1.  Title: Programming for training in FP / RH. Author: EngenderHealth. ACQUIRE Project Source: New York, New York, EngenderHealth, ACQUIRE Project, 2008. 4 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00006-00) Abstract: Programming for training is the process of planning, implementation, systems strengthening, and evaluation of training within the larger setting of RH / FP service delivery so as to improve service delivery outcomes. Programming for training reflects a comprehensive and holistic view that considers both the systems in which training and services are provided and the greater social and political environment that influences service delivery. The ACQUIRE Model for RH / FP Training is a "drill-down" of the training component of the overall ACQUIRE Program Model for FP/ RH Service Delivery. It is applicable to national, regional, and district-level RH / FP programs, and entails a focus on the centrally important fundamentals of care-informed choice, medical safety, and continuous quality improvement. The Programming for Training in RH / FP Model depicts the dynamics of the inputs and activities that contribute to the desired program outputs of stronger training systems and more providers performing to standard, which in turn contribute to achievement of the larger program outcome (goal), increased availability of quality RH / FP services. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | RESOURCES | LEADERSHIP | STANDARDS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | SUPERVISION | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Training Programs | Education | Health | Organization and Administration | Research Methodology | Programs | Health Services Evaluation | Management Document Number: 331615 |
2.  Title: The level of Internet access and ICT training for health information professionals in sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Ajuwon GA; Rhine L Source: Health Information and Libraries Journal. 2008 Sep;25(3):175-85. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are important tools for development. Despite its significant growth on a global scale, Internet access is limited in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Few studies have explored Internet access, use of electronic resources and ICT training among health information professionals in Africa. OBJECTIVE: The study assessed Internet access, use of electronic resources and ICT training among health information professionals in SSA. METHODS: A 26-item self-administered questionnaire in English and French was used for data collection. The questionnaire was completed by health information professionals from five Listservs and delegates at the 10th biannual Congress of the Association of Health Information and Libraries in Africa (AHILA). RESULTS: A total of 121 respondents participated in the study and, of those, 68% lived in their countries' capital. The majority (85.1%) had Internet access at work and 40.8% used cybercafes as alternative access points. Slightly less than two-thirds (61.2%) first learned to use ICT through self-teaching, whilst 70.2% had not received any formal training in the previous year. Eighty-eight per cent of respondents required further ICT training. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: In SSA, freely available digital information resources are underutilized by health information professionals. ICT training is recommended to optimize use of digital resources. To harness these resources, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations must play a key role. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | INTERNET | TRAINING PROGRAMS | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | RESOURCES | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Information Networks | Communication | Education | Evaluation | Organization and Administration Document Number: 323152 |
| 3. Title: Children and AIDS: a stocktaking report. Actions and progress during the first year of Unite for Children, Unite against AIDS. Author: UNICEF; Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS [UNAIDS]; World Health Organization [WHO] Source: New York, New York, UNICEF, 2007 Jan. [42] p. Also available in French and Spanish. Abstract: Twenty-five years into the AIDS epidemic, the children in its path remain at grave risk. It is estimated that 2.3 million children under 15 years old are infected with HIV, 15.2 million children under 18 have lost one or both parents to AIDS, and millions more have been made vulnerable. The risks inherent in these statistics are many, as children affected by AIDS may experience poverty, homelessness, school drop-out, discrimination, loss of life opportunity and early death. Unite for Children, Unite against AIDS was launched in October 2005 with the goal of putting the 'missing face' of children at the centre of the global HIV/AIDS agenda. In the year since, the world's response to protect and support AIDS-affected children remains tragically insufficient. But in important and positive ways, that is beginning to change. This report takes stock of some of the most important actions and changes for children affected by HIV/AIDS that have taken place in the first year of Unite for Children, Unite against AIDS. Among other developments, the report finds that children and AIDS had by 2006 become more clearly integrated into national policy frameworks, including national plans of action (NPAs) and poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSPs) in at least 20 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. It finds increasing numbers of children now receiving treatment as a result of improved testing, lower drug prices and simpler formulations. It reports that in several countries, behaviour change has translated into declining HIV prevalence among young people. And the disparity between orphans and non-orphans in access to education has been reduced in several countries. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ADOLESCENTS | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV PREVENTION | INFORMATION SOURCES | RESOURCES | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Information | Organization and Administration | Programs | Program Evaluation | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control Document Number: 312552 |
| 4. Title: Can better infrastructure and quality reduce hospital infant mortality rates in Mexico? Author: Aguilera N; Marrufo GM Source: Health Policy. 2007 Feb;80(2):239-252. Abstract: Preliminary evidence from hospital discharges hints enormous disparities in infant hospital mortality rates. At the same time, public health agencies acknowledge severe deficiencies and variations in the quality of medical services across public hospitals. Despite these concerns, there is limited evidence of the contribution of hospital infrastructure and quality in explaining variations in outcomes among those who have access to medical services provided at public hospitals. This paper provides evidence to address this question. We use probabilistic econometric methods to estimate the impact of material and human resources and hospital quality on the probability that an infant dies controlling for socioeconomic, maternal and reproductive risk factors. As a measure of quality, we calculate for the first time for Mexico patient safety indicators developed by the AHRQ. We find that the probability to die is affected by hospital infrastructure and by quality. In this last regard, having been treated in a hospital with the worse quality incidence doubles the probability to die. This paper also presents evidence on the contribution of other risk factors on perinatal mortality rates. The conclusions of this paper suggest that lower infant mortality rates can be reached by implementing a set of coherent public policy actions including an increase and reorganization of hospital infrastructure, quality improvement, and increasing demand for health by poor families. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | INFANT MORTALITY | HOSPITALS | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | PERINATAL MORTALITY | RISK FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | INEQUALITIES | RESOURCES | SAFETY | Developing Countries | North America | Americas | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Biology | Economic Factors | Public Health Document Number: 310407 |
| 5. Title: Reconceptualising vulnerable children by acknowledging their assets. Author: Eloff I; Ebersohn L; Viljoen J Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2007;6(1):79-86. Abstract: We report on a study that sought to find alternative pathways to conceptualising vulnerable children. We have extracted a section from a longitudinal study that focuses on the ways in which vulnerable children in a rural community in South Africa cope with the impact of HIV and AIDS. We relied on the concepts of assets, resources and capacities to guide our understanding of 'vulnerable children', in an attempt to open up conceptualisations of the term, which have previously almost exclusively focused on deficits and needs. The study used a case study design with a small group of children who were engaged in making memory boxes. The study shows that numerous resources and capacities for coping and well-being are evident within and around the children. Most prominent among the capacities of the participants in this study are a positive identity and essential social competencies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | CASE STUDIES | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | RURAL POPULATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | RESOURCES | NEEDS | SELF ESTEEM | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | EMOTIONS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Behavior Document Number: 323305 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Demographic transitions and children's resources: Bonus or divergence? Author: Eloundou-Enyegue PM; Stokes SC Source: Demographic Research. 2007 Mar 8;16(7):195-218. Abstract: How do fertility transitions affect children's resources? Existing perspectives provide two seemingly different answers: "Dilution" arguments focusing on family size predict growth in average resources, while "divergence" arguments focusing on family structure predict increased inequality. We suggest that these two perspectives are complementary and reconcilable within an integrated framework. Under this expanded framework, fertility transitions affect both average resource levels and inequality, and these effects depend on both the quantum and locus of fertility change, as well as on accompanying changes in family structure. Failure to consider these various characteristics of transitions and their interactions can bias estimation of transition-related changes in children's outcomes. We illustrate with data from Cameroon. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CAMEROON | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | CHILDREN | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | FAMILY SIZE | RESOURCES | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | INEQUALITIES | HOME ECONOMICS | BIAS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Error Sources | Measurement Document Number: 308476 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Anticipation of migration and psychological stress and the Three Gorges Dam project, China. Author: Hwang SS; Xi J; Cao Y; Feng X; Qiao X Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2007 Sep;65(5):1012-1024. Abstract: Findings from a prospective study of project-induced migration in China's Three Gorges Dam project are reported. The study tests the hypotheses that anticipation of involuntary migration is stressful and that the harmful effects are partially mediated and moderated by the resources migrants possess. Using data collected from a sample of designated migrants (n = 975) who will be forced to relocate because they live in an area, which will be flooded once the Three Gorges project is completed, and non-migrants (n = 555) in the same region, our analysis indicates that anticipation of involuntary migration is a robust predictor of mental distress. Anticipation of forced migration elevates depression (CES-D) not only directly, but also indirectly by weakening the social and the psychological resources (i.e., social support and mastery), which safeguard the mental well-being of migrants. However, our results show much less support for the hypothesis that resources moderate harmful effects of forced migration. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | MIGRANTS | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | STRESS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | SETTLEMENT AND RESETTLEMENT | INTERNAL MIGRATION | DEPRESSION | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | MENTAL HEALTH | RESOURCES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Health | Organization and Administration Document Number: 319061 |
| 8. Title: Adherence to ART practices in resource-constrained settings. Author: Johnson A; Witt H Source: Arlington, Virginia, Management Sciences for Health [MSH], Center for Pharmaceutical Management, Rational Pharmaceutical Management Plus, 2007. 32 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-00-00016-00) Abstract: The primary objective of the survey was to compare current practices in measuring patient adherence to ART and calculating adherence levels and default rates at health facilities and HIV programs. The secondary objective was to explore current and potential interventions being used to promote ART adherence. This report provides an analysis of interventions that the survey participants indicated are being used at their facilities and recommendation for additional interventions that were suggested to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy in these settings. The survey aimed at answering the following questions: Are ART programs/providers using adherence promotion interventions? What kinds of interventions are being used? Are the kinds or combinations of interventions associated with the types of facilities or the range of ART services provided? Are ART programs/providers planning for new adherence promotion interventions? What kinds of interventions health providers suggest to be effective? What kind of adherence challenges should be addressed? (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | KENYA | RWANDA | TANZANIA | UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | RESOURCES | INEQUALITIES | INTERVENTIONS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Central | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs Document Number: 323750 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Estimated global resources needed to attain international malaria control goals. Author: Kiszewski A; Johns B; Schapira A; Delacollette C; Crowell V Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2007 Aug;85(8):623-630. Abstract: The objective was to provide the international community with an estimate of the amount of financial resources needed to scale up malaria control to reach international goals, including allocations by country, year and intervention as well as an indication of the current funding gap. A costing model was used to estimate the total costs of scaling up a set of widely recommended interventions, supporting services and programme strengthening activities in each of the 81 most heavily affected malaria-endemic countries. Two scenarios were evaluated, using different assumptions about the effect of interventions on the needs for diagnosis and treatment. Current health expenditures and funding for malaria control were compared to estimated needs. A total of US$ 38 to 45 billion will be required from 2006 to 2015. The average cost during this period is US$ 3.8 to 4.5 billion per year. The average costs for Africa are US$ 1.7 billion and US$ 2.2 billion per year in the optimistic and pessimistic scenarios, respectively; outside Africa, the corresponding costs are US$ 2.1 billion and US$ 2.4 billion. While these estimates should not be used as a template for country-level planning, they provide an indication of the scale and scope of resources required and can help donors to collaborate towards meeting a global benchmark and targeting funding to countries in greatest need. The analysis highlights the need for much greater resources to achieve the goals and targets for malaria control set by the international community. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | POLICYMAKERS | MALARIA PREVENTION | GOALS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | RESOURCES | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | FUNDS | FOREIGN AID | EXPENDITURES | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | WHO | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Planning | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 319049 |
| 10. Title: Kazakhstan: health system review. Author: Kulzhanov M; Rechel B Source: Health Systems in Transition. 2007;9(7):1-158. Abstract: The Health Systems in Transition (HiT) profiles are country-based reports that provide a detailed description of a health system and of policy initiatives in progress or under development. HiTs examine different approaches to the organization, financing and delivery of health services and the role of the main actors in health systems; describe the institutional framework, process, content and implementation of health and health care policies; and highlight challenges and areas that require more in-depths analysis. When Kazakhstan became independent in 1991, it faced many of the same challenges as other counties from the former Soviet Union, including an oversized and impatient-oriented system of health facilities and a drop in health financing in the early transition years. Although the country embarked on several major health reforms in the second half of the 1990s, these often lacked consistency and clear direction. In the wake of the economic upswing fuelled by oil revenues in recent years, in 2004 Kazakhstan initiated a comprehensive National Program of Health Care Reform and Development for the period 2005-2010. One of the key challenges addressed by the reform program is the considerable inequities in terms of health financing per capita between the country's oblast (regions) and between urban and rural areas. Another major challenge is out-of-pocket payments for health services and pharmaceuticals, although the magnitude of these payments remains unknown. Despite an increased emphasis on primary care, the inpatient sector continues to consume the bulk of health funding, and the question of specialized and parallel health services has so far not been addressed by the reform program. Overall, more attention will need to be paid to the quality and efficiency of health services. A system of monitoring and evaluation, as well as the establishment of clinical practice guidelines, could pay an important role in achieving these aims. Many rural areas are lacking sufficient numbers of health care workers, while an oversupply exists in the major cities. A comprehensive system of human resources planning and the introduction of incentives for health care workers in rural areas might present an avenue for addressing this challenge. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KAZAKHSTAN | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | GOVERNMENT | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | HEALTH POLICY | ECONOMIC FACTORS | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | HEALTH AND WELFARE PLANNING | RESOURCES | HEALTH SERVICES EVALUATION | Asia, Central | Asia | Developing Countries | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Financial Activities | Policy | Management | Social Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs Document Number: 325124 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Environmental security and labor migration in Nepal. Author: Shrestha SS; Bhandari P Source: Population and Environment. 2007 Sep;29(1):25-38. Abstract: Do changes in environmental security that result from declining access to forest resources shape labor migration in a context where household production and consumption are intimately dependent on natural resources? Using 1996 household data from the Chitwan Valley of Nepal, we examined if a decrease in access to firewood increased the likelihood of migration of individuals for work. The results of multinomial logistic regression showed that, environmental insecurity was a significant predictor for migration regardless of destination, domestic or international. Labor requirements for household maintenance also played an important role in the decision to migrate. Management of forest resources and poverty alleviation by providing firewood substitutes and economic opportunities at the local level is likely to change the labor migration flow, which could be an important issue for future research. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LABOR FORCE | MIGRANTS | MIGRATION | HOUSEHOLDS | FORESTS | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | MANAGEMENT | POVERTY | RESOURCES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Microeconomic Factors | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 322912 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Resource needs to support orphans and vulnerable children in sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Stover J; Bollinger L; Walker N; Monasch R Source: Health Policy and Planning. 2007 Jan;22(1):21-27. Abstract: In sub-Saharan Africa, 43 million children under the age of 18 have lost one or both parents to AIDS, conflict or other causes. This large number strains systems by which families and communities have traditionally provided care for orphans. Support for some orphans is being provided by a variety of government, community and non-governmental organizations but this assistance reaches only a small percentage of those who need it. This paper estimates the funding required for necessary support to those most in need. We estimate that US$1-4 billion will be required annually by 2010, depending on whether support is provided to all orphans living below the poverty line or just those in most need. This is at least four times current funding and should be a priority topic for donor and national government resource allocation decisions this year. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | GOVERNMENT | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | FOREIGN AID | POVERTY | RESOURCES | FUNDS | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Organizations | Economic Factors | Evaluation | Socioeconomic Factors | Organization and Administration Document Number: 311315 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Discordant responses to potent antiretroviral treatment in previously naive HIV-1-infected adults initiating treatment in resource-constrained countries: the Antiretroviral Therapy in Low-Income Countries (ART-LINC) Collaboration. Author: Tuboi SH; Brinkhof MW; Egger M; Stone RA; Braitstein P Source: JAIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2007 May 1;45(1):52-59. Abstract: The objectives were to assess the frequency of and risk factors for discordant responses at 6 months on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in previously treatment-naive HIV patients from resource-limited countries. The Antiretroviral Therapy in Low-Income Countries Collaboration is a network of clinics providing care and treatment to HIV-infected patients in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. Patients who initiated therapy between 1996 and 2004, were aged 16 years or older, and had a baseline CD4 cell count were included in this analysis. Responses were defined based on plasma viral load (PVL) and CD4 cell count at 6 months as complete virologic and immunologic (VR+IR+), virologic only (VR+IR-), immunologic only (VR-IR+), and nonresponse (VR-IR-). Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the association between therapy responses and clinical and demographic variables. Of the 3111 patients eligible for analysis, 1914 had available information at 6 months of therapy: 1074 (56.1%) were VR+IR+, 364 (19.0%) were VR+IR-, 283 (14.8%) were (VR-IR+), and 193 (10.1%) were VR-IR-. Compared with complete responders, virologic-only responders were older, had a higher baseline CD4 cell count, had a lower baseline PVL, and were more likely to have received a nonstandard HAART regimen; immunologic-only responders were younger, had a lower baseline CD4 cell count, had a higher baseline PVL, and were more likely to have received a protease inhibitor-based regimen. The frequency of and risk factors for discordant responses were comparable to those observed in developed countries. Longer follow-up is needed to assess the long-term impact of discordant responses on mortality in these resource-limited settings. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ADULTS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | RISK FACTORS | RESOURCES | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | HIV | Biology | Organization and Administration Document Number: 313454 |
| 14. Title: Socioeconomic impacts of and resource requirements for HIV and AIDS. Author: Constella Futures. Health Policy Initiative Source: Jakarta, Indonesia, Association of Southeast Asian Nations [ASEAN], 2006 Nov. 8 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-05-00040-00) Abstract: The assessment of the Socioeconomic Impact of HIV and AIDS is the second activity under the USAID Cooperation with ASEAN through the Operational Framework for the Second ASEAN Work Program on HIV/AIDS. The work program identifies the need to understand the socioeconomic impact of HIV and AIDS on the region in order to inform advocacy for increased political commitment and leadership and, thus, increased financial, human, and institutional resources for HIV and AIDS. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | POLICYMAKERS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | HIV PREVENTION | USAID | ADVOCACY | PREVALENCE | POVERTY | RESOURCES | FOREIGN AID | Developing Countries | Asia | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Evaluation | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Measurement Document Number: 323265 |
| 15. Title: SysteMALEtizing: resources for engaging men in sexual and reproductive health. Author: Greene ME Source: [Washington, D.C.], Interagency Gender Working Group. 2006 Jul. [17] p. Abstract: The growing number of programs engaging men in reproductive health reflects exciting changes in the field. Men are central to sexual and reproductive health and the surge in programs reflects an appreciation of how working with them contributes to their health and the health of their partners and children, and, potentially, to broader equity objectives. Why Spend Limited Resources on Men? Decades of research on reproductive and child health show that everyone can benefit when men are thoughtfully engaged. Programs may address men's own needs, providing them with information, skills, and services that improve their health. The information and skills can help men be more respectful, communicative, and supportive in their sexual partnerships. Women themselves often ask that reproductive health programs work with men. Some programs work to develop men's capacity as fathers, providing them with the knowledge, skills, and confidence to be more involved with their children. International data on men's use of physical violence against women suggest that working with men could both reduce this violence and improve sexual and reproductive health outcomes. An overarching benefit of all of these activities, when they are conducted with sensitivity to social inequities, is that they can contribute to gender equity and to broader development objectives. And why might men want to take more of an active role in sexual and reproductive health? Somewhat surprisingly, there are many reasons. Men want information and usually have little access to it. They recognize the risks that their behavior and lack of information pose to their own health. They are concerned with the health of their partners. They wish for improved relationships with their children. And many of them recognize the importance of human rights, including women's rights. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | PAMPHLETS | MEN | FATHERS | SONS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | FAMILY PLANNING | RESOURCES | INFORMATION | MEN'S HEALTH | HEALTH EDUCATION MATERIALS | INFORMATION SOURCES | INFORMATION SERVICES | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Printed Media | Mass Media | Communication | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Education | Education Document Number: 309685 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Liberal ends, llliberal means: National security, "environmental conflict" and the making of the Cairo consensus. Author: Hartmann B Source: Indian Journal of Gender Studies. 2006 May-Aug;13(2):195-227. Abstract: The field of environmental security, and in particular Thomas Homer-Dixon's model of environmental conflict, were heavily influenced by neo-Malthusian degradation narratives, which disproportionately blame population pressures for generating poverty, environmental degradation, migration and political violence. In turn, the presence of these degradation narratives provided an avenue through which population actors and interests could intersect with the emerging environmental security agenda in the 1990s. As part of a political strategy to engage the foreign policy establishment in the 1994 UN Population Conference in Cairo, private population flinders supported environmental conflict research and its dissemination at a variety of venues. There was a general willingness to deploy racially-charged demographic alarmism, particularly concerning population and migration, in the representation of Third World threats. The result was a kind of ideological schizophrenia within the population community as some actors used the politics of fear to generate support for the Cairo conference, while others appealed to a feminist agenda of women's empowerment and reproductive health. Some did both at the same time. This case illustrates the tension between liberal foreign policy goals and the illiberal means and ideologies deployed to achieve them, and the critical role played by private philanthropy. It is a cautionary tale with relevance today as certain population agencies are employing demographic explanations of terrorism to attract conservative support for international family planning assistance. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | NATIONAL SECURITY | POLICY | POPULATION GROWTH | MIGRATION | RESOURCES | MALTHUSIANISM | POLITICAL FACTORS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Sociocultural Factors | Environment | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Organization and Administration | Population Theory | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Health Document Number: 305292 |
| 17. Title: HIV care intervention -- limited resources, limitless opportunities. Author: John MA; Firhaber C; Sanne I; Zolopa A Source: Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine. 2006 Mar;(22):44-45. Abstract: This case is intended to inspire HIV caregivers and patients that, even in the most trying circumstances of limited resources, AIDS can be managed effectively with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and perseverance. Our patient, a 32-year-old man, presented to Themba lethu Clinic with AIDS in November 2004. He had been diagnosed with HIV infection in 2000. At that time he was asymptomatic and attended the state HIV clinic. His first admission was for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP). At the time our unit was screening patients for a clinical trial. This patient was not our 'usual' trial candidate. He had been expelled from school, had drug and alcohol addictions and a criminal conviction, and was unable to maintain employment (all indicating antisocial personality traits). He also had a history of poor compliance to prescribed medications. Any of these behaviours could have convinced us that he would be unsuitable for the stringent requirements for compliance and clinic follow-up required by clinical trials. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE HISTORIES | CLIENTS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | RESOURCES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | CANCER | TUBERCULOSIS | DRUGS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Neoplasms | Infections | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 318480 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Programmes, resources, and needs of HIV-prevention nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Africa, Central / Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. [Programas, recursos y necesidades de organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG) para la prevención del VIH en África, Europa central y oriental y Asia central, América Latina y el Caribe] Author: Kelly JA; Somlai AM; Benotsch EG; Amirkhanian YA; Fernandez MI Source: AIDS Care. 2006 Jan;18(1):12-21. Abstract: This study assessed the programmes, resources, and needs of HIV-prevention nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in 75 countries in Africa, Central/Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. Multiple databases and expert recommendations were used to identify one major HIV-prevention NGO in the capital or a large city in each country, and in-depth interviews were conducted with each NGO Director. Most NGOs are carrying out their programmes with minimal funding and few regularly employed personnel. Most are highly dependent on international donors, but reliance on small grants with short funding periods limits programme development capacity. HIV-prevention activities varied by region, with African NGOs most likely to use peer education and community awareness events; Eastern European NGOs most likely to offer needle exchange; Latin American NGOs to have resource centres and offer risk reduction programmes; and Caribbean organizations to use mass education approaches. Across regions, NGOs most often targeted the general public and youth, although specialized at-risk groups were the additional focus of attention in some regions. Limited funding, governmental indifference or opposition, AIDS stigma, and social discomfort discussing sex were often cited as barriers to new HIV-prevention programmes. NGOs are critical service providers. However, their funding, programmes, and resource capacities must be strengthened if NGOs are to realize their full potential in HIV prevention. (author's) Spanish Abstract: Este estudio analizó los programas, los recursos y las necesidades de las organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG) para la prevención del VIH en 75 países de África, Europa central y oriental y Asia central, América Latina y el Caribe. Se utilizaron bases de datos múltiples y recomendaciones de especialistas para identificar una ONG destacada para la prevención del VIH en la capital o en alguna gran ciudad de cada país, y se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad con el director de cada organismo seleccionado. La mayoría de las ONG lleva a cabo sus programas con un financiamiento mínimo y escaso personal con empleo regular y tiene una fuerte dependencia de donantes internacionales, pero la dependencia de pequeños subsidios con períodos breves de financiamiento limita la capacidad de desarrollo de programas. Las actividades de prevención del VIH variaron según la región: las ONG de África fueron las más inclinadas a utilizar educación entre pares y eventos de concientización de la comunidad; las de Europa oriental, a ofrecer intercambio de agujas; las de América Latina, a contar con centros de recursos y ofrecer programas de reducción de riesgos y las del Caribe a utilizar enfoques de educación masiva. En todas las regiones, las ONG se orientaron generalmente al público en general y a los jóvenes, si bien algunas regiones también se ocupaban de grupos específicos con mayor riesgo. La limitación de financiamiento, la indiferencia u oposición oficial, el estigma del SIDA y el malestar social respecto a hablar de sexo, se citaron con frecuencia como barreras para el establecimiento de nuevos programas de prevención del VIH. Las ONG son prestadores fundamentales de servicios. No obstante, su financiamiento, programas y capacidad de recursos deben fortalecerse a fin de que puedan manifestar todo su potencial en la prevención del VIH. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | EUROPE | ASIA, CENTRAL | LATIN AMERICA | CARIBBEAN | EVALUATION REPORT | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | PROGRAMS | RESOURCES | NEEDS | FUNDS | OBSTACLES | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Asia | Americas | Evaluation | Organizations | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Financial Activities Document Number: 293154 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Monitoring HIV treatment in developing countries. Author: Koenig SP; Kuritzkes DR; Hirsch MS; Leandre F; Mukherjee JS Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2006 Mar 11;332(7541):602-604. Abstract: HIV and AIDS remain the world's leading infectious cause of adult death despite the development of antiretroviral therapy. Although antiretroviral drugs have decreased HIV related mortality by about 80% in the industrialised nations, most people (92%) who need the drugs in non-industrialised nations do not have access to them. This is not surprising, as the international response to the epidemic has been inadequate in terms of both prevention and care. Yet there is some cause for optimism. Unprecedented multilateral and bilateral initiatives are poised to make comprehensive HIV care the world's best funded public health initiative. To maximise the effect of these resources, however, it is critical that HIV programmes adopt a comprehensive approach. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | MONITORING | HIV INFECTIONS | TREATMENT | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | DRUG RESISTANCE | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | RESOURCES | NEEDS | Evaluation | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors Document Number: 298842 |
| 20. Title: Can global health be good business? [editorial] Author: Lister J Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2006 Mar;11(3):255-257. Abstract: A lavishly sponsored Global Health Summit conference in New York organized in early November by Time magazine included a panel discussion on the pertinent issue of whether global health can be good for business,1 and in the process highlighted many of the contradictions confronting health care providers, policy makers and planners the world over. Attempts to graft compassion onto the root stock of global capitalism have been only partially successful, if at all. Certainly none of the big players in the $3 trillion plus health care industry - whether they be pharmaceutical corporations, equipment manufacturers, hospital chains or health insurers - has been able to demonstrate any long term or sustained commitment to the delivery of health care services to the billions of people in low income countries who currently lack access to them. Many of the 'Global Public Private Partnerships' favoured by the WHO appear to serve largely as public relations campaigns for the private sector 'partners' and also as a means to help them to secure and potentially expand their longer-term market for drugs and vaccines. Meanwhile some of the largest donors supporting such partnerships come from outside of the health care industry altogether - most notably Bill and Melinda Gates, whose benevolent billions also help make Microsoft's cosmic profits seem more socially acceptable. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | PUBLIC HEALTH | PRIVATE SECTOR | NEEDS | RESOURCES | CAPITALISM | WORLD BANK | PRIVATELY SPONSORED PROGRAMS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Health | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Organization and Administration | Political Systems | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | International Agencies | Organizations | Programs | Program Evaluation Document Number: 297410 |
| 21. Title: Application of reduce alive advocacy model and implementation of the road map in Africa. Author: Oluwole D Source: MotherNewBorNews. 2006 Aug-Dec;2(1):[3] p.. Abstract: To support countries in the African region to move towards the attainment of the MDGs, the African Regional Reproductive Health Task Force in October 2003, called on all partners to develop and implement a road map for accelerated maternal and newborn mortality reduction. In February 2004, a multi-agency meeting was held to develop the Road Map for Accelerating the Attainment of the MDGs Related to Maternal and Newborn Health (MNH). The guiding principles of road map include: evidence base; phased planning and implementation at country level; health systems approach; equity and accessibility; partnership with clear definition of roles and responsibilities; transparency and accountability. Fifteen development partners and the African Union have committed to supporting country-level implementation of the Road Map. The Road Map provides strategic direction for improved MNH and survival in countries by achieving consensus among all partners on the way forward for the next decade through long term planning and commitment. It also promotes the inseparable dyad of mother and newborn, focuses on two major interventions (skilled care for mothers and newborns and demand creation at community level) to make a difference, gives special attention on emergency obstetric and newborn care, offers opportunity for harnessing resources from all partners, takes account of interventions that are evidence-based, cost-effective and feasible even in poor resource settings. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | GOALS | MORTALITY | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | CHILD SURVIVAL | ADVOCACY | IMPLEMENTATION | PLANNING | RESOURCES | Developing Countries | Organization and Administration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Survivorship | Length of Life | Communication | Programs Document Number: 324064 |
| 22. Title: Prevention of cervical cancer in low-resource settings [letter] Author: Suba EJ; Geisinger KR; Zarka MA; Raab SS Source: JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2006 Mar 15;295(11):1248-1249. Abstract: Dr Denny and colleagues studied screen-and-treat approaches to cervical cancer screening in low-resource settings. We question whether these approaches should be characterized as safe, effective, or resource-appropriate in a real-world setting. Supply, equipment, salary, space, and overhead costs for Papanicolaou tests in developing countries such as Vietnam total less than $0.50 per test. Supply costs alone for the human papillomavirus (HPV) test total $20 to $30 per test; when analyzed in developing-country laboratories there is difficulty with reproducibility and accuracy that is comparable to cytology. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | HUNGARY | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | CERVICAL CANCER | SCREENING | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | RESOURCES | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | Europe, Central | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Organization and Administration | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 298829 |
| 23. Title: Evaluation of the United Nations Declaration on HIV / AIDS resource targets. Author: Teixeira L Source: Revista de Saude Publica / Journal of Public Health. 2006 Apr;40 Suppl:52-59. Abstract: This study evaluates the targets of the United Nations Declaration on HIV/AIDS Resource Targets, the attainment of which are premised on promoting three fronts: reduction of material and services costs, increased efficiency in access to and management of funds, and the channeling of new funds. Data were derived from studies of National Accounts of HIV/AIDS in Latin America and the Caribbean and from the recent available literature on the global dynamics of HIV/AIDS resources. The economic concept of global public good occurs throughout the text. The article discusses factors that constrain funding, and thus compel the adoption of new strategies in Brazil. The issues addressed include: difficulties in maintaining the downward tendency in the cost of items related to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, the incorporation each year of thousands of persons needing antiviral therapy, the rise in patient survival and increased diagnosis for the control of HIV/AIDS transmission. It is concluded that, in order to guarantee additional resources to combat the epidemic, the discussion on funding must necessarily focus on both the share of AIDS support for the Brazilian Ministry of Health, and, more importantly, on an increase in health funding as a whole. The recognition that HIV/AIDS control contributes to the global public good should facilitate increases in development assistance from international funding sources. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | CRITIQUE | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | POLICYMAKERS | UN | GOALS | HIV PREVENTION | RESOURCES | COST EFFECTIVENESS | PROGRAM EFFICIENCY | FUNDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | PRICING | AIDS PREVENTION | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Evaluation Indexes | Program Evaluation | Programs | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | HIV | Marketing | AIDS Document Number: 312815 |
| 24. Title: From advocacy to action: a progress report on UNAIDS at country level. Author: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS [UNAIDS] Source: Geneva, Switzerland, UNAIDS, 2005 Feb. 79 p. (UNAIDS/05.28E) Abstract: This report summarizes UNAIDS' assistance to countries in 2004 and 2005. Drawn from the reports of UNAIDS' Country Coordinators from over 75 countries, the report is divided into five chapters. Basic information on UNAIDS and how it operates, especially at country-level. How UNAIDS is contributing to implementation of the "Three Ones" principles. The many ways in which UNAIDS has assisted countries in strengthening their responses to AIDS. How UNAIDS is working to enhance the United Nations system's capacity to assist countries in responding to AIDS. How UNAIDS plans to meet key challenges for the future. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | PROGRESS REPORT | GOVERNMENT | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | UNAIDS | LEADERSHIP | RESOURCES | COORDINATION | MONITORING | EVALUATION | CAPACITY BUILDING | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Organization and Administration | Program Sustainability | Programs Document Number: 303041 |
| 25. Title: Bridging the divide: involving the faith community in teen pregnancy prevention. Author: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy Source: Washington, D.C., National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2005 Jul 14. 3 p. Abstract: Why Care About Preventing Teen Pregnancy? Teen pregnancy is closely linked to a host of other critical social issues--including welfare dependency, poverty, and overall child well-being, out-of-wedlock births, responsible fatherhood, and workforce development. Two-thirds of teen mothers never finish high school. Children of teen mothers are twice as likely to be abused and neglected. Girls born to teen mothers are 22% more likely to become teen mothers, and sons of teen mothers are more likely to end up in jail. Although teen pregnancy rates are declining, the U.S. still has the highest rates of teen pregnancy and birth in the industrialized world. Teen pregnancy-related problems cost taxpayers $7 billion per year. In the U.S., nearly 34 percent of girls get pregnant at least once by age 20--nearly 850,000 girls each year. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | CAMPAIGNS | LEADERSHIP | VALUE ORIENTATION | RESOURCES | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | Communication Programs | Communication | Organization and Administration | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 306855 |
| 26. Title: Rebuilding Iraq. U.S. water and sanitation efforts need improved measures for assessing impact and sustained resources for maintaining facilities. Author: United States. Government Accountability Office [GAO] Source: Washington, D.C., GAO, 2005 Feb. [46] p. (GAO-05-872USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PC-AAB-338) Abstract: After security conditions in Iraq began to deteriorate in June 2003, the U.S.-led Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) included restoring essential services in Iraq, such as water and sanitation, as part of its strategy for establishing a secure, peaceful, and democratic Iraq. From 1991 to 2003, a decreasing number of Iraqis had access to safe drinking water and sanitation services, and water-borne disease rates rose. The United States has made available $2.6 billion for rebuilding the water and sanitation sector. As part of GAO’s review of Iraq reconstruction under the Comptroller General’s authority, we assessed U.S. activities in the water and sanitation sector, including (1) the funding and status of U.S. activities, (2) U.S. efforts to measure progress, (3) the factors affecting the implementation of reconstruction activities, and (4) the sustainability of U.S.-funded projects. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAQ | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | EVALUATION REPORT | MEASUREMENT | WATER SUPPLY | SANITATION | RESOURCES | IMPLEMENTATION | OBSTACLES | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | FUNDS | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | MANAGEMENT | Developing Countries | Middle East | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Evaluation | Research Methodology | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Health | Organization and Administration | Programs | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 291823 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Countries with rapid population growth and resource constraints: issues of food, agriculture, and development. Author: Alexandratos N Source: Population and Development Review. 2005 Jun;31(2):237-258. Abstract: The latest United Nations population projections to 2050 (UN 2005) indicate that the deceleration of world population growth may be even faster than thought only a few years earlier. The medium variant projection puts world population for 2050 at 9.1 billion. By that time, the annual additions to global population will be 34 million persons—down from the current 76 million annually—and the growth rate will have fallen to 0.38 percent per annum, one-third of its present level. Longer-term projections to 2300 (UN 2004) suggest that the peak of world population may be reached in 2075, at 9.2 billion, to be followed by a slight decline and then by slow growth again to reach just under 9 billion by 2300 (medium variant projection). The authors of the probabilistic projections to 2100 of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) state that “there is around an 85 percent chance that the world’s population will stop growing before the end of the century." The median of their projections reaches a peak of 9.0 billion around 2070, followed by a slow decrease leading to a population of 8.4 billion in 2100. Their latest book on the subject is suggestively titled The End of World Population Growth in the 21st Century, (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION STATISTICS | POPULATION | POPULATION GROWTH | RESOURCES | FOOD SUPPLY | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Organization and Administration | Natural Resources | Environment | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Policy Document Number: 288346 |
| 28. Title: Socioeconomic resources, gender traditionalism, and wife abuse in urban Russian couples. Author: Cubbins LA; Vannoy D Source: Journal of Marriage and Family. 2005 Feb;67(1):37-52. Abstract: Until recently, Soviet data restrictions led to limited knowledge about wife abuse in Russia. This study adds to emerging research on Russian domestic violence by testing hypotheses derived from resource theory on the effects on wife abuse of husband's absolute resources versus spouses' relative resources. Analysis of data from the 1996 National Survey of Russian Marriages (N = 664) shows support only for the influence of husband's absolute socioeconomic resources (education, employment status, and occupational rank). As in U.S. studies, intergenerational patterns of wife abuse and husband's alcohol use have notable effects on wife abuse. The findings suggest that although resource theory may partly explain wife abuse in urban Russia, spouses' relative resources and husband's gender traditionalism currently have little influence. (author's) Language: English Keywords: RUSSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | COUPLES | URBAN POPULATION | GENDER RELATIONS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | RESOURCES | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | Asia, Northern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Gender Issues | Crime | Social Problems | Economic Factors | Organization and Administration | Behavior | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 283245 |
| 29. Title: Household production and risk management among pastoral communities in Samburu district, Kenya. Author: Esilaba MO Source: Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 2005 Jun;21(2):67-82. Abstract: Rangeland resources play a significant role in production activities and sustainability of livelihood among the pastoral communities. Factors that have adversely affected efficient utilization and have an ultimate impact on risk management include: conflicts, poor public service delivery, uneven resource utilization and limited asset diversification. This paper examines these factors in detail, and assesses their influence on household production. The objective of the study was to investigate the influence of household production on the ability of the pastoralists to manage risks. The findings and recommendations will be helpful to put in place strategies that will increase household production, minimize conflicts among the various resource users, promote sustainable use of natural resources, and serve as a step towards eradication of poverty. The study was carried out in Kirisia, Lorroki and Baragoi divisions of Samburu district. A survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire (248 households), together with personal interviews with key informants (30), and group discussions (7). Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and tests of relationships by use of correlation and regression analysis, using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results indicated that there was no significant relationship between household production and public service delivery, resource utilization, asset diversification and risk management. Household income and asset diversification was low (less than Kshs.20, 000 per year and 20% of investment levels), high illiteracy rate (80%), and thus increase in poverty. The pastoralists, therefore, had limited capacity to manage both environmental and human risks, hence their vulnerability to climatic stress. It is recommended that pastoral communities should diversify their production activities to reduce dependence on livestock, to alleviate poverty and enhance risk management. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | AGRICULTURE | RESOURCES | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | RISK FACTORS | CAPITAL | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Organization and Administration | Microeconomic Factors | Biology Document Number: 292521 |
| 30. Title: An advocacy guide on Global Fund financing. Author: Garmaise D Source: Toronto, Canada, International Council of AIDS Service Organizations [ICASO], 2005 Jun. [18] p. Abstract: Significant additional resources have been devoted to HIV/AIDS over the last few years, but there is still a long way to go. In 2004, spending on HIV/AIDS in low and middle income countries was estimated at $6.1 billion.* Conservative projections indicate that by 2007 spending in these countries needs to more than double just to achieve 71 percent of prevention coverage targets and 54 percent of antiretroviral (ARV) targets. The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (the Global Fund) is a major funder of HIV/AIDS programming in developing countries. The Global Fund is likely to experience a shortfall in its resource needs for the period 2005 to 2007 unless action is taken immediately to address the problem. The purpose of An Advocacy Guide on Global Fund Financing is to provide advocates and activists in both developing and developed countries with (a) information on the current situation with respect to funding; and (b) suggested advocacy strategies to counter the anticipated shortfall. Advocacy is obviously needed to ensure that donor governments increase their contributions to the Global Fund. But advocacy is also needed to ensure that projects financed by the Fund are successfully implemented, because unsuccessful projects will reflect badly on the Fund and may make donors hesitant to contribute additional resources. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | MANUAL | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | ADVOCACY | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | FOREIGN AID | FUNDS | NEEDS | GRANTS | RESOURCES | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Organization and Administration Document Number: 299700 |
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