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Title: Bone Accretion in Adolescents Using the Combined Estrogen and Progestin Transdermal Contraceptive Method Ortho Evra: A Pilot Study.
Author: Harel Z; Riggs S; Vaz R; Flanagan P; Harel D; Machan JT
Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2009 Jul 30;
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To date, there are no data regarding the effect of the transdermal combined estrogen and progestin contraceptive Ortho Evra on bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD). We examined the effects of transdermally delivered ethinyl estradiol and norelgestromin on whole body (WB) BMC and BMD of the hip and lumbar spine (LS) of adolescent girls. METHODS: In a matched case-control study, girls (n=5) who applied Ortho Evra for days 1-21 followed by days 22-28 free of medication for 13 cycles (about 12 months) were compared with 5 age- and ethnicity-matched control girls. Evaluations of calcium intake; bone-protective physical activity; bone densitometry (DXA, QDR 4500A, Hologic); bone formation markers serum osteocalcin (OC) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP); bone resorption marker urinary N-telopeptide (uNTX); insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1); and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were carried out at initiation, 6 months, and 12 months. Changes from baseline were compared using mixed models, adjusting for follow-up comparisons using the Holm Test (sequential Bonferroni). RESULTS: There were no significant differences (SD) between groups at baseline in age, gynecologic age, WBBMC, hip BMD, and LSBMD. Girls on Ortho Evra did not change significantly in WBBMC (12-month mean increase 0.2% +/- 0.8%), whereas controls did (3.9% +/- 1.8%, P Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RHODE ISLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, ESTROGEN | LOW-DOSE PROGESTINS | BIODEGRADABLE DELIVERY SYSTEMS | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | SKELETAL EFFECTS | BODY WEIGHT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Methods | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 342419

Title: Age group differences among pregnant adolescents: Sexual behavior, health habits and contraceptive use.
Author: Phipps MG; Rosengard C; Weitzen S; Meers A; Billinkoff Z
Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2008 Feb;21(1):9-15.
Abstract: The study objective was to determine differences in sexual behavior, health habits and contraceptive use among three age groups of pregnant adolescents. The design used was a prospective study of pregnant adolescents participating in face-to-face interviews including questions about demographic background, sexual behavior, health history and contraceptive use. The setting for the study was an urban prenatal clinic. The participants for the study were 300 pregnant adolescents attending their first prenatal appointment. The main outcome measures were sexual behavior, health history and contraceptive use. Our cohort of pregnant adolescents included 61 (20%) 12-15-year-olds, 113 (38%) 16-17-year-olds and 126 (42%) 18-19-year-olds. A greater proportion of 12-15-year-olds were currently in school (90%) compared with 16-17-year-olds (48%) and 18-19-year-olds (38%) (P = 0.01). Of the 18-19-year-olds, 41% had a previous pregnancy compared with 3% of 12-15-year-olds (P = 0.01). The youngest age group also had the lowest proportion of any drug use (25%). Contraceptive use (ever) was lower for 12-15-year-olds (46%) compared with 16-17-year-olds (59%), and 18-19-year-olds (66%) (P less than 0.01). Reasons for not using contraception at the time of conception also differed by age with 9% of the youngest group reporting they wanted to get pregnant compared with 27% of the 18-19-year-old group (P = 0.01). Sexual behavior, health habits and contraceptive use in pregnant adolescents differed by age group. Understanding that there are distinct risk behaviors associated with teen pregnancy among these three separate age groups will enhance the thoughtful development and evaluation of programs and policies targeted at preventing first pregnancies and repeat pregnancies in adolescents. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RHODE ISLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PREGNANT WOMEN | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | AGE FACTORS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 324412

Title: Follow-up of abnormal pap smears among incarcerated women.
Author: Clarke JG; Phipps M; Rose J; Hebert M; Rosengard C
Source: Journal of Correctional Health Care. 2007 Jan;13(1):22-26.
Abstract: Risk factors for cervical cancer are endemic among incarcerated women, and brief incarcerations make follow-up a challenge. This article describes Pap smear results and follow-up evaluations among women in a combined jail and prison system. Medical records of 785 women incarcerated between 1999 and 2004 were reviewed. Charts with abnormal Pap smear results (195) were reviewed for cervical cancer risk factors and colposcopy results. Women with ASCUS (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance) Pap smears were less likely to have had a colposcopy than other women, but biopsy results often demonstrated significant pathology. Longer length of incarceration post-Pap smear was associated with undergoing colposcopy. Providing Pap smears and colposcopy to this population of women is vital in the prevention of cervical cancer. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
RHODE ISLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | PRISONERS | PAP SMEAR | RISK FACTORS | CERVICAL CANCER | COLPOSCOPY | TIME FACTORS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Biology | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Endoscopy | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 322647

4.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Improving birth control service utilization by offering services prerelease vs postincarceration.
Author: Clarke JG; Rosengard C; Rose JS; Hebert MR; Peipert J
Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2006 May;96(5):840-845.
Abstract: We examined whether incarcerated women would substantially increase birth control initiation if contraceptive services were available within the prison compared with after their release back into the community. During phase 1 of the study, a nurse educator met with women at the Rhode Island Adult Correctional Institute and offered them referrals for contraceptive services at a community health clinic after their release. During phase 2, contraceptive services were offered to women during their incarceration. The majority of the participants (77.5%) reported a desire to initiate use of birth control methods. Within 4 weeks of their release, 4.4% of phase 1 participants initiated use of a contraceptive method, compared with 39.1% of phase 2 participants (odds ratio [OR] = 14.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.5, 38.8). Provision of contraceptive services to women during their incarceration is feasible and greatly increases birth control initiation compared to providing services only in the community. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
RHODE ISLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | PRISONERS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 299886

5.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Reproductive health care and family planning needs among incarcerated women.
Author: Clarke JG; Hebert MR; Rosengard C; Rose JS; Da Silva KM
Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2006 May;96(5):834-839.
Abstract: Women in correctional institutions have substantial reproductive health problems, yet they are underserved in receipt of reproductive health care. We assessed the level of risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and the reproductive health needs of 484 incarcerated women in Rhode Island to plan an intervention for women returning to the community. We used a 45-minute survey to assess medical histories, pregnancy and birth control use histories, current pregnancy intentions, substance use during the past 3 months, histories of childhood sexual abuse, and health attitudes and behaviors. Participants had extremely high risks for STDs and pregnancy, which was characterized by inconsistent birth control (66.5%) and condom use (80.4%), multiple partners (38%), and a high prevalence of unplanned pregnancies (83.6%) and STDs (49%). Only 15.4% said it was not likely that they would have sexual relations with a man within 6 months after release. Reproductive health services must be offered to incarcerated women. Such interventions will benefit the women, the criminal justice systems, and the communities to which the women will return. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
RHODE ISLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | PRISONERS | RISK ASSESSMENT | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | RISK BEHAVIOR | WOMEN'S HEALTH | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SEXUAL ABUSE | ATTITUDES | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Evaluation | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 299885

7.
Title: Violence against women associated with arrests for sex trade but not drug charges.
Author: Raj A; Clarke JG; Silverman JG; Rose J; Rosengard C
Source: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 2006 May-Jun;29(3):204-211.
Abstract: The current study was designed to examine associations between gender-based violence and arrests due to sex trade or drug-related charges among a statewide sample of incarcerated women in Rhode Island. Incarcerated women were asked to participate in brief pre- and posttest surveys of their experiences of violence, sexual risk and substance use behaviors, as part of a study on the effectiveness of a family planning program in a state correctional facility; data from pretest surveys (N = 447) were used for current analyses. Logistic regression analyses adjusted for demographics were used to assess significant associations between gender-based violence variables (i.e., adolescent intimate partner violence (IPV), adult IPV, childhood sexual assault (SA), adolescent SA, and adult SA) and arrests due to sex trade or drug-related charges. Significant relationships were observed between arrests for sex trade and adult SA (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.2--3.6), adolescent IPV (OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.5--4.1), and adult IPV (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.1-- 2.6); no significant associations were observed for drug-related charges. Findings from the current study demonstrate that experiences of gender-based violence are associated with arrests for sex trade but not drug-related charges. Interventions for incarcerated women are needed to consider and address history of victimization from gender-based violence and its relation to women's historic and future sex trade involvement. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
RHODE ISLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PRISONERS | WOMEN | SEX WORKERS | VIOLENCE | GENDER RELATIONS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | CHILD ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | RAPE | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Gender Issues | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning
Document Number: 307863

Title: What if: How declines in teen births have improved poverty and child well-being in Rhode Island.
Author: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy
Source: Washington, D.C., National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2005 Apr. 3 p.
Abstract: Years of research have closely linked teen pregnancy and early childbearing to a host of other critical social issues, including overall child health and well-being, out-of-wedlock births, educational attainment and workforce readiness, responsible fatherhood, and poverty in particular -- especially child poverty. For example, young children born to a mother who is a teenager, is not married, and did not finish high school are nine times more likely to be poor than children born to mothers without these three risk factors. Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing cost taxpayers at least $7 billion annually and place a serious economic burden on schools and on health, welfare and social service systems. The U.S. teen birth rate declined by 30 percent between 1991 and 2002--a significant decrease that has made major contributions to American communities. Illustrating this very point, the U.S. Congress' Joint Economic Committee completed an analysis in April 2004 that the National Campaign in turn summarized. The congressional study posed an intriguing question: if the nation's teen birth rate had remained at its 1991 level through 2002 (rather than decreasing as it did), how many more children would have been born to teen mothers and to single mothers, and what would have been the effect on poverty and on the living arrangements of children? Findings included the following: if teen birth rates had not declined nationally by 30 percent during that time, there would have been an additional 1.2 million more children born to teen mothers, approximately 460,000 additional children in poverty and almost 700,000 more children living with a single mother. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RHODE ISLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ONE PARENT FAMILY | BIRTH RATE | POVERTY | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CAMPAIGNS | FERTILITY DECLINE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Measurements | Economic Factors | Health | Communication Programs | Communication | Fertility Changes
Document Number: 307016

9.
Title: Sexual victimization: incidence, knowledge and resource use among a population of college women.
Author: Nasta A; Shah B; Brahmanandam S; Richman K; Wittels K
Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2005;18:91-96.
Abstract: The study objective was to assess the incidence of sexual victimization among a convenience sample of college women and evaluate both victims and non-victims� knowledge and use of available on and off campus resources. Written questionnaire distributed to students in lobbies of two campus libraries and large computing center Setting: A private northeastern university Participants: Upper-class undergraduate women (sophomores, juniors and seniors). Respondents (n = 234) were asked to complete demographic information, report instances of sexual victimization (including rape, sexual coercion and unwanted sexual contact) that occurred during the 1999� 2000 academic year and indicate whether they would or did use either university and/or outside resources available to sexual assault victims. Of the women who participated, 38% (90/234) affirmed one or more episodes of sexual victimization, with 6% (14/234) reporting a completed rape and 4% (9/234) an attempted rape. Drug or alcohol-related impairment leading to unwanted sexual activity was reported by 15% (35/234) of women. Utilization of available on- and off-campus resources was uncommon among victims (22% and 6%, respectively); 12% contacted health services, while only 4% reported an event to university security. Victims cited fear, embarrassment and guilt, as well as lack of confidentiality, as the most common reasons for failure to use resources. Increasing campus awareness of sexual victimization and removing barriers to access for victims should remain university goals. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
RHODE ISLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | STUDENTS | WOMEN | SEXUAL ABUSE | INCIDENCE | KNOWLEDGE | RAPE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | ATTITUDES | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Measurement | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Behavior | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 286985

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Correlates of partner-specific condom use intentions among incarcerated women in Rhode Island.
Author: Rosengard C; Clarke JG; Da Silva K; Hebert M; Rose J
Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2005;37(1):32-38.
Abstract: Few studies of incarcerated women have examined potential associations between risky sexual behavior and relationship context factors; thus, little is known about the correlates of intentions to use condoms with main and casual partners among this underserved population. A sample of 221 women incarcerated in a Rhode Island Department of Corrections facility in 2002�2003 were interviewed. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to assess associations between selected demographic, psychosocial and behavioral variables and participants� reported intentions to use condoms with main and casual sexual partners in the first six months after their release. Condom use at last sex with a main partner, sexually transmitted disease (STD) history, no strong desire to currently be pregnant, belief that others influence one�s health and perceived STD risk were positively associated with women�s intention to use condoms with main partners. Pregnancy history was negatively associated with intention to use condoms with a main partner. Condom use at last sex with a casual partner was positively associated with intention to use condoms with casual partners, whereas binge drinking and believing in the role of chance in determining one�s health were negatively associated with intention to use condoms with casual partners. Whether incarcerated women define a partner as main or casual may influence their decisions about the need to protect themselves by using condoms. Programs that focus on the importance of condom use with all partners could greatly benefit incarcerated women and the communities to which they return. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RHODE ISLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | PRISONERS | CONDOM USE | SEX BEHAVIOR | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | PERCEPTION | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 288086

11.

12.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Predictors of risky sex of young men after release from prison.
Author: MacGowan RJ; Margolis A; Gaiter J; Morrow K; Zack B
Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2003 Aug;14(8):519-523.
Abstract: A longitudinal study of demographic and behavioural characteristics associated with risky sexual behaviours of young men after release from prison. One hundred and six men were interviewed in prison and at one week and six months after release. Overall, 37% reported a previous sexually transmitted disease (STD) diagnosis. In the 30 days before incarceration, 33% had had sex with a risky partner, and 59% had had multiple female sex partners. After release, 38 (36%) men reported having had risky sex (52 female sex partners and unprotected vaginal sex): 12 (13%) at one week and 31 (34%) at six months. The only factor independently associated with risky sex was the use of alcohol/drugs before sex: one-week odds ratio (OR)=6.11 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.42� 26.40), six-month OR=3.05 (95% CI: 1.30� 9.42). Behavioural intervention programmes for incarcerated men should address drug and alcohol use and its contribution to higher risk for HIV and STDs. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CALIFORNIA | MISSISSIPPI | RHODE ISLAND | WISCONSIN | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION AT RISK | MEN | PRISONERS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | RISK BEHAVIOR | RISK ASSESSMENT | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | INTERVENTIONS | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV TRANSMISSION | HEPATITIS | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | SEX BEHAVIOR | MARITAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Population | Sexual Partners | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Evaluation | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Programs | Organization and Administration | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 182660

13.

14.
Title: Mammography-related anxiety: effect of preprocedural patient education.
Author: Mainiero MB; Schepps B; Clements NC; Bird CE
Source: Women's Health Issues. 2001 Mar-Apr;11(2):110-5.
Abstract: The aim was to determine the effect of preprocedural education on mammography-related anxiety. A total of 613 women undergoing mammography were surveyed regarding anxiety about the procedure and expected results. Half of the study population watched an educational videotape and half watched an entertaining movie in the waiting room. Anxiety levels about results were significantly higher than anxiety levels about the procedure (P < 0.001). There was no difference in procedural or cancer anxiety levels among women shown the educational tape and those shown the entertainment movie. The fear of discovering breast cancer generates most of mammography-related anxiety. Preprocedural education did not affect procedural or cancer-related anxiety. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
RHODE ISLAND | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | FEAR | WOMEN | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | BREAST CANCER | INFORMATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Emotions | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases
Document Number: 162620

15.
Title: National discussions about sexuality -- what are we saying?
Author: McGee M
Source: EDUCATOR'S UPDATE. 2001 Feb;5(4):1-3.
Abstract: The meeting in Newport, Rhode Island, convened by Dr. Satcher addressed responsible sexual behavior. Professionals from both public and private sectors participated in the conference. The discussions focused on responsible sexual behavior and identified strategies to promote it. Distinguishing major barriers to responsible behaviors and the strategy of how best to bring disparate groups together to promote responsible sexual behavior were also included in the discussions. The fact is that nearly 1 million people are infected with HIV and that AIDS is a leading cause of death among persons 18-45 years of age. Sexually transmitted infections affect approximately 12 million people each year. 48% of pregnancies are unintended due to irresponsible sexual activity. Moreover, approximately one-quarter of young people report dating violence. These statistics call for more and better prevention strategies.
Language: English
Keywords:
RHODE ISLAND | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | PUBLIC HEALTH | SAFER SEX | SEXUALITY | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Health | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Personality | Psychological Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections
Document Number: 155604

16.
Title: HIV risk behaviors in adolescent and young adult substance users undergoing treatment.
Author: Pugatch D; Strong LL; Ramratnam M; Levesque BG; Lally M
Source: Journal of HIV / AIDS Prevention and Education for Adolescents and Children. 2001;4(4):43-54.
Abstract: Among substance abusing youth, HIV remains a threat, due in part to the multiple risk factors often found in this population. Therefore, drug detoxification facilities are important sites in which to characterize the extent of drug and sexual co-occurring risk behaviors among patients. The authors distributed a self-administered, anonymous questionnaire to patients at two state-funded Rhode Island detoxification facilities to examine the HIV-related risk behaviors of adolescent and young adult substance abusers, and to examine the influence of gender on these behaviors. The authors found that 62% of all respondents reported injecting drugs in the past 6 months, and 67% of current injecting drug users (IDUs) reported sharing syringes in the past 6 months. 46% and 70% of sexually active youth reported never using condoms in the past 6 months for vaginal and anal sex, respectively. Females were significantly more likely to report a lifetime history of injecting drugs, exchanging sex for drugs or money, and having sex with an IDU. The high rates of sharing injection equipment and the prevalence of risky sexual activity underscore the need to develop interventions that specifically address the needs of young substance abusing males and females. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
RHODE ISLAND | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | SUBSTANCE ADDICTION | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV TESTING | GENDER ISSUES | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses
Document Number: 168840

17.

Title: When is it okay?
Author: ETR Associates. Resource Center for Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention [ReCAPP]
Source: Scotts Valley, California, ReCAPP, 2000 Sep. [6] p.
Abstract: After completion of this activity, high school students will be able to: 1. Explain to a friend that forcing someone to have sex is never okay, and 2. Identify ways to reduce the risk of being raped or raping someone. Explain that this activity aims to challenge students to clarify which situations make nonconsensual sex (sex without the other person's permission) okay. If the educator has not yet established ground-rules, we recommend that he/she does so before facilitating this activity. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RHODE ISLAND | ACTION RESEARCH | HEALTH EDUCATION MATERIALS | PAMPHLETS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | RAPE | SEXUAL RESPONSIBILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Health Education | Education | Printed Media | Mass Media | Communication | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior
Document Number: 305634

18.
Title: Sexual communication in relationships: when words speak louder than actions.
Author: Quina K; Harlow LL; Morokoff PJ; Burkholder G; Deiter PJ
Source: SEX ROLES. 2000 Apr;42(7-8):523-49.
Abstract: Sexual communication for expressing sexual desires and gathering HIV risk information were examined as interpersonal constructs related to HIV risk reduction. Community women (n = 816) with at least one heterosexual HIV risk factor (79% Euro-American, 86% with some college education) completed surveys assessing assertive communication with a sexual partner, HIV risk, and demographic, sexual history, interpersonal negative, and cognitive/attitudinal constructs which formed a hierarchical predictor model. In relationship context comparisons, women with a known partner HIV risk responded more negatively on most measures. Multiple regressions suggested communication is part of an overall cognitive/attitudinal approach to HIV risk, although specific predictors differ by type of communication and partner risk level. Implications for interventions considering relational context, interpersonal power, and counteracting silence are discussed. (author's, modified)
Language: English
Keywords:
RHODE ISLAND | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | COUPLES | SEXUAL PARTNERS | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | SAFER SEX | HIV PREVENTION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sex Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 155540

19.
Title: Wrongful birth and the measure of damages in Rhode Island.
Author: Bahr GL
Source: Medicine and Health, Rhode Island. 1999 May;82(5):181-2.
Abstract: In 1997, Rhode Island recognized a tort cause of action for performing a sterilization procedure in a negligent manner. In the case of Emerson versus Magendantz, MD, the Supreme Court of Rhode Island was unanimous to concur on the existence of the "cause of action", but divided on the proper "measure of recovery". In this perspective, the Chief Justice divided the 35 jurisdictions into three groups: the first group grant a limited form of recovery; the second group allow recovery for the cost of rearing the child, letting the court offset against the cost of childrearing the economic or emotional benefits that the parents gain through having a healthy child; and the third do not allow this offset. Two justices adopted a limited form of the limited recovery rule based on potential factual differences in the cases relating to culpability of the physician, while the other two dissenting justices authorized a more expansive recovery to include all damages that are reasonably foreseeable and proximately caused by the negligent doctor. However, there was no majority opinion or view articulated in the Emerson case. Until the court decides another wrongful birth or similar case, the would-be plaintiffs, the medical and legal communities, and the Superior Courts must live with some uncertainty.
Language: English
Keywords:
RHODE ISLAND | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | MEDICAL LIABILITY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning
Document Number: 158509

20.
Title: State efforts to expand Medicaid-funded family planning show promise.
Author: Gold RB
Source: GUTTMACHER REPORT ON PUBLIC POLICY. 1999 Apr;2(2):8-11.
Abstract: The US government provides 90% of the cost of family planning (FP) services to people eligible for Medicaid, while states contribute the rest and set eligibility ceilings. In the past, only families on welfare received Medicaid, but broader eligibility criteria were created to cover low-income pregnant ("expansion") women until 60 days postpartum, and several states received waivers to extend services beyond this limit. Eight states offer expansion women an additional 2-5 years of FP services, one state offers FP services for 2 years to all women losing regular Medicaid, and four states extend FP services to all low-income women not previously covered by Medicaid. In addition, California provides solely state-funded FP services to women and men with incomes below 200% of the poverty level. Some of these approaches pose outreach challenges, and states have adopted different strategies to extend eligibility to the target population. Data on program enrollment indicate that the state efforts have the potential to reach large numbers of women and to support the work of nonprofit FP clinics. The next step, to expand the program to other states, would be facilitated if Congress obviated the need for states to seek an expansion waiver. Rhode Island's program quickly improved birth intervals for women with Medicaid-funded births so that they were virtually identical to those of privately-insured women and prevented 1443 Medicaid-eligible deliveries, saving $14.3 million through a program that cost $5.7 million from 1994 to 1997.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RHODE ISLAND | LOW INCOME POPULATION | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities
Document Number: 141552

21.
Title: HIV-related attitudes and risk behavior of young adolescent mothers.
Author: Brown LK; Lourie KJ; Flanagan P; High P
Source: AIDS Education and Prevention. 1998 Dec;10(6):565-73.
Abstract: HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, and risk behaviors were investigated in a study of 58 primarily Latina, low-income adolescent mothers (mean age, 17.5 years) enrolled in the Rhode Island (US) Hospital Teen-Tot Clinic. Respondents expressed fear concerning the threat of AIDS and 9% were worried they had already been exposed to HIV. Their basic knowledge about HIV transmission was adequate. Despite substantial anxiety about HIV infection, 47.4% of teen mothers did not use condoms consistently, 31.7% had 2 or more sex partners in the past year, 14.0% had a history of a sexually transmitted disease, and 22.8% had intentionally cut their body with an instrument such as a razor blade or pen. Although 70% used hormonal contraception, 33% of respondents had a second child within an average of 18 months of the birth of the first. Consistent condom users were significantly more likely than those who almost never or never used condoms to report personalized anxiety and concern about HIV/AIDS, significantly less likely to engage in self-mutilating behaviors, and significantly more likely to express intentions to engage in future HIV prevention behaviors. In focus groups discussions attended by 59 respondents, teen mothers expressed a sense of powerlessness in negotiating condom use with older male sexual partners and cultural taboos against condom use in primary relationships. Latinas viewed assertive sexual decision-making as incompatible with cultural norms regarding the female role. While hormonal methods of contraception were perceived as a medical regimen, barrier methods were associated with a culturally unacceptable premeditated decision to have sex.
Language: English
Keywords:
RHODE ISLAND | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | HISPANICS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | UNMARRIED MOTHERS | ATTITUDES | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOMS | CULTURE | OBSTACLES | WOMEN | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Mothers | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 138311

22.
Title: Teens, tots and condoms: HIV prevention and cultural identity among young adolescent mothers.
Author: Lourie KJ; Brown LK; Flanagan P; High P; Kumar P
Source: International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health. 1998 Jan-Feb;10(2):119-128.
Abstract: We evaluated the treatment results of 239 patients with sputum positive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and describe potential factors associated with reduced programme performance in a TB treatment programme in Ethiopia. The TB registry was incomplete and 64 (26.8%) patients were not recorded in the control programme. Of the 239 patients, 34.3% received short-course chemotherapy (SCC) as a first treatment, 5.9% received SCC having previously been treated with standard long-course chemotherapy (LCC), and 54.4% were initially put on LCC. After excluding the 75 patients (31.4%) who were transferred to other health institutions outside the control area, 100 (61.0% 95% CI 53.0-68.4) were cured (22.6%) or completed the treatment (38.4%) falling short of the target of 85%. Five months or later during treatment 1.8% remained smear-positive, 7.3% died and 29.9% interrupted their treatment. Sputum tests were done in 78% of the eligible patients at 2 months, in 20% at 5 months and in 60.2% at the expected time of treatment completion. By July 1998, 5.4% of the patients initially on LCC had relapsed and were retreated with SCC. None of those initially cured with SCC needed to be retreated. Compared with patients in the TB registry, non-registered patients had lower treatment completed and cure rates (42.3% versus 65.2% P=0.047), more patients were transferred out of the TB programme (59.4% versus 21.1% P<0.001) and the defaulter rate was higher (57.7% versus 24.6% P=0.002). Weaknesses in the programme performance include organizational issues such as the under use of the TB registry, deficient follow-up procedures, the common usage of LCC and unsatisfactory rates of defaulting. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
RHODE ISLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MOTHERS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ATTITUDES | WOMEN | KNOWLEDGE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV | CONDOM USE | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Psychological Factors | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior | Sexual Partners
Document Number: 181616

23.
Title: Contraceptive methods and utilization in Rhode Island.
Author: Viner-Brown SI; Kim H; Hesser J; LeClair CA
Source: MEDICINE AND HEALTH, RHODE ISLAND. 1998 Aug;81(8):274-5.
Abstract: The Rhode Island (US) Behavioral Risk Factor Survey conducts monthly telephone interviews with approximately 150 state residents 18 years of age and older on the leading causes of illness and death in the US. The 2482 interviews conducted during 1996 included questions on contraceptive use and access. 52.8% of respondents (57.4% of women and 48.6% of men) indicated they were using some type of birth control at the time of interview. Unmarried persons had the highest use rate (83.2%). By race/ethnicity, use rates were 54.8% for Whites, 52.7% for Blacks, and 44.4% among Hispanics. 67.8% of respondents with two children used birth control compared with 46.8% of those with no children. 54.7% of respondents with a college education were using birth control compared with 37.4% of those who did not complete high school. Finally, 61.4% of those with incomes exceeding US$50,000 were contraceptors compared with 39.9% of those whose incomes were below $15,000. The primary contraceptive methods were tubal ligation or vasectomy, 38%; birth control pills, 26.9%; and condoms, 26%. The major sources of family planning services were private physicians, 53.1%; family planning clinics, 8.3%; hospital clinics, 4.2%; and community health centers, 3.7%. Use of family planning clinics was highest (23.3%) among those 18-24 years of age. These findings will aid the Rhode Island Health Department in planning IEC campaigns to meet the family planning needs of various population groups. They indicate, for example, a need to work more closely with private physicians.
Language: English
Keywords:
RHODE ISLAND | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Planning Acceptors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 136207

24.
Title: "Kangaroo care" helps preemies.
Source: INDIAN MEDICAL TRIBUNE. 1997 Jan 15-30;5(1-2):1.
Abstract: Kangaroo care refers to an approach to breast feeding first tried in Colombia during the late 1970s in an attempt to reduce the spread of infections resulting from newborns sharing hospital incubators. The method involves draping a blanket around the mother and infant, dressing the infant in only a diaper and holding him or her upright between the mother's breasts during feeding. In kangaroo care, the mother essentially became the infant's incubator. A study led by Dr. Jo-Ann Blaymore Bier, an Assistant Professor of Pediatrics at Brown University, has determined that for underweight newborns, the direct skin-to-skin contact with their mothers during breast feeding experienced through kangaroo care may be beneficial to their health. The study involved 50 newborns who weighed less than 3.3 pounds at births. The infants breast fed through kangaroo care were more likely than preemies who were breast fed while clothed and cradled in their mothers' arms to still be breast feeding 1 month after hospital discharge. Moreover, mothers in the kangaroo care group had more stable milk production and breast fed longer, helping infants' immune systems strengthen. It is thought that the direct skin-to-skin contact helped the mothers and infants bond psychologically, stimulating maternal milk production. Kangaroo care infants also had higher oxygen levels in their blood, possibly because they received more oxygen from their mother's breast milk. Immature infants' lungs need high levels of oxygen in order to develop properly.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RHODE ISLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | INFANT NUTRITION | INFANT, PREMATURE | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | BREASTFEEDING | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | MOTHERS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Nutrition | Health | Infant | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Behavior | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household
Document Number: 129174

25.
Title: A pilot HIV prevention program for adolescents in a psychiatric hospital.
Author: Brown LK; Reynolds LA; Lourie KJ
Source: PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES. 1997 Apr;48(4):531-3.
Abstract: In a pilot HIV prevention program for 35 adolescents in a psychiatric hospital, patients completed assessments of their HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors before entering the program, at discharge, and 3 months after discharge. At discharge they showed significant increases in knowledge, tolerance of people with AIDS, and self-efficacy (or perceived ability to engage in safe sex behaviors), although those who had been sexually abused showed significantly less change in self-efficacy than others. At 3-month follow-up, scores had returned to baseline, but there was a trend toward increased condom use. Findings confirm the need for HIV-AIDS interventions for adolescents in psychiatric settings despite barriers to implementation. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
RHODE ISLAND | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | ADOLESCENTS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | HIV PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | SELF-PERCEPTION | SAFER SEX | CONDOMS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Perception | Sex Behavior | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 122573

26.
Title: Learning from each other: teens training teens.
Author: Price C
Source: FPIA NEWS. 1997 Nov;(1):1-2.
Abstract: In August 1997, four adolescent peer educators from Planned Parenthood of Rhode Island made an 8-day trip to Quito, Ecuador, to visit a Family Planning International Assistance project managed by a private, not-for-profit reproductive health agency that provides contraceptive services and sexuality education to more than 4000 young people each year and uses a network of 30 youth promoters to conduct sexuality education talk, distribute contraceptives, and make referrals for other services. The exchange visit involved a 5.5-day seminar covering 20 topics, but the young people also had time for social, recreational, and cultural activities. An account written by a 15-year-old peer educator who made the trip from Rhode Island describes her apprehension and excitement at the beginning of the visit and her increasing comfort with the Ecuadorian adolescents. This young woman credits the trip with making her more enthusiastic about her life prospects and more ambitious in her desire to see the world.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RHODE ISLAND | ECUADOR | PEER GROUPS | ADOLESCENTS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEX EDUCATION | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Developing Countries | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Education | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 128977

27.
Title: General laws of Rhode Island. Title 11. Criminal offenses. Chapter 5. Assaults. Section 11-5-2. Felony assault.
Author: United States. Rhode Island
Source: [Unpublished] 1996. [1] p.
Abstract: Felony assault is defined as an act whereby every person who shall make an assault or battery, or both, with a dangerous weapon, or with acid or other dangerous substance, or by fire, or an assault or battery which results in serious bodily injury, shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than 20 years. Where the provisions of "The Domestic Violence Prevention Act," 12-29-1 et seq., are applicable, the penalties for violation of this section shall also include the penalties as provided in 12-29-5. "Serious bodily injury" means physical injury that 1) creates a substantial risk of death, 2) causes protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily part, member or organ, or 3) causes serious permanent disfigurement or circumcises, excises or infibulates the whole or any part of the labia majora or labia minora or clitoris of a person.
Language: English
Keywords:
RHODE ISLAND | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LAWS AND STATUTES | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | CRIME | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Social Problems | Diseases
Document Number: 135356

28.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Childhood sexual abuse linked with adult substance use, victimization, and AIDS-risk.
Author: Johnsen LW; Harlow LL
Source: AIDS Education and Prevention. 1996;8(1):44-57.
Abstract: College women who report childhood sexual abuse were compared with women who do not report abuse on a number of variables concerned with problems in living. Multivariate Analysis of Variance revealed that, compared with nonabused women, sexually abused women reported significantly more negative attitudes about sexuality, less sexual assertiveness about birth control or refusing unwanted sex, less efficacy concerning HIV prevention, more anticipation of a negative response from a partner concerning safer sex, more hard substance use, and more sexual victimization in adulthood. These results support and extend previous work in this area and argue for greater attention to relational issues for interventions with sexually abused women. Limitations to the study and future directions for research are discussed. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
RHODE ISLAND | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILD, FEMALE | SEXUAL ABUSE | CHILD ABUSE | SUBSTANCE ADDICTION | WOMEN | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV INFECTIONS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 149084

29.
Title: College women and condom use, 1975-1995 [letter]
Author: Peipert JF; Domagalski L; Boardman L; Daaman M; Zinner SH; McCormack WM
Source: NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE. 1996 Jul 18;335(3):211.
Abstract: Samples of young female university students seeking care at a student health clinic of a private university in New England in 1975, 1986, and 1989 were surveyed about the frequency of their condom use. Survey findings have been reported previously in the New England Journal of Medicine for 486 women surveyed in 1975, 161 women surveyed in 1986, and 132 women surveyed in 1989 at the same university health service. In 1975, 49 of 427 (11%) sexually active women reported that they and their partners always or almost always used condoms during sexual intercourse. The proportion of women reporting such behavior in the surveys increased to 30 of 140 (21%) in 1986, and 46 of 113 (41%) in 1989. The authors used the same anonymous questionnaire employed in the earlier studies to ask each of a sample of women at the same university how often she and her partners use condoms when they have sexual intercourse together. The 147 women of mean age 21.5 years sampled in 1995 were not significantly different from the earlier samples with respect to age, age at menarche, level of education, or gravidity. However, a larger proportion of Asian women comprised the sample in the more recent years, reflecting the changing composition of the student body. 87 of the 118 (74%) sexually active women surveyed in 1995 reported that their partners always or almost always used condoms during sexual intercourse. This trend could not be explained by changes in racial distribution or differences in the reasons for visiting the clinic. These data suggest that the use of condoms in this college population has increased over the years, possibly as a result of university condom promotion efforts and the greater focus given to condom use as primary prevention against the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.
Language: English
Keywords:
RHODE ISLAND | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CONDOMS | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | UNIVERSITIES | STUDENTS | YOUTH | WOMEN | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior | Sex Behavior | Schools | Education | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 115056

30.
Title: Determinants of condom use among heterosexuals in Rhode Island at high risk for HIV spread.
Author: Coplan PM; Zierler S; Mayer KH; Spiegelman D; Mueller NE
Source: [Unpublished] 1995. Presented at the 123rd Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association [APHA], San Diego, California, October 29 - November 2, 1995. 23 p.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate gender-specific individual, relational, and contextual determinants of condom use among heterosexuals at high risk for HIV spread. 247 women and 293 men in Rhode Island completed structured interviews and HIV antibody tests and determinants of frequent condom use were assessed. Condom use overall was low--only 24% reported frequently using condoms. Use varied by gender and risk context. People who knew they were HIV-positive (OR = 6.1, CI = 3.2-11.7), or knew they had an HIV-positive partner (OR = 2.4, CI = 1.2-4.7) were more likely to be frequent condom users. Injection drug use (IDU), daily alcohol intake, crack cocaine use, and heterosexual anal intercourse practice were associated with less condom use. Having IDU partners was not associated with condom use. Low income (OR = 0.55, CI = 0.34-0.89), being divorced/separated (OR = 0.43, CI = 0.25-0.74), and unmarried parenthood (OR = 0.46, CI = 0.27-0.77) were strongly associated with less condom use. Condom use among IDUs was low, although IDU, especially in combination with sex work, was the strongest determinant of HIV infection. Socioeconomic constraints were strong determinants of infrequent condom use. AIDS prevention efforts need greater emphasis on social determinants of transmission. (author's modified)
Language: English
Keywords:
RHODE ISLAND | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HETEROSEXUALS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | CONDOMS | HIV INFECTIONS | POPULATION AT RISK | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | IV DRUG USERS | SEX WORKERS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Behavior | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Drug Use and Abuse
Document Number: 113274


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