1.  Title: Rural population, development and the environment 2007. [Wallchart]. Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division Source: New York, New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2008 Mar. [2] p. (ST/ESA/SER.A/275) Abstract: The wall chart on Rural Population, Development and the Environment 2007 displays information on various aspects of population, environment and development, including changes in rural populations and their relationship with development and the environment. The wall chart include information for 228 countries or areas as well as data at the regional and sub-regional levels. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | TABLES AND CHARTS | UN | RURAL POPULATION | RURAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION GROWTH | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | AGRICULTURE | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 325833 |
| 2. Title: Madrasas and NGOs: complements or substitutes? Non-state providers and growth in female education in Bangladesh. Author: Asadullah MN; Chaudhury N Source: [Washington, D.C], World Bank, South Asia Region, Human Development Unit, 2008 Feb. 20 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4511) Abstract: There has been a proliferation of non-state providers of education services in the developing world. In Bangladesh, for instance, Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee runs more than 40,000 non-formal schools that cater to school-drop outs from poor families or operate in villages where there's little provision for formal schools. This paper presents a rationale for supporting these schools on the basis of their spillover effects on female enrollment in secondary (registered) madrasa schools (Islamic faith schools). Most madrasa high schools in Bangladesh are financed by the sate and include a modern curriculum alongside traditional religious subjects. Using an establishment-level dataset on student enrollment in secondary schools and madrasas, the authors demonstrate that the presence of madrasas is positively associated with secondary female enrollment growth. Such feminization of madrasas is therefore unique and merits careful analysis. The authors test the effects of the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee primary schools on growth in female enrollment in madrasas. The analysis deals with potential endoegeneity by using data on number of the number of school branches and female members in the sub-district. The findings show that madrasas that are located in regions with a greater number of Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee schools have higher growth in female enrollment. This relationship is further strengthened by the finding that there is, however, no effect of these schools on female enrollment growth in secular schools. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ISLAM | EDUCATION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Religion | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Schools Document Number: 325677 |
3.  Peer Reviewed Title: Unsettling experiences: Internal resettlement and international aid agencies in Laos. Author: Baird IG; Shoemaker B Source: Development and Change. 2007 Sep;38(5):865-888. Abstract: A number of programmes and policies in Laos are promoting the internal resettlement of mostly indigenous ethnic minorities from remote highlands to lowland areas and along roads. Various justifications are given for this internal resettlement: eradication of opium cultivation, security concerns, access and service delivery, cultural integration and nation building, and the reduction of swidden agriculture. There is compelling evidence that it is having a devastating impact on local livelihoods and cultures, and that international aid agencies are playing important but varied and sometimes conflicting roles with regard to internal resettlement in Laos. While some international aid agencies claim that they are willing to support internal resettlement if it is 'voluntary', it is not easy to separate voluntary from involuntary resettlement in the Lao context. Both state and non-state players often find it convenient to discursively frame non-villager initiated resettlement as 'voluntary'. (author's) Language: English Keywords: LAOS | CRITIQUE | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | ETHNIC GROUPS | SETTLEMENT AND RESETTLEMENT | MOTIVATION | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | AGRICULTURE | FORESTS | INTERVIEWS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Policy | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Data Collection | Research Methodology Document Number: 322621 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Rural responses to political unrest in Oaxaca City, Mexico: Preliminary findings. Author: Cohen JH Source: Population Review. 2007;46(2):22-31. Abstract: Strikes, violence and economic crisis characterized life in Oaxaca City, Oaxaca, Mexico from the spring through late fall of 2006. Demonstrations began around the efforts of striking teachers and grew throughout the summer to include many groups critical of the state's governor. The confrontations led to blockades, violence and several acts of murder along with the cancellation of important events that had negative implications for the city's tourism economy. Nevertheless, little has been said about the rural response to these events. In this paper I present preliminary results interviews in three rural villages to better understand the impacts of political and economic unrest on rural communities. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | POLITICAL FACTORS | TRAVEL AND TOURISM | VIOLENCE | RURAL LIFE | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Economic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics Document Number: 324754 |
| 5. Title: Child mortality and water pollution in China: Achieving Millennium Development Goal 4. Author: Lee DY Source: Washington, D.C., Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2007 Jul. [4] p. (China Environmental Health Project Research Brief) Abstract: China is a country of contradictions. Its 27 years of economic boom have brought 400 million people out of poverty and created large urban centers bustling with trade. Many Chinese urbanites live in very comfortable conditions. Yet, in much the countryside, poverty rates of rural citizens remain high, for farmers are increasingly losing out in China's economic reforms. According to an October 2006 Gallup WorldPoll, between 2004 and 2006 the incomes of urban dwellers rose by an average of 4,000 Yuan while rural residents saw an increase of only 3,300 Yuan. This gap has lead to significant challenges in equal access to a clean environment. For example, 94 percent of urban residents claim to have running water in their homes-a luxury that only 47 percent of rural residents say they possess. Environmental degradation and pollution are two serious factors that exacerbate poverty in China's countryside, while also threatening the health of vulnerable rural populations, particularly children. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROGRESS REPORT | CHILDREN | RURAL POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | WATER SUPPLY | CHILD MORTALITY | CHILD SURVIVAL | POVERTY | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | SANITATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Environmental Degradation | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Survivorship | Length of Life | Public Health | Health Document Number: 326767 |
| 6. Title: Asia-Pacific: the matter of trade [editorial] Source: Lancet. 2006 Jul 8;368(9530):91. Abstract: "Asia and the Pacific have embraced globalization, but globalization cannot embrace the region's poor without determined action on the part of governments." That was the conclusion of Hafiz A Pasha, UN Assistant Secretary-General and Director of the UN's Development Programme Regional Bureau for Asia and the Pacific at the launch of a report last week in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The importance of the question lies in how much the region has embraced global trade and how much the benefits of such trade filter down to the poor, in terms of employment, education, gender equity, and, importantly, health gains. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA | OCEANIA | CRITIQUE | LOW INCOME POPULATION | COMMERCE | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | DEVELOPMENT PLANS | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | LABOR FORCE | HEALTH | Developing Countries | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Production | Human Resources Document Number: 303414 |
| 7. Title: Rural Expansion of Afghanistan's Community-Based Healthcare (REACH) Project: gender strategies and activities. Author: Management Sciences for Health [MSH]. Rural Expansion of Afghanistan's Community-Based Healthcare [REACH] Source: Cambridge, Massachusetts, MSH, REACH, 2006 Jan. [3] p. (USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No: PD-ACG-498USAID Contract No. EEE-C-00-03-00021-00) Abstract: Strategy: Build cross-cutting linkages on gender among REACH program components; Advocate for women at three levels of intervention; 1) REACH internal, 2) MOH, and 3) NGOs, especially REACH Grantees; Build capacity of Afghan colleagues on gender awareness; Liaise with multi-sectoral initiatives (such as REACH Learning for Life) that enhance health outcomes in REACH provinces/districts; Work toward developing a national gender policy. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFGHANISTAN | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | GENDER ISSUES | CAPACITY BUILDING | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 306107 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Declining fertility on the frontier: The Ecuadorian Amazon. Author: Carr DL; Pan WK; Bilsborrow RE Source: Population and Environment. 2006 Sep;28(1):17-39. Abstract: This paper examines farm and household characteristics associated with a rapid fertility decline in a forest frontier of the Ecuadorian Amazon. The Amazon basin and other rainforests in the tropics are among the last frontiers in the ongoing global fertility transition. The pace of this transition along agricultural frontiers will likely have major implications for future forest transitions, rural development, and ultimately urbanization in frontier areas. The study here is based upon data from a probability sample of 172 women who lived on the same farm in 1990 and 1999. These data are from perhaps the first region-wide longitudinal survey of fertility in an agricultural frontier. Descriptive analyses indicate that fertility has plummeted in the region, which is surprising since it had remained high and unchanging among migrant colonists up to 1990. Thus only half of the women in our sample reported having a birth during the 1990-1999 time period, and most women report in 1999 that they do not want to have any more children. Analyses, controlling for women's age, corroborate hypotheses about land-fertility relations. For example, women from households with a legal land title had fewer than half as many children as those from households without a title. Large cattle (pasture) holdings and hiring laborers to work on the farm (which may replace household labor) are both related to socio-economic status that is traditionally associated with lower fertility. Similarly, distance to the nearest community center is positively related to fertility. Factors negatively related to fertility include increasing temporary out-migration of adult men or women from the household, asset accumulation, and access to electricity. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ECUADOR | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY SURVEYS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | FERTILITY DECLINE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | LAND TENURE | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Geographic Factors | Population | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Fertility Changes | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 315985 |
| 9. Title: Food chain activities of women in an Agrarian community in Central Nigeria: implications for rural development. Author: Ejembi EP; Ejembi SA; Abgulu ON Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2006;19(1):63-67. Abstract: This study was carried out in Otukpo Local Government Area. The purpose was to determine food chain activities of women and implications for women in agriculture. Three hundred respondents randomly selected from the six districts that make up the local government area constituted the sample for the study. Results of the survey showed that women in the area were responsible for many activities in the food chain, including planting, harvesting, weeding, marketing and transportation of farm produce. Major post-harvest processing activities of women were milling, parboiling, pounding, peeling, threshing and grinding. Others were slicing of okro, picking of palm fruits and melon, and crushing of palm kernels. The main storage methods used by the women were smoking, salting, stacking of grains on wooden platform (oda) and storage in barns. Most of the women traveled a distance of less than one kilometer to and from their sources of drinking water. The most important sources of fuel were firewood and kerosene stoves. Field observation revealed that the women were largely responsible for the nutrition and health care of family members, particularly children. Constraints to the food chain activities were inadequate time for farming, too much involvement in domestic activities, poor financial resources and storage facilities. Implications of results of the study for rural development were identified and articulated for policy formulation and implementation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | HOUSEWORK | SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | FOOD SUPPLY | TIME FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Agriculture | Macroeconomic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Dynamics Document Number: 304709 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: A community health programme in rural Tamil Nadu, India: the need for gender justice for women. Author: Jacob ME; Abraham S; Surya S; Minz S; Singh D Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2006 May;14(27):101-108. Abstract: This article highlights the efforts of the Community Health and Development (CHAD) Programme of Christian Medical College to address the issues of gender discrimination and improve the status of women in the Kaniyambadi Block, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. The many schemes that are specifically for women and general projects for the community from which women can also benefit represent a multi-pronged approach whose aim is the improvement of women's health, education and employment in the context of community development. However, despite five decades of work with a clear bias in favour of women, the improvement in health and the empowerment of women has lagged behind that achieved by men. We believe this is because the community, with its strong male bias, utilises the health facilities and education and employment programmes more for the benefit of men and boys than women and girls. The article argues for a change of approach, in which gender and women's issues are openly discussed and debated with the community. It would appear that nothing short of social change will bring about an improvement in the health of women and a semblance of gender equality in the region. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | EVALUATION REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | RURAL POPULATION | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | GENDER ISSUES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | WOMEN'S STATUS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | EDUCATION | EMPLOYMENT | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 304719 |
| 11. Title: Beyond population and environment: household demographic life cycles and land use allocation among small farms in the Amazon. Author: Perz SG; Walker RT; Caldas MM Source: Human Ecology. 2006 Dec;34(6):829-849. Abstract: Most research featuring demographic factors in environmental change has focused on processes operating at the level of national or global populations. This paper focuses on household-level demographic life cycles among colonists in the Amazon, and evaluates the impacts on land use allocation. The analysis goes beyond prior research by including a broader suite of demographic variables, and by simultaneously assessing their impacts on multiple land uses with different economic and ecological implications. We estimate a system of structural equations that accounts for endogeneity among land uses, and the findings indicate stronger demographic effects than previous work. These findings bear implications for modeling land use, and the place of demography in environmental research. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | QUESTIONNAIRES | HOUSEHOLDS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | REMITTANCES | ENVIRONMENT | SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE | LIFE CYCLE | AGRARIAN REFORM | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Agriculture | Macroeconomic Factors | Family Research Document Number: 309298 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Women, society and water technologies: lessons for bureaucracy. Author: Singh N Source: Gender, Technology and Development. 2006 Nov;10(3):341-360. Abstract: Water technologies are increasingly regarded as pivotal to the process of societal development. One arena of importance is the delivery of water to society through comprehensive water supply programs that aim at ensuring 'safe' water for all. The principal target group in these programs is women, whose development is believed to be promoted through improved water facilities offering them greater convenience, better health and enhanced socio-economic opportunities. These programs can be seen as having three essential aspects, namely technology, people and institutions. Of these, the responsibilities of designing technologies for supplying water, creating institutional frameworks for their execution and implementing the program at the people's end for their benefit all lie with development bureaucracies. But the extent to which these bureaucracies can be sensitive to the socio-cultural contexts of the communities and the women for whom the program interventions are designed and implemented remains problematic. This article explores the gender dimensions of the socio-cultural context of water and how this may play a role in the adoption and management of improved water technologies. A perspective on the lessons for planning bureaucracies is offered to make the concerned technologies more efficient, effective and sustainable. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | WOMEN | WATER SUPPLY | TECHNOLOGY | PROGRAM APPROPRIATENESS | PROGRAM DESIGN | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | IMPLEMENTATION | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | CASTE | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Natural Resources | Environment | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Behavior Document Number: 311046 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: The Farmer Field School: a method for enhancing the role of rural communities in malaria control? Author: van den Berg H; Knols BG Source: Malaria Journal. 2006 Jan 19;5(1):3. Abstract: Malaria has strong linkages with agriculture, and farmers in malarious regions have a central position in creating or controlling the conditions that favour disease transmission. An interdisciplinary and integrated approach is needed to involve farmers and more than one sector in control efforts. It is suggested that malaria control can benefit from a complementary intervention in rural development, the Farmer Field School (FFS) on Integrated Pest Management (IPM). This is a form of education that uses experiential learning methods to build farmers' expertise, and has proven farm-level and empowerment effects. The benefits of incorporating malaria control into the IPM curriculum are discussed. An example of a combined health-agriculture curriculum, labeled Integrated Pest and Vector Management (IPVM), developed in Sri Lanka is presented. Institutional ownership and support for IPVM could potentially be spread over several public sectors requiring a process for institutional learning and reform. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SRI LANKA | CRITIQUE | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | MALARIA PREVENTION | SCHOOLS | EDUCATIONAL METHODS | CURRICULUM | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | AGRICULTURE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Education | Educational Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 298405 |
| 14. Title: Socio-economic factors associated with urban-rural migration in Nigeria: a case study of Oyo State, Nigeria. Author: Adewale JG Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2005;17(1):13-16. Abstract: The study investigated socio-economic factors influencing movement of people from urban centres to rural areas in Nigeria with particular focus on Oyo State of Nigeria. Purposive sampling technique was used to sample 160 migrants in rural areas for the study. Data were collected from the respondents using interview schedule. The principal results of the study reveal that most of the respondents left the urban centres for the rural areas because of their inability to secure jobs in the towns, transfer to rural areas in their places of work, retirement and high cost of living in the urban centres. Also, the principal results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between lengths of stay of migrants in the rural areas and their ages (r = 0.442, p = 0.01). There are significant differences in the lengths of stay on migration by the single, married, widowed and divorced migrants since the calculated F-ratio (3.04) exceeds the tabulated F-ratio (2.74). It is recommended that government should encourage the drift of people to rural areas by making available such amenities that would encourage the stay of the migrants. This encouragement would enhance rapid rural development and bring the rural communities to the mainstream of national development. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | MIGRANTS | RURAL AREAS | URBAN AREAS | INTERNAL MIGRATION | EMPLOYMENT | RETIREMENT | MARITAL STATUS | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Employment Status | Socioeconomic Status | Nuptiality Document Number: 304639 |
| 15. Title: Training needs of women farmers in livestock production: implications for rural development in Oyo State of Nigeria. Author: Farinde AJ; Ajayi AO Source: Journal of Social Sciences. 2005;10(3):159-164. Abstract: This paper identifies some training needs of women farmers in livestock production and discusses the relevance of such needs to rural development. The study was conducted in 5 (five) selected Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Oyo state. Structured interview schedule was used to collect information from one hundred and seventyone (171) women farmers. Analysis of the data collected revealed that women perform virtually all livestock related operations, although they are less involved in marketing of livestock products; construction of livestock houses and slaughter/dressing of animals. The weighted mean scores in knowledge and skills of women farmers were low in compounding of feeds; breeding; identification and diagnosis of sick animal; selection and administration of drugs. Women expressed felt training needs in all the listed operations. The implication for rural development is that empowerment of women farmers through adequate training in all the expressed areas of training needs in livestock production is a predisposing factor to sustainable livelihood and consequent participation in rural development. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ANIMALS | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | TRAINING PROGRAMS | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | FEMALE ROLE | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Natural Resources | Environment | Evaluation | Education | Social Behavior | Behavior | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 305426 |
| 16. Title: Nutrition knowledge and practices, and consumption of vitamin A -- rich plants by rural Nepali participants and nonparticipants in a kitchen-garden program. Author: Jones KM; Specio SE; Shrestha P; Brown KH; Allen LH Source: Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 2005;26(2):198-208. Abstract: Food-based nutrition interventions, including kitchen gardens and nutrition education, offer a potentially sustainable approach to reducing multiple nutritional deficiencies, but they have been poorly evaluated in developing countries. In a poor region of the terai (the flat, subtropical agricultural region that borders on India) in rural Nepal, we developed and evaluated the impact of a nutrition program added to the Market Access for Rural Development (MARD) Project. The primary objective of the MARD Project was to augment household income by increasing the production of high-economic-value crops. The objective of the nutrition program was to increase vitamin A and iron intakes by promoting kitchen gardens (training, technical assistance, and seed distribution) and nutrition education. One-third of the kitchen-garden program participants also attended nutrition education or agricultural training sessions that were part of the MARD Project. The program was evaluated after 36 months by a cross-sectional nutrition survey in 430 MARD households with kitchen gardens and 389 non-MARD control households. The lack of knowledge about nutrition, including the causes, prevention, and treatment of night-blindness and anemia, was remarkable. However, compared with control households, the kitchen-gardens group had significantly more nutrition knowledge (38% vs. 13% knew one of the causes of night-blindness, and 17% vs. 3% knew one of the causes of anemia), were more likely to feed special complementary foods to infants and to preserve food, and consumed more of 16 types of home-produced micronutrient-rich vegetables and fruits. Although the cross-sectional nature of the study limits our ability to attribute these differences to the program, we observed a striking lack of nutrition knowledge in these communities, and a clear opportunity to increase the intake of vitamin A through home production of vitamin A-rich plants. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | EVALUATION REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | HOUSEHOLDS | VITAMIN A | HOME ECONOMICS | FOOD SUPPLY | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | HEALTH EDUCATION | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Research Methodology | Studies | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Education | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 311869 |
| 17. Title: Participatory rural entrepreneurship development for grassroots transformation: a factor analysis. Author: Kolawole OD; Torimiro DO Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2005;18(3):193-198. Abstract: The article identified crucial factors influencing participatory rural entrepreneurship development and employment promotion (PREDEP) amongst grassroots people in Lagos State, Nigeria. It specifically identified and analysed some selected socio-economic variables influencing people's participation in PREDEP; identified and analysed infrastructural and institutional factors associated with PREDEP; identified the constraints to PREDEP; and determined the appropriate ways of enhancing grassroots peoples' interest in PREDEP. The study was conducted in eight rural communities (selected from Badagry, Ibeju-Lekki, Epe and Ikorodu Local Government Areas) of Lagos State, using a multi-stage sampling procedure. A total of 320 respondents were sampled and interviewed, accordingly. Descriptive statistics (such as frequency counts, percentages, means and standard deviation) were used to summarise and describe the data. Factor analysis was employed to identify crucial factors influencing PREDEP. The result showed that most respondents (81.3%) were farmers and 50.0% were civil servants, indicating that majority of the respondents had between 1 and 2 jobs/businesses. About 60.0% were cooperators with just 16.3% being active members. Also, 46.0% rural entrepreneurs never employed more than 2 workers. Over 50.0% of the respondents preferred buying and selling to active production ventures. Non-availability of credit facilities and high cost of labour were major constraints to investment drive in rural communities. Seven crucial factors associated with PREDEP were social status ( = 2.41); personal experience ( = 2.24); infrastructure functionality ( = 2.15); and educational advantage ( = 1.98). Others are economic prowess ( = 1.63), institutional influence ( = 1.35), and information and project type ( = 1.55). (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | POVERTY | OCCUPATIONS | TECHNOLOGY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Human Resources Document Number: 304684 |
| 18. Title: Participation of women local leaders in women-based rural development projects in Osun State, Nigeria. Author: Okunade EO; Farinde AJ; Laogun EA Source: Journal of Social Sciences. 2005 Jan;10(1):37-41. Abstract: An investigation was conducted into the participation of Women Local Leaders in women-based rural development projects in Osun-State, Nigeria. The study was conducted in all the six administrative zones of the state. Six rural Local Government Areas (LGAS), one from each zone where women-based rural development projects were concentrated and 18 women groups (three from each LGAS) were purposively selected for the sampling. Structured interview schedule was administered to 108 women local leaders sampled from the women groups. Descriptive statistical techniques like frequency and percentage distribution, means and standard deviation were used to analyze the data. Correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the variables investigated in the study. Results showed that women local leaders participated in 12 women-based rural development projects out of which nine are production projects while three are processing projects. The women-leaders were also involved in all the activities/operations at all stages of programme development such as problem identification, decision-making, plan of action, implementation and evaluation. There was positive and significant relationship" between participation of women local leaders and levels of education (r = 0.228) and marital status (r = 0.210). Other variables with negative but significant relationship are external orientation (r = -0.353) and occupation (r = -0.297). (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | WOMEN | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | PROGRAMS | PARTICIPATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Organization and Administration | Social Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 299500 |
| 19. Title: Rural development and agro-industrial promotion in Nigeria: concepts, strategies and challenges. Author: Olayiwola LM; Adeleye OA Source: Journal of Social Sciences. 2005;11(1):57-61. Abstract: The relevance of industrial development to national economic growth cannot be over-emphasised. This paper examines the importance of agro-industrial promotion to rural development. It discusses the theoretical underpinning of rural development and small scale / agro-industrial establishments. It identified the strategies that could be used for establishing small-scale industries in the rural areas. Finally, the challenges, opportunities and benefits derivable from small-scale industrial development in the rural areas are highlighted. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | INDUSTRIALIZATION | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 305433 |
| 20. Title: Maintenance of traditional occupation: A case from the Telugu speaking Artisan community in the islands. Author: Prasad DV Source: Journal of Social Sciences. 2005;11(2):141-149. Abstract: The so-called traditional crafts/handicrafts are one of the sources of livelihood for the millions of rural and tribal people even in the era of globalization. Though agriculture contributes major share in Indian economy, these crafts supports human subsistence on secondary basis. Due to the advent of industrial revolution, these handicrafts struggle to exist with the foray of so many polymer and metal made consumer products. It is observed that the occupational diversity, shift from traditional to modern varieties of basketry, is contributing immensely for the sustenance of this craft. The present study envisages the process of adaptation of the Medar community in an Island situation, which is entirely new from their rural set up. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | ARTISTS | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | ARTS AND CRAFTS | CULTURE | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | MARKETING | ECONOMIC FACTORS | INFORMAL SECTOR | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Influentials | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 305438 |
| 21. Title: The impact of the National Fadama Facility in alleviating rural poverty and enhancing agricultural development in South-Western Nigeria. Author: Ayanwale AB; Alimi T Source: Journal of Social Sciences. 2004;9(3):157-161. Abstract: This study assessed the potential of the National Fadama (lowland irrigation) facility to enhance smallholder farmers production and income thereby lifting them out of the vicious circle of poverty in South Western Nigeria. About 5% of the participants in Osun State were randomly selected and their performance compared with that of the baseline study conducted before the facility took off. Furthermore, the stochastic frontier production function model was utilized to estimate the technical efficiency level of the participants. Results obtained shows that the farm income obtained from Fadama cultivation increased about three times from #13368.00 at baseline to #38918.00 in the current season. The stochastic production function results obtained shows the coefficients of age of farmer result number of children and farming experience being significant at 1% while the coefficient of cost of seed was significant at 10% level. The range at technical efficiency obtained was 0.9959-0.9964 suggesting a relatively efficient level of production by the participants. The programme thus has a potential to alleviate the participants from poverty. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ECONOMIC MODEL | RURAL POPULATION | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | IRRIGATION | PRODUCTIVITY | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | FAMILY SIZE | AGE FACTORS | COST EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Agriculture | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Development | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation Document Number: 305416 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Nari Bikash Sangha: towards empowerment. Author: Banerjee N Source: Indian Journal of Gender Studies. 2004 May-Aug;11(2):179-203. Abstract: The idea of Nari Bikash Sangha (NBS) emerged in 1985 as an intervention from a group of economically vulnerable women to reach out to others in similar situations. Gradually, the NBS began to acquire other" roles in an economically and socially backward region of West Bengal. Its spontaneous inroads into natural resource management, political participation, better community relations, etc. with the clear idea of rights and responsibilities were evidence of its growing strength, arid capacity and ability to create a new social space for women in the region. Its example also demonstrates the fact that in a given situation, individual empowerment of women is better achieved through a collective process, where the individual draws her strength and power of self-assertion from a strong collective and sense of solidarity. Social heterogeneity, ethnicity, political ideological differences and cultural diversity tend to get subsumed under the pace and pressure of a collective empowerment process. The paper attempts to document this process through the words of NBS women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S GROUPS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | SOCIAL CHANGE | POLITICAL FACTORS | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | FEMALE ROLE | OCCUPATIONS | EDUCATION | NATURAL RESOURCES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Interest Groups | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Human Resources | Environment Document Number: 183348 |
| 23. Title: Reflections on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Alma Ata Declaration. Author: Banerji D Source: Health for the Millions. 2004 Jan;30(4-5):8-10. Abstract: The 1978 Alma Ata Declaration on primary healthcare (PHC)(WHO, 1978), endorsed by all the countries of the world, marked a major watershed in the concepts and practice of public health as a scientific discipline. Expectedly, the vision endorsed at Alma Ata is the outcome of the power equations that were getting shaped within and between the countries in the preceding years. India's vision of 1938 of entrusting 'people's health in people's hands' (NPC, 1948)during the anti-colonial struggle and the emergence in the course of the famous Long March of the Chinese vision of developing rural health cooperatives, with the 'Barefoot Doctor' as the centre piece (Newell, 1975)are instances of socio-political conditions within individual countries, which had earlier inspired such path breaking endogenous thinking in public health. Incidentally, these two countries were home to an overwhelming majority of the world's unserved and under served people. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | RURAL HEALTH SERVICES | WHO | UNICEF | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL | TECHNOLOGY | PUBLIC HEALTH | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Economic Factors Document Number: 186032 |
| 24. Title: Improving the health of the world's poorest people. Author: Carr D Source: Health Bulletin. 2004 Feb;(1):1-34. Abstract: The human, economic, and societal costs of ill health are immense. Millions of people die prematurely from diseases that are preventable or curable. At relatively little expense, many of these people could lead longer, healthier, and more productive lives. Mounting evidence also shows that the links between health, poverty reduction, and economic growth are powerful, confirming the popular notion that “health is wealth.” This Bulletin examines facets of the poor-rich health divide, factors that play a role in health disparities, and approaches for improving the health of the poor. In recent years, a great deal of new research has become available on health inequalities within low-income countries. These studies shed light on how the world’s poorest people are faring, demonstrating for the most part the persistence and pervasiveness of inequalities in health. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | POVERTY | MORTALITY | HEALTH SERVICES | INEQUALITIES | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | EDUCATION | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 192090 |
| 25. Title: The Gandhigram experience: relevance to the Alma Ata Declaration. Author: Devi RK Source: Health for the Millions. 2004 Jan;30(4-5):50-51. Abstract: On this special occasion of the silver jubilee celebration of the Alma Ata Declaration, I am enthused to share Gandhigram's experience during the last 50 years, which is very much in line with the Declaration. Years ago, persons of a different category became the disciples of Mahatma Gandhi and followed in his footsteps to (1) achieve Independence and (2) make India a healthy and peaceful country. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | RURAL HEALTH SERVICES | EDUCATION | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL WELFARE | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Economic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Primary Health Care | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 186042 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Working for women's empowerment: issues before the agency that catalyses change. Author: Dutt SC Source: Indian Journal of Gender Studies. 2004 May-Aug;11(2):157-177. Abstract: NGOs have played key roles in catalysing change within development activities in India. It is widely perceived that NGOs have a greater capacity to reach the grassroots, even in case of women's organisation. However, such groups working with women need to ensure that class, caste and ethnic differences are included in their analyses of women and development. Postmodern thinking has fostered a growing awareness of an absence of race and class analysis in mainstream feminist discourse on development. Mahila Smakhya (MS), an organisation working in several states of India, emphasizes development with gender equity. There is no single, unique set of policy or action recommendations that can achieve this. One effective way to do this may be to create space for the voices of 'ordinary" men and women to be heard within the policy domain so that commonalties and conflicts between different groups of women and men are made clear and taken into account in the policy development process. This paper looks at MS's success in Madhya Pradesh. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S GROUPS | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | SOCIAL CHANGE | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Interest Groups | Political Factors | Organizations | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Organization and Administration Document Number: 183347 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Planned resettlement, unexpected migrations and cultural trauma in Laos. Author: Evrard O; Goudineau Y Source: Development and Change. 2004;35(5):937-962. Abstract: Though not officially considered a ‘policy’ by the Lao government, resettlement of ethnic minorities has become a central feature of the rural development strategy in Laos. Over the past ten years, a majority of highland villages have been resettled downhill, and the local administrations are planning to move the remaining villages in the coming years. This article draws on a national survey about resettlement in Laos, commissioned by UNESCO and financed by UNDP, that was undertaken by the authors. It focuses on the consequences of these huge shifts of population and on the social and cultural dynamics that underlie them. It shows that the planned resettlements, which are intended to promote the ‘settling’ of the highland populations by enforcing the ban on slash-and-burn agriculture and opium growing, actually cause increased and diversified rural mobility. This in turn complicates the implementation of the rural development policy and the political management of interethnic relationships. In other words, the ‘settling’ process promoted by the State, because of its broad and often tragic social consequences, can paradoxically generate unplanned or unexpected further migrations, which could be called ‘resettlement-induced forms of mobility.’ (author's) Language: English Keywords: LAOS | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | POPULATION | NATURAL RESOURCES | SETTLEMENT AND RESETTLEMENT | MIGRATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Environment | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors Document Number: 279528 |
| 28. Title: Mapping HIV vulnerability along Kampong Thom, Siem Reap, Odor Meanchey and Preah Vihear, Cambodia. Author: Phalla T; Leng HB; Samnang P Source: Bangkok, Thailand, United Nations Development Programme [UNDP], South East Asia HIV and Development Programme, 2004 Mar. [35] p. Abstract: This report is based on a mapping of HIV vulnerability along selected sections of secondary and tertiary feeder roads along National Road Number Six. This mapping was done as part of the preparatory phase of the World Bank Provincial and Rural Infrastructure Project (PRIP). This project aims at reducing rural poverty through economic and social development, thus facilitating the reintegration of the four target provinces into mainstream national development. The development objective of the PRIP is to provide sustainable and safe access to markets and essential services for people located in rural areas of Kampong Thom, Siem Reap, Odor Meanchey, and Preah Vihear. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CAMBODIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | MAPS | POPULATION AT RISK | MIGRANT WORKERS | SEX WORKERS | HIV PREVENTION | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | STREETS AND ROADS | CONSTRUCTION | RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY | TRANSPORTATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Planning | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population Document Number: 195053 |
| 29. Title: Power sharing in rural China behind social transformation: traditional culture, town and village enterprises, and rural governance. Author: Zhou D; Yang X Source: Chinese Sociology and Anthropology. 2004 Summer;36(4):5-43. Abstract: In the final two decades of the twentieth century, the economy, politics, and society of the Chinese countryside began several new transformations. Behind the macroscopic view of taking economic construction as the focus, this transformation in rural society has had changes in economic life, social structure, and political culture as its primary features. The substance of these transformations can be seen in the changes in, and the restructuring of, the relationship between the nation and the countryside and the nation and the peasantry. In 2001 and 2002, we researched these topics in twelve provinces and fifteen villages, doing both investigations and comparisons. Rural power structures were taken as the entry point, with respect to traditional culture, town and village enterprises, and rural governance as aspects to be considered and observed. Finally, a description of the process of transformation of rural society will follow, in order to recreate the period of reconstruction and adjustment of power structures. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | RURAL POPULATION | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL CHANGE | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | CULTURE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 298667 |
| 30. Title: Rural-urban transformations and the links between urban and rural development. Author: International Institute for Environment and Development. Human Settlements Programme Source: London, England, International Institute for Environment and Development, 2003. [6] p. (Environment and Urbanization Brief No. 7) Brief of the April 2003 issue of the journal, Environment and Urbanization. Abstract: It is still common for rural and urban development to be discussed and planned for separately; also for urban specialists to ignore rural areas and for rural specialists to ignore urban areas or to see them as responsible for rural exploitation. But a large and probably growing proportion of rural households have urban components to their livelihoods and most rely on urban areas for access to markets and services. Many urban households also have rural components to their livelihoods and retain strong links with rural areas, while some keep part of their asset base in rural areas. This Brief aims to: Encourage rural and agricultural specialists to take more interest in the potential of urban development to increase demand and prices for rural produce (or help farmers diversify to crops that give better returns per hectare and/or per unit of labour input); and to support more income-earning opportunities for local populations (whether urban, rural, rural–urban commuters or rural dwellers who work seasonally in urban areas). As this Brief illustrates, there are often many opportunities for rural producers living on city peripheries. Highlight how the achievement of many of the Millennium Development Goals in both rural and urban areas depends on more competent and accountable local governments in small urban centres. Encourage urban specialists to take more notice of the smaller urban centres where much of the urban population in low- and middle-income nations live, and of the importance of a prosperous agriculture and a prosperous rural population for urban development. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | RURAL POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | MIDDLE INCOME POPULATION | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | URBANIZATION | SUBURBANIZATION | MIGRATION | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC POLICY | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population Dynamics | Policy Document Number: 179181 |
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