2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Lessons learned from bednet distribution in Central Mozambique. Author: Brentlinger PE; Correia MA; Chinhacata FS; Gimbel-Sherr KH; Stubbs B Source: Health Policy and Planning. 2007 Mar;22(2):103-110. Abstract: Malaria is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa. Use of insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) is an important preventive intervention. Selection of the best mechanisms for distribution and promotion of ITNs to vulnerable populations is an important strategic issue. Commercial shopkeepers and groups of community leaders were trained to promote and sell ITNs in 19 sites in central Mozambique between 2000 and 2004. Pregnant women and children under 5 years of age comprised the target population. Sales records, household survey results and project experiences were examined to derive 'lessons learned'. Primary outcome: An end-of-project household survey revealed that 40.8% of households owned one or more bednets, but only 19.6% of households owned a net that had been re-treated with insecticide within the preceding 6 months. Higher levels of bednet (treated or untreated) coverage (over 50%) were achieved in urban or peri-urban sites than in rural sites (as low as 15%). Bednet ownership was significantly associated with higher socio-economic status (odds ratios for association with bednet ownership: 5.6 for highest educational level compared with no education, 0.4 for dirt floor compared with cement or other finished flooring, 2.1 for automobile ownership compared with transportation on foot), but was negatively associated with the presence of young children in the household (odds ratio 0.5). Primary output: 23 000 ITNs were sold during the course of the project. Process lessons: Nearly all of the community leader sites failed and were replaced by shopkeepers or Ministry of Health personnel. Sales were most brisk in more prosperous urban and peri-urban sites (up to 147 nets/ month) but were significantly slower in poorer, rural sites (as low as three nets/ month). Remote rural sites with slow sales were more expensive to serve. Logistical difficulties were related to tariffs, transport, management of cash, warehousing and organization of re-treatment campaigns. This project failed to achieve adequate or equitable levels of ITN coverage in a timely manner in the programme sites. However, its findings helped support a subsequent Mozambican decision to conduct targeted distribution of long-lasting nets to the neediest populations in the provinces where the project was conducted. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MOZAMBIQUE | EVALUATION REPORT | HOUSEHOLDS | MALARIA PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | BED NETS | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | SALES | PRICES | LOGISTICS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Marketing | Economic Factors | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors | Management | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 315883 |
3.  Title: 2005 contraceptive social marketing statistics. Author: DKT International Source: Washington, D.C., DKT International, 2006 Aug. [10] p. Abstract: This document is a series of charts that shows the use of Condoms, Female Condoms, Pills, Norplant, IUDs, Injectables, and Emergency Contraception. The charts shown show the numbers for a series of countries including Albania, Angola, Brazil, Cambodia, Ect...The stats shown in the chart display the numbers for the contraceptives used in 2005, and shows the percentage difference in use from 2004. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | TABLES AND CHARTS | STATISTICS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | SOCIAL MARKETING | COUPLE YEARS OF PROTECTION | SALES | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | USAID | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Marketing | Economic Factors | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 315084 |
| 4. Title: The effect of psychological barriers on delivery of service marketing in Nigeria. Author: Adetayo JO Source: Anthropologist. 2004;6(1):25-28. Abstract: Psychological barrier is a cankerworm that has been eaten deeply into the fabric of service marketing system for over a decade, particularly in the third world countries. In spite of the fact that service marketing is the most profitable venture if the service provider build a strong corporate image in the mind of the potential and realized customers who will later turn to be the best advertisement. The snail growth rate of service marketing can be succinctly attributed to the unscrupulous practices of the service-marketing providers, which had predominantly built barriers in the mind of customers. Marketing with its jungle of interpretations has got myriad of definitions, but, universally, marketing is defined as the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customers requirements profitably. Wright from the evolution of marketing, the profession has been perceived as an act of selling goods to actual customers for a profit and that ends the transaction but marketing is more than mere selling, it involves other activities like delivery, financing, promotion just to mention a few. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | MARKET RESEARCH | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | ATTITUDES | PERCEPTION | MARKETING | PROMOTION | SALES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Behavior | Economic Factors Document Number: 305597 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: The availability of socially marketed condoms in urban Tanzania, 1997-99. Author: Agha S; Meekers D Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2004 Mar;36(2):127-140. Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate trends in the availability of socially marketed condoms in urban Tanzania, and to assess the effect of changes in the social marketing programme’s strategy for distributing condoms to retail outlets. Three retail outlet surveys conducted in urban Tanzania in 1996/97, 1998 and 1999 were analysed. Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA) was used to determine changes in availability of condoms, after adjusting for differences in the composition of the samples. Consistent with the changes in the condom social marketing distribution system, the proportion of condom outlets that were supplied by wholesalers increased from 42% in 1997 to 60% in 1999. The increasing use of wholesalers allowed sales agents to devote more time to opening new outlets. Hence, the percentage of outlets that had been solicited to sell condoms by social marketing condom sales persons increased from 14% in 1997 to 25% in 1999. Following these changes in the distribution system, the percentage of outlets selling socially marketed condoms increased from 25% to 32% between 1997 and 1998, and stabilized at that level. More detailed examination showed that availability of socially marketed condoms increased significantly in most non-traditional outlets, and in all regions of the country. In conclusion, distribution survey data indicate that changes in the distribution system increased the role of wholesalers, and enabled sales teams to allocate more time to soliciting new condom outlets. Concurrent with these changes, the availability of socially marketed condoms in non-traditional retail outlets increased significantly. Regular monitoring of condom availability can ensure that any emerging supply problems are identified and remedied quickly. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | URBAN POPULATION | CONDOMS | SOCIAL MARKETING | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | SALES | VENDORS AND STORES | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Marketing | Economic Factors | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 191364 |
| 6. Title: Using behavior change communications to overcome social marketing sales plateaus. Case studies of Nigeria and India. Author: Meekers D; Van Rossem R; Zellner S; Berg R Source: Washington, D.C., Emerging Markets Group, Commercial Market Strategies, 2004. 55 p. (Technical Paper Series No. 7USAID Contract No. HRN-C-00-98-00039-00) Abstract: In an effort to improve social marketing programming knowledge about the extent to which behavior change interventions can bolster social marketing sales, this report presents case studies of two social marketing programs: the Society for Family Health's condom program in Nigeria and the Commercial Market Strategies project's oral contraceptive program in India. Both programs recently adopted behavior change strategies to counter stagnating reproductive health product sales, and both collected multiple rounds of household survey data to closely monitor program outcomes. The analysis reveals that both social marketing sales and method prevalence increased significantly following the behavior change campaigns in the two countries. However, a substantial time lag of up to two years transpired before measurable change occurred in some indicators of knowledge and attitudes related to method use. These findings suggest that behavior change communications can help revive social marketing sales in mature social marketing programs. Given time, this approach appears to be effective at improving knowledge and attitudes related to reproductive health methods, which, in turn, may contribute to further increases in method prevalence in the long run. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | INDIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | CASE STUDIES | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | CONDOM USE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | SOCIAL MARKETING | ADVERTISING | SALES | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Marketing | Economic Factors | Promotion | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 320900 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Barr to acquire Plan B: EC access to expand? Source: Contraceptive Technology Update. 2003 Dec;24(12):138-139. Abstract: Emergency contraception (EC), once considered "the nation's best-kept secret," may be a secret no longer when a major pharmaceutical company takes over a popular dedicated EC product. Pomona, NY-based Barr Laboratories Inc. has announced its intentions to acquire Plan B, the levonorgestrel-only pill manufactured by Washington, DC-based Women's Capital Corp. At press time, the acquisition was set to close. Annual sales of Plan B best reached about $10 million in 2002; Barr reported $903 million in sales in its most recent fiscal year. 1 Plan B was listed as the leading EC pill in the 2003 CTU Contraception Survey; about 58% of respondents said their facility provided the drug. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WOMEN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | LEVONORGESTREL | PRODUCTION | SALES | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | USER COMPLIANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marketing | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Behavior Document Number: 186094 |
| 8. Title: Keeping malaria at bay. Mosquito nets treated with insecticide are inexpensive, effective. Author: Population Services International [PSI] Source: Washington, D.C., PSI, 2003 Jan. [4] p. (PSI Profile) Abstract: PSI is enabling millions of low-income people to protect themselves from malaria by using mosquito nets treated with environmentally-safe insecticide. Social marketing programs managed by PSI and its affiliates have sold more than three million insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and nearly four million home insecticide re-treatment kits, which have together provided over eight million person- years of malaria protection1 in Africa, South America, and Asia. These programs are among the most cost-effective health interventions available — protecting individuals from malaria at a cost often less than $2 per person per year. PSI’s programs are also sustainable, motivating consumers to contribute a substantial share of the cost and stimulating the commercial sector to increase the production and distribution of ITNs. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MALAWI | TANZANIA | KENYA | MOZAMBIQUE | LOW INCOME POPULATION | POPULATION AT RISK | SOCIAL MARKETING | SALES | PRICES | BED NETS | PESTICIDES | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | COST EFFECTIVENESS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Eastern | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Research Methodology | Marketing | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Ingredients and Chemicals | Communication | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation Document Number: 188745 |
| 9. Title: Reaching the poor. PSI provides health to low-income people. Author: Population Services International [PSI] Source: Washington, D.C., PSI, 2003 Jul. [4] p. (PSI Profiles) Abstract: PSI harnesses creatively the power of the commercial sector to reach poor people in more than 70 countries. PSI does this by pricing, packaging and placing its products and services so they are accessible and available to the poor and by disseminating purposefully its communication messages through channels that reach the poor. PSI has developed this ability through an approach to social marketing that it has refined over three decades of experience. This paper will describe the PSI approach to social marketing and how it uses that approach to deliver health products, services and information effectively to poor people in developing countries. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MALAWI | TANZANIA | PAKISTAN | INDIA | MOZAMBIQUE | NIGERIA | ZAMBIA | LOW INCOME POPULATION | SOCIAL MARKETING | SALES | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | BED NETS | CONDOMS | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Eastern | Asia, Southern | Asia | Africa, Western | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marketing | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Parasite Control | Public Health | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Communication | Program Evaluation Document Number: 188712 |
| 10. Title: What is social marketing? Author: Population Services International [PSI] Source: Washington, D.C., PSI, 2003 Winter-Spring. [4] p. (PSI Profile) Abstract: Social marketing has become an important way to deliver needed health products and services to lower-income people in developing countries, and to motivate the use of those products and services, and other healthy behavior. Population Services International (PSI), a Washington, D.C.-based nonprofit organization working in more than 60 countries with over 4,000 employees, about 98% of which are locals of the countries served, has become the leading social marketer in the world, specializing in AIDS prevention, family planning, and maternal and child health. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LOW INCOME POPULATION | SOCIAL MARKETING | SALES | IEC | AIDS PREVENTION | FAMILY PLANNING | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | CAPACITY BUILDING | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | FUNDS | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | COST EFFECTIVENESS | INFORMATION | EDUCATION | COMMUNICATION | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marketing | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Financial Activities | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation Document Number: 188709 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Methods for studying private sector supply of public health products in developing countries: a conceptual framework and review. Author: Conteh L; Hanson K Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2003 Oct;57(7):1147-1161. Abstract: The private sector is an important supplier of public health products (PHPs) in developing countries. Although there are concerns about the quality and affordability of these products, private providers also offer possibilities for expanding access to key commodities. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for understanding the public health implications of private sales of PHPs. It reviews methods for studying these sales, together with their advantages and shortcomings. Ten methods are identified which can be used for studying the behaviour of providers and consumers. The effects of seasonal variation are discussed, together with the challenges of creating a sampling frame and studying illicit behaviour. We conclude that relatively little is known about the sales of PHPs, that more is known about contraceptives and drugs than about the newer products, and that the demand side of the market has been studied in greater depth than the behaviour of suppliers. The existing toolbox is biased towards formal providers, and thus, probably towards understanding the provision of PHPs to those who are better off. Methods for studying the supply of PHPs in outlets used by poor people is a priority area for further methodological development. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | SURVEYS | INTERVIEWS | MARKET RESEARCH | FOCUS GROUPS | RECORDS | SAMPLING STUDIES | CLIENTS | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | BEHAVIOR | PRIVATE SECTOR | SALES | PUBLIC HEALTH | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | DRUGS | BED NETS | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | POINT OF PURCHASE | SEASONAL VARIATION | ADVERTISING | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Information Processing | Information | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marketing | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Parasite Control | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Commerce | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Promotion Document Number: 182430 |
| 12. Title: Mumbai shows huge appetite for ARVs. Source: AIDS Asia. 2002 Mar-Apr;4(2):8. Abstract: Mumbai's dubious distinction as the HIV capital of the country is not without reason. The city accounted for 26% of the total antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) sold in India during February 2002. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | HIV INFECTIONS | ANTIVIRAL DRUGS | SALES | PRICES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Drugs | Treatment | Marketing | Economic Factors | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 174005 |
| 13. Title: "Delay" condom proves popular. Author: Cable News Network [CNN] Source: [Atlanta, Georgia], CNN, 2002 Oct 17. [1] p. Abstract: This brief news article reports Durex Performa condoms that contain an anesthetic to prolong lovemaking are selling more than the other types the company sells via the internet by a margin of five to one. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | CONDOMS | SALES | INTERNET | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Marketing | Economic Factors | Information Networks | Communication Document Number: 172479 |
| 14. Title: 2001 Behavioural Surveillance Survey in Yunnan and Sichuan. Condom point of sale report. Author: Horizon Market Research; Futures Group Europe Source: Beijing, China, Horizon Market Research, 2002 Dec. [40] p. Abstract: A modified behavioural surveillance (BSS) study was carried out Yunnan and Sichuan in late 2001 by Horizon Market Research on behalf of The Futures Group Europe (FGE), which is a partner under the 2000-2005 China-UK HIV Prevention and Care Project, with funding from the Department of International Development (DFID). FGE has a contract with DFID (prime contract number CNTR 00 0383) to carry out a condom social marketing (CSM) project in Sichuan and Yunnan provinces with the goal of helping China mount an effective national response to HIV/AIDS in China. The CSM Project has six components: Understanding the factors affecting risky behaviour and condom use by high-risk groups; Building consensus and disseminating lessons learned (related to CSM) among the key stakeholders; Raised awareness of risky behaviour and of condoms as both an effective and acceptable prevention among target population; and reduced stigma and more tolerant attitudes of general population towards those with STIs and HIV/AIDS; Consistently improved access (physical, social, and economic) by target groups to high quality condoms; Condoms marketed under the CSM meet World Health Organization specifications; and A successful business model for sustainable private sector delivery of condoms to high-risk groups. This report is one of three from the behavioural surveillance survey, carried out in Yunnan and Sichuan in July through October 2001. The other reports focus on sex workers and adult males. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | SUMMARY REPORT | CONDOMS | CLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | SALES | SEX WORKERS | MEN | WOMEN | CONSUMPTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Marketing | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 276206 |
| 15. Title: [Medicinal plants in Morocco: traditional use, marketing, and strategies for conservation and increasing value] Plantes médicinales au Maroc: utilisation traditionnelle, commercialisation, stratégies de conservation et de valorisation. Author: Hmamouchi M Source: Espérance Médicale. 2002 Sep;9(86):454-458. Abstract: This article underlines the interest in promoting the market for medicinal plants across the world and particularly in developing countries. It discusses medicinal plants in Morocco, their traditional use, marketing, and strategies for their conservation and valorization. Of 400,000 plant species that exist in the world, it is believed that around 20,000 plant species are used for therapeutic, nutritional, cosmetic, dietary, chemical, pharmaceutical, agrifood, and industrial purposes. The use of medicinal plants is not a return to archaic times. The correct understanding of medicinal plants makes their use an essential component in the struggle for biological diversity, but also one of the supports of cultural diversity. It should be noted furthermore that 1000 formulations based on essential oils exist in the phytotherapy market. MPs often come from developing countries where their diversity is richest. However, the advantages from the commercial use of these resources have mainly profited international companies and research institutes in Northern countries. Thanks to their modern technology, they develop products and are able to own all patents and intellectual property rights. Furthermore, Arabs and more particularly Moroccans have used medicinal plants as sources of medicine, food, and for beautification. The study of the practice of Moroccan traditional medicine across the Arab-Islamic history shows that the traditional Moroccan medicine was able to sustain and enrich itself up to present day thanks to the geographic situation, socioeconomic tradition, and particular characteristics of Morocco. This article also mentions in this sense the use of medicinal plants and their riches within a poorly exploited patrimony. The primary uses and value-added sectors include the pharmaceutical industry, phytotherapy, homeopathy, nutritional therapy, perfume making, and cosmetology. Finally, the article also mentions strategies for exploiting medicinal plants and the program for training and development in Morocco. French Abstract: Le texte souligne l'intérêt de promouvoir le marché des plantes médicinales à travers le monde et en particulier dans les pays en voie de développement. Il traite les plantes médicinales au Maroc, leur utilisation traditionnelle, leur commercialisation et les stratégies de leur conservation et de leur valorisation. Entre 400.000 espèces végétales qui existent dans le monde, on estime à environ 20.000 le nombre d'espèces de plantes utilisées à des fins thérapeutiques, alimentaires, cosmétiques, diététiques, chimiques, pharmaceutiques, agro-alimentaires et industrielles. L'utilisation des plantes médicinales n'est pas un retour à l'archaïsme. La bonne conception de la plante médicinale fait que son utilisation devienne, une indispensable composante de lutte pour la diversité biologique, mais aussi l'un des supports de la diversité culturelle. Il faut noter par ailleurs que 1000 spécialités à base d'huile essentielle existent sur le marché de la phytothérapie. Les PMA sont souvent originaires des pays en voie de développement où leur diversité est la plus riche. Par contre les avantages de l'utilisation commerciale de ces ressources ont surtout profité aux entreprises internationales et aux instituts de recherche des pays du Nord, grâce à leur technologie moderne de développer des produits et leur pouvoir de posséder tous les brevets et les propriétés intellectuelles. D'autre part, les arabes et plus particulièrement les marocains, ont utilisés depuis les temps les plus anciens les plantes comme source de médicaments, d'alimentation et d'embellissement. L'étude de la pratique de la médecine traditionnelle marocaine au cours de l'histoire arabo-islamique, montre que la médecine traditionnelle marocaine a pu se maintenir et s'enrichir jusqu'à nos jours grâce à la situation géographique, aux traditions socio-économiques et aux particularités du Maroc. Ce texte évoque aussi dans ce sens, l'utilisation des plantes médicinales et leur richesses au sein du patrimoine mal exploité. Parmi les principales utilisations et les secteurs à valeur ajoutée élevée sont l'industrie pharmaceutique, la phytothérapie, l'homéopathie, la nutrothérapie, la diététique, la parfumerie et la cosmétologie. Enfin le texte cite également les stratégies d'exploitation des plantes médicinales et le programme de formation et de développement au Maroc. Language: French Keywords: MOROCCO | MEDICINAL PLANTS | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | MARKETING | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | BIODIVERSITY | COMMERCE | INDUSTRY | SALES | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 183112 |
| 16. Title: Social marketing brands: Who owns them and does it matter? Author: Mackay B Source: Bath, England, Futures Group Europe, 2002 Sep. 4 p. (Futures Group Briefing) Abstract: Until recently, most socially marketed products were not that significant in their local markets. But greater donor support for social marketing, the increasing range of public/private partnerships, and the growing importance in the global market-place of branding as a source of competitive advantage, are starting to give some socially marketed branded products a large share of what could become large markets. In this paper Bruce Mackay, Director of Programmes at Futures Group Europe, considers some of the implications of this trend. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | PRIVATE SECTOR | SOCIAL MARKETING | LOGOS | PRICING | PROMOTION | SALES | CONDOMS | Organizations | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Marketing | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 276260 |
| 17. Title: PSI boosts contraceptive, malarial protection in 2001. Author: Olson DJ Source: [Washington, D.C.], Population Services International [PSI], 2002. 2 p. Abstract: This brief report provides 2001 end-of-year worldwide sales figures for Population Services International (PSI)’s contraceptive and other health products. Contraceptive products include the male and female condoms, contraceptive pills, IUDs, and emergency contraception. Also noted are global statistics for the sale of treated bed nets, vitamins, and rehydration salts. These figures are translated into “years protection” in the life span of users. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | MALARIA PREVENTION | BED NETS | SALES | STATISTICS | Contraception | Family Planning | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Marketing | Economic Factors | Research Methodology Document Number: 168536 |
| 18. Title: Controversial ad campaign boosts condom sales in Nigeria. Source: AIDS WEEKLY. 2001 Apr 16;:22. Abstract: Although the Society for Family Health (SFH) says it cannot figure it out, undoubtedly the Society's explicit radio jingles account for at least part of the 30% increase in condom sales during the first quarter of 2001 over sales in the last quarter of 2000. According to an article by the PanAfrican News Agency (PANA), SFH, a nongovernmental organization "dedicated to the campaign against HIV/AIDS and promotion of family planning activities in Nigeria, said it sold 17.6 million condoms in the first 2 months of this year, out of the 85 million condoms it planned to sell this year" ("Condom sales soar in Nigeria," PANA, April 1, 2001). Sale of injectable contraceptives also were high: SFH said it sold 233,911 brands out of the total 740,000 it had planned to sell in 2001. PANA said the organization announced it would introduce new birth control pills in eight sites in Nigeria during April 2001. "SFH has embarked on a media blitz to promote condom use in the country, home to an estimated 2.6 million HIV/AIDS carriers and a growing population of 110 million people," said the PANA article. "But the society's radio jingles on condoms have been pulled off the airwaves after a barrage of criticism from the public over their explicitness." The organization says it is trying to resolve the issue with the Advertising Practitioners' Council of Nigeria. (full text) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RADIO | PROMOTION | CONDOMS | SALES | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Marketing | Economic Factors | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 156941 |
| 19. Title: Communication needs assessment in Maharashtra. Author: Family Health International [FHI]. Implementing AIDS Prevention and Care Project [IMPACT]; SERD, Blackstone Market Facts Source: New Delhi, India, FHI, 2001. [36] p. (Preparatory StudiesUSAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00017-00) Abstract: United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and its implementing partner, Family Health International (FHI), implemented a study of condom distribution to provide information for the planning process of the AVERT project. This report presents the key findings and conclusions of The Maharashtra Condom Market: Product Quality and Supply Study conducted between January 2000 and November 2000 by Taylor Nelson Sofres (TNS) MODE, with technical assistance from FHI. The condom supply study was implemented in Mumbai, Thane, Pune, and Sangli cities of Maharashtra, a state that is identified as high priority for HIV/ AIDS prevention. The objective of the study was to assess condom supplier practices (both profit and non-profit), factors that promote or hinder condom sales and promotion and accessibility of condoms. The specific factors explored in this study are geographic distribution, range of brands (and prices) available, outlet distribution and promotion. Promotion of condoms at the point of sale is an important factor because consumers are less likely to approach outlets when they are unsure if the product is available. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FORMATIVE RESEARCH | CONDOMS | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | SALES | PROMOTION | PRICING | SOCIAL MARKETING | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Marketing | Economic Factors Document Number: 302844 |
| 20. Title: Ecuador: cost analysis. Use commercial marketing to increase sustainability. [Ecuador: análisis de costos. Utilización del marketing comercial para aumentar la sustentabilidad] Author: Population Council. Frontiers in Reproductive Health Source: Washington, D.C., Population Council, Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 2001 May. [2] p. (OR Summary 19USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-98-00012-00) Abstract: An analysis of Centro Medico de Orientacion y Planifacion Familiar's product marketing program found that net revenue is the best measure of sales performance, since it takes product costs into account. Sales agents in large cities had the largest sales and generated most of the profits, whereas sales agents in smaller cities had lower sales volume. Program managers should set up a routine financial analysis system so that they can monitor product sales, profits, and unit costs for sound decision-making. (author's) Spanish Abstract: Un análisis del programa de mercadeo de producción del Centro Médico de Orientación y Planificación Familiar encontró que la ganancia neta es la mejor medida del volumen de ventas, debido a que se toman en cuenta los costos del producto. Los agentes de ventas en las ciudades grandes tuvieron más ventas y generaron la mayor parte de las ganancias mientras que los agentes en ciudades más pequeñas tuvieron un menor volumen de ventas. Los administradores del programa deberían establecer un análisis financiero de rutina para poder controlar las ventas de productos, ganancias y costos por unidad para una mejor toma de decisiones. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: ECUADOR | SUMMARY REPORT | MARKETING | COMMERCE | SALES | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | PROGRAMS | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Organization and Administration | Economic Development Document Number: 164019 |
| 21. Title: [Hygiene in souks (markets): improvement in the quality of food for sale] Hygiene des souks: amelioration de la qualite de vente des denrees alimentaires. Author: Bimecliouen N Source: Rabat, Morocco, Institut de Formation aux Carrieres de Sante, 2001. [10], 42 p. Thesis, Institut de Formation aux Carrieres de Sante, 2001. Abstract: This thesis from the IFCS (Institute for Training in Healthcare Careers) discusses hygiene problems in souks (markets) and the quality of food for sale. In Morocco, because the market is commercial gathering place organized weekly in all rural communities, the health risks produced by hygiene problems may have repercussions over the entire geographic area covered by the market. This is the context of this thesis, is to improve the quality of foodstuffs sold in order to ensure the public hygiene of the market. To achieve this objective, the study is based on existing data and statistics on markets, direct observation and interviews with hygiene technicians in the area at the level of the Municipal Bureau of Hygiene (MBH) and with certain dealers. The observation of the hygiene at the market revealed problems concerning the abattoir, in the preparation and sale areas for meat, dairy and food products, in the fruit and vegetable sale area, and also in the areas where dried fruit and sweets are sold and the restaurant and food preparation areas. Given these hygiene problems, the study formulated recommendations such as respecting hygiene conditions in the preparation of food, equipment and sales areas, implementation of a suitable organization within the markets, with separate displays for commercial products, proper functioning and conservation of foodstuffs, the fight against vectors, the development of a monitoring program permitting coverage of all shops and sales posts by inspections, and finally the participation of all the players in the improvement of the quality of foodstuffs for sale, such as the MBH, the ministries concerned, the local authorities and communities. French Abstract: Ce mémoire de l'IFCS (Institut de Formation aux Carrières de Santé) évoque les problèmes d'hygiène dans les souks et la qualité de vente des aliments. Au Maroc, le souk étant un lieu de rassemblement commercial de la population organisé de manière hebdomadaire dans toutes les communes rurales, les risques sanitaires engendrés par les anomalies d'hygiène peuvent se répercuter sur toute la zone géographique couverte par le souk. C'est dans cette perspective que s'inscrit ce mémoire qui trace comme objectif l'amélioration de la qualité de vente des denrées alimentaires pour assurer l'hygiène publique du souk. Pour la réalisation de cet objectif, l'étude s'est basée sur des données et des statistiques existantes sur les souks, l'observation directe et des entretiens avec les techniciens d'hygiène du milieu au niveau du Bureau Municipal D'hygiène (BMH) et avec certains commerçants. Le constat d'hygiène du souk étudié à révélé des anomalies au niveau de l'abattoir, dans les lieux de préparation et de vente des produits carnés, laitiers et alimentaires, au niveau de l'ère de vente des légumes et fruits, des et également au niveau des postes de vente des fruits secs et confiserie et aussi le lieux de restauration et de préparation des denrées alimentaires. Compte tenu de ces problèmes d'hygiène, l'étude à formulée des recommandations telles que le respect des conditions d'hygiène dans la préparation des aliments, le matériel et les lieux de vente, l'instauration d'une organisation convenable au sein des souks en exposant séparément les produits commerciaux, le bon fonctionnement et la bonne conservation des denrées alimentaires, la lutte contre les vecteurs, l'élaboration d'un programme de surveillance permettant de couvrir tous les commerces et postes de vente par des inspections et enfin la participation de tous les intervenants dans l'amélioration de la qualité de vente des denrées alimentaires tels que le BMH, les ministères concernés, les communes et les autorités locales. Language: French Keywords: MOROCCO | RESEARCH REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | INTERVIEWS | RURAL POPULATION | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | SALES | VENDORS AND STORES | SANITATION | HYGIENE | DISEASE TRANSMISSION CONTROL | MONITORING | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition | Health | Marketing | Economic Factors | Public Health | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Evaluation Document Number: 178359 |
| 22. Title: Extending operations research to social marketing programs. [Extensión de la investigación operativa a los programas de comercialización social] Author: de Vargas T Source: Washington, D.C., Population Council, Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 2001 Dec. 51 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No HRN-A-00-98-00012-00) Abstract: The specific objectives of this study were to: Conduct a financial analysis to measure profitability of the social marketing project and of individual sales agents; and Build capacity for financial analysis within the program so that future studies could be done with minimal external assistance. The study contributed to the achievement of FRONTIERS' Intermediate Result 3, "capacity for problem solving enhanced within organizations." Prior to the study, decision making in the CEMOPLAF social marketing program was not supported by information on profitability or productivity. It is expected that future decisions will be informed by data on profitability and productivity. The project also contributed to USAID/Ecuador's Intermediate Result 1, "increased sustainability of family planning NGO partners" by strengthening CEMOPLAF's financial control over its SM project, and by explicitly placing strategic emphasis on profitability as the main measure of success. (excerpt) Spanish Abstract: Los objetivos específicos de este estudio fueron: Realizar un análisis financiero para determinar la rentabilidad del proyecto de comercialización social y de los agentes de venta individuales; y desarrollar la capacidad para realizar dichos análisis dentro del programa para que los estudios futuros se puedan llevar a cabo con un mínimo de asistencia externa. El estudio contribuyó a alcanzar el Resultado Intermedio 3 de FRONTIERS: "mayor capacidad para resolver problemas dentro de las organizaciones". Antes del estudio, la toma de decisiones en el programa de comercialización social del CEMOPLAF (Centro Médico de Orientación y Planificación Familiar) no contaba con el respaldo de información sobre rentabilidad o productividad. Se espera que las decisiones futuras se complementen con datos sobre ambos parámetros. El proyecto también contribuyó con el Resultado Intermedio 1 de Ecuador y de la Agencia Estadounidense para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID), "mayor sustentabilidad de los socios de las ONG en la planificación familiar", mediante el fortalecimiento del control financiero del CEMOPLAF sobre su proyecto de comercialización social y el énfasis estratégico que explícitamente se adjudicó a la rentabilidad como principal medida de éxito. (extracto) Language: English Keywords: ECUADOR | RESEARCH REPORT | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | SOCIAL MARKETING | MARKET RESEARCH | DRUGS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | PRICING | SALES | COST EFFECTIVENESS | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Marketing | Economic Factors | Treatment | Contraception | Family Planning | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation Document Number: 273989 |
| 23. Title: Indian company offers low cost AIDS drugs. Author: Kumar S Source: Lancet. 2001 Feb 24;357(9256):616. Abstract: The offer made by Indian drug company Cipla--to lower the cost of AIDS drugs--to the international aid organization Medicins Sans Frontieres (MSF) has caused an international stir. The offer includes the availability of AIDS drugs at US$350 per person yearly, or less than US$1 per day. According to Yusuf Hamied, chairman of Bombay-based Cipla, the distribution of AIDS drugs by MSF is not only for Africa but also for Asia. With the aim of making AIDS drugs more accessible to less developed countries, a three-tiered pricing offer has been created. Cipla has offered a combination of lamivudine, stavudine, and nevirapine. The US firm Bristol-Myers Squibb holds the patent for stavudine, Britain's GlaxoSmithkline Beecham holds that of lamivudine, and Germany's Boehringer Ingelheim holds that of nevirapine. With the MSF agreement, developing countries can take advantage of their rights to produce or import generic AIDS drugs under the World Trade Organization's TRIPS agreement. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | DRUGS | PRICING | SALES | Asia, Southern | Asia | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Marketing | Economic Factors Document Number: 155602 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Female condom makes its mark at home and abroad. Source: CONTRACEPTIVE TECHNOLOGY UPDATE. 2000 Oct;21(10):122-3. Abstract: US sales of the Reality female condom, marketed by The Female Health Co. of Chicago, have risen in the last year as more women are using the female-controlled prevention method. The company has instituted an aggressive partnership with public health agency customers to help locate funding for initiating and sustaining female condom programs. It also has developed educational programs to help cement the female condom into a program's prevention message. Research presented at the recent XIII International AIDS Conference in Durban, South Africa, indicates that use of the female condom will increase with better education, counseling, availability, and training on how to use it. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | FEMALE CONDOMS | SALES | PROMOTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Marketing | Economic Factors Document Number: 152513 |
| 25. Title: 1999 contraceptive social marketing statistics. Author: DKT International Source: Washington, D.C., DKT International, 2000 Sep. [8] p. Abstract: This document displays the 1999 contraceptive social marketing (SM) statistics. It highlights countries with SM programs; the total number of SM programs; number of new programs added; and the number of old programs dropped. Presented in three charts are statistics of countries with 10,000 or more SM program sales, lists of countries comparing the programs with over 100,000 CYP (couple years of protection), and countries with CYP beyond the target mark of 3.9%. Contraceptive sales include condoms, pills, IUDs, and injectables. Data show that 1999 had the highest CYP, reaching 20.6 million, compared with the years 1997-98. Moreover, among the contraceptives, statistics reveal that condoms are widely used, with sales reaching 1,157,463,354. Language: English Keywords: TABLES AND CHARTS | SOCIAL MARKETING | SALES | CONTRACEPTION | CONDOMS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | IUD | Marketing | Economic Factors | Family Planning | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 153980 |
| 26. Title: Contraceptive social marketing in Pakistan: assessing the impact of the 1991 condom price increases on sales and consumption. Author: Agha S; Davies J Source: Washington, D.C., Population Services International [PSI], Research Division, 1998. [3], 27 p. (PSI Research Division Working Paper No. 14) Abstract: During 1991, the Contraceptive Social Marketing Project in Pakistan both designated low-income couples in urban areas as its target group and doubled the price of its condom brand (Sathi) in an effort to achieve program sustainability. Earlier studies had indicated that Sathi served as an introduction to modern contraception for substantial numbers of low-income couples. The present study investigated the impact of this price increase at four different levels of the condom distribution chain: national, regional, retailer, and user. The price increase led to substantial reductions in cross-border Sathi sales. There was a clear interaction between city size and changes in consumer demand for Sathi after the price increase; retailers in large cities reported little or no decline, while those in small cities--where low-income consumers reside--experienced a 46% decline in sales as a result of lower consumer demand. On the user level, the price increase was associated with a 56% decline in use. These findings indicate that reducing subsidies for family planning has a disproportionate impact on poor families and undermines the social goal of projects targeting the poor. Donors need to be aware of the trade-off between the goal of cost recovery and promotion of contraceptive use. In countries such as Pakistan, it is probably unrealistic for a family planning program to recover a substantial portion of contraceptive costs from users. Preferable would be a cross-subsidization program that designs appropriately priced products for different segments of the population. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | SOCIAL MARKETING | CONDOMS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PRICING | PRICES | SALES | LOW INCOME POPULATION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | TARGET POPULATION | CHANGES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Marketing | Economic Factors | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Design | Social Change Document Number: 134643 |
| 27. Title: Condom use increases. Social marketing campaigns to prevent AIDS have made condoms readily accessible and affordable. Author: Finger WR Source: Network. 1998 Spring;18(3):[5] p.. Abstract: This paper reports that condom sales through social marketing have risen dramatically in some countries, indicating that social marketing campaigns have made condoms accessible and for the most part affordable, which were major barriers to condom use in the past. Experts, however, stated that many factors affect the limited acceptance of condoms and even more condoms need to be used in high-risk sex. The importance of sustained behavior change is emphasized. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | PROGRESS REPORT | CONDOMS | CONDOM USE | BEHAVIOR | SOCIAL MARKETING | SALES | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | CHANGES | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Marketing | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Change Document Number: 172597 |
| 28. Title: Condom use increasing. Author: Finger WR Source: NETWORK. 1998 Spring;18(3):20-3. Abstract: Condom use is central to the prevention of AIDS among people at risk for contracting HIV. As such, condom use is increasing dramatically even though many men say that they do not like using them. Condom sales through social marketing campaigns have increased dramatically in some countries, where tens of millions of condoms are sold annually. For example, during the period 1991-96, annual social marketing sales increased about five-fold in Ethiopia to 21 million, and nine-fold in Brazil to 27 million. These sales reflect the success of condom social marketing campaigns in making condoms accessible and largely affordable. There is also a greater general awareness of AIDS than there used to be, and communication campaigns have shown that condoms are an effective solution. More condoms still need to be used in the ongoing struggle against HIV/AIDS. The author discusses the factors which affect the limited acceptance of condoms, condom use outside of marriage, social marketing, and family planning programs. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | BRAZIL | CONDOMS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SAFER SEX | SOCIAL MARKETING | SALES | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | CHANGES | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Marketing | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Social Change Document Number: 133210 |
| 29. Title: Product advertising versus ideas advertising. Author: Harvey P Source: SOCIAL MARKETING QUARTERLY. 1998 Summer;4(4):32-4. Abstract: Social marketing programs which promote the use of a product, such as a condom, have certain advantages over programs which simply try to convince people to change their behavior. Of considerable importance, the success or failure of a social marketing program can be readily assessed through the level of sales of the promoted product. Most programs designed to alleviate poverty or advance social goals are extremely hard to measure, often leading to program inefficiency and even undetected failure. However, when a socially motivated program depends upon product sales, those sales can be quickly measured. Even though sales statistics alone are not enough to accurately judge the impact of family planning programs, they can still say much about relative program efficiencies. The brand advantage of promoting and selling branded products is also explained. Language: English Keywords: SOCIAL MARKETING | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | PROMOTION | MASS MEDIA | PROGRAM EVALUATION | SALES | Marketing | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Communication | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 137866 |
| 30. Title: Discrimination, time allocation and migration: a study of unorganised women. Author: Patrick M Source: Indian Journal of Labour Economics. 1998 Jul-Sep;41(3):555-563. Abstract: The study focuses on the problems of the saleswomen working in registered shops and establishments by analysing the aspects of discrimination, time allocation and migration. The labour market discrimination, analysed in terms of wages, is revealed by the fact that the saleswomen not only received a low wage packet but were also discriminated against in relation to men of the same category. The time allocation of saleswomen, analysed in context of the theory of time allocation, discusses the problem of allocation with regard to non-market time. The value of housework quantified with the help of wage earning function and opportunity cost of time approach exposes the household level discrimination. The analysis of migration aspect leads to the conclusion that it is the push factor rather than the pull factor which played a major role. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | SAMPLING STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | MIGRANT WORKERS | WOMEN | WOMEN'S STATUS | LABOR FORCE | PARTICIPATION | WAGES | SEX RATIO | SALES | INFORMAL SECTOR | SEX DISCRIMINATION | HOUSEWORK | TIME FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Macroeconomic Factors | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Marketing | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Microeconomic Factors | Population Dynamics Document Number: 181871 |
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