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2.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Economic analysis of HIV prevention interventions in Andhra Pradesh state of India to inform resource allocation.
Author: Dandona L; Kumar SG; Kumar GA; Dandona R
Source: AIDS. 2009 Jan 14;23(2):233-42.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To conduct composite economic analysis of HIV prevention interventions to inform efficient utilization of resources in India. METHODS: We obtained output and economic cost data for the 2005-2006 fiscal year from a representative sample of 128 public-funded HIV prevention programmes of 14 types in Andhra Pradesh state of India. Using data from various sources, we developed a model to estimate the number of HIV infections averted. We estimated the additional HIV infections that could be averted if each intervention reached optimal coverage and the associated cost. RESULTS: In a year, 9688 HIV infections were averted by public-funded HIV prevention interventions in Andhra Pradesh. Scaling-up interventions to the optimal level would require US$38.8 million annually, 2.8 times the US$13.8 million economic cost in 2005-2006. This could increase the number of HIV infections averted by 2.4-fold, if with higher resources there were many-fold increases in the proportional allocation for programmes for migrant labourers, men who have sex with men and voluntary counselling and testing, and reduction of the high proportion for mass media campaigns to one-third of the 2005-2006 proportion of resource utilization. If the proportions of resource allocation for interventions remained similar to 2005-2006, the higher resources would avert 54% of the additional avertable HIV infections. CONCLUSION: The recent four-fold increase in public funding for HIV/AIDS control in India should be adequate to scale-up HIV prevention interventions to an optimal level in Andhra Pradesh, but the prevention would be suboptimal if additional investments were not preferentially directed to some particular interventions.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVENTIONS | HIV INFECTIONS | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | FUNDS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Programs | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation
Document Number: 330502

Title: The social context of childcare practices and child malnutrition in Niger's recent food crisis.
Author: Hampshire K; Casiday R; Kilpatrick K; Panter-Brick C
Source: Disasters. 2009 Mar;33(1):132-51.
Abstract: In 2004-05, Niger suffered a food crisis during which global attention focused on high levels of acute malnutrition among children. In response, decentralised emergency nutrition programmes were introduced into much of southern Niger. Child malnutrition, however, is a chronic problem and its links with food production and household food security are complex. This qualitative, anthropological study investigates pathways by which children are rendered vulnerable in the context of a nutritional 'emergency'. It focuses on household-level decisions that determine resource allocation and childcare practices in order to explain why practices apparently detrimental to children's health persist. Risk aversion, the need to maintain self-identity and status, and constrained decision making result in a failure to invest extra necessary resources ingrowth-faltering children. Understanding and responding to the social context of child malnutrition will help humanitarian workers to integrate their efforts more effectively with longer-term development programmes aimed at improving livelihood security.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGER | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CHILDREN | HOUSEHOLDS | CHILD NUTRITION | MALNUTRITION | FAMINE | DECENTRALIZATION | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | DECISION MAKING | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | HOME ECONOMICS | CHILD CARE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nutrition | Health | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Political Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Behavior | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Child Rearing
Document Number: 331289

Title: Does health aid matter?
Author: Mishra P; Newhouse D
Source: Journal of Health Economics. 2009 Jun 13;
Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between health aid and infant mortality, using data from 118 countries between 1973 and 2004. Health aid has a beneficial and statistically significant effect on infant mortality: doubling per capita health aid is associated with a 2 percent reduction in the infant mortality rate. For the average country, this implies that increasing per capita health aid by US$1.60 per year is associated with 1.5 fewer infant deaths per thousand births. The estimated effect is small, relative to the 2015 target envisioned by the Millennium Development Goals. It implies that achieving the MDG target through additional health aid alone would require a roughly 15-fold increase in current levels of aid.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | HISTORICAL REVIEW | HEALTH | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | FOREIGN AID | INFANT MORTALITY | GOALS | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Research Methodology | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Planning | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Programs
Document Number: 342295

Title: National AIDS Commissions in Africa: Performance and emerging challenges.
Author: Morah E; Ihalainen M
Source: Development Policy Review. 2009 Mar;27(2):185-214.
Abstract: This article consolidates and expands on evidence on how National AIDS Commissions (NACs) in sub-Saharan Africa are measuring up to expectations that drove their rapid adoption across the continent. While their overall performance seems reasonably good, most NACs still lack adequate power and incentive structures to hold line ministries accountable, a key requirement for co-ordinating activities and mainstreaming HIV-AIDS across the public sector. Second-generation African NACs urgently need the authority and institutional stature to effectively co-ordinate the channelling of the larger funds now available through government bureaucracy. The evolution of the epidemic also imposes requirements different from those when the current NAC architecture was crafted.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | POLICYMAKERS | INCENTIVES | COORDINATION | HIV PREVENTION | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | INSTITUTION BUILDING | CAPACITY BUILDING | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | Africa | Developing Countries | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Policy | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Program Sustainability | Programs
Document Number: 341093

Title: Is the selection of patients for anti-retroviral treatment in Uganda fair? A qualitative study.
Author: Sofaer N; Kapiriri L; Atuyambe LM; Otolok-Tanga E; Norheim OF
Source: Health Policy. 2009 Jun;91(1):33-42.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate decisions selecting patients for anti-retroviral treatment (ART) in Uganda. METHODS: We held 39 semi-structured interviews with 41 health professionals holding various selection roles and 5 focus groups with 47 HIV/AIDS patients in diverse ART programs. Decisions were evaluated using accountability for reasonableness (A4R). A4R considers a decision fair when those whom it affects can know the decision and its complete rationale (Publicity), can consider the rationale relevant (Relevance) and can appeal against the decision (Appeals), and each of these conditions - Publicity, Relevance and Appeals - is enforced (Enforcement). RESULTS: All ART candidates were told whether, and many were also told why they could receive ART or not. Programs used various means to promote candidates' understanding. Many, but not all, rationales could be considered relevant. Appeal mechanisms existed but were not used to challenge selection decisions or criteria, which were considered unchangeable. There was enforcement of criteria but insufficient enforcement of Publicity and Relevance, and none of Appeals. CONCLUSION: Decisions are insufficiently fair and legitimate. Effective mechanisms should be created for appeals, enforcement, and communication of complete rationales. Nonetheless, decisions and rationales are available, and criteria applied even-handedly. Such aspects are a benchmark for less adequate decision-making reported elsewhere.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | CLIENTS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | NEEDS | DECISION MAKING | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | ETHICS | INTERVIEWS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Factors | Behavior | Financial Activities | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 342379

Title: Expanding access to contraception: IUD fees and subsidies in Egypt.
Author: Abt Associates. Private Sector Partnerships One [PSP-One]
Source: Bethesda, Maryland, Abt Associates, PSP-One, [2008]. 2 p. (Global Research Brief. LAPM Brief 3USAID Contract No. GPO-I-00-04-00007-00)
Abstract: One way for developing countries to afford the costs of family planning is to reduce the number of women with high ability to pay from obtaining subsidized (public) services. Various papers have pointed out that wealthy women receive a subsidy when they use the public sector. This brief describes the first attempt, as far as we know, to calculate this subsidy. The brief focuses specifically on Egypt and on IUDs. We estimated that direct costs of IUD provision in the public and NGO sectors in Egypt totaled $3.08 ($1.25 for insertion by the doctor, $0.95 for counseling by the nurse, $0.58 for the IUD, and $0.30 for other supplies required for insertion). Prices women pay vary substantially by sector, and are highest in the commercial sector and lowest in the public sector. The price varies with wealth within the commercial and NGO sectors but not within the public sector. The average price paid by IUD users in the commercial sector increases substantially with wealth. In fact, women in the highest quintile pay a price about twice that brief of women in the lowest quintile. The wealthiest IUD users also pay the highest prices in the NGO sector, while those in the third and fourth quintile pay somewhat less, and users in the lowest two quintiles pay the lowest prices. Users who access the public and NGO sectors, regardless of ability to pay, always paid an average price lower than did women accessing the commercial sector. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CURRENTLY MARRIED | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | IUD | FEES | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | COMMERCIAL SECTOR | PUBLIC SECTOR | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors
Document Number: 331619

Peer Reviewed

Title: Optimizing resource allocation for HIV/AIDS prevention programmes: an analytical framework.
Author: Bautista-Arredondo S; Gadsden P; Harris JE; Bertozzi SM
Source: AIDS. 2008 Jul;22 Suppl 1:S67-74.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Although investment in HIV/AIDS prevention has increased worldwide, it remains uncertain how the additional resources can be most efficiently allocated to maximize the number of infections averted, especially at the country, regional and local levels. METHODS: Data from developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America were reviewed on the allocation of HIV/AIDS prevention funds in relation to the prevalence of infection, as well as budgetary allocations for specific population groups at high risk of infection, such as sex workers, intravenous drug users and men who have sex with men. The variation in unit costs of voluntary counselling and testing in five countries was also examined. RESULTS: Evidence was found of three distinct sources of inefficiency in the allocation of HIV/AIDS prevention resources: inefficiency in the mix of interventions selected; inefficient targeting of key populations; and technical inefficiency in the production of HIV prevention services. CONCLUSION:A general conceptual framework for evaluating the efficiency of HIV/AIDS prevention programmes at the country, regional and local levels is proposed. This framework stresses three equally important components of programme efficiency: cost-effectiveness (the choice of the mix of interventions); targeting (the choice of the mix of target populations); and technical efficiency (the delivery of prevention services at least cost).
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | ASIA | LATIN AMERICA | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV PREVENTION | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRAM EVALUATION | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | HEALTH SERVICES | PREVENTIVE MEDICINE | FUNDS | POPULATION AT RISK | SEX WORKERS | IV DRUG USERS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | Americas | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medicine | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Drug Use and Abuse
Document Number: 328239

Peer Reviewed

Title: How can we calculate the "E" in "CEA"?
Author: Bollinger LA
Source: AIDS. 2008 Jul;22 Suppl 1:S51-7.
Abstract: Because full funding for HIV/AIDS prevention interventions is unlikely to occur in the near future, it is essential that the resources available are spent in the most effective way possible. This paper presents a matrix of effectiveness coefficients for HIV/AIDS-related prevention interventions that can be used as an integral part of the coordinated strategic planning process currently underway by the World Bank and UNAIDS, as the interventions in the matrix are harmonized with the interventions in that process. Coefficients for four types of sexual behavior change (condom use, partner reduction, sexually transmitted infection treatment-seeking behavior, age at first sex) across three different risk groups (high, medium, low) are presented, along with their interquartile ranges. Results indicate that: (1) impacts seem greater when an intervention includes interpersonal contact, rather than targeting a more general audience; (2) although significant impacts are observed in the columns measuring changing condom use, other impacts are lower, and sometimes are actually (measured) zero; and (3) additional studies have evaluations of the number of sexual partners and have found a greater impact than previous studies. Although progress has been made in increasing the number of evaluation studies that can be utilized in this impact matrix, particularly in the area of youth interventions, there are still empty cells in which no studies report impacts. Finally, it is important to note that issues such as quality differences and synergies between programmes could have an effect on the impacts calculated for a particular strategic plan.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | HIV INFECTIONS | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | WORLD BANK | UNAIDS | CONDOM USE | SEXUAL PARTNERS | AGE FACTORS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Behavior | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | UN | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 328241

10.

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Changing cost of HIV interventions in the context of scaling-up in India.
Author: Dandona L; Kumar SP; Ramesh Y; Rao MC; Kumar AA
Source: AIDS. 2008 Jul;22 Suppl 1:S43-9.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: A rapid scaling up of HIV interventions in India is anticipated, but systematic information on how costs of HIV interventions change over time and programme scale is not available to inform planning. METHODS: We studied the changes in unit costs of two major interventions, voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) and sex worker programmes in the south Indian state of Andhra Pradesh between 2002-2003 and 2005-2006 fiscal years. Economic costs (from the provider perspective) and output data from 17 publicly funded VCT centers and 14 sex worker programmes were collected using standardized methods. We calculated unit costs for each programme in each period and explored possible reasons for the changes seen. RESULTS: In 2005-2006, the VCT centers served 66 445 clients and the sex worker programmes served 32 550. The unit cost of providing VCT dropped over 3 years by half to Indian Rupees (INR) 147.5 (US$3.33) mainly because the number of clients doubled. There was no decrease in the average time spent counseling each client. The unit cost of providing services to sex workers increased 2.4 times over 3 years to INR 1401 (US$31.6) as a result of increases in male condom distribution, staff salaries and training, and treatment for sexually transmitted infections, all suggesting improved services. CONCLUSION: The unit cost of these two interventions changed dramatically over a 3-year period, but in opposite directions. The current unit cost for VCT in Andhra Pradesh is much lower than the estimated global average for low-income settings. These local longitudinal cost data are useful to inform the currently planned scaling up of HIV interventions in India.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HIV INFECTIONS | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | HEALTH SERVICES | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | SEX WORKERS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 328243

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Stakeholders' opinions and expectations of the Global Fund and their potential economic implications.
Author: Galarraga O; Bertozzi SM
Source: AIDS. 2008 Jul;22 Suppl 1:S7-S15.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To analyse stakeholder opinions and expectations of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, and to discuss their potential economic and financial implications. DESIGN: The Global Fund commissioned an independent study, the '360 degrees Stakeholder Survey', to canvas feedback on the organization's reputation and performance with an on-line survey of 909 respondents representing major stakeholders worldwide. We created a proxy for expectations based on categorical responses for specific Global Fund attributes' importance to the stakeholders and current perceived performance. METHODS: Using multivariate regression, we analysed 23 unfulfilled expectations related to: resource mobilization; impact measurement; harmonization and inclusion; effectiveness of the Global Fund partner environment; and portfolio characteristics. The independent variables are personal and regional-level characteristics that affect expectations. RESULTS: The largest unfulfilled expectations relate to: mobilization of private sector resources; efficiency in disbursing funds; and assurance that people affected by the three diseases are reached. Stakeholders involved with the fund through the country coordinating mechanisms, those working in multilateral organizations and persons living with HIV are more likely to have unfulfilled expectations. In contrast, higher levels of involvement with the fund correlate with fulfilled expectations. Stakeholders living in sub-Saharan Africa were less likely to have their expectations met. CONCLUSIONS: Stakeholders' unfulfilled expectations result largely from factors external to them, but also from factors over which they have influence. In particular, attributes related to partnership score poorly even though stakeholders have influence in that area. Joint efforts to address perceived performance gaps may improve future performance and positively influence investment levels and economic viability.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | PRIVATE SECTOR | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | MEASUREMENT | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | FUNDS | INVESTMENTS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Organizations | Macroeconomic Factors | Social Change | Financial Activities | Behavior
Document Number: 328452

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: A critique of the financial requirements to fight HIV/AIDS.
Author: Gordon JG
Source: Lancet. 2008 Jul 26;372(9635):333-6.
Abstract: Funds available for HIV/AIDS programmes in low-income and middle-income countries rose from US$300 million in 1996 to $10 billion in 2007. However, a combination of worldwide economic uncertainty, a global food crisis, and publications that indicate discontent with progress in fighting the HIV/AIDS pandemic will not only threaten to restrict increases in the overall availability of both donor and national funds, but will also increase the competition for resources during the move towards universal access to treatment and prevention services. Thus, UNAIDS will be under increasing pressure in its presentation and justification of resources needed for HIV/AIDS programming. Here I discuss UNAIDS' 2007 estimates of resource requirements for fighting HIV/AIDS in terms of their usefulness to both donor and recipient governments for budget planning and for setting priorities for HIV/AIDS programmes. I identify weaknesses in the UNAIDS estimates in terms of financial transparency and priority setting, and recommend changes to improve budgeting and priority setting.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | POLICYMAKERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | HIV PREVENTION | FOREIGN AID | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | TREATMENT | AIDS PREVENTION | UNAIDS | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Program Evaluation | Programs | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | AIDS | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 328453

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Child mortality inequalities and linkage with sanitation facilities in Bangladesh.
Author: Halder AM; Kabir M
Source: Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 2008 Mar;26(1):64-73.
Abstract: Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to assets and other household data, collected as part of the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) in 2004, to rank individuals according to a household socioeconomic index and to investigate whether this predicts access to the sanitation system or outcomes. PCA was used for determining wealth indices for 11,440 women in 10,500 households in Bangladesh. The index was based on the presence or absence of items from a list of 13 specific household assets and three housing characteristics. PCA revealed 35 components, of which the first component accounted for 18% of the total variance. Ownership of assets and housing features contributed almost equally to the variance in the first component. In this study, ownership of latrines was examined as an example of sanitation- intervention access, and rates of mortality of neonates, infant, and children aged less than five years (under-five mortality) as examples of health outcomes. The analysis demonstrated significant gradients in both access and outcome measures across the wealth quintiles. The findings call for more attention to approaches for reducing health inequalities. These could include reforms in the health sector to provide more equitable allocation of resources, improvement in the quality of health services offered to the poor, and redesigning interventions and their delivery to ensure that they are more pro-poor. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CHILDREN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MOTHERS | CHILD MORTALITY | SANITATION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | CHILD SURVIVAL | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | NEONATAL MORTALITY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | INEQUALITIES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Mortality | Public Health | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Financial Activities | Management | Organization and Administration | Infant Mortality | Program Evaluation | Programs | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 308653

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Crowding out effect of tobacco expenditure and its implications on household resource allocation in India.
Author: John RM
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 Mar;66(6):1356-1367.
Abstract: This paper examines whether spending on tobacco crowds out expenditure on basic needs and whether it has implications on nutrition intake and household resource allocation in India. The paper uses a household sample survey from India for the year 1999-2000. A system of quadratic conditional Engel curves was estimated for a set of 10 broad groups of commodities. The results suggest that tobacco consuming households had lower consumption of certain commodities such as milk, education, clean fuels and entertainment which may have more direct bearing on women and children in the household than on men suggesting possible 'gender effects' and biases in the allocation of goods and services within the household. Tobacco spending was also found to have negative effects on per capita nutrition intake. The nature of crowding out was found to be similar in low- and high-income households. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | NUTRITION SURVEYS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | HOUSEHOLDS | CHILDREN | TOBACCO USE | EXPENDITURES | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | HOME ECONOMICS | NUTRITION | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | SEX FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Health | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors
Document Number: 324677

16.
Title: [Resource allocation analysis for international cooperation program for HIV/AIDS prevention and control]
Author: Li H; Xue H; Liu H; Guo HY; Zhang H; Sun JP
Source: Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi / Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2008 Dec;42(12):888-91.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To provide evidence for resource allocation and cooperation between domestic and international HIV/AIDS programs in China by analyzing the needs and current levels of resource input in provinces. METHODS: National and provincial international cooperation program investment and allocation data from 2000 to 2006 were collected. Several factors in each province were analyzed through multiple regression analysis in order to determine whether they had a statistical correlation to the distribution of international HIV/AIDS program resources in China, including: the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the number of accumulated people living with HIV/AIDS, and the number of accumulated people living with AIDS. Then the Z values were calculated at each provincial level and compared with related international investment. The resource allocation in different program areas were compared with the level of resource input by international and central government HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs through Chi-square test. RESULTS: The international cooperation program investment at local level from 2000 to 2006 were 4893, 24 669, 50 567, 52 950, 112 143, 363 396 and 247 045 thousand RMB respectively, and at national level were 3007, 19 726, 29 035, 37 530, 77 500, 105 786 and 77 035 thousand RMB respectively. There was a statistical correlation between international HIV/AIDS program resource input and the accumulated number of people living with AIDS (R is 0.56 and 0.69 accordingly, and P < 0.01 both). However, there was no statistical correlation between international resource input and the GDP of each province. International HIV/AIDS cooperation programs did not invest in each province according to its practical needs (R = 0.066, P = 0.725). The international cooperation program investments and needs in different province could not meet completely. The ranks of Z value in Guangdong, Shandong and Jiangsu were 3, 5 and 6, but the ranks of international cooperation program in those provinces were 18, 13 and 28 respectively. The investment proportion for national investment in surveillance and testing, advocacy education and intervention, care and support, and others were 22.4%, 19.7%, 36.8% and 21.1% respectively in 2005, and for international cooperation program were 11.5%, 20.8%, 10.4% and 57.4%. For national investment in 2006 were 18.6%, 23.8%, 32.6% and 25.0%, and international cooperation program were 14.0%, 34.3%, 17.1% and 34.6% respectively. The Chinese government and international programs therefore had different priorities in 2005 (chi(2) = 35.09, P < 0.01) and 2006 (chi(2) = 9.26, P = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS: International HIV/AIDS cooperation programs should be better integrated with national programs and combined with epidemic situation and GDP to decide the amount and areas of the investment in order to ensure that they supplement Chinese HIV/AIDS prevention and control activities effectively. The advantages that can be gained from technical support provided by international programs should be further emphasized in line with China's HIV/AIDS prevention and control priorities.
Language: Chinese
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | SCREENING | HIV TESTING | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341962

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Informing scale-up and resource allocation: the use of economic analysis.
Author: Marlink R; Forsythe S; Bertozzi SM; Muirhead D; Holmes M; Sturchio J
Source: AIDS. 2008 Jul;22 Suppl 1:S5-6.
Abstract: The papers in this section address a subset of the challenges for policymakers and planners that are critical to achieving universal access to comprehensive HIV prevention, treatment and care. These issues were posed in the 2006 'Making the money work' the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) Annual Report. Some of the topics include the successful mobilization of financial resources to sustain the rapid expansion of prevention, treatment and care programmes in developing countries, the strategic placement of labor, capital and financial resources needed to scale up programmes in developing countries, and the efficient implementation of alternative strategies identified by sound and practical research methodology to achieve the maximum positive impact on HIV-infected populations. The following papers demonstrate how economic analysis may be able to assist in overcoming these challenges and it can inform programme scale-up and resource allocation decisions. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | HIV INFECTIONS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | HEALTH AND WELFARE PLANNING | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Financial Activities | Social Planning
Document Number: 328242

18.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Re: This special issue of AIDS -- a mix of recent economic analyses and commentary on how best to distill economic insights to improve HIV/AIDS policies and programmes [editorial]
Author: Marlink R; Forsythe S; Bertozzi SM; Muirhead D
Source: AIDS. 2008 Jul;22 Suppl 1:S1-4.
Abstract: In the more than 25 years since the advent of the HIV/ AIDS pandemic, the commitment of international agencies, national governments, the private sector, people living with HIV/AIDS and donors have contributed to dramatic changes in the global response. Trends in HIV prevalence have stabilized in some developing countries, greater coverage of key prevention interventions such as the prevention of mother-to-child transmission have, at times, been achieved, and access to treatment has increased fivefold between 2003 and 2006. In addition to increased prevention and treatment provision, successful strides have also occurred in the mobilization of global financial resources for HIV/AIDS. According to estimates of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), global HIV/ AIDS spending rose from approximately US $300 million in 1996 to approximately US$10 billion in 2007, a more than 30-fold increase. The impact of HIV/AIDS has, however, increased as the epidemic matures and, with new infections estimated at 2.5 million per year, expanded prevention efforts are still sorely needed. Even with the unprecedented level of funding now available, an additional US$8.1 billion is still required if universal access to prevention, treatment and care is to be provided to all those infected with HIV. Questions have thus shifted towards how to combine or maximize outcomes from HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention strategies efficiently. To this end, the papers in this supplement explore the question: how do we best utilize the increased funding available? (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV PREVENTION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | HEALTH POLICY | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Financial Activities | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 328253

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Universal access to HIV treatment in developing countries: going beyond the misinterpretations of the 'cost-effectiveness' algorithm.
Author: Moatti JP; Marlink R; Luchini S; Kazatchkine M
Source: AIDS. 2008 Jul;22 Suppl 1:S59-66.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Economic cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) has been proposed as the appropriate tool to set priorities for resource allocation among available health interventions. Controversy remains about the way CEA should be used in the field of HIV/AIDS. METHODS AND OBJECTIVES: This paper reviews the general literature in health economics and public economics about the use of CEA for priority setting in public health, in order better to inform current debates about resource allocation in the fight against HIV/AIDS. RESULTS: Theoretical and practical limitations of CEA do not raise major problems when it is applied to compare alternatives for treating the same medical condition or public health problem. Using CEA to set priorities among different health interventions by ranking them from the lowest to the highest values of their cost per life-year saved is appropriate only under the very restrictive and unrealistic assumptions that all interventions compared are discrete and finite alternatives that cannot vary in terms of size and scale. In order for CEA to inform resource allocation compared across programmes to fight the AIDS epidemic, a pragmatic interpretation of this economic approach, like that proposed by the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, is better suited. Interventions, like a number of preventive strategies and first-line antiretroviral treatments for HIV, whose marginal costs per additional life-year saved are less than three times the gross domestic product per capita, should be considered cost-effective. CONCLUSION: Because of their empirical and theoretical limitations, results of CEA should only be one element in priority setting among interventions for HIV/AIDS, which should also be informed by explicit debates about societal and ethical preferences.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | DRUGS | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | ECONOMICS | PUBLIC HEALTH | GOALS | PROGRAMS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 328240

20.

Title: Communication, water, and sanitation in Latin America. The contribution of communication for development in water resource management and service implementation projects.
Author: Obregon R; Amezquita I; Brown L; Schippner B
Source: Lima, Peru, World Bank, Water and Sanitation Program, Latin America and the Caribbean, 2008 May. 27 p.
Abstract: This report summarizes the results of a study on the role played by Communication for Development (CfD) in water and sanitation projects and programs in Latin America based on a review of 39 case studies and on documented experiences in this field. The specific objectives were as follows: 1) Distill the lessons learned and identify factors of success, limiting factors and weaknesses, and 2) Provide data and evidence of the added value and relevance of communication for development in the water and sanitation sector. The 39 cases correspond to different types of intervention and levels: local community, national, institutional and regional levels, 72% of which are from Latin America. The cases pertaining to other regions were included due to their relevance to the study. The analysis drew on several variables derived from theoretical elements of CfD as a means of understanding how such variables are reflected in the practice of CfD in programs, projects, and experiences in water and sanitation. Forthe purposes of this publication, the report centered on only three study categories regarded as critical to the strengthening of CfD in the water and sanitation sector: 1) Types of intervention and communication strategies employed; 2) Experiences based on the achievement of results and measurable goals, with an emphasis on monitoring and evaluation processes; and 3) The added value of CfD in sector interventions. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
LATIN AMERICA | PROGRESS REPORT | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | POLICYMAKERS | WATER SUPPLY | SANITATION | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Communication
Document Number: 327306

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Are donor allocations for humanitarian health assistance based on needs assessment data?
Author: Schreeb JV; Unge C; Brittain-Long R; Rosling H
Source: Global Public Health. 2008 Oct;3(4):440-447.
Abstract: Donors have agreed to fund humanitarian assistance according to needs. We studied if project applications to a major donor, and the subsequent funding decisions for humanitarian health projects contained needs assessment data. In 2003, a total of 258 million SEK (37 million USD) was allocated by Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) to 38 humanitarian health projects. Only 14 applications (37%) had data on the size of the target population while reference to any quantified health needs was found in less than 30% of the funding decisions. In contrast to stated policy, interviews with staff at Sida revealed that needs assessment data had a limited role in the funding decisions, whereas the implementing capacity of the applying agency was of great importance. Our findings suggest that needs assessment data has a very limited role in the decision to fund while other, not clearly defined factors are more important.
Language: English
Keywords:
SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | TARGET POPULATION | HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE | FUNDS | DECISION MAKING | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | HEALTH | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Behavior | Evaluation
Document Number: 340229

22.

Title: Applying the Allocate model to improve decisionmaking at the regional level: a case study of Ukraine.
Author: Sonneveldt E; Byron EJ
Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, 2008 Nov. [20] p.
Abstract: The decentralization of health services has increasingly become a priority in many countries. In this context, it is crucial for country governments to develop comprehensive national plans to address health problems. However, for effective implementation of these plans, it is also important to (1) empower provincial and district health officials to actively participate in the allocation of resources and (2) build their capacity to provide high-quality health services. In support of these two components, the USAID | Health Policy Initiative and its predecessor, the POLICY Project, applied the Allocate Model (a computer software program) in two of Ukraine's oblasts (provinces), Vinnytsia and Zhytomyr, to evaluate the linkages among reproductive health (RH) funding, health programs addressing RH issues, and health outcomes in the population. In addition, the Health Policy Initiative educated local stakeholders on how to use the application findings to design oblast-level, reproductive health plans. This activity built on previous work in 2005 applying the model at the national level.
Language: English
Keywords:
UKRAINE | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | MOTHERS | SAFE MOTHERHOOD | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | POSTABORTION CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | DECENTRALIZATION | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | Europe, Eastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Maternal Health | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Political Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331531

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: "He will ask why the child gets sick so often": The gendered dynamics of intra-household bargaining over healthcare for children with fever in the Volta Region of Ghana.
Author: Tolhurst R; Amekudzi YP; Nyonator FK; Squire SB; Theobald S
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 Mar;66(5):1106-1117.
Abstract: This paper explores the gendered dynamics of intra-household bargaining around treatment seeking for children with fever revealed through two qualitative research studies in the Volta Region of Ghana, and discusses the influence of different gender and health discourses on the likely policy implications drawn from such findings. Methods used included focus group discussions, indepth and critical incidence interviews, and Participatory Learning and Action methods. We found that treatment seeking behaviour for children was influenced by norms of decision-making power and 'ownership' of children, access to and control over resources to pay for treatment, norms of responsibility for payment, marital status, household living arrangements, and the quality of relationships between mothers, fathers and elders. However, the implications of these findings may be interpreted from different perspectives. Most studies that have considered gender in relation to malaria have done so within a narrow biomedical approach to health that focuses only on the outcomes of gender relations in terms of the (non-)utilisation of allopathic healthcare. However, we argue that a 'gender transformatory' approach, which aims to promote women's empowerment, needs to include but go beyond this model, to consider broader potential outcomes of intra-household bargaining for women's and men's interests, including their livelihoods and 'bargaining positions'. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | ACTION RESEARCH | HOUSEHOLDS | CHILDREN | GENDER RELATIONS | FEVER | CHILD CARE | HOME CARE | DECISION MAKING | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | MARITAL STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Gender Issues | Body Temperature | Physiology | Biology | Child Rearing | Behavior | Care and Support | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Characteristics | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Nuptiality
Document Number: 324418

24.

Title: Household demand for preventive HIV/AIDS vaccines in Thailand: do husbands' and wives' preferences differ?
Author: Whittington D; Suraratdecha C; Poulos C; Ainsworth M; Prabhu V; Tangcharoensathien V
Source: Value In Health. 2008 Sep-Oct;11(5):965-74.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to estimate household demand in the general population of Thailand for a (hypothetical) preventive HIV vaccine; to determine whether spouses in the same household would purchase the same number of vaccines for household members and have the same demand function; to determine whether spouses would allocate vaccines to the same household members; and to estimate household and per capita average willingness to pay (WTP) for an HIV vaccine price. METHODS: The data come from a national contingent valuation survey of 2524 residents (aged 18-20 years) of 1235 households in Thailand during the period 2000 to 2001. In a subsample of 561 households, both head of household and spouse completed independent (separate) interviews. Respondents were asked whether they would purchase an HIV vaccine for themselves and for other household members if one were available at a specified price. RESULTS: For the full sample, average household WTP for the vaccine was substantial (US$610 at 50% vaccine effectiveness, US$671 at 95% effectiveness); the average per capita WTP for household members was US$220 at 50% effectiveness and US$242 at 95% effectiveness. Although spouses reported that they would purchase the same total number of vaccines, and had essentially the same demand functions, at lower vaccine prices wives were significantly more likely than husbands to allocate vaccines to their daughters than to sons. CONCLUSIONS: Because wives are more likely to allocate vaccines to daughters, vaccination programs aimed at women and girls might have different outcomes than programs directed at males or at all potential adults without regard to sex.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | HOUSEHOLDS | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | VACCINES | NEEDS | PRICES | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | SEX FACTORS | INTERVIEWS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors | Financial Activities | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Collection
Document Number: 342118

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Steps to enhance Peru's progress on maternal mortality [letter]
Author: Yamin AE
Source: Lancet. 2008 Aug 2;372(9636):370.
Abstract: Barbara Fraser's World Report on Peru's progress on maternal health (April 12, p 1233)1 rightly emphasises that maternal mortality in Peru must be construed as a social justice issue, which reflects as well as exacer bates gender and ethnic inequalities. In her piece, Fraser cites a report that I wrote for Physicians for Human Rights.2 However, the fundamental argu ment in that report was not about indivi dual "cases of discrimination against indigenous women and instances in which rural healthcare personnel failed to respond appropriately to emergencies, leading to unnecessary maternal deaths." Rather, the report situates the actions of individual health-care personnel in the context of institutional discrimination (in cluding a failure to permit tradi tional birthing positions) and structural in equities in resource allocations. Although it is true that actions far beyond the health sector are required to address rural Peru's persistently high levels of maternal mortality, the current health system reinforces under lying social inequalities rather than alle viating them, resulting in predictably less availability and accessibility of the key interventions necessary to resolve obstetric emergencies in depart ments such as Puno and Huanca velica, where the study was done. The creation of a multiagency com mis sion is indeed a welcome devel opment, but only if it goes beyond rhetoric and leads to a trans parent national plan of action coupled with increased budgetary alloca tions for evidence-based interventions, legislative and regulatory reforms (including relating to therapeutic abortion), and appropriate adjustments to the comprehensive social insurance scheme. (full-text)
Language: English
Keywords:
PERU | SUMMARY REPORT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | MATERNAL HEALTH | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | INEQUALITIES | MATERNAL MORTALITY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases
Document Number: 328467

26.
Title: Socioeconomic impacts of and resource requirements for HIV and AIDS.
Author: Association of Southeast Asian Nations [ASEAN]; Constella Futures. Health Policy Initiative
Source: Jakarta, Indonesia, ASEAN, 2007 Jun. 96 p. (Contract No. HRN-C-00-00-00006-00Contract No. GPO-I-01-05-00040-00)
Abstract: The Assessment of the Socioeconomic Impact of HIV and AIDS is the second activity under the UDAID Cooperation with ASEAN through the Operational Framework for the ASEAN Work Programme on HIV/AIDS. The work programme identifies the need to understand the socioeconomic impact of HIV and AIDS on the region in order to inform advocacy for increased political commitment and leadership and, thus, increased financial, human, and institutional resources for HIV and AIDS. This overview addresses several key questions: Why is it important to know the impacts of HIV and AIDS in low-prevalence countries and how significant at the impacts? What can be done and what will it cost? What are the important implications for action? (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | IMPACT | EXPENDITURES | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | HEALTH POLICY | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | Developing Countries | Asia | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Communication | Programs | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 322895

27.

Title: Human capacity development: Jhpiego helps build the number of health care providers and strengthen skills.
Author: JHPIEGO
Source: [Baltimore, Maryland], JHPIEGO, [2007]. [3] p.
Abstract: The many and complex challenges to HCD can be overcome only by using a strategic and systemic approach. Based on decades of experience working with human resources, Jhpiego has developed a comprehensive framework to guide the process of workforce development. This framework incorporates key interconnected programmatic and managerial components operating within the context of the external national and health sector environment. This framework includes: Planning for human resources in health that is realistic in the context of the country; Production of human resources with the knowledge, skills and attitudes to provide high-quality health care; Deployment of these human resources where they are needed; Performance management and support to ensure that these human resources perform effectively; Regulation and quality assurance mechanisms; Human resources administration; Monitoring and evaluation of outputs and outcomes. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAWI | GUATEMALA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | HEALTH PERSONNEL | HUMAN RESOURCES | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | DECENTRALIZATION | PLANNING | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Management | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Primary Health Care | Health Services
Document Number: 331764

28.

Title: Making the money work: UNAIDS technical support to countries.
Author: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS [UNAIDS]
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, UNAIDS, [2007]. [15] p.
Abstract: Funding for AIDS has grown significantly over the past decade. In 2007, US$10 billion is expected to be available for the AIDS response - about one third coming from developing countries - compared to less than US$300 million in 1995. The substantial increase in financial resources has allowed countries to scale up their AIDS response with the ultimate goal of achieving universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support. However, many countries face difficulties in effectively implementing large-scale grants made available by funding bodies such as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, the World Bank, and bilateral actors. They require rapid and adequate technical support to effectively implement AIDS programmes. To address this implementation challenge, UNAIDS has taken a leading role in "making the money work" in countries. It has invested significant resources over the past two years in strengthening countries' national AIDS programmes, particularly through the establishment of Technical Support Facilities in five regions. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | UNAIDS | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | HIV PREVENTION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | AIDS PREVENTION | GRANTS | IMPLEMENTATION | FUNDS | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | CAPACITY BUILDING | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Program Evaluation | AIDS | Financial Activities | Economic Factors
Document Number: 322582

29.

Title: Gender, health and malaria.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]. Department of Gender, Women and Health; World Health Organization [WHO]. Roll Back Malaria Partnership
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, 2007 Jun. [5] p. (Gender and Health)
Abstract: Despite prevention and control efforts, malaria remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. According to data for 2005, an estimated 1 million deaths were related to malaria. Most of these deaths occur in children in high-transmission areas and malaria accounts for approximately one in five of all childhood deaths in Africa. However, the true burden of malaria is difficult to estimate as many people are treated at home and no proper postmortem diagnosis is made in the case of death. As a result, many malaria cases go unreported. A gender approach contributes to both understanding and combating malaria. Gender norms and values that influence the division of labour, leisure patterns, and sleeping arrangements may lead to different patterns of exposure to mosquitoes for men and women. There are also gender dimensions in the accessing of treatment and care for malaria, and in the use of preventative measures such as mosquito nets. A thorough understanding of the gender-related dynamics of treatment-seeking behaviour, as well as of decision-making, resource allocation and financial authority within households is key to ensuring effective malaria control programmes. Therefore, gender and malaria issues are increasingly being incorporated into malaria control strategies in order to improve their coverage and effectiveness in different contexts. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | GENDER ISSUES | WOMEN'S HEALTH | MALARIA | ANEMIA | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | RISK FACTORS | MALARIA PREVENTION | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | DECISION MAKING | SEX FACTORS | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Biology | Financial Activities | Behavior
Document Number: 325500

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Poverty and pro-poor policies for Pacific Island countries.
Author: Abbott DF
Source: Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 2007 Dec;22(3):59-74.
Abstract: Although generalizations can be misleading given the diversity of Pacific island countries' situation, the overall trend is that the Polynesian countries have been performing relatively well, the Micronesian countries of the north Pacific have been struggling to maintain gains already made, while Melanesian countries, notably those that have been impacted by natural disasters or where there has been conflict or civil/political tension, a reversal of earlier development progress is being witnessed. The result is that many countries in the Pacific are off-track to achieve at least five or more of the eight Millennium Development Goals. Weak fiscal situations, the impact of global externalities, concern over the future impact of climate change, and high levels of domestic rural/urban migration are all factors which are adversely affecting the ability and commitment of Governments in the Pacific to implement the policy initiatives necessary to realize significant achievements towards the Millennium Development Goals. Indeed the impact of oil price rises, climate change and demography, including the consequences of labour mobility and the growing threat of HIV/AIDS, are having profound affects on the likely long-term sustainability of some small island States. These issues therefore set very challenging policy agendas for human development in the Pacific islands. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
OCEANIA | CRITIQUE | POVERTY | INEQUALITIES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | GOALS | ECONOMIC POLICY | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | UNEMPLOYMENT | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | Developing Countries | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Employment | Financial Activities
Document Number: 326120


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