1.  Title: Prenatal origins of undernutrition. Author: Christian P Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. 2009;63:59-73; discussion 74-7, 259-68. Abstract: Undernutrition continues to be high in many regions of the developing world. Birthweight, a common proxy measure of intrauterine growth, is influenced by nutritional, environmental and lifestyle factors during pregnancy and, in turn, affects immediate survival and function, and is a determinant of later life risk of chronic diseases. Maternal pre-pregnancy weight and height are independently associated with birthweight and also modify the effects of pregnancy weight gain and interventions during pregnancy on birthweight and perinatal mortality. Other prenatal factors commonly known to impact birthweight include maternal age, parity, sex, and birth interval, whereas lifestyle factors such as physical activity and maternal stress, as well as environmental toxicants have variable influences. Tobacco and other substance use and infections, specifically ascending reproductive tract infections, malaria, and HIV, can cause intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Few studies have examined the contribution of prenatal factors including low birthweight to childhood wasting and stunting. Studies that have examined this, with adequate adjustment for confounders, have generally found odds ratios associated with low birthweight ranging between 2 and 5. Even fewer studies have examined birth length or maternal nutritional status as risk factors. More research is needed to determine the proportion of childhood under-nutrition attributable to IUGR so that interventions can be targeted to the appropriate life stages. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | YOUTH | WOMEN | ETHNIC GROUPS | PARITY | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | MALNUTRITION | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | MALARIA | HIV INFECTIONS | INTERVENTIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Adolescents | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Reproduction | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Health | Congenital Abnormalities | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Infections | Parasitic Diseases | Viral Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341348 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Reproductive tract infections in northern Vietnam: health providers' diagnostic dilemmas. Author: Nguyen MH; Gammeltoft T; Christoffersen SV; Tran TT; Rasch V Source: Women and Health. 2009 Mar-May;49(2-3):229-45. Abstract: Research was conducted on reproductive tract infections among women obtaining induced abortions at Ph[image omitted]-[image omitted] hospital in Haiphong City, a major maternity hospital in northern Vietnam. The research aimed to explore how clinicians and lab-technicians diagnose reproductive tract infections and the difficulties they experience in establishing exact diagnoses. A combination of both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies was employed. The quantitative research involved 748 abortion-seeking women; the qualitative research was conducted with 10 doctors and 10 lab-technicians providing reproductive health services. A marked tendency was observed among both clinicians and lab-technicians to overdiagnose reproductive tract infections and to prescribe antibiotics routinely. Social, cultural, and clinical factors associated with the tendency to overdiagnose reproductive tract infections included: inadequate training of health staff, lack of equipment, and cultural assumptions regarding the overwhelming prevalence of reproductive tract infections in Vietnamese women, especially among those who receive abortion services. Misconceptions of reproductive tract infections led to substantial over-diagnosis and unnecessary treatment of reproductive tract infections in this hospital. To enhance reproductive tract infection care, providers need to be sensitized to the social and medical consequences of their own cultural perceptions and to increase their awareness of the risks associated with overuse of antibiotics. Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | FOCUS GROUPS | ABORTION | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | ANTIBIOTICS | INTERVIEWS | PERCEPTION | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Drugs | Treatment | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 342405 Notification |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Reproductive tract infections in women seeking abortion in Vietnam. Author: Nguyen MH; Kurtzhals J; Do TT; Rasch V Source: BMC Women's Health. 2009;9:1. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Women requesting abortion are at increased risk of developing RTI complications. However, RTI control in many resource-poor countries including Vietnam have been faced with logistical and methodological problems due to lack of standardized definitions of RTIs, lack of well-validated diagnostic criteria, lack of accurate laboratory tests, and lack of diagnostic equipment and skills. This article investigates the prevalence of RTIs among Vietnamese abortion-seeking women, to evaluate the available diagnostic techniques, and to assess antibiotic resistance among aetiological agents of RTI. METHOD: The study was conducted in Phu-San hospital (PSH) from December 2003 through April 2004 among 748 abortion clients. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-economic and reproductive characteristics. Specimens were collected for laboratory analyses of chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis, vaginal candidiasis (VC), bacterial vaginosis (BV) and syphilis. To assess the validity of the obtained results, the study was repeated among 100 women and the duplicate samples were analysed at PSH and Copenhagen University Hospital (CUH). RESULTS: In all 54% of the women were diagnosed as having an RTI, including 3.3% with sexually transmitted infections. Endogenous infections were most prevalent (VC 34% and BV 12%) followed by chlamydia (1.3%) and trichomoniasis (0.7%). The sensitivity of culture for VC and BV was 30% and 88%, respectively, when tests in PSH were measured against tests in CUH. Antibiotic resistance was common among bacterial isolates. CONCLUSION: RTIs are common among women seeking abortion. The presence of RTIs is associated with an increased risk of developing iatrogenic infections, routine administration of prophylactic antibiotic to all women undergoing abortion should be considered. However, the choice of routine prophylactic antibiotics should be based on relevant surveillance data of antibiotic resistance. Moreover, since the accuracy of diagnosis is doubtful and to address the problem of under-diagnosed and treated RTIs new investment in diagnostic facilities with simple performed microscopy or improved rapid tests should also be taken into consideration. Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | WOMEN | ABORTION | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | SCREENING | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | ANTIBIOTICS | TREATMENT | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Infections | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Drugs Document Number: 341239 Notification |
4.  Title: The prevalence of reproductive tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases among married women in the reproductive age group in a rural area. Author: Sharma S; Gupta BP Source: Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2009 Jan;34(1):62-64. Abstract: Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) represent a major public health problem in developing countries. The consequences of RTIs are numerous and potentially devastating. These include postabortal and puerperal-sepsis, ectopic pregnancy, fetal and perinatal death, cervical cancer, infertility, chronic physical pain, emotional distress, and social rejection of women. In Indian communitybased studies, the range of self-reported morbidity has been reported to vary from 39.84%. Most of the Indian studies in the Þ eld of reproductive health care are based on clinical examination and a few are based on laboratory tests. This community-based cross-sectional study of the prevalence of RTIs gives some indication of the likely burden of the disease in the population studied and highlights some associated factors. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | RURAL AREAS | WOMEN | CURRENTLY MARRIED | ILLITERACY | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Demographic Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 328725 |
| 5. Title: Sexually transmitted infections and reproductive tract infections in female sex workers. Author: Shethwala ND; Mulla SA; Kosambiya JK; Desai VK Source: Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology. 2009 Apr-Jun;52(2):198-9. Abstract: The present study was conducted in 300 female sex workers (FSWs) from Surat city in 2005-2006. Vaginal swabs, endocervical swabs and serum samples were collected from each of these FSWs. Vaginal samples were screened for bacterial vaginosis (BV), candidiasis and Trichomonas vaginalis . Endocervical swabs were screened for gonococcal infection. Serological tests for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and syphilis were performed. From a total of 300 FSWs, BV was detected in 40 (13.33%), trichomoniasis in six (2%), candidiasis in 31 (10.33%), HIV seropositivity in 35 (11.66%), HBsAg reactivity in 10 (3.33%) and rapid plasma regain (RPR) reactivity in 20 (6.66%) cases. RPR-positive serum samples were confirmed by the treponema pallidum hemaglutination test. Gonococcal infection was not found in any of the FSWs. Of the total of 35 HIV-positive patients, 20 patients had associated coinfection. Of the 35 HIV-seropositive FSWs, BV was detected in six (17.14%), candidiasis in six (17.14%), syphilis in five (14.28%) and HBsAg in two (5.71%). One (2.85%) HIV-positive FSW was positive for both candidiasis and syphilis. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | SEX WORKERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SCREENING | VAGINOSIS | CANDIDIASIS | SYPHILIS | HIV INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Vaginal Abnormalities | Bacterial and Fungal Diseases | Infections Document Number: 341349 |
| 6. Title: Accidental introduction of a contraceptive vaginal ring into the urinary bladder. Author: Tarragon Gabarro S; Checa Vizcaino MA; Arango Toro O Source: International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction. 2009 Jun 5; Abstract: INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: A case of inadvertent self-introduction into the urethra of a folded contraceptive vaginal ring (NuvaRing(R)) in a 22-year-old woman is reported. METHODS: The patient presented with lower urinary tract symptoms, including dysuria, urgency, and terminal hematuria, that appeared a few minutes after insertion of the device. RESULTS: The diagnosis was made by abdominal echography. The abdominal pelvic computed tomography scan confirmed the intravesical presence of the unfolded ring. CONCLUSIONS: Vaginal contraceptive rings should be added to the list of potential intravesical foreign bodies causing lower urinary tract symptoms. Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN | VAGINAL RING | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | SIDE EFFECTS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Developed Countries | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Infections | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 341564 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Disentangling Contributions of Reproductive Tract Infections to HIV Acquisition in African Women. Author: van de Wijgert JH; Morrison CS; Brown J; Kwok C; Van Der Pol B; Chipato T; Byamugisha JK; Padian N; Salata RA Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Jun;36(6):357-364. Abstract: OBJECTIVE:: To estimate the effects of reproductive tract infections (RTIs) on HIV acquisition among Zimbabwean and Ugandan women. METHODS:: A multicenter prospective observational cohort study enrolled 4439 HIV-uninfected women aged 18 to 35 attending family planning clinics in Zimbabwe and Uganda. Participants were interviewed, and tested for HIV and RTIs every 3 months for 15 to 24 months. They received HIV risk reduction counseling, male condoms, and treatment for curable RTIs. RESULTS:: Despite HIV risk reduction counseling and regular screening and treatment for RTIs, the HIV incidence did not decline during the study. Positive HSV-2 serostatus at baseline (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.69, 95% confidence interval = 2.45-5.55), incident HSV-2 (HR = 5.35, 3.06-9.36), incident Neisseria gonorrhoeae (HR = 5.46, 3.41-8.75), and altered vaginal flora during the study (bacterial vaginosis [BV]: HR = 2.12, 1.50-3.01; and intermediate flora: HR = 2.02, 1.39-2.95) were independently associated with HIV acquisition after controlling for demographic and behavioral covariates and other RTIs (Treponema pallidum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and vaginal yeasts). For N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, T. vaginalis, and vaginal yeasts, the risk of HIV acquisition increased when the infection was identified at the visit before the HIV-detection visit or with the duration of infection. Population attributable risk percent (PAR%) calculations show that HSV-2 contributes most to acquisition of new HIV infections (50.4% for baseline HSV-2 and 7.9% for incident HSV-2), followed by altered vaginal flora (17.2% for bacterial vaginosis and 11.8% for intermediate flora). CONCLUSIONS:: A substantial proportion of new HIV infections in Zimbabwean and Ugandan women are attributable to RTIs, particularly HSV-2 and altered vaginal flora. Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | HIV TRANSMISSION | RISK FACTORS | COUNSELING | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | SCREENING | HERPES GENITALIS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Eastern | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Health | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Sexually Transmitted Diseases Document Number: 341499 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Some minor female reproductive system disorders: findings in the Oxford-Family Planning Association contraceptive study. Author: Vessey M; Yeates D Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Apr;35(2):105-10. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The Oxford-Family Planning Association (Oxford-FPA) contraceptive study has provided information on many serious diseases of the female reproductive tract. No information has been published about a number of common minor conditions. This report fills the gap with regard to uterine polyp, cervicitis, cervical erosion, and vaginitis and vulvitis. METHODS: The Oxford-FPA study includes 17 032 married women recruited at ages 25-39 years between 1968 and 1974 from clinics in England and Scotland. These women were followed up until mid-1994. Information collected during follow-up included details of contraceptive use, cervical smears taken at the clinic, pregnancies and hospital referrals. RESULTS: Oral contraceptive (OC) use was associated with a reduction in first hospital referral for uterine polyp and for vaginitis and vulvitis, which became more marked with increasing duration of use. There was a slightly increased rate of hospital referral for cervicitis in OC users. Referral for cervical erosion was markedly increased in current and recent OC users (rate ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.8-2.4). This increase in risk steadily declined after OC use was discontinued. First hospital referral for both uterine polyp and cervical erosion showed a highly significant negative association with numbers of cigarettes smoked per day. The explanation for these observations is unknown. CONCLUSIONS: It should be remembered that the OCs studied were mainly those used in the 1970s and 1980s and mostly contained 50 mug estrogen. On balance, the overall effect of OC use on the conditions considered was neutral or beneficial. The apparent protective effect of cigarette smoking against uterine polyp and cervical erosion, even if valid, counts as nothing against the overwhelming adverse effects of smoking on health. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | WOMEN | CURRENTLY MARRIED | PREVALENCE | VAGINITIS | UTERUS | DISEASES | CERVICAL EFFECTS | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PAP SMEAR | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Measurement | Vaginal Abnormalities | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Cervix | Infections | Contraception | Family Planning | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 330947 |
| 9. Title: Self-sampling for RTIs is valid, feasible, acceptable. Author: Population Council Source: Population Briefs. 2008 Aug;14(1):5. Abstract: Globally, new cases of syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis total 340 million each year. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and other reproductive tract infections (RTIs) are major causes of severe illness, infertility, obstetric complications, and infant illness. They may also increase transmission of HIV. Gonorrhea and chlamydia are 50 to 300 percent more prevalent among women than among men. Correctly diagnosing and treating RTIs in women is thus a public health imperative. However, reaching this goal usually requires a clinic visit and a pelvic examination, which may deter some women. Population Council researchers investigated the acceptability and feasibility of home-based self-sampling for STIs in Brazil and South Africa. In South Africa, researchers also looked at the validity of using self-sampling in a clinic setting to diagnose RTIs. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | SOUTH AFRICA | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | SELF CARE | PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | COST EFFECTIVENESS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | VALIDITY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Infections | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Examinations and Diagnoses | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Measurement Document Number: 328292 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Genital tract infections among HIV-infected pregnant women in Malawi, Tanzania and Zambia. Author: Aboud S; Msamanga G; Read JS; Mwatha A; Chen YQ; Potter D; Valentine M; Sharma U; Hoffmann I; Taha TE; Goldenberg RL; Fawzi WW Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2008 Dec;19(12):824-832. Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence and factors associated with genital tract infections among HIV-infected pregnant women from African sites. Participants were recruited from Blantyre and Lilongwe, Malawi; Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; and Lusaka, Zambia. Genital tract infections were assessed at baseline. Of 2627 eligible women enrolled, 2292 were HIV infected. Of these, 47.8% had bacterial vaginosis (BV), 22.4% had vaginal candidiasis, 18.8% had trichomoniasis, 8.5% had genital warts, 2.6% had chlamydia infection, 2.2% had genital ulcers and 1.7% had gonorrhoea. The main factors associated with genital tract infections included genital warts (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.7), genital ulcers (AOR 2.4, 95% CI 1.2-5.1) and abnormal vaginal discharge (AOR 2.5, 95% CI 1.9-3.3) for trichomoniasis. BV was the most common genital tract infection followed by candidiasis and trichomoniasis. Differences in burdens and risk factors call for enhanced interventions for identification of genital tract infections among HIV-infected women. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SOUTHERN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREVALENCE | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | HIV INFECTIONS | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | UROGENITAL EFFECTS | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Infections | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 328994 |
| 11. Title: Coca-Cola douches and contraception. Author: Anderson DJ Source: BMJ. 2008;337:a2873. Abstract: Coca-Cola douches were a part of folklore about birth control during the 1950s and 1960s, before effective contraceptive methods were readily available. It was rumoured that the acidity of Coca-Cola killed sperm, and the classic coke bottle provided a convenient "shake and shoot" applicator. Recently, an old study from our group confirming the spermicidal effects of various Coca-Cola formulations was awarded the 2008 IgNobel prize in chemistry. The press releases surrounding our IgNobel award might have repopularised this method, and soft drink douches are apparently still used to prevent pregnancy in resource-poor settings. There are, however, many reasons why women should not rely on this method. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN | ARTS AND CRAFTS | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | CONTRACEPTION | POSTCOITAL DOUCHING | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Nutrition | Health | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Contraceptive Agents | Infections | Diseases | Safety | Public Health Document Number: 329788 |
| 12. Title: Prevention and treatment of urinary tract infection with probiotics: Review and research perspective. Author: Borchert D; Sheridan L; Papatsoris A; Faruquz Z; Barua JM Source: Indian Journal of Urology. 2008 Apr-Jun;:139-144. Abstract: The spiraling costs of antibiotic therapy, the appearance of multiresistant bacteria and more importantly for patients and clinicians, unsatisfactory therapeutic options in recurrent urinary tract infection (RUTI) calls for alternative and advanced medical solutions. So far no sufficient means to successfully prevent painful and disabling RUTI has been found. Even though long-term oral antibiotic treatment has been used with some success as a therapeutic option, this is no loner secure due to the development of bacterial resistance. One promising alternative is the use of live microorganisms (probiotics) to prevent and treat development complicated and uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI). The human normal bacterial flora is increasingly recognized as an important defence to infection. Since the advent of antibiotic treatment five decades ago, a linear relation between antibiotic use and reduction in pathogenic bacteria has become established as medical conventional wisdom. But with the useof antibiotics the beneficial bacterial flora hosted by the human body is destroyed and pathogenic bacteria and selectively enabled to overgrow internal and external surfaces. The benign bacterial flora is crucial for body function and overgrowth with pathogenic microorganisms leads to illness. Thus the concept of supporting the human body's normal flora with live microorganisms conferring a beneficial health effect is an important medical strategy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | TREATMENT | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | ANTIBIOTICS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Infections | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Drugs Document Number: 326645 |
| 13. Title: Co-infection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in women with reproductive tract infections (RTI). Author: Devi KM; Devi KhS; Singh NB; Singh NN; Singh ID Source: Journal of Communicable Diseases. 2008 Sep;40(3):193-7. Abstract: In India, HSV seroprevalence and its coinfection with HIV among female patients with reproductive tract infections (RTI) are sparse. We aim to ascertain the seroprevalence of HSV and its coinfection with HIV and common sexually transmitted infections attending Obstetrics and Gynaecology outpatient department, RIMS. The study included 92 female patients with RTI. Diagnostic serology was done for HSV-1 and HSV-2 using group specific IgM indirect immunoassay using ELISA, HIV by 3 ELISA/Rapid/Simple (E/R/S) test of different biological antigen. Diagnosis of RTI was made on clinical grounds with appropriate laboratory investigations--microscopy, Gram stain smear etc. Bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed using Nugent's criteria, Syphilis by rapid plasma reagin (RPR) card test and Chlamydia trachomatis by IgG ELISA. Out of 92 sera tested for HSV, 18 (19.6%) were IgM HSV positive and 9 (9.8%) were HIV positive. Co-infection rate of HSV in HIV positive was 16.7%. None of the patients had clinical herpes genitalis, all were subclinical cases. 55.5% of HSV positives belongs to age group 21 to 30 years. Of the HSV-1 and HSV-2 IgM positives 3 (15%) had HIV, 4 (22.2%) bacterial vaginosis, 2 (11.1%) were RPR positive, 4 (22.2%) Chlamydia trachomatis, 3 (15%) were pregnant. 16 (88.8%) were unemployed, 14 (77.7%) had education level below 10 standard. Our study suggest that every case of RTI, be it an ulcerative or nonulcerative must be thoroughly evaluated by laboratory testing for primary subclinical genital HSV coinfection as this has profound implications on their judicious management and aversion of complications. Early diagnosis and treatment of HSV infection together with prophylaxis for recurrent HSV disease will prevent progression and spread of HIV disease. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CLINIC VISITS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Service Statistics | Infections | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 331012 |
| 14. Title: [Urinary tract infection in pregnancy] Infeccao urinaria na gravidez. Author: Duarte G; Marcolin AC; Quintana SM; Cavalli RC Source: Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetricia. 2008 Feb;30(2):93-100. Abstract: Several factors cause urinary tract infection (UTI) to be a relevant complication of the gestational period, aggravating both the maternal and perinatal prognosis. For many years, pregnancy has been considered to be a factor predisposing to all forms of UTI. Today, it is known that pregnancy, as an isolated event, is not responsible for a higher incidence of UTI, but that the anatomical and physiological changes imposed on the urinary tract by pregnancy predispose women with asymptomatic bacteriuria (AB) to become pregnant women with symptomatic UTI. AB affects 2 to 10% of all pregnant women and approximately 30% of these will develop pyelonephritis if not properly treated. However, a difficult to understand resistance against the identification of AB during this period is observed among prenatalists. The diagnosis of UTI is microbiological and it is based on two urine cultures presenting more than 105 colonies/mL urine of the same germ. Treatment is facilitated by the fact that it is based on an antibiogram, with no scientific foundation for the notion that a pre-established therapeutic scheme is an adequate measure. For the treatment of pyelonephritis, it is not possible to wait for the result of culture and previous knowledge of the resistance profile of the antibacterial agents available for the treatment of pregnant women would be the best measure. Another important variable is the use of an intravenous bactericidal antibiotic during the acute phase, with the possibility of oral administration at home after clinical improvement of the patient. At our hospital, the drug that best satisfies all of these requirements is cefuroxime, administered for 10-14 days. Third-generation cephalosporins do not exist in the oral form, all of them involving the inconvenience of parenteral administration. In view of their side effects, aminoglycosides are considered to be inadequate for administration to pregnant women. The inconsistent insinuation of contraindication of monofluorinated quinolones, if there is an indication, norfloxacin is believed to be a good alternative to cefuroxime. In cases in which UTI prophylaxis is indicated, chemotherapeutic agents are preferred, among them nitrofurantoin, with care taken to avoid its use at the end of pregnancy due to the risk of kernicterus for the neonate. Language: Portuguese Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | PREGNANT WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | PHYSIOLOGY | TREATMENT | ANTIBIOTICS | Measurement | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Drugs Document Number: 308952 |
| 15. Title: Women's knowledge on reproductive tract infections in selected area of Raichur. Author: Hemalatha BS Source: Nursing Journal of India. 2008 Aug;99(8):180-2. Abstract: The most important period in the life span of a women is the reproductive period, which extends from menarche to menopause. Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) are serious health concern, particularly among adolescents and young people; they cause physical discomfort, personal embarrassment and marital discord. Specially in developing countries like India, reproductive tract infections frequently have a great impact on women's health status. Therefore the women need to be educated about reproductive health. Reproductive health can be defined as a state in which people have the ability to reproduce and regulate their fertility; in the context of women, the term means enabling women to go through pregnancy & child birth safely. The outcome of pregnancy is successful in terms of maternal & infant survival and their well being. In India, the prevalence of reproductive tract infections is very high due to the silent epidemic. The low status of women in many parts of India makes women suffer in silence or even feel too ashamed to seek treatment. It is therefore important to study and assess the knowledge of women about reproductive tract infections. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | KNOWLEDGE | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | RELIGION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Sociocultural Factors | Infections | Diseases | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 330436 |
| 16. Title: Innate immunity and disorders of the female reproductive tract. Author: Horne AW; Stock SJ; King AE Source: Reproduction. 2008 Jun;135(6):739-749. Abstract: Sexually transmitted infections, and their associated sequelae, such as tubal infertility, ectopic pregnancy and preterm labour, are a major worldwide health problem. Chlamydia trachomatis infection is thought to be the leading global cause of tubal infertility and tubal ectopic pregnancy. Preterm birth occurs in around 10% of all deliveries, and nearly 30% of preterm deliveries are associated with intrauterine infection. The mucosal innate immune system of the female reproductive tract has evolved to eliminate such sexually transmitted pathogens whilst maintaining its ability to accommodate specialized physiological functions that include menstruation, fertilization, implantation, pregnancy and parturition. The aim of this review was to describe the role and distribution of key mediators of the innate immune system, the natural antimicrobial peptides (secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, elafin and the defensins) and the pattern recognition toll-like receptors in the normal female reproductivetract and in the context of these pathological processes. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | IMMUNE SYSTEM | IMMUNITY, NATURAL | INFERTILITY | PREMATURE BIRTH | Infections | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Immunity | Reproduction | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy Document Number: 326892 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Strategies for the prevention and treatment of reproductive tract infections among women in Vietnam. Author: Huong NM; Gammeltoft T; Rasch V Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 Jun;10 Suppl 1:S111-S121. Abstract: This paper presents selected findings from a larger study on reproductive tract infections (RTIs) among women seeking abortion in Northern Vietnam. In particular it focuses on women's experience of RTIs within the context of their perceptions of female physiology and what women do to prevent and treat RTIs. The approach used was a combination of the quantitative and the qualitative: 748 structured interviews were undertaken before, and 701 after, abortion; and in-depth interviews were carried out with 20 women and 20 healthcare providers. Both healthcare providers and women believed that RTIs are an essential and normal part of womanhood. Reproductive tract infections were associated with laziness, being unclean and hesitance in using health facilities for help with gynecological problems. Women used various forms of self-treatment, including some that may be medically harmful. Women's preventive and treatment strategies were often supported and sometimes even promoted by healthcare providers. We assess women's strategies for RTI prevention and treatment in the context of the current Vietnamese health system and from a gender perspective. These strategies highlight inadequacies in the public healthcare system, while also pointing to important cultural paradoxes in the understanding of womanhood in contemporary Vietnam. (author's) Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | ABORTION | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | DISEASE PREVENTION | VAGINAL ABNORMALITIES | PERCEPTION | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | HYGIENE | SELF CARE | INTERVIEWS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Infections | Diseases | Prevention and Control | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Public Health | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Data Collection | Research Methodology Document Number: 326459 Notification |
| 18. Title: Perceptions and attitudes in relation to reproductive tract infections including sexually transmitted infections in rural Vietnam: A qualitative study. Author: Lan PT; Faxelid E; Chuc NT; Mogren I; Lundborg C Source: Health Policy. 2008 May;86(2-3):308-317. Abstract: The objective was to explore perceptions, attitudes and health-seeking patterns for reproductive tract infections including sexually transmitted infections (RTI/STI) among men and women in rural Vietnam. Ten focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with 46 women and 27 men aged 15-49 in Bavi district, northern Vietnam. A pre-designed discussion guide was used during the discussions. Content analysis was applied for data analysis. Each sentence/paragraph was coded. Similar codes were clustered and collapsed into sub-categories and categories. Two main themes 'community perceptions of RTI/STI' and 'attitudes towards RTI/STI' were created, based on the relationship between categories. Complex terminology with many different terms was used by participants to describe and discuss RTI/STI. "Inflammation" [RTI], Gonorrhoea, Syphilis was described as three stages of STI. Health-seeking patterns for RTI/STI were reported to differ between men and women: self-medication was mentioned as a common practice among women, while men were more likely to seek health care from private providers. Complaints were voiced about clinicians' negative attitudes towards RTI/STI patients. Rural dwellers in a district of Vietnam expressed a variety of misconceptions regarding RTI/STI. Designing health education strategies to provide comprehensive RTI/STI information to the community and improving communication between RTI/STI patients and clinicians are urgently needed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | FOCUS GROUPS | RURAL POPULATION | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | MISINFORMATION | HEALTH PERSONNEL | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 325405 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Reproductive tract infections including sexually transmitted infections: A population-based study of women of reproductive age in a rural district of Vietnam. Author: Lan PT; Lundborg CS; Phic HD; Sihavong A; Unemo M Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2008 Mar;84(2):126-132. Abstract: The objectives were to investigate the prevalences of reproductive tract infections (RTI)/sexually transmitted infections (STI) among married women in a rural district of Vietnam, and analyse the influence of socioeconomic, sociodemographic, and other determinants possibly related to RTI/STI. The method used was a community-based cross-sectional study. Married women aged 18-49 years (n = 1012) were interviewed and underwent a gynaecological examination. Specimens were collected for laboratory diagnosis of chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomonas, bacterial vaginosis (BV), candidiasis, hepatitis B, HIV, and syphilis. In total, 37% of the women were clinically diagnosed with an RTI/STI. Aetiologically confirmed RTI/ STI was identified in 39% of the women (including 6% with STI). Endogenous infections were most prevalent (candidiasis 26%, BV 11%) followed by hepatitis B 8.3%, Chlamydia trachomatis 4.3%, Trichomonas vaginalis 1%, Neisseria gonorrhoeae 0.7%, genital warts 0.2%, and HIV and syphilis 0%. Fiftyper cent of the STI cases were asymptomatic. Younger age and intrauterine devices were significantly associated with an increased risk of BV. Determinants of candidiasis were vaginal douching, high education level and low economic status, whereas a determinant of chlamydia was high economic status. Outmigration of the husband was associated with an increased risk of hepatitis B surface antigen seroposivity among women. RTI/STI were prevalent among married women in a rural population of Vietnam. Syndromic algorithms should be consistently supplemented by risk assessment in order to reduce under and overtreatment. Microscopic diagnosis could be applied in primary care settings to achieve more accurate diagnoses. The promotion of health education aimed at reducing RTI/STI prevalences is an important tool in STI/HIV control programmes. Vaccination to prevent hepatitis B for migrants should be considered. (author's) Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | RURAL POPULATION | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Biology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 325425 |
| 20. Title: [Advances in researches on epididymal WFDC-type serine protease inhibitors] Author: Liu J; Wang HY; Li JY Source: Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2008 Nov;14(11):1027-30. Abstract: Sperm maturation in the epididymis is regulated by changes of luminal ion concentration and processing of sperm surface membrane by several glycosidases and proteases, and the actions of the proteases are controlled by protease inhibitors present in specific areas of the epididymis. WFDC-type serine protease inhibitors that are highly expressed in the epididymis play an important role in natural immunity and male reproduction. This paper gives an overview of the structure and function of the protein and its application prospects in the development of drugs for male reproductive tract infection and immunocontraception. Language: Chinese Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | SPERM MATURATION | REPRODUCTION | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | TREATMENT | Spermatogenesis | Infections | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 341135 |
| 21. Title: Use of vaginal pH in diagnosis of infections and its association with reproductive manifestations. Author: Mania-Pramanik J; Kerkar SC; Mehta PB; Potdar S; Salvi VS Source: Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 2008;22(5):375-9. Abstract: Increase in vaginal secretion pH is an indicator of bacterial vaginosis (BV), but is yet to be in use as a diagnostic tool by clinicians. Similarly, no reports are available on the effect of cervical chlamydia infection and different reproductive manifestations on vaginal secretion pH. This study evaluated the use of vaginal pH for screening of BV, the effect of Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) infection, and different reproductive manifestations on vaginal pH of women attending the gynecology outpatient department of a general hospital. Vaginal pH was recorded while diagnosing infections in 358 women, among which 45 were with repeated spontaneous abortion, 79 with infertility, 185 had sign and symptoms of lower genital tract infection, and 49 had no history or symptom of any complications or infections. Normal vaginal pH, BV, and C. trachomatis infection were observed in 72.6, 21.5, and 10.1% of women, respectively. BV and C. trachomatis were observed in 78.6 and 4.1% of women, respectively, with high vaginal pH; 12.3% of women with normal vaginal pH had C. trachomatis infection. C. trachomatis infection or different reproductive manifestations do not lead to change in vaginal pH but high vaginal pH correlated with BV and should be used as a simple tool for its diagnosis. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | VAGINOSIS | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | CHLAMYDIA | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | VAGINAL ABNORMALITIES | SCREENING | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | INFERTILITY | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | TRACHOMA | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Diseases | Pregnancy Complications | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Infections | Reproduction Document Number: 329331 |
| 22. Title: Gynaecological morbidity among HIV positive pregnant women in Cameroon. Author: Mbu ER; Kongnyuy EJ; Mbopi-Keou FX; Tonye RN; Nana PN Source: Reproductive Health. 2008 Jul 3;5(3):[11] p. Abstract: The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of gynaecological conditions among HIV infected and non-infected pregnant women. Two thousand and eight (2008) pregnant women were screened for HIV, lower genital tract infections and lower genital tract neoplasia at booking antenatal visit. About 10% (198/2008) were HIV positive. All lower genital tract infections except candidiasis were more prevalent among HIV positive compared to HIV negative women: vaginal candidiasis (36.9% vs 35.4%; p = 0.678), Trichomoniasis (21.2% vs 10.6%; p <0.001), gonorrhoea (10.1% vs 2.5%; p <0.001), bacterial vaginosis (21.2% vs 15.2%; p = 0.026), syphilis (35.9% vs 10.6%; p <0.001), and Chlamydia trachomatis (38.4% vs 7.1%; p <0.001). Similarly, HIV positive women more likely to have preinvasive cervical lesions: low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) (18.2% vs 4.4%; p <0.001) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (12.1% vs 1.5%; p <0.001). We conclude that (i) sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are common in both HIV positive and HIV negative pregnant women in Cameroon, and (ii) STIs and preinvasive cervical lesions are more prevalent in HIV-infected pregnant women compared to their non-infected compatriots. We recommend routine screening and treatment of STIs during antenatal care in Cameroon and other countries with similar social profiles. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CAMEROON | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PREGNANT WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | GYNECOLOGIC DISEASES | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Infections | Measurement Document Number: 327547 |
| 23. Title: Placental histological inflammation and reproductive tract infections in a low risk pregnant population in Latvia. Author: Rezeberga D; Lazdane G; Kroica J; Sokolova L; Donders GG Source: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2008;87(3):360-365. Abstract: The objective was to investigate the correlation of reproductive tract infections (RTI) and endogenous vaginal flora at first antenatal consultation with placental histological inflammation. In a follow-up study, 154 low risk women with no miscarriage risk factors were examined for the presence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, Gardnerella vaginalis, Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS), Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis (GDS) and bacterial vaginosis (BV). At delivery, outcome data were collected and the histology of the placenta was studied. Some 85 (56.3%) of all pregnant women had RTI or endogenous vaginal flora. Placental histological inflammation correlated with genital tract colonisation with G. vaginalis (p = 0.013), BV (p = 0.031), S. aureus (p = 0.04) and aerobic vaginitis (p = 0.017). BV and BV-related G. vaginalis correlated with the presence of parietal and placental chorioamnionitis in 53.8 and 43.5% of cases. Genital tract colonisation with GDS and other aerobic flora in combination with inflammatory vaginitis correlated with the presence of funisitis in 33.3 and 40.0% of cases. Mycoplasmas increased the risk for intrauterine infection only when present in combination with other RTIs (p = 0.023). Histological placental inflammation is associated with both BV and genital tract colonisation with aerobic bacteria, while funisitis is associated with colonisation of aerobic bacteria at first prenatal visit before the 17th gestational week. (author's) Language: English Keywords: LATVIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | VAGINAL ABNORMALITIES | VAGINITIS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Europe, Eastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 325066 |
| 24. Title: [Bladder lithiasis secondary to intrauterine device migration. Case report] Litiasis vesical secundaria a migracion de dispositivo intrauterino. Reporte de Author: Rodriguez Collar TL; Gil del Valle Y; Valdes Estevez B; Barquin Carmona VO; Garcia Monzon JA Source: Archivos Espanoles De Urologia. 2008 Jun;61(5):640-3. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report one clinical case of bladder lithiasis secondary to the migration of an intrauterine device, its symptoms, diagnostic tests employed and treatment. METHODS/RESULTS: 30-year-old female patient who presented lower urinary tract irritative symptoms. One year before she underwent insertion of an intrauterine device (copper T) after endometrial curettage for pregnancy interruption. She received treatment for infection cystitis over two years, with various antibiotic cycles. The persistence of symptoms led her to the urology clinics, and a 5 x 3 cm intravesical lithiasis with a copper T inside was detected by ultrasound and pelvic anterior-posterior x-ray Suprapubic cystolithotomy was performed with a good outcome and disappearance of the symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The migration of an intrauterine device to the bladder is an unfrequent cause of bladder lithiasis secondary to foreign body. Nevertheless, we must consider this possibility in front of chronic lower urinary tract irritative symptoms in every female using this birth control method. Language: Spanish Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | WOMEN | IUD MIGRATION | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | INFECTIONS | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | TREATMENT | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 328944 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Positive association between HIV RNA and IL-6 in the genital tract of Rwandan women. Author: Spear GT; Zariffard MR; Chen HY; Anzinger JJ; Anastos K; Rusine J; Gatabazi J; French AL; Cohen M; Landay AL Source: AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 2008 Jul;24(7):973-6. Abstract: Infections and inflammation in the genital tract can influence HIV expression or HIV susceptibility. The goal of this study was to determine if significant relationships exist between cytokines and HIV in genital tract secretions from 57 HIV-seropositive Rwandan women. Genital tract secretions were obtained by cervicovaginal lavage (CVL). Ten different cytokines in CVL were measured by multiplex cytometric bead arrays. HIV RNA in CVL and plasma were measured by quantitative PCR. In univariate analysis, genital tract HIV RNA was significantly associated with plasma HIV RNA and several of the cytokines, while in multivariate analysis, genital tract HIV RNA was significantly associated only with plasma HIV RNA and IL-6. This association of IL-6 with HIV RNA levels suggests that IL-6 is an indicator for conditions that induce HIV expression and that IL-6 may contribute to induction of HIV expression in the genital tract. Language: English Keywords: RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | COMPLICATIONS | HIV INFECTIONS | GENETICS | CYTOCHEMICAL EFFECTS | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Data Analysis | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Biology | Cytologic Effects | Physiology Document Number: 328611 |
| 26. Title: Urinary tract infections in Nigerian children with malaria [letter] Author: Uneke CJ; Alo MN Source: Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2008 Apr;75(4):408-9. Abstract: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most common bacterial infections seen in children and are a common cause of febrile illness in young children. Hence in areas of stable malaria transmission, high rates of concomitant malaria and UTI among children may be a common occurrence. Due to lack of overt clinical features in children less than two years, appropriate collection of urine samples and basic diagnostic tests at first-level health facilities in developing countries, UTI are not generally reported as a cause of childhood morbidity. Consequently, UTI are not included in the current IMCI algorithm as the main focus has been preventing mortality and severe morbidity by identifying children at risk of serious diseases including malaria, measles, meningitis, pneumonia, diarrheal diseases and malnutrition.3,4 In this report we present the findings of an anonymous, unlinked, cross-sectional evaluation of the prevalence of UTI among children with malaria. The study was conducted from January 2005 to December 2005 at the Federal Medical Centre (FMC), in Abakaliki, south-eastern Nigeria. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | CRITIQUE | CHILDREN | MALARIA | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | TRANSMISSION | MORBIDITY | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 328790 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Differentiating normal from abnormal rates of genital epithelial findings in vaginal microbicide trials. Author: van de Wijgert JH; Kilmarx PH; Jones HE; Karon JM; Chaikummao S Source: Contraception. 2008 Feb;77(2):122-129. Abstract: Candidate vaginal microbicides could cause genital irritation, which in turn could facilitate HIV transmission instead of preventing it. While genital epithelial findings are documented in a standardized manner in most microbicide trials, little is known about background rates and predictors for many types of genital findings. A secondary analysis was conducted using data from a Phase II expanded safety study of the candidate microbicide Carraguard gel (Population Council, NY, USA) in Thailand. Genital findings were identified by visual inspection of the cervix, vaginal walls and external genitalia during pelvic exams prior to gel use (screening and enrollment) and during gel use (at 2 weeks and Months 1-12). Women were interviewed about potential risk factors for genital findings at every visit and tested routinely for sexually transmitted and vaginal infections. A total of 258 genital findings were identified in 152 woman-years of follow-up. Genital findings were positively associated with olderage, increased parity, self-report of genital symptoms, positive HSV-2 serology, bacterial vaginosis by Nugent scoring and the presence of a genital finding at baseline. Furthermore, vaginal findings were positively associated with vaginal practices and yeast infections. Genital findings were negatively associated with use of hormonal contraception, inconsistently associated with frequency of sex and applicator use, and not associated with condom use. Several factors that are common in women of reproductive age account for the background rate of genital epithelial findings in this population. (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MICROBICIDES | VAGINAL GEL | HIV | VAGINAL ABNORMALITIES | PELVIC EXAM | CANDIDIASIS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | COITAL FREQUENCY | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Vaginal Spermicides | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Bacterial and Fungal Diseases | Infections | Sex Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 324313 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexually transmitted infections: Key issues for clinical practice. Author: Broutet N; Edouard L Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2007 Jun;97(3):229-231. Abstract: The Alliance for Women's Health identified sexually transmitted and reproductive tract infections (STIs/RTIs), other than HIV, as a priority issue for discussion during its precongress workshop on access to care, at the XVIII World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics which was held in Kuala Lumpur in November 2006. Annually, there are 340 million new cases of gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia and trichomoniasis, the four curable sexually transmitted infections, besides the most prevalent viral ones such as herpes simplex virus type 2 and human papillomavirus. The measure of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for the burden of disease underestimates the impact of sexually transmitted and reproductive tract infections. For example, the 3.3 million DALYs due to cervical cancer from the human papillomavirus are not included in the STI category whereas candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis, which are the most common RTIs, cause distressing symptoms which are not included in calculations of the burden of diseases. Stillbirth, prematurity and congenital syphilis as well as infertility from chlamydia and gonorrhea are underestimated. With gender-based power inequalities, women are more vulnerable to acquiring infection and furthermore, their symptoms and signs of infection can remain hidden until irreversible damage has occurred. As the prevention and management of STIs/RTIs should be an integral part of reproductive health care, obstetrician-gynecologists should initiate their management as part of a holistic approach to patient care. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | CAPACITY BUILDING | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | HUMAN RIGHTS | GENDER ISSUES | SYPHILIS | CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | HEALTH POLICY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Infections | Diseases | Program Sustainability | Programs | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Policy | Program Evaluation Document Number: 316680 |
| 29. Title: Reproductive tract infections -- a main factor influencing women's mental status: Comparison on depression and anxiety between Naxi women with and without RTIs. Author: Cai WD; Wu SZ; Luo L Source: Journal of Reproduction and Contraception. 2007 Jun;18(2):145-154. Abstract: The objectives were to: 1) To explore the relationship between RTIs and mental status of Naxi women; 2) to compare the differences of depression & anxiety between Naxi women who have and not have RTIs; and 3) to put forward some suggestions for improving Naxi women's reproductive health in psychological point of view. A cross-sectional survey was adopted, 280 married Naxi female volunteers who aged above 20 years old were selected by cluster random sampling from the two selected villages of Lugufu Township of Yanyuan county in Sichuan. Two selfreporting scales, CES-D and SAS were used for assessment of depression and anxiety of the subjects. The facts of mental status of Sichuan Naxi women brook no optimism. Among 280 Naxi reproductive age women who were investigated in current study, only 74 (26.4%) have no depression symptoms, and 116 (41.4%) have no anxiety symptoms. For the study population, the average total scores (TS) of CES-D was 20.1, and the average total index scores (TIS) of SAS was 50.2, and both of them were above a minimum value doubted to have symptoms. There were big differences of both average TS of CES-D and TIS of SAS between Naxi women who have and not have RTIs. Further analysis revealed that RTI was a main risk factor influencing women's mental status (OR = 16.043 for depression, and OR = 12.954 for anxiety). In addition, Naxi women's depression and anxiety were related to order births (/= 3, OR = 2.728, 95% CI: 1.990, 4.173), etc. For improving Naxi women s mental status, a pressing matter of the moment is for local medical persons to gain the knowledge about mental health and the diagnosis and treatment levels of psychological disorders. At the same time, psychological counselling should become a main activity of reproductive health services. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | IMPACT | MENTAL HEALTH | DEPRESSION | ANXIETY DISORDERS | RISK ASSESSMENT | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | Communication | Health | Mental Disorders | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Evaluation Document Number: 308501 |
| 30. Title: Does physical intimate partner violence affect sexual health? A systematic review. Author: Coker AL Source: Trauma, Violence, and Abuse. 2007 Apr;8(2):149-177. Abstract: Forty years of published research (1966-2006) addressing physical intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual health was reviewed (51 manuscripts) and synthesized to determine (a) those sexual health indicators for which sufficient evidence is available to suggest a causal association and (b) gaps in the literature for which additional careful research is needed to establish causality and explain mechanisms for these associations. Sexual health was defined as a continuum of indicators of gynecology and reproductive health. IPV was consistently associated with sexual risk taking, inconsistent condom use, or partner nonmonogamy (23 of 27 studies), having an unplanned pregnancy or induced abortion (13 of 16 studies), having a sexually transmitted infection (17 of 24 studies), and sexual dysfunction (17 of 18 studies). A conceptual model was presented to guide further needed research addressing direct and indirect mechanisms by which physical, sexual, and psychological IPV affects sexual health. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | RESEARCH REPORT | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | CERVICAL CANCER | NEOPLASMS | INFERTILITY | PAIN | PELVIC INFECTIONS | HYSTERECTOMY | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Infections | Diseases | Cancer | Reproduction | Signs and Symptoms | Gynecologic Surgery | Urogenital Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 320820 |
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