnutrition and diarrhea in young children. Language: English Keywords: BOTSWANA | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | DIARRHEA | MALNUTRITION | CHILD MORTALITY | HIV INFECTIONS | SANITATION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Nutrition Disorders | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Viral Diseases | Public Health | Health Document Number: 341334 |
| 13. Title: Causes for the decline in child under-nutrition in Brazil, 1996-2007. Author: Monteiro CA; Benicio MH; Konno SC; Silva AC; Lima AL; Conde WL Source: Revista De Saude Publica. 2009 Feb;43(1):35-43. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the evolution of prevalence of under-nutrition among Brazilian underfives between 1996 and 2007, and to identify major factors responsible for this evolution. METHODS: Data analyzed are from two Demographic Health Surveys carried out in Brazil in 1996 and 2006/7 based on probabilistic samples of roughly 4 thousand children under five years of age. Identification of factors responsible for temporal variation in prevalence of under-nutrition (height-for-age below -2 Z-scores; WHO 2006 standard) took into account changes in the distribution of four potential determinants of nutritional status. Statistical modeling of the independent association between these determinants and risk of under-nutrition, and calculation of 'partial attributable fractions' were used to determine the relative importance of each factor in the evolution of infant under-nutrition. RESULTS: Prevalence of under-nutrition fell by approximately 50%, from 13.5% (95%CI: 12.1%; 14.8%) in 1996 to 6.8% (5.4%; 8.3%) in 2006/7. Two-thirds of this reduction could be attributed to favorable evolution in the four factors studied: 25.7% to increased maternal schooling; 21.7% to increased purchasing power of families; 11.6% to expansion of healthcare; and 4.3%to improvements in sanitation. CONCLUSIONS: The 6.3% annual rate of decline in the proportion of children with height-for-age deficits indicates that, in another ten years, child malnutrition in Brazil may no longer be a public health issue. Achieving this will depend on the maintenance of economic and social policies that have favored an increase in purchasing power among the poor, and on public investments aimed at completing the universalization of access to essential services such as education, health, and sanitation among the Brazilian population. Language: EnglishPortuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CHILD | MALNUTRITION | PREVALENCE | CHILD NUTRITION | NUTRITION DISORDERS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | HEALTH SERVICES | SANITATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Nutrition | Health | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Delivery of Health Care | Public Health Document Number: 341847 |
| 14. Title: A rights-based approach to accessing health determinants. Author: Perkins F Source: Global Health Promotion. 2009 Mar;16(1):61-4. Abstract: This commentary summarizes the experience and learnings from a site visit in May 2008 to a drop-in centre for vulnerable women in downtown Cairo run by El-Shehab Institution for Comprehensive Development, which provides street outreach for the prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI). The Centre successfully provides services and support for women, many of who are displaced or refugees and are from the most marginalized areas in Cairo. Through a rights-based approach to the work, the Centre helps people living in the slums fight and win the right to access clean water, sewerage and electrical power in their communities. An individual-based approach to human rights is also used. In the last year El-Shehab have helped 67 women go to court and win their marriage rights from husbands who have abandoned them. Their approach is an example of a successful way to achieve access to basic health determinants. Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | SLUMS | CRITIQUE | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | SEX WORKERS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | HUMAN RIGHTS | HEALTH | ADVOCACY | WATER SUPPLY | SANITATION | ELECTRICITY | COURT DECISION | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Communication | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Energy Supply | Litigation Document Number: 342373 |
| 15. Title: Fatal neglect: How health systems are failing to comprehensively address child mortality. Author: Ross I; Cumming O Source: New York, New York, WaterAid America, 2009 May. 21 p. Abstract: The aid system is not responding to the causes of child mortality in a targeted manner. The Millennium Development Goal to reduce by two-thirds the number of children dying before their fifth birthday by 2015 (MDG 4) is seriously offtrack. In Sub-Saharan Africa, on current trends, it will not be met until 2064. The international health agenda is failing to mobilize the required response to critical causes of child deaths. This paper assesses how and why the international aid system is overlooking diarrhea, the second-biggest killer of under-fives after acute respiratory infections. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILDREN | CHILD HEALTH | DIARRHEA | INFECTIONS | SANITATION | MALARIA PREVENTION | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Diseases | Public Health | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331383 |
| 16. Title: Acute diarrhea in children after 2004 tsunami, Andaman Islands [letter] Author: Roy S; Bhattacharya D; Ghoshal SR; Thanasekaran K; Bharadwaj AP; Singhania M; Sugunan AP Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009 May;15(5):849-50. Abstract: This letter to the editor discusses the incidence of acute diarrhea among children from the Andaman Islands. The findings show that acute diarrhea decreased within months of the 2004 tsunami and highlights the importance of public health and sanitation measures after a natural disaster. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | CHILDREN | NATURAL DISASTERS | DIARRHEA | INCIDENCE | SANITATION | WATER QUALITY | WATER SUPPLY | DISASTER RELIEF | EXPENDITURES | PUBLIC HEALTH | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Environment | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Health | Water | Natural Resources | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 341996 |
| 17. Title: Trials of Improved Practices (TIPs): Determining feasible water and feces management small doable actions for HIV programs in Ethiopia. Author: Seumo EF; Tesfay M; Rosenbaum J; Bery R Source: Washington, D.C., Academy for Educational Development [AED], USAID Hygiene Improvement Project, 2009 Feb. 61 p. (Trials of Improved Practices (TIPs)USAID Contract No. GHS-I-00-04-00024-00) Abstract: Diarrheal disease is the most common opportunistic infection in people living with HIV / AIDS (PLWHA) in resource limited settings. Diarrhea is very debilitating and negatively affects the PLWHA's quality of life. Household members and especially children are at risk of contracting diarrhea from PLWHA suffering from bouts of diarrhea. Improving water, hygiene, and sanitation (WASH) helps prevent diarrhea in PLWHA and their households and enhances the quality of life. The major challenge is how to integrate WASH into HIV programs. To address this challenge, USAID / HIP worked with NGOs providing home-based care services in Ethiopia to design and carry out a trial of improved practices (TIPs) to help identify the water, hygiene, and sanitation small doable actions (SDA) to be integrated into HIV programs. A rapid assessment was carried out in Amhara Region in December 2007. The SDA were reviewed with NGOs partners in Addis to identify the WASH behaviors to be explored in the TIPs. Water and feces management were the two areas that required more information and were thus selected for the TIPs. Further, despite the high risk of HIV transmission associated with menstrual blood, very little is known about HIV-positive women's hygiene practices during menstruation. To fill this gap, USAID / HIP also included this topic in the TIPs. For seven weeks trained data collectors and home-based care workers visited 62 PLWHA in Adama, Addis, Alemtena, and Wonji -- urban, peri-urban, and rural sites in the Oromo Region. USAID / HIP reviewed the findings from the Oromo and Amhara regions and developed recommendations on the WASH SDA to be integrated in the home-based care programs in Ethiopia. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WATER QUALITY | HYGIENE | SANITATION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | HOME CARE | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | DIARRHEA | MENSTRUATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Health | Behavior | Care and Support | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Programs | Organization and Administration | Reproduction Document Number: 331415 |
| 18. Title: Smart finance solutions: Examples of innovative financial mechanisms for water and sanitation. Author: Singeling M; Claasen F; Casella D; van Daalen T; Fonseca C Source: Amsterdam, Netherlands, KIT Publishers, 2009. 72 p. Abstract: This booklet gives examples of how different financial mechanisms are being used to finance water, sanitation projects and small local businesses that contribute to reaching MDG-7. The first chapter describes different financing mechanisms being applied at household / community (micro-) and at intermediate institutional (meso-) level. It gives examples of how these mechanisms are being used to finance water and sanitation projects or small / medium enterprises. It also provides the reader with some useful links for further reading. The second part describes which business models can be used to obtain different financial mechanisms and gives an overview of how to write a successful business plan or project proposal. It also includes a list of organisations that finance water and sanitation projects / businesses. The booklet is designed as a source of inspiration, rather than a manual. It provides links to further, more in-depth information. (Author's abstract) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | NETHERLANDS | MANUAL | CASE STUDIES | WATER SUPPLY | WATER QUALITY | SANITATION | HYGIENE | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | PLANNING | MANAGEMENT | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Natural Resources | Environment | Water | Public Health | Health | Economic Factors | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331418 |
| 19. Title: Life expectancy and welfare in Latin America and the Caribbean. Author: Soares RR Source: Health Economics. 2009 Apr;18 Suppl 1:S37-54. Abstract: This paper analyses the recent evolution of life expectancy in Latin American and Caribbean countries, and evaluates how much it has contributed to the overall improvements in welfare. We argue that increases in life expectancy between 1960 and 2000, which were largely independent of income, represented gains in welfare comparable to the ones derived from income growth. For countries in the region, estimates of welfare improvements accounting for health increase the numbers obtained from income alone by 40% on average. The available evidence suggests that improvements in public health infrastructure - such as provision of treated water and sewerage services - and large-scale immunization programs may have been the key factors behind the mortality reductions observed in the period. Language: English Keywords: CARIBBEAN | LATIN AMERICA | CRITIQUE | LIFE EXPECTANCY | SOCIAL WELFARE | PUBLIC HEALTH | IMMUNIZATION | WATER QUALITY | SANITATION | INCOME | INEQUALITIES | MORTALITY DECLINE | Developing Countries | Americas | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 341985 |
| 20. Title: International child health: state of the art. Author: Torjesen K; Olness K Source: Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care. 2009 Sep;39(8):192-213. Abstract: Many published articles and policies describe what should be state of the art in global child health, and there are dozens of large initiatives aimed at implementing these policies. We have knowledge of what should work, yet struggle to effectively implement that knowledge and improve child health outcomes in resource-poor settings, even at the most basic level of ensuring sufficient food and clean water for the world's children. This article highlights many smaller programs that are operational in the field, demonstrating excellence in global child health efforts, and may approach state of the art in actual implementation. The examples include a grass roots primary health care program, a home-based neonatal care program, kangaroo mother care, ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF), a vitamin A program, point-of-use water purification, disasters and children, a pain management program, and a developmental disabilities program. This article also discusses the importance of strengthening human resources for health by, for example, training child health professionals in low resource countries. These programs show what can be done and could be replicated in other communities to improve child health, given a few committed individuals and modest resources. Ultimately, truly state of the art health care for children must be defined locally and championed by each state or nation. Nevertheless, there are overarching components and supports that are the responsibility of the global community, particularly those needed to assure that the basic human rights of children, including health, are met throughout the world. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | CHILD HEALTH | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | ANTENATAL CARE | HUMAN RIGHTS | VITAMIN A | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | FOOD SECURITY | MALNUTRITION | WATER SUPPLY | SANITATION | PAIN | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Physiology | Biology | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Public Health | Signs and Symptoms Document Number: 342519 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Socio-economic predictors of stunting in preschool children--a population-based study from Johannesburg and Soweto. Author: Willey BA; Cameron N; Norris SA; Pettifor JM; Griffiths PL Source: South African Medical Journal. 2009 Jun;99(6):450-6. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Stunting continues to be a child public health concern in many African countries, including South Africa. This study uses data from the Birth to Twenty study, held in Johannesburg, to investigate a range of household-level socioeconomic and social support predictors of stunting in children aged less than 30 months. DESIGN: Logistical regression models were constructed using a conceptual framework to investigate the association between early life measures of socio-economic status and stunting (<--2 standard deviations from the WHO (2006) standard), using data collected in the Birth to Twenty study. RESULTS: Stunting prevalence was 18.0% (213/1 186). In unadjusted analyses, numerous socio-economic status exposures showed significant associations with stunting; however, in final multivariable models, decreased likelihood of stunting was seen in children born to mothers who were employed (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.40-0.88), those with fathers who had completed secondary school (AOR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.40-0.85), and whose parents employed a domestic worker (AOR = 0.40, 95% CI 0.19-0.83), while increased likelihood of stunting was seen in male children (AOR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.03-1.91), and those born of low birth weight (AOR = 2.56, 95% CI 1.54-4.26). CONCLUSIONS: Stunting and child malnutrition remain policy priorities for the South African Department of Health, and this study suggests that policies that aim to increase parental education level and reduce unemployment or target additional support to families with low education or unemployed parents may reduce stunting in preschool-age children in this setting. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | CHILDREN | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | GROWTH | MALNUTRITION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | QUESTIONNAIRES | SANITATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Public Health | Health Document Number: 342868 |
| 22. Title: 2006 Bangladesh Urban Health Survey (UHS). Volume I. Author: Bangladesh. National Institute of Population Research and Training [NIPORT]; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Carolina Population Center. MEASURE Evaluation; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh [ICDDR,B]; Associates for Community and Population Research [ACPR] Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, MEASURE Evaluation, 2008 Dec. [310] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00TR-08-68a) Abstract: Nearly all of the global population growth in the next three decades will occur in urban areas, primarily as a massive migration occurs from the rural areas of middle and lower-income societies to their cities. Many, if not most of these migrants, who are generally possessed of low human and financial capital on arrival in the city, will settle in slums, the areas of concentrated poverty and environmental vulnerability that are already a dominant feature of much of the urban landscape of the developing world. Bangladesh will be no exception to these trends. The growth in her urban population is set to outstrip by a wide margin that in rural areas. Moreover, the urban growth already experienced in recent decades demonstrates that slums will likely be an increasingly important feature of urban existence in Bangladesh. Anticipating these developments, USAID and the Government of Bangladesh tasked a research team based in Bangladesh and the United States (at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) with conducting a survey designed to obtain a broad health profile of the urban population of Bangladesh. The ultimate fruit of this effort was the 2006 Urban Health Survey (2006 UHS), a rich, microlevel health-interview survey of communities, households, and individuals throughout the City Corporations and a sample of District Municipalities. The principal objectives of the 2006 UHS were: 1) To obtain a profile of health problems and health-care seeking behavior in urban areas of Bangladesh; 2) To identify vulnerable groups and examine their health profile and health-care seeking behavior; and 3) To examine the individual, household, and neighborhood-level factors associated with health outcomes and health behaviors in urban areas. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | SUMMARY REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | QUESTIONNAIRES | HOUSEHOLDS | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | CHILD LABOR | SANITATION | WATER QUALITY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | HEALTH | EMPLOYMENT | MIGRATION | QUALITY OF LIFE | DISEASES | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | FERTILITY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | INFANT NUTRITION | MENTAL HEALTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Public Health | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Socioeconomic Status | Macroeconomic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Welfare | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Nutrition Document Number: 329544 |
| 23. Title: Assessment of urine-diverting EcoSan toilets in Nepal. Report. Author: WaterAid Source: Kupondole, Nepal, WaterAid in Nepal, 2008 Sep. 72 p. Abstract: The study has found that, overall, the development and promotion of EcoSan toilets in Nepal has been very good. Based on the findings of this study, the following measures are recommended as a way forward for regulating and scaling up EcoSan in Nepal: 1. Institute regulated system for promoting EcoSan by designing a system to standardize designs based on local needs, develop a uniform financing system and ensure quality control. 2. Use the agricultural sector, including research institutions and the large network of extension workers, to further promote EcoSan throughout Nepal. 3. Demonstrate EcoSan in different areas outside the Kathmandu valley - particularly in communities where availability of water and fertilizer is a problem and use of human excreta is not a social taboo. 4. Include EcoSan promotion in existing sanitation and agriculture-related projects and programmes. 5. Promote urine utilization by ensuring that a good urine collection system, with 100 litre plastic tanks, and proper training is mandatory for all EcoSan toilets. 6. Demonstrate the concept of a urine bank that collects urine from different EcoSan users or from places where urine is produced in large quantities and then stores it properly and distributes it when there is a demand for it. 7. Reduce the cost of EcoSan and introduce cost effective models. 8. Promote organic fertilizer. 9. Build local capacity by providing training. 10. Raise awareness of EcoSan through mass communication as well as interpersonal communication. 11. Conduct regular research and monitoring on the performance of EcoSan toilets. 12. Build effective networks for learning and coordination among individuals and organizations involved in promoting EcoSan in Nepal. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | EVALUATION REPORT | SANITATION | WASTE MANAGEMENT | APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY | LATRINES | AGRICULTURE | PERCEPTION | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | PROMOTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Evaluation | Public Health | Health | Environment | Technology | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Quantitative Evaluation | Marketing Document Number: 331420 |
| 24. Title: Ecological sanitation latrines: The experience of Nepal. Author: WaterAid Source: Kupondole, Nepal, WaterAid in Nepal, 2008 Sep. 19 p. (Fieldwork Paper) Abstract: The urbanization trend in developing countries including Nepal is accelerating, thus exacerbating the condition of proper sanitation coverage. Despite greater sanitation coverage in urban areas compared to rural parts of Nepal, access to sanitation facilities does not solve the problem of improved sanitation. This is because conventional latrines normally lead to various other pressing environmental problems, along with the injustice of scarce water resources for flushing latrines to keep excreta out of sight, which means that other community accepted sustainable solutions are needed. Therefore, considering the present context and sanitation situation of the country, there is a need for a holistic approach to call for hygienic, sustainable and ecofriendly alternatives and hence, ecological sanitation toilets. This paper argues that Nepal's historical acceptance of ecological sanitation, and its recent experience in using the approach - set out in the evidence presented here - mean that Ecological Sanitation (Ecosan) could be very valuable. It could confront these problems and provide potential "added value" to the livelihood link through agricultural production and water and environment conservation. This paper highlights acceptance and use related issues, lessons learned and challenges experienced for scaling up. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | URBAN AREAS | CRITIQUE | SANITATION | WASTE MANAGEMENT | APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY | LATRINES | HYGIENE | AGRICULTURE | PERCEPTION | COST EFFECTIVENESS | PROMOTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Geographic Factors | Population | Public Health | Health | Environment | Technology | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Marketing Document Number: 331422 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Cryptosporidium and Giardia infection and drinking water sources among children in Lege Dini, Ethiopia. Author: Ayalew D; Boelee E; Endeshaw T; Petros B Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008 Apr;13(4):1-4. Abstract: We assessed the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections among children using protected and unprotected water sources in the Lege Dini watershed, Eastern Ethiopia, in November 2005 and May 2006. Of 655 children examined, 80 (12.2%) were infected with Cryptosporidium and 231 (35.3%) with Giardia. No difference was observed in the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis (P greater than 0.05) between children drinking water from protected and unprotected sources. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CHILDREN | WATER SUPPLY | SANITATION | INFECTION TRANSMISSION | PARASITIC DISEASES | SEASONAL VARIATION | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Health | Infections | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Physiology | Biology | Measurement Document Number: 324681 |
| 26. Title: Flowing away: Water and health opportunities [editorial] Author: Bartram J Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2008 Jan;86(1):2. Abstract: Despite long-standing evidence that water sanitation and hygiene are fundamental to health, health institutions have become distanced from water and sanitation since the 1970s. In developing countries, some 2.6 billion people invest a significant proportion of their household time or money in simply securing drinking-water or somewhere private to defecate. In the European Union, planners are preoccupied with the cost of serving the public's preference for bathing in sewage-free seas - as enshrined in the Bathing Water Directive, its most popular legislation. Health practitioners also appreciate the importance of water. In a recent BMJ poll, sanitation was voted the most important medical advance of the past 150 years. Is this correct? Over 9% of the global disease burden could be prevented by better management of water (this umbrella term covers drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene).5 Intervention studies report reductions in diarrhoeal disease incidence averaging 25-37%, and - using the criteria of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health - these interventions are cost effective or very cost effective in developing countries. Even these findings value only health outcomes - analysing all impacts indicates a benefit that can be valued at 3 to 34 dollars per dollar invested. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | WATER SUPPLY | WATER QUALITY | SANITATION | HYGIENE | DISEASE PREVENTION | PUBLIC HEALTH | DIARRHEA | Natural Resources | Environment | Water | Health | Prevention and Control | Diseases Document Number: 323377 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Contextual correlates of child malnutrition in rural Maharashtra. Author: Bawdekar M; Ladusingh L Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Sep;40(5):771-786. Abstract: This paper examines the role of observed contextual factors like topography, development and literacy on severe malnutrition among social groups in rural Maharashtra based on the Reproductive and Child Health District Level Household Survey (RCH-DLHS) Round II (2002-04) data. Multilevel modelling techniques were applied in order to examine the district-wise variations in severe malnutrition associated with the characteristics of the places (contextual effects), as the relationships with the type of people (compositional effects) have already been well established. The results show that developmental aspects such as road connectivity, community literacy, toilet facilities and household standard of living contribute positively to the status of severe malnutrition. Also, the scheduled tribe, aboriginal underprivileged group are more at risk of severe malnourishment due to a lack of proper development, poor awareness about maintaining and enhancing the nutritional value of food and lack of hygiene and sanitation as compared with the scheduled castes, another aboriginal group. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | CENSUS | RURAL AREAS | TRIBES | CHILD | MALNUTRITION | LITERACY | AGRICULTURE | POVERTY | STANDARD OF LIVING | HYGIENE | SANITATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Population Statistics | Geographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Public Health | Health Document Number: 308355 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Local drinking water filters reduce diarrheal disease in Cambodia: a randomized, controlled trial of the ceramic water purifier. Author: Brown J; Sobsey MD; Loomis D Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2008 Sep;79(3):394-400. Abstract: A randomized, controlled intervention trial of two household-scale drinking water filters was conducted in a rural village in Cambodia. After collecting four weeks of baseline data on household water quality, diarrheal disease, and other data related to water use and handling practices, households were randomly assigned to one of three groups of 60 households: those receiving a ceramic water purifier (CWP), those receiving a second filter employing an iron-rich ceramic (CWP-Fe), and a control group receiving no intervention. Households were followed for 18 weeks post-baseline with biweekly follow-up. Households using either filter reported significantly less diarrheal disease during the study compared with a control group of households without filters as indicated by longitudinal prevalence ratios CWP: 0.51 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.41-0.63); CWP-Fe: 0.58 (95% CI: 0.47-0.71), an effect that was observed in all age groups and both sexes after controlling for clustering within households and within individuals over time. Language: English Keywords: CAMBODIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | INTERVENTIONS | WATER QUALITY | DIARRHEA | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | SANITATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Programs | Organization and Administration | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Diseases | Public Health | Health Document Number: 328683 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: [Reproductive characteristics and utilization of preventive health services by childbearing-age women: results of two cross-sectional population-based studies in the far South of Brazil] Caracteristicas reprodutivas e utilizacao de servicos preventivos em saude por Author: Carlotto K; Cesar JA; Hackenhaar AA; Ribeiro PR Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2008 Sep;24(9):2054-62. Abstract: Two surveys were conducted (1995 and 2004) on women 15-49 years of age in Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State, southern Brazil, assess patterns in their use of preventive health services. The sample included 1,339 women in 1995 and 1,311 in 2004. A standardized household questionnaire covered their demographic, socioeconomic, reproductive, and health care-utilization characteristics. The chi-square test was used to compare indicators in the two studies. During the study period, housing conditions, running water, sanitation, and schooling improved, but family income decreased. Mean age at sexual initiation decreased by one year, teenage pregnancy increased 33%, and clinical breast examination and Pap smears increased 48% and 30%, respectively. Overall use of contraceptive methods declined by 3%, but condom use increased from 8% to 21%. Efforts are needed to improve coverage for breast examination and Pap smears, postpone sexual initiation, and promote the use of contraceptive methods, especially condoms. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | SANITATION | INCOME | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | BREAST EXAM | PAP SMEAR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PROMOTION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Public Health | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Contraception | Family Planning | Marketing | Evaluation Document Number: 331162 |
| 30. Title: Multiple dimensions of urban well-being: Evidence from India. Author: Chandrasekhar S; Mukhopadhyay A Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2008. 23 p. (Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper No. 11) Abstract: This paper addresses differences in outcomes across households residing in slums and non-slum urban areas of India. Using a nationally representative household data set, we undertake a robust multidimensional evaluation of intracity differences in well-being. We first established that if utility is defined as access to public goods such as water and sanitation, then residents in non-slum urban areas are unambiguously better off than slum dwellers. This finding implies that there is justification for slums garnering a sizable portion of the allocation of water and sanitation programs. On the other hand, we found that the distribution of private goods (monthly per capita expenditure and per capita living area) in non-slum areas does not dominate the distribution of these goods in the slums. In fact, at very low levels of MPCE and per capita living area, the distribution of these private goods in slums dominates the distribution in nonslums. This important finding implies that non-slum residents are not unequivocally better off than slum residents. Since slums are on an average poorer than other urban areas, it may be more pragmatic, therefore, to target policies at slum development. However, such policies would fail to reach the poorest residents of non-slum areas in both large and small cities. Our results make the case for a more inclusive policy that targets these groups as well. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | URBAN POPULATION | HOUSEHOLDS | QUALITY OF LIFE | WATER SUPPLY | WATER QUALITY | SANITATION | POVERTY | SLUMS | URBANIZATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Water | Public Health | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 327062 |
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