1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Return to fertility after cessation of a continuous oral contraceptive. Author: Barnhart K; Mirkin S; Grubb G; Constantine G Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2009 May;91(5):1654-6. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the return to fertility among women planning to become pregnant after the use of a continuous regimen of levonorgestrel 90 microg and ethinyl E(2) 20 microg. DESIGN: Descriptive analysis of pregnancy outcomes after participation in a contraceptive trial. SETTING: Multicenter trial. SUBJECT(S): Participants in a phase 3 contraceptive trial who discontinued to become pregnant. INTERVENTION(S): Eligible subjects were contacted at 3 and 12 months after treatment discontinuation to determine if and when they had conceived. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Kaplan-Meier analysis displaying the time until conception after oral contraceptive discontinuation. RESULT(S): In the phase 3 trial, 34 of 2,134 subjects cited a desire for pregnancy as a reason for discontinuation. Of these, 4 were already pregnant before stopping treatment, 4 initiated other contraception, and 5 were lost to follow-up. Of the remaining 21 subjects at risk of pregnancy, the pregnancy rate was 57% at 3 months, 81% at 12 months, and 86% (18 of 21) (95% confidence interval 64% to 97%) at 13 months after discontinuation of treatment. CONCLUSION(S): These findings suggest that a continuous oral contraceptive with levonorgestrel 90 microg and ethinyl E(2) 20 microg does not delay the return to fertility. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | REVERSIBILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Effectiveness Document Number: 341245 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Return to fertility following discontinuation of oral contraceptives. Author: Barnhart KT; Schreiber CA Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2009 Mar;91(3):659-63. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To provide an overview of the studies that have evaluated the return to fertility following cessation of oral contraceptives (OCs), including recent evidence in women discontinuing extended-cycle and continuous-use regimens. DESIGN: Comprehensive review. PATIENT(S): None. INTERVENTION(S): Relevant articles were identified through a PubMed literature search (1960-2007) and a cross-reference of published data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Time to fertility following contraceptive use. RESULT(S): Numerous studies have demonstrated some delay in the time to conception in previous users of OCs who discontinued use in order to conceive, but this impairment appears to be temporary and typically limited to the early months following cessation of OC use. Reported 12-month conception rates in former cyclic OC users range from 72%-94% and are similar to those observed in women discontinuing intrauterine devices (71%-92%), progestin-only contraceptives (70%-95%), condoms (91%), and natural family planning (92%). There is a limited amount of data on the time to conception in women stopping extended-cycle and continuous-use OCs, but the data suggest that subsequent return to fertility is generally comparable to that of cyclic OCs. CONCLUSION(S): A comprehensive survey of reported data indicates that the return of fertility in former OC users (both cyclic and extended/continuous regimens) in women who stop use in order to conceive is comparable to that observed with other contraceptive methods. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | PENNSYLVANIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | FERTILITY | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REVERSIBILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 330562 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Preclinical characterization of a (S)-N-(4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-3-(3-fluoro, 4-chlorophenoxy)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propanamide: a selective androgen receptor modulator for hormonal male contraception. Author: Jones A; Chen J; Hwang DJ; Miller DD; Dalton JT Source: Endocrinology. 2009 Jan;150(1):385-95. Abstract: The pharmacologic effects of (S)-N-(4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-3-(3-fluoro, 4-chlorophenoxy)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propanamide (S-23) were characterized in male rats as an animal model of hormonal male contraception. S-23 showed high binding affinity (inhibitory constant = 1.7 +/- 0.2 nm) and was identified as a full agonist in vitro. In castrated male rats, the ED50 of S-23 in the prostate and levator ani muscle was 0.43 and 0.079 mg/d, respectively. In intact male rats treated for 14 d, S-23 alone suppressed LH levels by greater than 50% at doses greater than 0.1 mg/d, with corresponding decreases in the size of the prostate but increases in the size of levator ani muscle. In intact male rats treated for up to 10 wk with S-23 and estradiol benzoate (EB; necessary to maintain sexual behavior in rats), S-23 showed biphasic effects on androgenic tissues and spermatogenesis by suppressing serum concentrations of LH and FSH. EB alone showed no effect on spermatogenesis. In the EB + S-23 (0.1 mg/d) group, four of six animals showed no sperm in the testis and zero pregnancies (none of six) in mating trials. After termination of treatment, infertility was fully reversible, with a 100% pregnancy rate observed after 100 d of recovery. S-23 increased bone mineral density and lean mass but reduced fat mass in a dose-dependent manner. This is the first study to show that a selective androgen receptor modulator combined with EB is an effective and reversible regimen for hormonal male contraception in rats. The beneficial effects of S-23 on the muscle, tissue selectivity, and favorable pharmacokinetic properties make it a strong candidate for use in oral male contraception. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | ANIMALS | LABORATORY ANIMALS | MALE CONTRACEPTION | HORMONE ANTAGONISTS | REVERSIBILITY | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Natural Resources | Environment | Contraception | Family Planning | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 330565 |
| 4. Title: Long-acting, reversible and permanent methods of contraception: insight into women's choice of method. Author: Kane R; Irving G; Brown S; Parkes N; Walling M; Killick S Source: Quality In Primary Care. 2009;17(2):107-14. Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study aims to explore the views of women concerning their choice of long-acting method of contraception. METHOD: Two-hundred and eighty-six women who had either been sterilised or fitted with an etonorgestrel (ETN) implant or the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG IUS) were invited to take part. A response rate of 54% was achieved. Women from all three groups reported positive and negative experiences with their chosen method. RESULTS: Women frequently choose sterilisation specifically because it is irreversible, does not involve hormonal treatment, and they do not wish to retain choice of future fertility. Women incorrectly regard sterilisation as more reliable than any reversible method. Regret after sterilisation was common, even if this was preceded by full counselling. Even among patients of practices with a special interest in family planning, long-acting methods, although available, were not widely known about. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that women chose sterilisation for one of three main reasons: to avoid the possible side-effects of hormones; to avoid continually having to make decisions regarding child-bearing; and/or a lack of information regarding reversible methods. Sterilisation is often chosen by women specifically because of its irreversibility. This may explain why long-acting reversible methods have remained relatively unpopular. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | REVERSIBILITY | CONTRACEPTION | STERILIZATION REVERSAL | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Reversible Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual Document Number: 341053 |
5.  Title: IUDs: a beneficial, underused contraceptive technology. Author: Population Council Source: Population Briefs. 2008 Aug;14(1):2-3. Abstract: “Despite the many benefits of intrauterine contraception, this method is underused in most countries of the world, with the notable exception of China,” says eminent obstetrician-gynecologist Daniel R. Mishell Jr., who co-authored a January 2008 article contending that intrauterine contraception, commonly called IUDs (for intrauterine devices), should be promoted by doctors as an alternative to surgical sterilization. A recent issue of the journal Contraception focused entirely on the Fifth International Symposium on Intrauterine Devices and Systems for Women’s Health, publishing all the presentations made at the meeting. The symposium was organized by experts on contraception, under the auspices of the Population Council and the United Nations Population Fund. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | IUD | TUBAL LIGATION | REGRET | REVERSIBILITY | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | PROGESTATIONAL HORMONES | IUD, HORMONE RELEASING | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE | CONTRACEPTIVE MODE OF ACTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Safety | Public Health | Health | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 328287 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Occurrence of menses or pregnancy after cessation of a continuous oral contraceptive. Author: Davis AR; Kroll R; Soltes B; Zhang N; Grubb GS Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2008 May;89(5):1059-1063. Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the time to return to spontaneous menses in women after 1 year of daily continuous levonorgestrel (LNG) 90 mg/ethinyl E2 (EE) 20 mg. The design used was an observational study. The setting was gynecologic and primary care practices. The patients studied were women aged 18-49 years with a history of regular menstrual cycles. After participation in an openlabel, continuous oral contraceptive (OC) trial for at least 6 months, participants agreed to enroll in a separate study of the return to menses or pregnancy. The main outcome measure was the time to return to spontaneous menses or pregnancy. The 198 subjects had a mean age of 30.4 plus or minus 6.6 years with 72% white, 13% Hispanic, and 7% African American. The mean duration of continuous LNG/EE treatment before enrollment was 349 plus or minus 41 days. Of the 187 (94%) subjects who completed this study, 181 returned to spontaneous menses and 4 became pregnant within 90 days after the last dose of LNG 90 mg/EE 20 mg.The median time to return to menses in the completer population was 32 days, and the incidence of spontaneous menses or pregnancy at day%90 was 98.9%. The duration of amenorrhea during continuous LNG/ EE use before stopping treatment was unrelated to the time to the return to menses. Spontaneous menses or pregnancy occurred in 98.9% of women after cessation of continuous LNG/EE. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | MENSTRUATION | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | PREGNANCY | REVERSIBILITY | TIME FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Reproduction | Population Dynamics Document Number: 326994 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Social and logistical barriers to the use of reversible contraception among women in a rural Indian village. Author: Hall MA; Stephenson RB; Juvekar S Source: Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 2008 Jun;26(2):241-250. Abstract: Women in a small coastal village in western India were asked to explain their preference for female sterilization over modern reversible contraceptive methods. Married women aged 19+ years were interviewed in six focus groups (n=60) and individually (n=15) regarding contraceptive methods and their use and side-effects. Women publicly denied contraceptive use but privately acknowledged limited use. They obtained contraceptive information from other village women and believed that modern reversible methods and vasectomy have high physical and social risks, and fertility goals could be achieved without their use. Women felt that reversible contraception is undesirable, socially unacceptable, and usually unnecessary, although the achievement of fertility goals is likely due to the use of female sterilization with abortion as a back-up method. Economic migration of village men may also play a role. Although women with high social capital can effectively disseminate correct knowledge, the impact on the uptake of reversible method is uncertain. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | MARRIAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | REVERSIBILITY | BELIEFS | KNOWLEDGE SOURCES | FEMALE STERILIZATION | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Culture | Communication | Sterilization, Sexual Document Number: 327595 |
| 8. Title: Hormonal implants: New, improved, and popular when available. Author: Jacobstein R; Pile JM Source: [New York, New York], EngenderHealth, ACQUIRE Project, 2008 Jan. [2] p. Abstract: Hormonal implants are a highly effective, very safe, simple, convenient, and quickly reversible form of contraception that is provided easily in an outpatient setting. Implants are thin, flexible, matchstick-sized rods made of soft plastic. The rods contain progestin hormone and are surgically placed beneath the skin of a client's upper arm by a trained provider, who performs a minor surgical procedure under local anesthesia to insert or remove the rods. Three new implants, Jadelle (a two-rod system labeled as effective for five years), Sino-Implant (II) (a two-rod system labeled as effective for four years) and Implanon (a one-rod system labeled as effective for three years), are even easier to insert and remove than the previously available implant, Norplant (a six-capsule system no longer in production that was labeled as effective for seven years). Hormonal implants are an excellent contraceptive option for women at all phases of their reproductive lives, whether they want to delay, space, or limit births. Though implants are the most costly contraceptive method, their availability in programs can reduce demand on other health services because of their high effectiveness and continuation rates. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | TIME FACTORS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE MODE OF ACTION | REVERSIBILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | PRICES | COUNSELING | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Usage | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 326798 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Women's awareness of long-acting, reversible contraceptive methods (LARCs) in community family planning clinics and general practice. Author: Mansour D; Rosales C; Cox M Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Dec;13(4):396-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether awareness and choice of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) of women attending a community family planning clinic differ from those of women seeing general practitioners (GPs). METHODS: Information was collected from women in their reproductive years about their current contraceptive method, their awareness of LARCs and whether they felt well informed about their options. After additional information was provided the respondents were asked whether they would consider changing their method and if their GP offered this option. RESULTS: Questionnaires were completed by 177 women attending a city-centre contraception and sexual health (CASH) clinic (n = 96) and a GP's surgery in a neighbouring city (n = 81). Forty percent of women in the CASH cohort and 6% in the primary care group were using LARCs. Women attending the CASH service were more aware of their contraceptive options and felt better informed but less than 50% in either group had heard of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. At least 50% of women would consider using a LARC yet few knew if their GP fitted/provided these methods. CONCLUSION: LARC usage was considerably higher in CASH services compared to primary care. Those providing contraceptive care should give up-to-date information covering all methods and referral to local specialist services, as appropriate. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | KNOWLEDGE | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | LONGTERM EFFECTS | REVERSIBILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD SWITCHING | LEVONORGESTREL | IUD, HORMONE RELEASING | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Facilities | Time Factors | Population Dynamics | Family Planning | Contraception | Contraceptive Usage | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | IUD Document Number: 331100 |
| 10. Title: New perspectives in non-hormonal male contraception. Author: Mruk DD Source: Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2008 Mar;19(2):57-64. Abstract: As the world's population continues to soar, contraception has become increasingly important. Recently, men have expressed willingness to share the burden of family planning. Thus, safe, effective and reversible male contraceptives would satisfy an urgent need among couples. Currently, there are several promising non-hormonal contraceptives at various stages of research and development. In addition, major advances in genomic and proteomic research have been instrumental in identifying and characterizing genes and proteins expressed uniquely in the testis or other male reproductive organs, which might become 'druggable' targets for non-hormonal male contraceptive development in the future. Through committed research, advocacy and support, male contraceptives are likely to become a valuable addition to the current choices of family planning. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | MALE CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | REVERSIBILITY | Contraception | Family Planning | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 325043 |
| 11. Title: The potential of long-acting reversible contraception to decrease unintended pregnancy [editorial] Author: Speidel JJ; Harper CC Source: Contraception. 2008 Sep;78(3):197-200. Abstract: The 80 million unintended pregnancies that occur worldwide each year (38% of all pregnancies) can justifiably be deemed an "epidemic." These pregnancies result in 42 million induced abortions and 34 million unintended births - births that contribute substantially to the annual world population growth of 78 million. Among developed countries, the US record of family planning is uniquely deficient. Of 6.1 million pregnancies in 2001, half were unintended (as were more than 80% of the 800,000 annual teen pregnancies), resulting in 1.3 million abortions, 4 million births (of which one-third were unintended) and 800,000 miscarriages. ... Leading causes of unintended pregnancy are closely related to contraceptive method choice. In 2002, more than half of contraceptive users relied on methods with high failure rates under typical use: 31% used the pill, 18% the male condom and 5% the 3-month injectable. While with perfect use these methods are highly effective, 9% of pill users, 17% of condom users and 5% of injectable users will become pregnant during the first year of typical use. To make matters worse, about half of condom and injectable contraception users - and almost one-third of pill users - will discontinue within a year. ... Past experience with the successful introduction of new contraceptives, or reintroduction in the case of the IUC, provides guidance to improve provision and use. Recommended activities include the following: 1) Undertake research; 2) Develop information and training materials; 3) Provide training and technical assistance; 4) Address the high cost of LARC methods; 5) Increase patient awareness; and 6) Fully fund family planning programs for low-income clients. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | FAMILY PLANNING DISCONTINUERS | CONTRACEPTION | REVERSIBILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Usage | Family Planning | Family Planning Programs Document Number: 328332 |
| 12. Title: The benefits of long-acting and permanent methods for individuals. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, FHI, 2007. [4] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-05-00022-00) Abstract: Long-acting and permanent methods (LAPMs) of contraception offer an untapped opportunity to meet the needs of a variety of people. They offer individuals and couples advantages that other methods of family planning do not, and their provision gives women who want to space or limit their pregnancies more choices. Use of LAPMs can also improve the health and well-being of entire families in several important ways. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | CRITIQUE | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | IUD | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | VASECTOMY | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | BIRTH SPACING | REVERSIBILITY | HIV PREVENTION | Developing Countries | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Male Sterilization | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 324292 |
| 13. Title: Contraceptive implants: Safe, effective, long-acting, reversible. Author: Carson-DeWitt R Source: Baltimore, Maryland, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Communication Programs, Information and Knowledge for Optimal Health [INFO], 2007 Oct 16. [2] p. (Global Health Technical BriefsUSAID Grant No. GPH-A-00-02-00003-00) Abstract: This brief on contraceptive implants presents an overview of implant types, method characteristics, health benefits, and conditions that may make use of implants unsafe. It also touches on programmatic considerations and lessons learned that could increase the likelihood of success in a program offering implants as a contraceptive choice. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | REVERSIBILITY | TOBACCO USE | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | BREASTFEEDING | RISK FACTORS | BREAST CANCER | BLEEDING | THROMBOSIS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Behavior | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Biology | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Signs and Symptoms | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Viral Diseases Document Number: 322543 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Long-acting reversible contraceptives: not only effective, but also a cost-effective option for the National Health Service. Author: Mavranezouli I; Wilkinson C Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2006;32(1):3-5. Abstract: The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) clinical guideline on long-acting reversible contraception was published recently. The key themes of the guideline are: choice, through better access and information; safety, through clinical guidance and training for health care professionals; and cost effectiveness. It is this last aspect that we address in this commentary. While NICE guidance is applicable to England and Wales, some aspects of it may be relevant to the provision of care and practice in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC) are among the most effective contraceptive methods. Unlike widely used methods, such as the combined oral contraceptive pill (COC) and barrier methods, the effectiveness of LARC is less dependent on users' compliance/correct use of a method. This property makes LARC suitable, in terms of contraceptive protection, for certain subgroups of the population, such as adolescents or women with no established regular routine, who have been shown to comply poorly with commonly used contraceptive methods. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | NORTHERN IRELAND | SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REVERSIBILITY | SAFETY | INFORMATION | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Family Planning | Public Health | Training Programs | Education | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 294296 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Hopes for male contraception. Author: Nieschlag E; Henke A Source: Lancet. 2005 Feb 12;365:554-556. Abstract: More than four decades after the introduction of female oral contraceptives there is still no comparable pharmacological method for men. Female methods have helped couples to achieve the desired family size and have contributed, in demographic terms, to the slowing of world-population growth. Nevertheless, the population continues to explode, and 8 billion people will inhabit the world by 2020, endangering medical, social, and economic progress in developing countries. Male contraceptive methods would help to decrease population growth further. Although such a decrease could be achieved by wider accessibility of female contraceptives, women (and often politicians) increasingly demand that men share not only the blessings of contraception but also its burdens and risks. And men would be willing to use pharmacological methods if available. Research efforts since the 1970 have not yet led to a male contraceptive for general use, beyond the condom and vasectomy. The willingness to use new male methods might be the reason why a non-human primate study testing male immunocontraception drew much public interest. Michael O’Rand and colleagues found that seven of nine bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata) immunised against human eppin developed sufficient antibody titres and none of them impregnated fertile female partners, while four of the six control animals sired offspring. Sperm motility, but not count, was affected in the immunised animals. Although effective at first glance, the study highlights several of the shortcomings and problems that immunological approaches to contraception harbour. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | LABORATORY ANIMALS | MALE CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | REVERSIBILITY | EPIDIDYMIS | TESTOSTERONE | ANTIBODY FORMATION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Testis | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Antibodies | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 281913 |
| 16. Title: Oral contraception: five important issues. Author: Slabbert DR; Kruger TF; Steyn PS Source: South African Family Practice. 2005 Jan-Feb;47(1):22-24. Abstract: The dosage of the hormones used in the combined oral contraceptive pill have, over the past 40 years, continually decreased in order to provide formulations with minimum side effects while still retaining efficacy. Women are concerned that long-term use of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) increases health risks (including an increased risk of cancer or cardiovascular disease). In this article we would like to highlight some of the above issues and some of the commonly asked questions. This would enable us to provide the necessary advice and guidance to our patients. Oral contraception is an area in the health sector where new products are constantly developed and this means that, to give patients the best available advice, general practitioners, pharmacists and gynaecologists need to stay abreast with the latest literature and developments. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | SIDE EFFECTS | BODY WEIGHT | REVERSIBILITY | THROMBOEMBOLISM | SAFETY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Physiology | Biology | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Public Health | Health Document Number: 291861 |
| 17. Title: Choosing male sterilization. Source: Outlook. 2004 Dec;21(3):1-8. Abstract: Engaging men in their reproductive health--and that of their partners--can be a formidable challenge. In many parts of the world, it is extremely difficult for men and women to discuss issues such as sexual health and family planning. The vast majority of contraceptive methods were developed for women and are only available at maternal and child clinics or other woman-focused clinics. The only contraceptive methods available for men are male condoms and vasectomy, complemented by the less effective techniques of periodic abstinence and withdrawal. In most developing countries, less than 5 percent of couples rely on the male methods of condoms and vasectomy for contraception. There are other reasons why male involvement in contraception is not proportional to men's share of the world population. According to surveys conducted in 46 developing countries since 1990, men who do not wish to use contraception say they want more children or believe that their partner is unlikely to become pregnant; others cite opposition to family planning itself (for religious or other reasons) or say that they don't know enough about contraception. Family planning providers often focus on the health needs of women and inadvertently send the message to men that they are not welcome in clinics where contraceptive services are available. Many men are resistant or even hostile to the idea of taking responsibility for contraception. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | MEN | MALE STERILIZATION | VASECTOMY | REVERSIBILITY | VAS DEFERENS | COUNSELING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | REGRET | Demographic Factors | Population | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 297089 |
| 18. Title: Hormonally impregnated intrauterine systems (IUSS) versus other forms of reversible contraceptives as effective methods of preventing pregnancy. Author: French R; Van Vliet H; Cowan F; Mansour D; Morris S Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004 Jul;(3):[52] p.. Art. No.: CD001776.pub2 Abstract: Background In the 1970s a new approach to the delivery of hormonal contraception was researched and developed. It was suggested that the addition of a progestogen to a non-medicated contraceptive device improved its contraceptive action. An advantage of these hormonally impregnated intrauterine systems (IUS) is that they are relatively maintenance free, with users having to consciously discontinue using them to become pregnant rather than taking a proactive daily decision to avoid conception. Objectives To assess the contraceptive efficacy, tolerability and acceptability of hormonally impregnated intrauterine systems (IUSs) in comparison to other reversible contraceptive methods. Search Strategy Literature was identified through database searches, reference lists and individuals/organisations working in the field. Searches covered the period from 1972 to November 2003. Selection Criteria All randomised controlled trials comparing IUSs with other forms of reversible contraceptives and reporting on pre-determined outcomes in women of reproductive years. The primary outcomes were pregnancy due to method/user failure and continuation rate. Data collection and analysis The quality assessment of studies and data extraction were completed independently by two blinded reviewers. A quality checklist was designed to identify general methodological and contraceptive specific factors which could bias results. Events per women months and single decrement life table rates were extracted where possible for pregnancy, continuation, adverse events and reasons for discontinuation. Events per total number of women at follow up were collected for hormonal side effects and menstrual disturbance. When appropriate, data were pooled at the same points of follow up to calculate rate ratios in order to determine the relative effectiveness of one method compared to another. For the single decrement life table rates, the rate differences were pooled to determine the absolute difference in effectiveness of one method compared to another. Interventions were only combined if the contraceptive methods were similar. Non-hormonal IUDs were divided into three categories for the purpose of comparison with IUSs: IUDs > 250mm2 (i.e. CuT 380A IUD and CuT 380 Ag IUD), IUDs <=250mm2 (i.e. Nova-T, Multiload, CuT 200 and CuT 220 IUDs) and non-medicated IUDs. Main Results Twenty-one RCTs comparing hormonally impregnated IUSs to a reversible contraceptive method met the inclusion criteria and it was possible to include eight of these in the meta-analyses, four comparing LNG-20 IUSs with non-hormonal IUDs, one comparing the LNG-20 IUS with Norplant-2 and three comparing Progestasert with non-hormonal IUDs. No significant difference was observed between the pregnancy rates for the LNG-20 users and those for the IUD >250mm2 users. However, women using the LNG-20 IUS were significantly less likely to become pregnant than those using the IUD <=250mm2. Women using the LNG-20 IUS were more likely to experience amenorrhoea and device expulsion than women using IUDs >250mm2. LNG-20 users were significantly more likely than all the IUD users to discontinue because of hormonal side effects and menstrual disturbance, which on further breakdown of the data was due to amenorrhoea. When the LNG-20 IUS was compared to Norplant-2, the LNG-20 users were significantly more likely to experience amenorrhoea and oligomenorrhoea, but significantly less likely to experience prolonged bleeding and spotting. No other significant differences were observed. Progestasert users were significantly less likely to become pregnant and less likely to continue on the method than non-medicated IUD users after one year, but no significant difference was noted for these two outcomes when Progestasert users were compared to IUD<=250mm2 users. The only other significant differences found in the meta-analyses were that Progestasert users were less likely to expel the device and more likely to discontinue the method because of menstrual bleeding and pain than users of IUDs <=250mm2. Reviewers' conclusions Current evidence suggest LNG-20 IUS users are no more or less likely to have unwanted pregnancies than IUD>250mm2 and Norplant-2 users. The LNG-20 IUS was more effective in preventing either intrauterine or extrauterine pregnancies than IUDs <=250mm2. The contraceptive effectiveness of Progestasert was significantly better than non-medicated IUDs, but no difference was observed when compared to IUDs<=250mm2. Continuation of LNG-20 IUS use was similar to continuation of the non-hormonal IUDs and Norplant-2. Amenorrhoea was the main reason for the discontinuation for the LNG-20 IUS and women should be informed of this prior to starting this method. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DATA COLLECTION | DATA ANALYSIS | WOMEN | IUD | REVERSIBILITY | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | SAFETY | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Public Health | Health Document Number: 195557 |
| 19. Title: Ensuring that having a vasectomy is an informed decision. Author: Gormley M Source: Nursing Times. 2003 Nov 18-24;99(46):28-30. Abstract: Vasectomy or male sterilisation is the severing or electrocoagulation of the vas deferens connecting the testes to the seminal vesicles and urethra. It is a safe and a highly effective operation that offers a permanent method of contraception. Reversal of a vasectomy is possible but can be difficult and is not always successful. The permanency of the procedure means that careful counselling is essential and, where appropriate, should be conducted with both partners. Vasectomy or male sterilisation is the surgical operation of severing or electrocoagulation (Marie Stopes method) of the two ducts (vas deferens) that connect the testes to the seminal vesicles and urethra (Fig 1). The operation can be performed under either a local or a general anaesthetic. The procedure is quick and easy and is 99.9 per cent effective as a method of contraception. It has no effect on sexual functioning. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | CRITIQUE | COUPLES | NURSES AND NURSING | VASECTOMY | INFORMED CHOICE | COUNSELING | REVERSIBILITY | SIDE EFFECTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Treatment Document Number: 277494 |
| 20. Title: [Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) injectable contraception -- safe, effective but neglected method of family planning in Poland] Octan medroksyprogesteronu podawany domiesniowo -- skuteczna ale rzadka forma antykoncepcji. Author: Lech MM Source: Wiadomosci Lekarskie. 2003;56(7-8):362-368. Abstract: Many women who want to have a child cannot get pregnant at once, despite the fact they do not use contraceptives. There has to pass some time from the moment of making a decision on pregnancy to make it real. The question of restoration of fertility, i.e. reversal of the contraceptive effect, is also of great significance to women who disrupt intramuscularly injections of contraceptive drugs. Based on extensive clinical research, previous using of such drugs does not disturb fertility or the ability to get pregnant after the cessation of taking them [43,44]. In a study whose target was to evaluate reversibility of various contraceptives [44], we compared the time between cessation of taking of a given drug and the restoration of fertility. Among 796 women who were taking DMPA, fertility was recovered after 15 weeks following the last injection. The period that passed after taking the last contraceptive pill to the restoration of fertility (group of 437 women) was 3 months. On average the period from removing of intrauterine contraceptive device to the restoration of fertility was 4.5 months (study on 125 women). Nine months after the cessation of using intrauterine contraceptive device and the cessation of taking DMPA, the rate of pregnancies was almost equal in both groups of subjects. (excerpt) Language: Polish Keywords: POLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | FERTILITY | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | REVERSIBILITY | IUD | PREGNANCY RATE | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 277546 |
| 21. Title: Male and female sterilization: an update. Author: Westhoff C; Schnare SM Source: Dialogues in Contraception. 2003 Winter;7(8):5-7. Abstract: Male and female sterilizations are safe and effective in appropriate candidates, although their long-term failure rates are higher than generally believed. Thorough preoperative counseling is essential to ensure that candidates (and their partners) understand the risks and benefits of the procedure, the low likelihood of reversibility, and the availability of equally effective long-term alternatives such as IUDs. Other nondaily contraceptive methods, such as the transdermal patch, vaginal ring, and injectables, also are highly effective. In the future, new additional methods of tubal sterilization may allow even more women to enjoy the benefits of safe, effective, permanent birth control. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MALE STERILIZATION | FEMALE STERILIZATION | TUBAL LIGATION | VASECTOMY | RISK FACTORS | REGRET | REVERSIBILITY | TUBAL OCCLUSION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Biology | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 177856 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Vasectomy reversal performed 15 years or more after vasectomy: correlation of pregnancy outcome with partner age and with pregnancy results of in vitro fertilization with intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Author: Fuchs EF; Burt RA Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 Mar;77(3):516-519. Abstract: Objective: To document a contemporary series of vasectomy reversals performed in men 15 years or more after vasectomy and to correlate the results with spousal age and results of ICSI for obstructive azoospermia. Setting: University referral center for male infertility. Design: Retrospective analysis of a single surgeon’s experience compared with reported ICSI results. Participant(s): One hundred seventy-three men who had vasectomy reversal 15 years or more after vasectomy. Intervention(s): Reversal of vasectomy by vasovasostomy or epididymovasostomy. Main Outcome Measure(s): Correlation of pregnancy results after vasectomy reversal with spousal age and published ICSI results. Result(s): Pregnancy rates for the intervals of 15–19 years, 20–25 years, and _25 years after vasectomy were 49%, 39%, and 25%, respectively. For spousal age _30 years, 30–35 years, 36–40 years, and _40 years, pregnancy rates were 64%, 49%, 32%, and 28%, respectively. The overall pregnancy rate was 43%, which is similar to the pregnancy rate of 40% for ICSI in obstructive azoospermia. Sixty-two percent of the men required a unilateral or bilateral epididymovasostomy. Conclusion(s): Spousal age is an important predictive factor after vasectomy reversal among men who have reversal 15 years or more after vasectomy. Pregnancy rates after vasectomy reversal compare favorably with those obtained with ICSI. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | OREGON | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN | VASECTOMY | STERILIZATION REVERSAL | REVERSIBILITY | AGE FACTORS | PREGNANCY RATE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Reversible Sterilization | Population Characteristics | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 284859 |
| 23. Title: Reversible methods of birth control -- A growing list. Source: Health and Sexuality. 2001;6(3):[2] p.. Abstract: If you are planning to become pregnant, when do you want to have your next pregnancy? If it's less than one year, consider rapidly reversible methods such as barrier methods, pills, patches, rings, or once-a-month injections. If it's between one and two years, any of the above methods may be used, as well as once-every-three-months injections. If the wait is going to be greater than two years, all reversible methods may be used, but the more effective ones, such as IUD, implants, injections, and other barrier methods, may be preferable. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | REVERSIBILITY | TIME FACTORS | CONTRAINDICATIONS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Dynamics | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 315650 |
| 24. Title: Injectable long-acting contraceptives. Author: Kaunitz AM Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 Mar;44(1):73-91. Abstract: This paper reviews the pharmacologic and epidemiologic data on injectable contraceptives and provides clinicians with clinical insights pertaining to counseling, selection, initiation, and maintenance to facilitate successful use of injectable contraceptives. In the US, women have two available options: Depo-Provera (DMPA), a 3-month progestin-only formulation containing 150 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate per injection, and Lunelle (MPA/E2C), a 1-month combination containing 25 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate and 5 mg estradiol cypionate per injection. Both DMPA and MPA/E2C offer users effective, convenient, and reversible birth control choices. In particular, DMPA is characteristically associated with amenorrhea. This progestin-only control method can be used by lactating women and by others for whom contraceptive doses of estrogen are contraindicated. However, return of fertility can be delayed in women discontinuing DMPA to become pregnant. In some cases, use of DMPA also confers important noncontraceptive and therapeutic benefits. On the other hand, MPA/E2C is more beneficial to women who are concerned with daily pill taking, who prefer regular cycles to amenorrhea, and who find monthly injections acceptable and accessible. Like oral contraceptives, MPA/E2C also represents an appropriate choice for women who prefer a rapidly reversible contraceptive method. Its contraindications are parallel to those for combined oral contraceptives. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | INJECTABLES | DEPO-PROVERA | MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE | CONTRACEPTIVE MODE OF ACTION | REVERSIBILITY | SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Treatment | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 155482 |
| 25. Title: Norplant and other implantable contraceptives. Author: Kovalevsky G; Barnhart K Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 Mar;44(1):92-100. Abstract: Implantable contraception represents a safe, reversible form of long-term family planning with distinct advantages. It does not contain estrogen, thus avoiding many of estrogen's contraindications. Importantly, it is extremely effective, has high continuation rates, and is well tolerated. The main side effects of Norplant are irregular menstrual bleeding and the occasional difficult removal. Although recent high-profile litigation has severely diminished enthusiasm for Norplant, the US Food and Drug Administration has reaffirmed its safety and efficacy. This article details Norplant's contraceptive mode of action, efficacy, insertion techniques, removal techniques, side effects, and continuation rates. New developments in implants are described. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | LEVONORGESTREL | CONTRACEPTIVE MODE OF ACTION | REVERSIBILITY | INSERTION | SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Treatment | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 155483 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Why Nigerian adolescents seek abortion rather than contraception: evidence from focus-group discussions. Author: Otoide VO; Oronsaye F; Okonofua FE Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2001 Jun;27(2):77-81. Abstract: Nigerian adolescents generally have low levels of contraceptive use, but their reliance on unsafe abortion is high and results in many abortion-related complications. To determine why, it is important to investigate adolescents' perceptions concerning the risks of contraceptive use versus those of induced abortion. Data were collected through focus-group discussions held with adolescents of diverse educational and socioeconomic backgrounds. All were asked what they knew about abortion and contraception, and each method of contraception was discussed in detail. In particular, youths were asked about contraceptive availability, perceived advantages of method use, side effects and young people's reasons for using or not using contraceptives. Fear of future infertility was an overriding factor in adolescents' decisions to rely on induced abortion rather than contraception. Many focus-group participants perceived the adverse effects of modern contraceptives on fertility to be continuous and prolonged, while they saw abortion as an immediate solution to an unplanned pregnancy -- and, therefore, one that would have a limited negative impact on future fertility. This appears to be the major reason why adolescents prefer to seek induced abortion rather than practice effective contraception. The need to educate adolescents about the mechanism of action of contraceptive agents and about their side effects in relation to unsafe abortion is paramount if contraceptive use is to be improved among Nigerian adolescents. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ABORTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | MOTIVATION | MISINFORMATION | REVERSIBILITY | PERCEPTION | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Contraception | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication Document Number: 157529 Notification |
| 27. Title: The Chinese experience with elastomer vas deferens occlusion for reversible contraception [letter] Author: Zhao SC Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 Mar;75(3):644. Abstract: The thorough review of safety and effectiveness of vasectomies by Schwingl and Guess omitted a reversible method now widely used in China. In this percutaneous technique, an elastomer plug is used. A recent review of 1000 cases after 10 years of use in China showed efficacy of 98% and a very low incidence of complications. The increased skill required to perform percutaneous method of reversible vas occlusion should not be a problem in the US, where most vasectomies are performed by urologists. This method might be a desirable option for some American men. (full text) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | CRITIQUE | MALE STERILIZATION | VASECTOMY | REVERSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning Document Number: 155636 |
| 28. Title: Low dose gossypol for male contraception. Author: Gu ZP; Mao BY; Wang YX; Zhang RA; Tan YZ Source: Asian Journal of Andrology. 2000 Dec;2:283-287. Abstract: The aim was to ascertain whether the side effects of gossypol, hypokalemia and irreversibility, could be avoided on dose reduction. Seventy-seven male volunteers were divided into 3 groups: control (22 cases), 10 mg gossypol (29 cases) and 12.5 mg (26 cases). Serum levels of testosterone, FSH and LH were measured by RIA and potassium by flame photometry. Sperm counts and motility were examined before and regularly after treatment for the evaluation of contraceptive efficacy. The average sperm density and motility started to decrease significantly by the end of month 2 of medication and gradually reached the infertility levels (<4 million /mL) in both treated groups. After that the 10 mg group was asked to take the same dose every other day for up to a total observation period of 16-18 months for the maintenance of infertility. Subjects in the 12.5 mg group did not take gossypol any more so as to observe the length of the loading dose required, but in a few, a maintenance dose of 12.5 mg every other day was instituted for a few more months. In both treated groups, none of the spouses was pregnant during the maintenance dose period. Serum levels of potassium, FSH, LH and testosterone were not significantly changed and not a single volunteer complained of myoasthenia. After cessation of drug administratioin, the semen data returned to pretreatment levels. A regimen with 10 or 12.5 mg of gossypol as the daily loading dose and 35 or 43.75 mg as the weekly maintenance dose could induce infertility in male volunteers without developing hypokalemia or irreversibility. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | MEN | MALE CONTRACEPTION | GOSSYPOL | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | TESTOSTERONE | SIDE EFFECTS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | REVERSIBILITY | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Male | Contraceptive Agents | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Androgens | Treatment | Drugs Document Number: 294400 |
| 29. Title: Male contraception: prospects for the new millennium. Author: Hair WM; Wu FC Source: Asian Journal of Andrology. 2000 Mar;2:3-12. Abstract: Effective regulation of human fertility has global consequences in terms of resource depletion, pollution and poverty. Current family planning services predominantly target a female clientele with few significant developments in male fertility regulation for over a century. The last two decades have witnessed a gathering interest, initially from the scientific community, and laterally from industry, in the development of safe, reliable, reversible methods of contraception for men. This review summarises the methods of male fertility regulation which are currently available and critically examines the published data on novel developments in male hormonal contraception which offer the potential of improved contraceptive choice for all in new millennium. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | LITERATURE REVIEW | MEN | MALE CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | ANDROGENS | TESTOSTERONE | GONADOTROPINS | REVERSIBILITY | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | VASECTOMY | SPERMATOGENESIS BLOCKING AGENTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual Document Number: 294385 |
| 30. Title: Hormonal contraception for human males: prospects. Author: Reddy PR Source: Asian Journal of Andrology. 2000 Mar;2:46-50. Abstract: Development of an ideal hormonal contraceptive for man has been the goal of several research workers during the past few decades. Suppression of pituitary gonadotropic hormones, which in turn would inhibit spermatogenesis while maintaining normal libido and potentia has been the approach for a contraceptive agent. Intramuscularly administered and orally active testosterone or testosterone in combination with progesterone have been shown to cause inhibition of spermatogenesis resulting in azoospermia in normal men. Similarly testosterone has been used in combination with gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonists and agonists to inhibitpituitary gonadotropic hormone release. Immunological approach to neutralize the circulating levels of follicle stimulating hormone has also been shown to cause inhibition of spermatogenesis. The available literature shows that testosterone causes reversible azoospermia without any significant side effects in Asian population effectively and appears to be a promising chemical for control of fertility in man. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | ASIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | MEN | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | MALE CONTRACEPTION | SPERMATOGENESIS BLOCKING AGENTS | TESTOSTERONE | PROGESTERONE | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | REVERSIBILITY | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | Asia, Southern | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Progestational Hormones | Gonadotropins Document Number: 294389 |
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