1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Project AID Khmer: addressing the health impact of HIV/AIDS on Cambodia through rural capacity building. Author: Chang M; Kong NB; Phal V; Pugatch D; Allen S Source: Global Public Health. 2009 May 27;:1-12. Abstract: HIV/AIDS prevention efforts in Cambodia have largely focussed on urban populations. This focus, however, has diverted attention from the impact of the disease on rural communities, where poverty and a lack of basic infrastructure forced many to migrate to urban areas. Rural communities thus play a crucial part in the understanding of HIV/AIDS transmission dynamics in Cambodia. This paper will provide an analysis of socio-economic and health-related needs of rural communities in Cambodia, giving a different context for understanding the national burden of HIV/AIDS. These concepts will be illustrated with experiences from Project AID Khmer, a Cambodian non-governmental organisation that is working to improve Cambodian health through education programmes and community capacity building in rural Takeo province. Language: English Keywords: CAMBODIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | RURAL POPULATION | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | CAPACITY BUILDING | HIV PREVENTION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | POVERTY | AGRICULTURE | LAND TENURE | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | HIV TRANSMISSION | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Health Document Number: 341470 |
2.  Title: Worker retention in human resources for health: catalyzing and tracking change. Author: Yumkella F Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, IntraHealth International, Capacity Project, 2009 Mar. [4] p. (Capacity Project Knowledge Sharing Technical Brief No. 15) Abstract: There is increasingly widespread commitment to initiatives to attract and retain skilled workers, especially in rural areas. Retention continues to be a serious challenge in the human resources for health (HRH) crisis. This brief from the Capacity Project updates and documents a previously published resource paper and technical brief which focus on the area of worker retention. The author highlights key findings from three country assessments in Uganda, Tanzania and Liberia. The brief shows how a number of developing countries are employing various strategies to energise the workforce and stem flows. Many practices show promise for wider application across countries, but evidence of successful programmes is seldom documented or shared. Various schemes to improve worker retention are described in countries including Kenya and Zambia. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RECOMMENDATIONS | CRITIQUE | CASE STUDIES | HEALTH PERSONNEL | RURAL POPULATION | CAPACITY BUILDING | BRAIN DRAIN | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | HUMAN RESOURCES | SATISFACTION | EMPLOYMENT | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | HEALTH SERVICES EVALUATION | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | International Migration | Migration | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Macroeconomic Factors | Management | Program Evaluation Document Number: 331350 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Knowledge and attitude on maternal health care among rural-to-urban migrant women in Shanghai, China. Author: Zhao Q; Kulane A; Gao Y; Xu B Source: BMC Women's Health. 2009;9:5. Abstract: BACKGROUND: In China, with the urbanization, women migrated from rural to big cities presented much higher maternal mortality rates than local residents. Health knowledge is one of the key factors enabling women to be aware of their rights and health status in order to seek appropriate health services. This study aims to assess the knowledge and attitude on maternal health care and the contributing factors to being knowledgeable among rural-to-urban migrant women in Shanghai. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a district center hospital in Shanghai where migrants gathered. Totally 475 rural-to-urban migrant pregnant women were interviewed and completed the self-administered questionnaire after obtaining informed consent. RESULTS: The mean score of knowledge on maternal health care was 8.28 out of 12. However, only 36.6% women had attended the required 5 antenatal checks, and 58.3% of the subjects thought financial constrains being the main reason for not attending antenatal care. It was found that higher level of education (OR = 3.3, 95%CI: 1.8-3.8), husbands' Shanghai residence (OR = 4.0, 95%CI: 1.3-12.1) and better family income (OR = 3.3, 95%CI: 1.4-8.2) were associated with better knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: Rural-to-urban migrant women's unawareness of maternal health service, together with their vulnerable living status, influences their utilization of maternal health care. Tailored maternal health education and accessible services are in demands for this population. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | MATERNAL HEALTH | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341229 |
| 4. Title: An overview of urbanization, internal migration, population distribution and development in the world. Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division Source: New York, New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2008 Jan 14. 34 p. (UN/POP/EGM-URB/2008/01) Prepared for the United Nations Expert Group Meeting on Population Distribution, Urbanization, Internal Migration and Development, New York, New York, January 21-23, 2008. Abstract: The distribution of humanity on the earth's surface has always responded to the opportunities that different territories provide. After the invention of agriculture, the availability of arable land largely determined the place where most people settled. The practice of agriculture also permitted the accumulation of food surpluses and the differentiation of productive activities that led to the emergence of more complex settlements generically identified as "cities". In modern history, cities have played key roles as centres of Government, production, trade, knowledge, innovation and rising productivity. The changes brought about by the industrial revolution would be unimaginable in the absence of cities. The mechanization of production made necessary the concentration of population. Rapid industrialization was accompanied by increasing urbanization. In 1920, the more developed regions, being the most industrialized, had just under 30 per cent of their population in urban areas. As industrialization advanced in the developing world so did urbanization, particularly in Latin America where 41 per cent of the population was urban by 1950. In Africa and Asia levels of urbanization remained lower, although the urban population increased markedly, particularly in Asia. Between 1920 and 2007, the world's urban population increased from about 270 million to 3.3 billion, with 1.5 billion urban dwellers added to Asia, 750 million to the more developed regions, just under 450 million to Latin America and the Caribbean, and just over 350 million to Africa. These changes foreshadow those to come. Between 2007 and 2050, the urban population is expected to increase as much as it did since 1920, that is, 3.1 billion additional urban dwellers are expected by 2050, including 1.8 billion in Asia and 0.9 billion in Africa. These powerful trends will shape and in turn be shaped by economic and social development. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | URBAN AREAS | URBAN POPULATION | URBANIZATION | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | POVERTY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | RURAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | POLICY | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Urban Population Distribution | Migration | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 323730 |
| 5. Title: United Nations Expert Group Meeting on Population Distribution, Urbanization, Internal Migration and Development, New York, 21-23 January 2008. Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division Source: New York, New York, United Nations, 2008 Mar. 364 p. (ESA/P/WP.206) Abstract: In 2008, the world is reaching an important milestone: for the first time in history, half of the world population will be living in urban areas. Urbanization has significant social and economic implications: Historically, it has been an integral part of the process of economic development and an important determinant of the decline in fertility and mortality rates. Many important economic, social and demographic transformations have taken place in cities. The urban expansion, due in part to migration from rural to urban areas, varies significantly across regions and countries. The distribution and morphology of cities, the dynamics of urban growth, the linkages between urban and rural areas and the living conditions of the rural and urban population also vary quite substantially across countries and over time. In general, urbanization represents a positive development, but it also poses challenges. The scale of such challenges is particularly significant in less developed regions, where most of the urban growth will take place in the coming decades. To discuss trends in population distribution and urbanization and their implications, the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat organized an Expert Group Meeting on Population Distribution, Urbanization, Internal Migration and Development. The meeting, which took place from 21 to 23 January at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, brought together experts from different regions of the world to present and discuss recent research on urbanization, the policy dimensions of urban growth and internal migration, the linkages and disparities between urban and rural development, aspects of urban infrastructure and urban planning, and the challenges of climate change for the spatial distribution of the population. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | UNITED KINGDOM | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | EVALUATION | MIGRANTS | URBAN POPULATION | URBANIZATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | UN | GROUP MEETING | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | LABOR MIGRATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Urban Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Economic Factors | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication Document Number: 325697 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: The legacies of context: Past and present influences on contraceptive choice in Nang Rong, Thailand. Author: Edmeades J Source: Demography. 2008 May;45(2):283-302. Abstract: This study explores the ways in which women's contraceptive behavior in a rural area of Thailand is shaped by both past and present context, based on the life course framework. Although the importance of contextual influences for contraceptive behavior is well established in the literature, relatively little research has been conducted that explores how behavior is influenced by historical and contemporaneous contextual factors and by individual life experiences. In addition, much of this research has neglected the role of the normative environment within which contraceptive use takes place. The focus of this paper centers on the effect of contraceptive environment at both early and late stages of the life course and on how this effect is shaped by individual experience with migration to urban areas. This study takes advantage of a unique, prospective longitudinal data set with detailed information on community context at multiple points in time, an important improvement upon prior research. The results show that contraceptive behavior is particularly responsive to current community context, with past context primarily exerting an indirect effect on behavior through shaping current contextual influences. (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | SOCIAL NETWORKS | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Migration | Population Dynamics | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior Document Number: 327035 |
| 7. Title: Sexuality in diasporic space: rural-to-urban migrant women negotiating gender and marriage in contemporary China. Author: Gaetano A Source: Gender, Place and Culture. 2008 Dec;15(6):629-645. Abstract: Feminist geographers use the term diasporic subjectivity to emphasize the relational quality of identity as it is constructed in the dynamic in-between space occupied by the migrant and traversed by norms and practices associated with the village community, migrant peers, and urban consumer society, as well as nation-states. Using ethnographic methods, I explore how young, single rural Chinese women who migrated to Beijing in the 1990s negotiate sexuality in diasporic space, within the discursive and institutional orders of state, market and family. Though migration does not fundamentally alter these structures that construct inequality around place-based identity, gender and class, it does enable rural women to shift position within them and, significantly, to imagine that further, future change is possible. Foregrounding migrant women's agency in remaking gender identity from so-called rustic peasants to modern girls as well as in choosing marital partners and conducting courtship provides an important counterweight to the primary emphasis on structure found in much of the migration literature. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | MIGRANTS | HETEROSEXUALS | WOMEN | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | GENDER RELATIONS | MARRIAGE | SEXUALITY | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SOCIAL CHANGE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors | Nuptiality | Personality | Psychological Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems Document Number: 341980 |
| 8. Title: Struggling alone: Gender, migration and domestic violence among Thai women in Bangkok. Author: Han CK; Resurreccion BP Source: Asian Journal of Women's Studies. 2008;14(1):34, 39. Abstract: Female rural-urban migration has significantly contributed to the economic growth of Thailand in the last three decades, particularly in industry and tourism. What is less known, however, is how migrant women navigate their lives in the city and, in particular, their experience of violent relationships from which they attempt to free themselves. Such action runs contrary to earlier notions of women as passive victims of domestic violence. On the basis of interviews with rural migrant women in two Bangkok shelters, we argue that poor women experience major constraints in freeing themselves from violent relationships, which cannot be solely attributed to the cultural system of male domination in Thai society. Gender inequality alone cannot explain the response of women to domestic violence, since it intersects with other systems of power and stratification. This "inter-sectionality" shapes the nature of women's response to domestic violence, how it is experienced and whether escape and safety are indeed possible for them. (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | GENDER RELATIONS | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | MIGRATION | FEMALE ROLE | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Gender Issues | Population Dynamics | Social Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 326926 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Rural-urban migration and child survival in urban Bangladesh: Are the urban migrants and poor disadvantaged? Author: Islam MM; Azad KM Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Jan;40(1):83-96. Abstract: This paper analyses the levels and trends of childhood mortality in urban Bangladesh, and examines whether children's survival chances are poorer among the urban migrants and urban poor. It also examines the determinants of child survival in urban Bangladesh. Data come from the 1999-2000 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. The results indicate that, although the indices of infant and child mortality are consistently better in urban areas, the urban-rural differentials in childhood mortality have diminished in recent years. The study identifies two distinct child morality regimes in urban Bangladesh: one for urban natives and one for rural-urban migrants. Under-five mortality is higher among children born to urban migrants compared with children born to life-long urban natives (102 and 62 per 1000 live births, respectively). The migrant-native mortality differentials more-or-less correspond with the differences in socioeconomic status. Like childhood mortality rates, rural-urban migrants seemto be moderately disadvantaged by economic status compared with their urban native counterparts. Within the urban areas, the child survival status is even worse among the migrant poor than among the average urban poor, especially recent migrants. This poor-non-poor differential in childhood mortality is higher in urban areas than in rural areas. The study findings indicate that rapid growth of the urban population in recent years due to rural-to-urban migration, coupled with higher risk of mortality among migrant's children, may be considered as one of the major explanations for slower decline in under-five mortality in urban Bangladesh, thus diminishing urban-rural differentials in childhood mortality in Bangladesh. The study demonstrates that housing conditions and access to safe drinking water and hygienic toilet facilities are the most critical determinants of child survival in urban areas, even after controlling for migration status. The findings of the study may have important policy implications for urban planning, highlighting the need to target migrant groups and the urban poor within urban areas in the provision of health care services. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MIGRANTS | CHILDREN | LOW INCOME POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | CHILD SURVIVAL | POVERTY | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | CHILD MORTALITY | SANITATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Social Class | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Public Health | Health Document Number: 313979 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Risk factors affecting condom use among male sex workers who serve men in China: a qualitative study. Author: Kong TS Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2008 Nov;84(6):444-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To identify key factors affecting condom use among male sex workers (MSW) who serve men in China. METHOD: In-depth semi-structured face-to-face interviews in Beijing and Shanghai, China. Informants were recruited through referral from a non-governmental organisation with a strong men who have sex with men (MSM) network and the snowball technique. RESULTS: Between 2004 and 2005, 30 MSW were interviewed (Beijing n = 14; Shanghai n = 16). The MSW in this study were mainly single, young, homosexual, rural migrants with secondary education. None practised safer sex in their home towns. Until they migrated to big cities and entered the sex industry, they did not develop safer sex practices. They reported high condom use at work, but more than half of them (n = 17) had not been tested for HIV. Four factors, derived from the interviews and correlated to their rural background, sexual orientation and sex work identity, put MSW at risk of HIV/sexually transmitted infections (STI): incorrect AIDS knowledge; economic hardship; homosexual orientation and over-trusting in sexual relationships. CONCLUSION: MSW, a distinctive but often neglected group in both studies and sentinel surveillance among the MSM population in China, deserve special attention. There is not only potential for HIV/STI infection among the MSM population but also for infecting the general public. Education and prevention programmes should take their three major interlocking identities: rural migrant, sex worker and homosexual into consideration in social, cultural and economic contexts in China. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | SEX WORKERS | CONDOM USE | RISK FACTORS | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | HIV TESTING | PREVALENCE | KNOWLEDGE | POVERTY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Biology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Measurement | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 330068 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Barriers to accessing TB diagnosis for rural-to-urban migrants with chronic cough in Chongqing, China: a mixed methods study. Author: Long Q; Li Y; Wang Y; Yue Y; Tang C; Tang S; Squire SB; Tolhurst R Source: BMC Health Services Research. 2008;8:202. Abstract: BACKGROUND: China is facing a significant tuberculosis epidemic among rural-to-urban migrants, which poses a threat to TB control. This study aimed to understand the health seeking behaviour of and health systems responses to migrants and permanent urban residents suffering from chronic cough, in order to identify the factors influencing delays for both groups in receiving a TB diagnosis in urban China. METHODS: Combining a prospective cohort study of adult suspect TB patients and a qualitative study, the Piot model was used to analyze the health seeking behaviour of TB suspects among migrants and permanent urban residents, the factors influencing their decision and the responses by general health providers. Methods included a patient survey, focus group discussions with migrants in the general population, qualitative interviews with migrant and permanent resident TB suspects and TB patients as well as key stakeholders related to TB control and the management of migrants. RESULTS: Sixty eight percent of migrants delayed for more than two weeks before seeking care for symptoms suggestive of TB, compared to 54% of residents (p < 0.01). When they first decided to seek professional care, migrants were 1.5 times more likely than residents to use less expensive, community-level health services. Only 5% were ultimately referred to a TB dispensary. Major reasons for both patient and provider delay included lack of knowledge and mistrust of the TB control programme, lack of knowledge about TB (patients), and profit-seeking behaviour (providers). In the follow up survey, 61% of the migrants and 41% of the residents who still had symptoms gave up continuing to seek professional care, with a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Rural-to-urban migrants are more likely than permanent residents to delay in seeking care for symptoms suggestive of TB in urban Chongqing. 'Patient-' and 'provider-' related factors interact to pose barriers to TB diagnosis for migrants, including: low awareness, and poor knowledge among both the general public and TB suspects about TB as a disease and about the TB control programme; low financial capacity to pay for care and diagnostic tests; and inadequate use of diagnostic tests and referral to TB dispensaries by general health providers. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | MIGRANT WORKERS | TUBERCULOSIS | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | BEHAVIOR | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | TESTING | SCREENING | TREATMENT | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Infections | Diseases | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Measurement | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 329092 |
| 12. Title: Decomposing poverty changes in Zambia: Growth, inequality and population dynamics. Author: Mulenga S; Van Campenhout B Source: African Development Review. 2008 Sep;20(2):284-304. Abstract: During the 1990s, the Zambian economy underwent major structural adjustments. This paper presents an application of a recently proposed poverty decomposition that attributes changes in poverty to income growth, changes in inequality and population dynamics. Our results confirm earlier findings that the existence of a severe urban bias in the economy effectively shielded large parts of the rural population from the economic slump caused by the structural adjustments. In addition, we find that the exodus from urban centres that followed the adjustments contributed significantly to the increase in national poverty. The latter finding highlights the importance of considering population movements when studying poverty, especially in situations where policy changes affect migrant labour, as was the case for the Zambian copper industry. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | SURVEYS | POVERTY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | URBANIZATION | INEQUALITIES | POPULATION DYNAMICS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Migration | Demographic Factors | Population | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 328140 |
| 13. Title: Philippine women on the move: marriage across borders. Author: Stewart M; Anderson J; Beiser M; Mwakarimba E; Neufeld A Source: International Migration. 2008 Oct;46(4):85-110. Abstract: This paper discusses how Philippine transnational marriage migration is intertwined in complex and paradoxical ways with global, local and personal matters. My argument will blur the artificial and still dominant analytical division between marriage migrants (wives or "mail order" brides) and labour migrants (workers -mainly domestic workers). Focusing on the life histories of different Filipina women, the paper illustrates the intersections and multiplicity of their roles as wives, mistresses, workers, mothers, daughters and citizens in a transnational migratory space. Furthermore, I go along with those scholars who argue that women do not only marry in order to migrate, but that they also migrate in order to marry, as marriage is seen as an important aspect of social fulfillment. By carefully investigating these emerging transnational or even global marriage-scapes, I analyze the different motives, logics and desires that come into play. While women from the Philippines may look for "modern husbands" and "modern marriages" because of local constraints on their marriage opportunities, many western men turn to Asia and the Philippines for "traditional" wives whom they imagine to be more "conservative" and "less demanding." Both often discover that their gender stereotypes are more imagined than real. The stories illustrate how Filipina migrants use different socio-cultural and socio-economic situations across transnational space -and at times against local gender constructions -in order to renegotiate and reclaim a respectable and desired marital status. On the one hand, these women are subject to manifold localised, legal and religious-moral definitions as women and wives. On the other hand, they creatively and actively utilise structural differences and new opportunities across transnational space to redefine themselves. The stories thus show both the women's agency and the importance of structural factors. We [Filipinos] are now a quasi-wandering people, pilgrims or prospectors staking our lives and futures all over the world -in the Middle East, Africa, Europe, North and South America, Australia and all of Asia; in every nook and cranny of this seemingly godforsaken earth. Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | FOREIGNERS | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | MARRIAGE | DOMESTIC WORKERS | CULTURE | LIFE STYLE | FEMALE ROLE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Nationality | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Nuptiality | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Social Behavior Document Number: 329505 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV risks among gay- and non-gay-identified migrant money boys in Shanghai, China. Author: Wong FY; Huang ZJ; He N; Smith BD; Ding Y Source: AIDS Care. 2008 Feb;20(2):170-180. Abstract: Men having sex with men (MSM) now account for 7% of all HIV/AIDS cases in China and there is growing awareness that internal rural-to-urban migration might shift the HIV epidemic within China by broadening social and sexual mixing. About 70% of HIV/AIDS infections are among rural residents, of whom 80% are males and 60% aged 16-29. This young, male, rural-to-urban migrant population has been identified as the 'tipping point' for the AIDS epidemic in China. A subgroup of these migrants is the 'money boy' population, i.e. those who engage in same-sex transactional sex for economic survival. However, the literature addressing money boys is very limited. The present study aims to elucidate factors for preventing substance abuse and HIV among two types of money boys 'gay-identified' and 'non-gay-identified' living in the Shanghai metropolitan area. This work is conceptually underpinned by Chng et al.'s (2003) tripartite model, which postulates that risk behaviors (e.g. substance abuse) engaged in by transient or non-native individuals are often shaped and regulated by factors in the home environment, migration experience and current environment. Results reveal gay and non-gay money boys were not significantly different in age, income, marriage status and education. Both groups shared similar patterns of substance use. Both groups had high self-reported depressive symptoms and low HIV knowledge. However, sexual orientation differentially predicted HIV testing, with gay money boys more likely to be tested for HIV. Non-gay money boys showed fewer sexual risks. HIV prevention targeting MSM (including money boys) within rapidly changing China is discussed, as are methodologies and outreach strategies most effective for particular subgroups of MSM. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | MIGRANTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SEX WORKERS | HIV PREVENTION | DEPRESSION | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | HIV TESTING | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Migration | Population Dynamics | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Mental Disorders | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 324767 |
| 15. Title: State of world population 2007. Unleashing the potential of urban growth. Author: United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA] Source: New York, New York, UNFPA, 2007. [105] p. Lead author / researcher: George Martine. Abstract: In 2008, the world reaches an invisible but momentous milestone: For the first time in history, more than half its human population, 3.3 billion people, will be living in urban areas. By 2030, this is expected to swell to almost 5 billion. Many of the new urbanites will be poor. Their future, the future of cities in developing countries, the future of humanity itself, all depend very much on decisions made now in preparation for this growth. This Report tries to grasp the implications of the imminent doubling of the developing world's urban population and discusses what needs to be done to prepare for this massive increase. It looks more closely at the demographic processes underlying urban growth in developing areas and their policy implications. It specifically examines the consequences of the urban transition for poverty reduction and sustainability. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | POLICYMAKERS | UNFPA | URBANIZATION | POVERTY | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | HUMAN RIGHTS | INEQUALITIES | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | NATURAL DISASTERS | PLANNING | DECENTRALIZATION | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Natural Resources | Environment | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors Document Number: 313671 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Population change due to geographic mobility in Albania, 1989 -- 2001, and the repercussions of internal migration for the enlargement of Tirana. Author: Agorastakis M; Sidiropoulos G Source: Population, Space and Place. 2007 Nov-Dec;13(6):471-481. Abstract: Being a country in transition, Albania has sustained vast political and socio-economic changes over the past 15 years, mostly due to its engagement in democratisation and transformation to an open market economy. The pathway to transition has involved economic hardship and political unrest and has been accompanied by intense, large-scale, geographical mobility. This paper describes population change due to internal and international migration, 1989-2001, using Census data at district level. Its contribution is a technical one in applying a method that allows new estimates to be made of the scale of internal migration in Albania. Descriptive analysis of population changes in 36 Albanian districts, based on the last two censuses, lead to the identification of poles of attraction of internal migrants. Limited data concerning the 1989 Census and the 12 years between the censuses resulted in the creation of various indices that characterise internal migration, such as the Attraction and Expulsion Indexstemming from the Origin-Destination Matrix of the districts. In addition an Index of Conservation of the population and an Index of External Migration were also derived at the district level. By considering internal and international migration as two separate phenomena, we emphasise their uniqueness in affecting population change in Albania. The District of Tirana, capital of Albania, absorbed the majority of the inflow of internal migrants. The latter part of the paper focuses on the population of Tirana as the county's major migration destination. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ALBANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS | POPULATION SIZE | INTERNAL MIGRATION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | SOCIAL CHANGE | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 321498 |
| 17. Title: Hill out-migration from Uttarakhand: Access to livelihood, education and other determinants of movement. Author: Belwal OK Source: Demography India. 2007 Jan-Jun;36(1):135-143. Abstract: Newly created 27th Indian state Uttaranchal (now Uttarakhand) represents a high rate of out-migration 29.7 per cent (Census, 1991) and majority of the population migrate to various urban areas for better economic opportunities (Mehta, 1991). The reasons of that out migration from hill areas to cities is closely related to regional backwardness (Mehta, 1996), small landholding size, unemployment, under-employment and high natural growth of rural population (Singh and Aggrawal, 1998). Earlier the pattern of migration was from plain to hilly areas, but now the direction of migration has changed. Now migration takes place from hill to plains, wherefrom 40 per cent of the total and 67 per cent of the male population migrated to various places of the countries (Rawat, 1984). There is hardly any family in the villages of Garhwal, which has not sent any migrant (Rawat and Rawat, 1986). Out-migration of people especially able-bodied labour force from Uttarakhand has been a regular feature (Tewari, 2001). As migration has its impact on various aspects of rural areas of Uttarakhand, this paper makes an attempt to draw attention on out migration from rural areas of Uttarakhand. The paper was pursued with the following objectives: to study several dimension of hill out-migration from rural areas of Uttarakhand; to examine the reasons of out-migration; to investigate the impact of out-migration on place of origin. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | CASE STUDIES | EMIGRANTS | RURAL POPULATION | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | MOTIVATION | ORIGIN | CENSUS | POPULATION DECREASE | REMITTANCES | SEX FACTORS | LAND TENURE | INCOME | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Characteristics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Population Statistics | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 324148 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Herpes simplex virus 2 infection in women attending an antenatal clinic in Fuzhou, China. Author: Chen XS; Yin YP; Chen LP; Yu YH; Wei WH Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2007 Oct;83(5):369-370. Abstract: Genital herpes caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and the most common cause of genital ulcer disease (GUD) in developed and developing countries. The monitoring of HSV-2 seroprevalence in pregnant women can identify women at a higher risk of HIV and of neonatal HSV transmission. Very few data are available on type specific seroprevalence of HSV-2 in China, with only one previous study from southern China. Consequently, we conducted a survey to determine type specific seroprevalence of HSV-2 and associated risk factors in Fuzhou City, eastern China. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | HERPES GENITALIS | SEROCONVERSION | PREVALENCE | ANTENATAL CARE | RISK FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | INCOME | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Measurement | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics Document Number: 319499 |
| 19. Title: Returning home to die: Circular labor migration and mortality in northeast South Africa. Author: Clark SJ; Collinson MA; Kahn K; Drullinger K; Tollman SM Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 21 p. Abstract: The aim was to examine the hypothesis that circular labor migrants who become seriously ill while living away from home return to their rural homes to convalesce and possibly to die. Drawing on longitudinal data collected by the Agincourt demographic and health surveillance system in rural northeast South Africa between 1995 and 2004, discrete time event history analysis is used to estimate the likelihood of dying for residents, recently returned migrants and long-term returned migrants controlling for sex, age and historical period. The annual odds of dying for recently returned migrants are generally 1.1 to 1.9 times (depending on period, sex and age) higher than those of residents and long-term returned migrants, and these differences are generally highly statistically significant. Further supporting the hypothesis is the fact that the proportion of HIV/TB deaths among recently returned migrants increases dramatically as time progresses, and recently returned migrants account for an increasing proportion of all HIV/TB deaths. This evidence strongly suggests that increasing numbers of circular labor migrants of prime working age are becoming ill in the urban areas where they work and coming home to be cared for and eventually to die in the rural areas where their families live. This shifts the health care burden of caring for them in their terminal illness to their families and the rural health care system with significant consequences for the distribution and allocation of health care resources. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | MIGRANTS | RETURN MIGRATION | DEATH RATE | DISEASES | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | AIDS | TUBERCULOSIS | CAUSES OF DEATH | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Demographic Analysis | Migration | Mortality | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Infections Document Number: 317839 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Rural responses to political unrest in Oaxaca City, Mexico: Preliminary findings. Author: Cohen JH Source: Population Review. 2007;46(2):22-31. Abstract: Strikes, violence and economic crisis characterized life in Oaxaca City, Oaxaca, Mexico from the spring through late fall of 2006. Demonstrations began around the efforts of striking teachers and grew throughout the summer to include many groups critical of the state's governor. The confrontations led to blockades, violence and several acts of murder along with the cancellation of important events that had negative implications for the city's tourism economy. Nevertheless, little has been said about the rural response to these events. In this paper I present preliminary results interviews in three rural villages to better understand the impacts of political and economic unrest on rural communities. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | POLITICAL FACTORS | TRAVEL AND TOURISM | VIOLENCE | RURAL LIFE | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Economic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics Document Number: 324754 |
| 21. Title: Migrant social capital: effects of Thailand's 1997 economic crisis and post-crisis recovery. Extended abstract. Author: Curran S; Brooks K; Rocha A Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [4] p. Abstract: Over the years, Massey's theory of the cumulative causation of migration has continued to evolve. In relatively recent work, he and his colleagues state, "Causation is cumulative in the sense that each act of migration alters the social context within which subsequent migration decisions are made, typically in ways that make additional movement more likely". There is some evidence of an association between cumulative causation and contextual factors. Massey has suggested six factors that contribute to cumulatively caused migration momentum, but empirical evidence regarding the importance of these factors has been scattered at best. These six factors can be generalized into three domains: demographic, economic, and cultural. In this study, we measure the presence, composition, and distribution of economic, demographic and cultural factors and evaluating their influence on migration. Employing longitudinal data from Thailand, we extend current knowledge of internal migration processes by analyzing changes in migration frequencies before, during, and after Thailand's economic crisis of 1997. We replicate recent studies of cumulative causation by measuring frequency of trips, duration of time away, and level of network aggregation (village or household), to estimate a model of migration among men and women in Thailand during recent periods of national economic growth and recession. Building on our earlier work showing that migrant social capital differently affects men's and women's migration, this study evaluates year and occupational sex segregation effects. Expected findings are that return migration of men and women to villages of origin increased during the economic crisis. Although rural-urban migration decreased for both male and female migrants, within two years, it began to increase again, first affecting female migrants in the manufacturing industry and then male migrants in all occupations. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | SUMMARY REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | MIGRANTS | HUMAN CAPITAL | ECONOMIC RECESSION | MIGRATION | SEX DISCRIMINATION | EMPLOYMENT | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Economic Conditions | Macroeconomic Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems Document Number: 317840 |
| 22. Title: Migrant opportunity and the educational attainment of youth in rural China. Author: de Brauw A; Giles J Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 47 p. Abstract: In this paper, we investigate how reductions of barriers to migration affect the decision of middle school graduates to attend high school in rural China. Change in the cost of migration is identified using exogenous variation across counties in the timing of national identity card distribution, which made it easier for rural migrants to register as temporary residents in urban destinations. We show that timing of ID card distribution is unrelated to local rainfall shocks affecting demand for migration, and not related to proxies reflecting time-varying changes in village policy or administrative capacity. We find a robust negative relationship between migrant opportunity and high school enrollment. The mechanisms behind the negative relationship are suggested by observed increases in subsequent local and migrant non-agricultural employment of high school age young adults as the size of the current village migrant network increases. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | MIGRANTS | YOUTH | SOCIAL NETWORKS | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | DECISION MAKING | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | TEMPORARY MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Records | Information Processing | Information Document Number: 318527 |
| 23. Title: Child well-being, social amenities, and imperfect information: shedding light on family migration to urban slums. Author: de Laat J; Archambault C Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 28 p. Abstract: Urban areas in developing countries are almost universally associated with lower child mortality and better educational opportunities than rural areas. Yet large urban inequities exist, and among the urban poor, the advantages of urban social amenities and public services are questionable. This paper, which is based on ethnographic information and survey data collected in two Nairobi slums in 2004, first argues that parents use perceptions of urban-rural differences in social amenities to carefully weigh concerns about child well-being when deciding whether to embark on family migration. This helps explain why more than half of all children to married migrant men in the Nairobi slums are not living in Nairobi. It secondly argues the importance of the conjugal relationship for family migration. In particular, spousal distrust and lack of information may induce family migration even if access to rural amenities through split migration, where only the husband migrates, would otherwise have been preferred. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | KAP SURVEYS | CHILDREN | MIGRANTS | PARENTS | SLUMS | SOCIAL PROTECTION | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | CHILD HEALTH | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | PERCEPTION | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Migration | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Political Factors | Health | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 317838 |
| 24. Title: Gendered migrants networks and the health of the left behind: evidence from Indonesia. Author: Everett B; Kuhn R; Silvey R Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [12] p. Abstract: The United Nations and the Copenhagen Consensus Project emphasize the potential development benefits of migration for sending countries, yet few micro-level studies have addressed the consequences of migration for the left behind (Martin 2004). Fewer still identify potential positive and negative consequences of migration; contextual features of the migration-health relationship, or the impact of migration on health disparity. The migration-health relationship is mediated through social networks which Bond et al. define as "patterns of relations such as friendship, kinship, and neighborliness that cut across bounded, institutionalized groups, and may be distinct from institutional structures." This study will address these gaps in the existing literature in the context of the differential impact of migrant sons and daughters on parental health in Indonesia. We focus on kin networks in particular in order to build upon two strains of past research on migrant social networks. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | SOCIAL NETWORKS | MIGRANTS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | HOUSEHOLDS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | SEX FACTORS | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | REMITTANCES | INTERNAL MIGRATION | EMPLOYMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Migration | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Theoretical Models | Population Characteristics | Health | Microeconomic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 318523 |
| 25. Title: The impact of migration on household wealth in Kanchanaburi province, Thailand. Author: Ford K; Jampaklay A; Chamratrithirong A Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [18] p. Abstract: The objective of this study was to examine the impact of migration and remittances on household wealth using data from a longitudinal study conducted in the Kanchanaburi province of Thailand. We estimated models of the effects of number of migrants and remittances on four types of household assets in 2004, controlling for assets in 2000, household and village characteristics. In general, the migration and remittance variables did not have strong effects on household assets in 2004. The strongest predictors of household assets in 2004 were household assets in 2000. Household characteristics such as education of members and members in non agricultural activities also contributed to household assets. Village characteristics made only minor contributions. The rice farming and cash crop areas of Kanchanaburi showed negative effects of the loss of migrants on measures of household wealth. (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | MIGRANTS | HOUSEHOLDS | COMMUNITY | LABOR FORCE | REMITTANCES | HOME ECONOMICS | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | AGRICULTURE | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Theoretical Models | Migration | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 318521 |
| 26. Title: Internal migration, remittances and community development. Draft. Author: Garip F Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 64 p. Abstract: This paper evaluates how rural-urban migration and remittance flows alter the level and distribution of household assets in 22 sending communities in Nang Rong, Thailand. Principal components analysis is used to construct an index of household assets from sixteen asset indicators measured in 1994 and 2000. The index is decomposed into productive and consumer assets, which constitute two broad categories of investments, with potentially different implications for future household wealth and community development. The changes in the total, productive and consumer asset indices over 6 years are then modeled as a function of migration-remittance behavior of households in 1994, and other household and village characteristics in 1994 and 2000. Because households' migration-remittance behavior is non-random, a propensity score matching technique is used to correct for selectivity bias, where selection is specified as a multinomial choice among three household strategies: not migrate, migrate-not remit, migrate-remit. The findings show that households' migration and remittance choices have a significant effect on the level and nature of their subsequent investments, and this effect depends strongly on households' initial wealth. While rich households face a decrease in productive assets due to migration of their members, poor households gain assets, and improve their relative status within their communities. (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | COMMUNITY | MIGRANTS | HOUSEHOLDS | COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT | REMITTANCES | INTERNAL MIGRATION | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | HOME ECONOMICS | INVESTMENTS | PRODUCTIVITY | CAPITAL | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Migration | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Development | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Development | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 318522 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Elderly parent health and the migration decisions of adult children: Evidence from rural China. Author: Giles J; Mu R Source: Demography. 2007 May;44(2):265-288. Abstract: Recent research has shown that participation in migrant labor markets has led to substantial increases in income for families in rural China. This article addresses the question of how participation is affected by elderly parent health. We find that younger adults are less likely to work as migrants when a parent is ill. Poor health of an elderly parent has less impact on the probability of employment as a migrant when an adult child has siblings who may be available to provide care. We also highlight the potential importance of including information on nonresident family members when studying how parent illness and elder care requirements influence the labor supply decisions of adult children. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | OLDER ADULTS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | HEALTH | LABOR MIGRATION | DECISION MAKING | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | BIAS | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Geographic Factors | Population | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Error Sources | Measurement Document Number: 317136 |
| 28. Title: AIDS in rural Minas Gerais state (Southeastern Brazil): A cultural approach. Author: Guimaraes PN; Martin D; Quirino J Source: Revista de Saude Publica / Journal of Public Health. 2007 Jun;41(3):1-6. Abstract: The objective was to describe behaviors facilitating HIV/AIDS exposure in rural population. A qualitative study was conducted comprising 52 patients who attended a STD/AIDS outpatient clinic in 2002 and 2003. In-depth open and semi-structured interviews were carried out with subjects (30 males, 22 females) at the clinic or at home in rural municipalities in the northern area of Minas Gerais state, Southeastern Brazil. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed considering categories such as disease, work, social life, prior HIV/AIDS knowledge, and lifestyle. Content analysis was used for result interpretation. Interviewees perceived AIDS as a "big city disease", an "outsider's disease", dissociated from local culture. They were all infected through either heterosexual or homosexual sex. Rural-urban migration is a major factor for HIV infection in the area as people migrate to search for jobs. Popular beliefs about HIV/AIDS disease contributes to HIV vulnerability of this population. There is a need to apprehend their cultural beliefs to better understand their ways of thinking and to focus on these local beliefs when disseminating HIV/AIDS information. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | HIV INFECTIONS | CULTURE | PERCEPTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | LABOR MIGRATION | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Migration | Population Dynamics Document Number: 319762 |
| 29. Title: Rural-urban migration and child survival in urban Bangladesh: Are the urban migrants and poor disadvantaged? Author: Islam MM Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [1] p. Abstract: This paper analyses the levels and trends of childhood mortality in rural and urban Bangladesh, and examines whether children's survival chances are poorer among the urban poor and rural-urban migrants, using data from the 1999-2000 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. The results demonstrate that rural/urban residence has significant effect on childhood mortality in Bangladesh. However, the urban-rural differentials in childhood mortality is diminishing in recent years, which is related to rapid growth of urban-rural migration who experience higher childhood mortality. Mortality before age five is 1.6 times higher among children born to urban migrants compared to the children born to lifelong urban natives (102 and 62 per 1,000 live births, respectively). This study identifies two distinct child morality regimes in urban Bangladesh, one for natives and one for migrants. The analysis also reveals that rural-urban migration promotes child survival compared with rural natives, since the long-time migrants have experienced lower childhood mortality than the recent migrants and rural natives. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | URBAN POPULATION | MIGRANTS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CHILDREN | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | CHILD SURVIVAL | POVERTY | CHILD MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Migration | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality Document Number: 317837 |
| 30. Title: Family migration as a vehicle for urban poverty and child morbidity. Author: Konseiga A Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [2] p. Abstract: Between one and two million migrants reside in cramped conditions in Nairobi's slums without proper access to sanitation or affordable clean water. Children in such areas are exposed to enormous risks, health risks in particular. For example, a large demographic and health focused survey conducted in various Nairobi slums in 2002 by the African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC) finds that not only are morbidity risks for all major childhood illnesses (fever, cough, diarrhea) higher for slum children compared to children elsewhere in Kenya, slum children also have less access to healthcare, including immunization, and subsequently face higher mortality rates than even their rural counterparts. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | CHILDREN | URBAN POPULATION | MIGRANTS | SLUMS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | CHILD HEALTH | POVERTY | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Migration | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 317836 |
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