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1.
Title: Expectations toward a novel male fertility control method and potential user types: results of a multinational survey.
Author: Heinemann K; Saad F; Wiesemes M; Heinemann LA
Source: Journal of Andrology. 2005 Mar-Apr;26(2):155-162.
Abstract: Hormonal male fertility control (MFC) has already been under investigation for decades, and several surveys have been conducted in this field in recent years. But still knowledge on the attitudes and expectations in males concerning MFC is limited. About one-third of all couples worldwide rely on male-dependent contraception methods, and the importance of the male contribution has often been underscored. There have been many surveys about attitudes toward and practice of contraception in general, but only a few concerning males opinions. First impressions have been achieved in some clinical studies. A few surveys showed results on knowledge, attitudes, a Now an MFC method is at an advanced stage of development, and more extensive research on a multinational base has had to be conducted. The MFC study was conducted in 9 countries and 4 continents, and over 9000 males were included. Based on the data collected, this paper tries to describe factors associated with MFC and perceived positively and negatively and aggregate all the information into a potential characteristic of an MFC user as expected several years before a commercial drug is launched. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GERMANY | GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | FERTILITY | HORMONES | ATTITUDES | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Population Dynamics | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 285319

Title: Intrauterine insemination with controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in the treatment of subfertility.
Author: Sikandar R; Virk S; Lakhani S; Sahab H; Rizvi J
Source: Journal of the College of Phyicians and Surgeons, Pakistan. 2005;15(12):782-785.
Abstract: The objective was to determine the success rate of intrauterine insemination (IUI), following controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) and to identify the prognostic factors associated with successful outcome in couples undergoing this form of assisted reproduction. Design: Case series. Place and Duration of Study: Concept Fertility Centre, Karachi, Pakistan from January - December 2004. A total of 290 IUI procedures carried out for the treatment of unexplained and male factor subfertility were included. The age of women ranged from 20 - 44 years and the duration of subfertility were variable. All women had tubal patency confirmed before undergoing COH with one of the three regimens. IUI was performed at follicular maturity of = 16mm and endometrial thickness of = 7mm. Main outcome measures analyzed were pregnancy rate per cycle of IUI, miscarriage rate and ongoing pregnancy rate. Other variables observed were the various prognostic factors associated with successful outcome in IUI, such as maternal age, effect of different regimen of COH, motile sperm count and numbers of pre-ovulatory mature follicles > 16mm. Data was collected and entered in SPSS version 10. Chisquare test of significance was applied and p-value determined. The cycle pregnancy rate (CPR), miscarriage rate and ongoing pregnancy rate was 10%, 13.8% and 8.6% respectively. CPR was 12% in women <35 years compared to 3% in >35 years (p-value 0.03). Significant difference was not observed in the CPR with three different COH regimes. CPR increased dramatically with motile sperm count of > 10 millions/ml compared with < 10 millions/ml (12.3% vs. 2.8%, p-value 0.02). Significantly higher pregnancy rate was observed with increasing number of mature follicles > 16 mm (6.2%, 12.9% and 30% with one, two and three follicles, p-value 0.0019). There was no case of OHSS and only one case of twin gestation. The overall CPR in patients undergoing IUI following COH at our clinic is comparable to the pregnancy rates as shown in different studies. Younger age, motile sperm count of > 10 millions/ml and two or three mature follicles = 16 mm are good prognostic factors for successful outcome. However, no significant difference was observed in CPR with different COH regimes. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | COUPLES | INFERTILITY | ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | CLOMIPHENE | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | LIVE-BIRTH PREGNANCY RATE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Fertility Agents | Family Planning | Pregnancy Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 296985

3.
Title: Creating common ground. Women's perspectives on the selection and introduction of fertility regulation technologies.
Source: [Unpublished] [2001]. [39] p.
Abstract: Although women pioneered the family planning movement and make up the majority of contraceptive users, they have had little or no hand in the design, introduction, and policy development of these modern fertility regulation methods. It is noted that many women have encountered problems with these methods and the systems used to provide them. As such, women in different parts of the world have taken up issues of reproductive health. This paper is a synthesis of the presentations and discussion at the joint meeting of the Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction of the WHO and the International Women's Health Coalition. The overall theme was addressed in four parts--selection of fertility regulation methods; method introduction; the research process; and women's participation. The participants agreed that women's selection of fertility regulation methods is affected by many considerations which include: 1) personal circumstances such as health, sexual relationship(s), and point in a woman�s reproductive life cycle; 2) societal conditions that affect sexuality; 3) prior experience with fertility regulation methods; and 4) access to information. Lastly, recommendations for action were also cited in the paper.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | BANGLADESH | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | RECOMMENDATIONS | FERTILITY | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | PERCEPTION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraception
Document Number: 164765

4.
Title: From sanas to dapat: negotiating entitlement in reproductive decision-making in the Philippines.
Author: Fabros ML; Paguntalan AM; Arches LL; Guia-Padilla MT
Source: In: Negotiating reproductive rights: women's perspectives across countries and cultures, edited by Rosalind P. Petchesky and Karen Judd. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey, Zed Books, 1998. :217-55.
Abstract: This is a report on the situation with regard to reproductive rights in the Philippines. The report was prepared by a research team from the International Reproductive Rights Research Action Group [IRRRAG]. "A total of fourteen mother-daughter pairs were selected from three communities, chosen in part because of the presence of local women's organizations.... Life stories were completed in at least two `formal sessions'...as well as a number of informal chats, following at least two months' residence in each community; follow-up survey interviews were [also] done.... Additional validation was done through focus groups.... This three-pronged methodology enabled us to look at women's perceptions and behaviour over the life cycle as well as in different locations." Topics addressed included education and girlhood, marriage, motherhood, employment, marital relations, sexuality, and fertility regulation, including abortion. (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | HUMAN RIGHTS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | WOMEN'S STATUS | INTERVIEWS | FAMILY LIFE CYCLE | FOCUS GROUPS | PERCEPTION | BEHAVIOR | EDUCATION | CHILD REARING | MARRIAGE | MOTHERS | DAUGHTERS | EMPLOYMENT | HUSBAND-WIFE COMMUNICATION | SEXUALITY | CONTRACEPTION | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | ABORTION | WOMEN | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Family Research | Family and Household | Psychological Factors | Nuptiality | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Macroeconomic Factors | Partner Communication | Interpersonal Relations | Personality | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 256868 Notification

6.
Title: Breastfeeding and fertility.
Author: Labbok M
Source: In: Lactation education for health professionals, edited by Rosalia Rodriguez-Garcia, Lois A. Schaefer, Joao Yunes. Washington, D.C., Pan American Health Organization [PAHO], 1990. :181-7. (USAID Contract No. DPE-3040-A-00-5064-00)
Abstract: Exclusive breastfeeding is promoted in this article because it reduces fertility, saves lives, and contributes to family planning. When the baby is sucking, the production of hormones necessary for ovulation are interrupted and prolactin levels remain high. Without breastfeeding ovulation returns in 6-12 weeks postpartum. When there is frequent breastfeeding at closely spaced intervals without supplemental food or formula, menstruation is suppressed - lactational amenorrhea (LAM). Predicting the return of fertility can not reliably be predicted after 6 months postpartum, and the return or absence of menses does not correlate with the ovulation. 2-12% become pregnant prior to menses return. A guide for determining whether other forms of family planning methods are necessary is provided. With a 25% decline in breastfeeding, it is expected that fertility would be increased 2-16%. Contraceptive prevalence would need to be increased 700% to offset the increase. Other benefits of breastfeeding include protection against illness. Breastfed babies have a lower incidence of diarrheal morbidity and mortality. A Brazilian study determined that breastfed babies had 1/16 the risk of death compared to powdered milk fed infants and 1/4.5 of formula fed infants. Protection also is provided against lymphoma, diabetes, some allergies, and some growth and development problems. In the long term, protection occurs in the protection against adult heart disease, cancer, and obesity. Breastfeeding mothers also are protected from endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancer. Separate from the nutritional benefits, the cost benefits include a savings in infant formula of .50 to 1.00 a day, and health savings of 2.50 to 143. per diarrheal episode - a significant savings in some families budgets. Research to continue in order to provide better understanding is encouraged.
Language: English
Keywords:
THEORETICAL STUDIES | BREASTFEEDING | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING | BIRTH SPACING | LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD | POSTPARTUM AMENORRHEA | TIME FACTORS | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Family Planning | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Puerperium | Reproduction | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 066510

7.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Which Pill? The effect of various modern preparations on lipoproteins and glucose metabolism.
Author: Ball MJ; Ashwell E; Jackson MC; Carter R; Gillmer MD
Source: British Journal of Family Planning. 1989 Jan;14(4):110-5.
Abstract: This cross-sectional study compared glucose metabolism and lipoprotein levels of women taking 10 different combined and progestogen-only oral contraceptives. Glucose metabolism, as assessed by fasting glucose and HbAlc, was not significantly different from controls using alternative contraceptive methods. Plasma cholesterol concentration was greater in women using ethinyl estradiol (EE) 35/norethisterone (NE) 1000, but not when the estrogen content was higher (EE 50/NE 1000). Low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration was raised in women using EE 35/NE 500 and EE 30/levonorgestrel (LN) 250; high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and log HDL/LDL was also lower in the latter group. Plasma triglycerides were highest in those using EE 35/NE 1000, EE 30/ED 2000, and the gestodene triphasic. Women taking the progestogen-only preparations (LN 30 and NE 350), EE 30/LN 150, and the triphasic preparation (EE 30/40 LN 50/75/125) had lipid levels which did not differ significantly from non-users. All OC users had significantly lower cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels than the pregnant women. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTION | GLUCOSE METABOLISM EFFECTS | CARBOHYDRATE METABOLIC EFFECTS | METABOLIC EFFECTS | BLOOD PRESSURE | PHYSIOLOGY | DATA ANALYSIS | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | NORETHINDRONE | LEVONORGESTREL | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | LIPID METABOLIC EFFECTS | ANALYSIS | Contraceptive Methods | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Biology | Hemic System | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Endocrine System | Lipids
Document Number: 054551

8.
Title: Clinical aspects of three new progestogens: desogestrel, gestodene, and norgestimate.
Author: Chez RA
Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY. 1989 May;160(5 Pt 2):1296-1300.
Abstract: 3 new progestogens are now available in combination oral contraceptives (OCs) in Europe: desogestrel, gestodene, and norgestimate. All are 19-nortestosterone derivatives that are chemically and biologically related to levonorgestrel. Desogestrel and norgestimate must be transformed to metabolites for all or part of their biologic activity, while gestodene is active in its original form and can be administered in the lowest dose. Numerous studies have been carried out to determine whether these new progestogen compounds provide a clinical advantage over compounds presently available in the US such as Nordette and Triphasil. The new regimens appear to be equivalent in efficacy (use effectiveness rate of less than 1 pregnancy/100 woman-years) to current low-dose monophasic and triphasic combinations. Compared with levonorgestrel monophasic OC data, the gestodene compound appears to offer slightly better menstrual cycle control and the desogestrel compound somewhat less control. The type and frequency of side effects seem to be the same as those commonly seen with low-dose monophasic and triphasic OCs. As with the present triphasics, most changes in coagulation indexes for the new combinations remain within normal limits, as do changes in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Overall, there is as yet no evidence that either the norgestimate or the desogestrel formulation offers any significant improvements over the levonorgestrel triphasic. On the other hand, gestodene has the advantage of allowing a further reduction of the total steroid dose.
Language: English
Keywords:
CLINICAL RESEARCH | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING | LEVONORGESTREL | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | PROGESTERONE | CORPUS LUTEUM HORMONES | METABOLIC EFFECTS | Research Methodology | Technology | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Progestational Hormones
Document Number: 056483

9.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Effect of oral contraceptives or dexamethasone on plasma beta-endorphin during the menstrual cycle.
Author: Comitini G; Monaco M; Petraglia F; Volpe A; Facchinetti F; Genazzani AR
Source: FERTILITY AND STERILITY. 1989 Jan;51(1):46-50.
Abstract: Several studies have shown a significant increase in plasma beta-endorphin levels during the periovulatory days of the menstrual cycle. The aim of the present study was to investigate the origin of the periovulatory changes of plasma beta-endorphin, trying to discriminate between a possible ovarian and/or pituitary origin. Daily plasma beta-endorphin, luteinizing hormone (LH), and cortisol levels were measured from days 8-20 of the menstrual cycle in healthy normal cycling women (10 cases) before and during dexamethasone (DEX; 6 cases) or estroprogestinic treatment with monophasic (5 cases), or triphasic (5 cases) pills. In the control menstrual cycle, during the preovulatory days, a significant increase in plasma beta-endorphin was found. While oral contraceptives abolished the midcycle increase in plasma beta-endorphin, the periovulatory plasma beta-endorphin peak was present during DEX treatment. Plasma cortisol levels did not show up any significant change throughout the control menstrual cycle, while they were significantly lowered by the DEX administration and significantly increased during estroprogestinic treatment. These results suggest that the increase of plasma beta-endorphin during the periovulatory days is related to the ovulatory function, and suggest a possible ovarian origin. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ITALY | EUROPE, SOUTHERN | EUROPE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTION | DEXAMETHASONE ACETATE | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | MENSTRUATION | REPRODUCTION | PITUITARY HORMONES | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | GONADOTROPINS | OVULATION | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | ANALYSIS | Developed Countries | Contraceptive Methods | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Drugs | Treatment | Research Methodology
Document Number: 052906

10.
Title: Use of contraceptive and related plants by the Kayapo Indians (Brazil).
Author: Elisabetsky E; Posey DA
Source: JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY. 1989;26(3):299-316.
Abstract: The Kayapo Indians living in Gorotire in southern Para State, Brazil strongly believe their fertility and contraceptive traditional medicines are effective. They have a variety of plants used for contraceptives and extensive knowledge about how to prepare and administer the required doses. Thus their faith and this variety are enough to rationalize evaluation procedures. Other cultures also use 48% of plant species used by the Kayapo for disruption of sex or fertility. Kayapo apply all fertility promoters topically. They use Mandevilla species strictly for fertility promotion as a topical treatment while a group in the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico uses them to treat sexually transmitted diseases. Both the Kayapo and the Chinese use Polygala monyicola var. brizoides Steyerm and P. longicaulis H.B.K. as contraceptives. These species originate from the savanna instead of the forest, and the most popular contraceptives among the Kayapo are from the savanna. They also use Eupatorium squalidum DC. as an oral contraceptive while Paraguayans also use its relative, E. inulaefoium, as a contraceptive. In Argentina, women use E. laevigatum and E. macrocephalum as abortives and E. polyanthum to regulate menstruation. The most popular oral contraceptive among the Kayapo in Gorotire is the orchid Epistephium lucidum Cogn. which Kayapo in other areas also use as a contraceptive. Argentinians use Cuphea glutinosa, C. longiflor, and C. racemosa as menstrual regulators and the latter also as a abortive while the Kayapo use Cuphea species as contraceptives. Hyptis crenata is used as a contraceptive among the Kayapo and Argentinians use H. florbunda and H. mutabilis as abortives. Thus species belonging to genera Polygala, Eupatorium, Cuphea, and Hyptis hold the most promise for ethnopharmacological research. Since they all have a permanent effect, research should center on the pituitary gland.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | TRIBES | FOLKLORE | SEX BEHAVIOR | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | BIRTH SPACING | BIRTH LIMITING | ABORTION | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | MEDICINAL PLANTS | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | CULTURE | CONTRACEPTION | MEXICO | ARGENTINA | CHINA | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | FAMILY PLANNING, TRADITIONAL METHODS | NATIVE AMERICANS | PERCEPTION | MENSTRUATION | FERTILITY | SEXUALITY | FORESTS | PITUITARY GLAND | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | North America | South America, Southern | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Psychological Factors | Reproduction | Population Dynamics | Personality | Natural Resources | Environment | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 061662 Notification

11.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Estrogen-progestogen once-a-month injectable contraceptives and serum prolactin.
Author: Garza-Flores J; Alba VM; Cravioto MC; Hernandez L; Perez-Palacios G; Alvarado G; Rivera R; Recio R; Bassol S
Source: CONTRACEPTION. 1989 May;39(5):519-28.
Abstract: To assess the effect of hormonal monthly injectable contraceptives upon the serum values of immunoreactive prolactin (Prl), 3 groups of women of reproductive age exposed to different estrogen-progestogen injectable formulations for a minimum of 1 year were studied. The 1st group (n=10) received dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide 150 mg and estradiol enanthate 10 mg (DHPA/E2-EN), Group 2 (n=21) received medroxyprogesterone acetate 25 mg and estradiol cypionate 5 mg (MPA/E2-C), and Group 3 (n=19) was exposed to norethisterone enanthate 50 mg and estradiol valerate 5 mg (NET-EN/E2-V). A group of IUD users (n=16) served as the control group. Serum Prl and 17beta-estradiol (E2) concentration were determined in blood samples (0 and 15 minutes) on days 0 (day of last injection), 10, 20, and 30 after last contraceptive injection. The results demonstrated a slight though not significant increase (p0.05) in serum Prl in the 3 experimental groups as compared with the IUD control group. This increase in Prl levels observed on day 10 post-last injection never exceeded the upper limits of the normal range (20 ng/ml). Overall the data demonstrated that the chronic administration of these estrogen/progestogen once-a-month injectable contraceptives does not affect the Prl baseline secretion in women. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
PROLACTIN ANALYSIS | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | GONADOTROPINS | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTION | DATA COLLECTION | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | NORETHINDRONE ENANTHATE | MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE | ALGESTONE ACETOPHENIDE | ESTROGENS | ESTRADIOL | SIDE EFFECTS | ANALYSIS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | Prolactin | Pituitary Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Agents | Demographic Factors | Population | Norethindrone | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Treatment
Document Number: 056266

12.
Peer Reviewed

Title: A comparative evaluation of the safety and contraceptive effectiveness of 65 mg and 100 mg of 90-day norethindrone (NET) injectable microspheres: a multicenter study.
Author: Grubb GS; Goldsmith A; Welch JD; Rivera R; Cole L
Source: FERTILITY AND STERILITY. 1989 May;51(5):803-10.
Abstract: The 1st of a 2nd generation of slow-release injectable contraceptives is the norethindrone (NET) microspheres with a 90-day duration of action. It was evaluated at 65 mg and 100 mg doses for safety and contraceptive effectiveness in 2 randomized, single-blind trials among 131 women: 94 women for 12 months and 37 women for 6 months. In the 6-month trial, no indication of ovulation was detected in the 100 mg dose group, while 3 of 19 women in the 65 mg group showed signs of ovulation (progesterone 3 ng/ml). No pregnancies were reported in the 100 mg group and 1 pregnancy in the 65 mg group resulted in a life-table pregnancy rate for that dose of 2.6/100 woman-years (95% confidence interval, 0-7.5). Days of vaginal bleeding were analyzed for 30 days prior to treatment and in 90-day reference periods after treatment. The mean number of vaginal bleeding and spotting days increased initially after the 1st injection in both dose groups, but decreased to below baseline in both dose groups after 6 months. The 2 doses appear comparable in clinical safety, side effects, vaginal bleeding patterns, and laboratory measures. With the preliminary estimate of efficacy, the 65 mg dose would be the minimally effective dose for the NET 90-day injectable contraceptive. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH AMERICA | AMERICAS | NORETHINDRONE | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTION | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | BIODEGRADABLE DELIVERY SYSTEMS | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | QUALITATIVE EVALUATION | PROGESTERONE ANALYSIS | CORPUS LUTEUM HORMONES | ESTRADIOL | ESTROGENS | BLEEDING | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | PREGNANCY RATE | ANALYSIS | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Evaluation | Progesterone | Progestational Hormones | Diseases | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology
Document Number: 056330

13.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Vascular changes in the human endometrium following the administration of the progesterone antagonist RU 486.
Author: Johannisson E; Oberholzer M; Swahn ML; Bygdeman M
Source: CONTRACEPTION. 1989 Jan;39(1):103-17.
Abstract: 11 healthy women were assigned to 1 of 2 groups, with 1 receiving 50 mg RU 486 orally/day either on cycle days 7-10 (preovulatory group, n=5) and 1 receiving the same dosage on cycle days 20-23 (postovulatory group, n=6). An endometrial biopsy was taken on the 4th day of the RU treatment in the preovulatory group and on the 2nd (n=2) or 4th (n=4) treatment day in the postovulatory group. Biopsies from 34 untreated women representing matched samples from early and mid-preovulatory phase (n=10) and mid- and late-postovulatory phase (n=24) were used as controls. The ultrastructure of the endometrial capillaries was investigated by morphometric methods. The administration of RU 486 during the preovulatory phase did not modify the vascular structure. However, when given in the postovulatory phase, necrosis occurred in the capillary endothelial cells with and without regressive changes of the adjacent stroma. The area and diameter of the capillary lumen and the area of the adventitia was smaller than in the control material (p0.01). The result of the study suggests that RU 486, when administered in the postovulatory phase, directly affects the capillary vessels of the endometrium. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SWEDEN | EUROPE, NORTHERN | EUROPE | RU-486 | HORMONE ANTAGONISTS | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | ENDOMETRIAL EFFECTS | UTERINE EFFECTS | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | UROGENITAL EFFECTS | ENDOMETRIUM | UTERUS | GENITALIA, FEMALE | GENITALIA | UROGENITAL SYSTEM | PHYSIOLOGY | HISTOLOGY | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | MENSTRUATION | REPRODUCTION | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | CHANGES | Developed Countries | Hormones | Endocrine System | Biology | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Social Change
Document Number: 052434

14.
Peer Reviewed

Title: The effect of levonorgestrel administered in large doses at different stages of the cycle on ovarian function and endometrial morphology.
Author: Landgren BM; Johannisson E; Aedo AR; Kumar A; Shi YE
Source: CONTRACEPTION. 1989 Mar;39(3):275-89.
Abstract: In a pharmacokinetic study, levonorgestrel (L-NOG) 0.75 mg was administered orally to 10 Swedish women in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. L-NOG levels were measured after L-NOG administration. A peak level of 16 nmol/1 was reached after 2 hours. T 1/2 life was estimated to be 14.5 hours (8.5-18.5) in the 24-48 hour interval after dosing. 72 women in Stockholm, Bombay, and Shanghai were assigned to 4 treatment groups and studied during a control cycle, a treatment cycle, and a posttreatment cycle when 0.75 mg L-NOG was administered orally for 4 days during the follicular phase, periovulatory period, or luteal phase. Peripheral blood was drawn 3 times weekly during the entire study for the assays of estradiol and progesterone. In 22 women in Stockholm, and endometrial biopsy was obtained on cycle day 20-22 in all 3 cycles studied. When L-NOG was administered on periovulatory days 9, 11, 13, and 15, 3 women showed follicular activity only, 7 exhibited follicular activity followed by insufficient luteal function, and 7 women ovulated normally. When L-NOG was administered on periovulatory days 11, 12, 16, and 19, 7 women ovulated during treatment, 6 women exhibited follicular activity followed by insufficient luteal function and 5 exhibited follicular activity only. When L-NOG was administered in the follicular or luteal phase, no effect on ovarian function was seen. No significant prolongation of the cycle lengths was seen when L-NOG was taken during the follicular phase. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
LEVONORGESTREL | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | MENSTRUATION | REPRODUCTION | ENDOMETRIUM | UTERUS | GENITALIA, FEMALE | GENITALIA | UROGENITAL SYSTEM | PHYSIOLOGY | OVARIAN EFFECTS | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | UROGENITAL EFFECTS | ENDOMETRIAL EFFECTS | UTERINE EFFECTS | HISTOLOGY | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | CHANGES | ESTRADIOL | PROGESTERONE | CORPUS LUTEUM HORMONES | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | AGE DISTRIBUTION | BODY WEIGHT | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Endocrine System | Biology | Ovary | Drugs | Treatment | Social Change | Estrogens | Progestational Hormones | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 054475

15.
Title: Long-term oral contraceptive use does not affect trabecular bone density.
Author: Lloyd T; Buchanan JR; Ursino GR; Myers C; Woodward G; Halbert DR
Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY. 1989 Feb;160(2):402-4.
Abstract: Although oral contraceptives (OCs) cause a depression of circulating estrogen to near postmenopausal levels, longterm OC use does not appear to lead to a reduction in trabecular bone density. In this study, trabecular bone density was determined by quantitative single-energy computerized tomography of the L1-3 lumbar vertebral bodies and compared in 14 longterm OC users (mean use of 120 months) and 11 never users. The controls and OC users were closely matched to eliminate as many potentially confounding variables as possible. Trabecular bone density was basically similar for both groups--160.6 + 6.9 for controls versus 161.2 + 7.4 mg/ml for cases. The power to detect a 15% difference in bone density between these 2 groups was 0.87. It is concluded that premenopausal OC use has neither a beneficial effect nor an appreciable negative effect on bone density after longterm use. If a threshold estrogen level is required for normal premenopausal bone remodeling, such a threshold is not reached by the depression of plasma estrogen levels during OC use. It should be noted that this study measured only the trabecular portion of vertebral bone, which is known to respond more rapidly than cortical bone to metabolic stimuli.
Language: English
Keywords:
CLINICAL RESEARCH | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING | ESTROGENS | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | LONGTERM EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | SIDE EFFECTS | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Time Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Treatment
Document Number: 054343

16.
Title: Oral contraceptive use and the risk of chlamydial and gonococcal infections.
Author: Louv WC; Austin H; Perlman J; Alexander WJ
Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY. 1989 Feb;160(2):396-402.
Abstract: The rate of cervical infections by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae was compared in 617 oral contraceptive (OC) users and 101 controls who were either IUD users or were sterilized. Study subjects were drawn from an Alabama sexually transmitted diseases clinic; 89% were black and the average age was 23 years. OC use was associated with a 73% increase in chlamydial risk and a 70% increase in the risk of gonococcal infection. The number of sexual partners was positively correlated with the rates of both infections, while age was negatively related. 46% of the OC users compared with 19% of nonusers had cervical ectopy. However, the difference of the effect of ectopy on chlamydia and gonorrhea was not statistically significant between OC users and nonusers. The amount of estrogen in the OC was not associated with ectopy, chlamydia, or gonorrhea. In contrast, gonorrhea rates were higher for women taking OCs that contained norethindrone and norgestrel. Formulations containing the less androgenic progestin, norethindrone acetate, were not associated with increased gonococcal risk. These findings suggest that women using OCs, especially OCs that contain norgestrel, should be screened more aggressively than nonusers of OCs for both gonorrhea and chlamydia.
Language: English
Keywords:
COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CHLAMYDIA | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | GONORRHEA | INFECTIONS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | DISEASES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING | RISK FACTORS | POPULATION AT RISK | SEX BEHAVIOR | BEHAVIOR | AGE FACTORS | CERVICAL EFFECTS | UTERINE EFFECTS | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | UROGENITAL EFFECTS | NORETHINDRONE | NORGESTREL | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | Studies | Research Methodology | Reproductive Tract Infections | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Biology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cervix | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Endocrine System | Treatment
Document Number: 054342

17.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Lipid and lipoprotein changes in women taking low-dose, triphasic oral contraceptives: a controlled, comparative, 12-month clinical trial.
Author: Notelovitz M; Feldman EB; Gillespy M; Gudat J
Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY. 1989 May;160(5 Pt 2):1269-80.
Abstract: Effects on lipid/lipoprotein metabolism of 2 triphasic oral contraceptives, Triphasil (ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel) and Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 (ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone) were compared in a 12 month controlled, prospective clinical trial. The data indicate that use of both estrogen-progestin preparations were accompanied by increases in cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein 3 (HDL) cholesterol, apolipoproteins A1 and B, and triglycerides. Also observed were a decline in HDL cholesterol and greater decreases in HDL2 cholesterol levels; the latter were below the lower limits of laboratory's reference range. All other changes remained within clinically acceptable limits. There were no statistically significant differences between the test preparations, suggesting that the impact on lipid metabolism of the triphasic preparations Triphasil and Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 are similar and, given the dynamic balance between the various fractions, are unlikely to impart an adverse cardiovascular risk. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
COMPARATIVE STUDIES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | CLINICAL RESEARCH | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTION | LIPID METABOLIC EFFECTS | METABOLIC EFFECTS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | DATA ANALYSIS | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | LEVONORGESTREL | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | CHANGES | SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | Studies | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Family Planning | Lipids | Physiology | Biology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Endocrine System | Social Change | Treatment
Document Number: 056480

18.
Title: Functional ovarian cysts associated with the levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine device.
Author: Robinson GE; Bounds W; Kubba AA; Adams J; Guillebaud J
Source: British Journal of Family Planning. 1989 Jan;14(4):131-2.
Abstract: Of the 50 clients at the Margaret Pyke Center (London) fitted with a levonorgestrel-releasing IUD, 6 (12%) have developed functional ovarian cysts between 6 weeks and 1 year postinsertion. The cysts, all of which were confirmed by ultrasound examination, varied in size between 3-7 cm diameter. The IUD in question released 20 mcg of levonorgestrel daily. In 4 cases, the women were asymptomatic and the cysts resolved spontaneously within 6 weeks. Laparoscopy was undertaken in the 2 cases in which symptoms (dyspareunia and abdominal pain) were reported. 5 of the 6 women continued use of the IUD; the 1 device that was removed was for personal reasons unrelated to the ovarian cyst. It appears that progestagen-only contraceptive methods that disturb (rather than inhibit) ovulation are associated with an increased incidence of functional ovarian cysts. It would also seem that the levonorgestrel IUD, although principally active at the uterine level, also has an effect on ovarian function.
Language: English
Keywords:
FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | LONGTERM EFFECTS | IUD SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING | LEVONORGESTREL | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | OVARIAN CYSTS | OVARIAN EFFECTS | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | UROGENITAL EFFECTS | SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | WOMEN | Studies | Research Methodology | Time Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Ovary | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Treatment
Document Number: 054548

19.
Title: [Glossary of natural family planning] Glossaire sur la planification familiale naturelle.
Author: Rodriguez-Garcia R; Stevenson W; Kass-Annese B; Klaus H; Spieler J
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, School of Medicine, Institute for International Studies in Natural Family Planning, 1989 Jun. ix, 30 p. (USAID Contract No. DPE-3040-A-00-5064-00)
Abstract: The 1st French edition of a glossary of terms used in natural family planning is presented. It is intended to be of use to health workers, educators, social scientists, community workers, religious counsellors, and others active in the field of natural family planning. The glossary concisely defines the terms most commonly used in natural family planning, intended primarily for persons in developing countries who are familiar with natural family planning methods and have at least primary educations. The glossary can be used to complement other educational training materials and as a reference. It can be adapted easily to local conditions. The terms included have been grouped into 10 sections. Since many terms refer to more than 1 topic, the decision was somewhat arbitrary and all terms are also listed alphabetically. The 10 sections include terms specific to natural family planning as well as general family planning terms. Other topics included are human reproduction, female reproductive anatomy, female reproductive physiology, male reproductive anatomy, reproductive hormones, disorders of the female reproductive system, sexology, and program evaluation. 5 diagrams are included on male and female reproductive organs and the hormonal, temperature, mucus, and other changes of the menstrual cycle.
Language: French
Keywords:
TERMINOLOGY | CERVICAL MUCUS METHOD | SYMPTO-THERMAL METHOD | NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING | REPRODUCTION | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | GENITALIA, FEMALE | GENITALIA, MALE | Behavior | Family Planning Programs | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 060220

20.
Title: [Glossary of natural family planning terms] Glosario de terminos utilizados en la planificacion familiar natural.
Author: Rodriguez-Garcia R; Stevenson W; Kass-Annese B; Klaus H; Spieler J
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, School of Medicine, Institute for International Studies in Natural Family Planning, 1989 May. x, 34 p. (USAID Contract No. DPE-3040-A-00-5064-00)
Abstract: The 1st Spanish edition is presented of a glossary of terms used in natural family planning. It is intended to be of use to health workers, educators, social scientists, community workers, religious counsellors, and others active in the field of natural family planning. The glossary concisely defines the terms most commonly used in natural family planning, intended primarily for persons in developing countries who are familiar with natural family planning methods and have at least primary educations. The glossary can be used to complement other educational and training materials and as a reference. It can be adapted easily to local conditions. The terms included have been grouped into 10 sections and since many terms refer to more than 1 topic, all terms are also listed alphabetically. The 10 sections include terms specific to natural family planning as well as general family planning terms. Other topics included are human reproduction, female reproductive anatomy, female reproductive physiology, male reproductive anatomy, reproductive hormones, disorders of the female reproductive system, sexology, and program evaluation. 5 diagrams are included on male and female reproductive organs and the hormonal, temperature, mucus, and other changes of the menstrual cycle.
Language: Spanish
Keywords:
TERMINOLOGY | CERVICAL MUCUS METHOD | SYMPTO-THERMAL METHOD | NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING | REPRODUCTION | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | GENITALIA, FEMALE | GENITALIA, MALE | SEX BEHAVIOR | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Behavior | Family Planning Programs
Document Number: 060219

21.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Transdermal delivery of steroids.
Author: Sitruk-Ware R
Source: CONTRACEPTION. 1989 Jan;39(1):1-20.
Abstract: The advantages of delivering drugs through the skin for systemic therapy have been widely recognized and represent a growing sector in drug development. Transdermal delivery of steroids is also a rapidly expanding field and in various clinical situations where hormonal replacement therapy is needed, this route of administration is a real breakthrough. This is especially so when considering the relative toxicity of some steroids when given orally. Various transdermal systems have been designed, all of them aimed at achieving a constant release rate of the molecules contained in their reservoir through the intact skin. The skin itself, and especially the outermost layer, the stratum corneum, can play the roles of a reservoir and a rate-controlling membrane. Thus far, estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone have been demonstrated to be good candidates for transdermal delivery. The effectiveness and acceptability of transdermal delivery of estradiol in postmenopausal women have been demonstrated. The efficacy of topical administration of progesterone in patients with benign breast disease has also been proven. More recently, the high rate of acceptability and efficacy of transdermal testosterone in male hypogonadism has also been demonstrated. The transdermal delivery of steroids is therefore expected to make a significant impact on the quality of patient care both in men and women. (author's modified)
Language: English
Keywords:
DRUGS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | ESTRADIOL | ESTROGENS | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | PROGESTERONE | CORPUS LUTEUM HORMONES | ANDROGENS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | Treatment | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Family Planning | Progestational Hormones
Document Number: 052485

22.
Title: The effects of two triphasic oral contraceptives on carbohydrate metabolism in women during 1 year of use.
Author: Spellacy WN; Ellingson AB; Tsibris JC
Source: FERTILITY AND STERILITY. 1989 Jan;51(1):71-4.
Abstract: Carbohydrate metabolism was investigated over 1-year period in new users of 2 different triphasic oral contraceptives (OCs)--Ortho Novum 777, which contains the progestin norethindrone, and Triphasil, in which levonorgestrel is the progestin. The 2 groups of women were similar in terms of age, parity, and weight. Carbohydrate metabolism was assessed through use of the oral glucose tolerance test before the onset of OC use and again after 12 months of use. In terms of plasma glucose results, only 1 value changed significantly during the study period; fasting glucose was lower than baseline in women taking the norethindrone triphasic OC. There was no significant change among users of either triphasic during the study period in plasma insulin levels. It is now believed that the elevations in birth plasma glucose and insulin levels recorded in earlier studies of OC users reflected the effects of the high dose of synthetic steroids used in these formulations, especially the progestins. The OCs that have been used since the 1980s indicate that low amounts of estrogen also improve carbohydrate metabolism, presumably by inhibiting the degradation of insulin. There are some indications that norgestrel tends to have a greater adverse effect on carbohydrate metabolism than norethindrone, perhaps accounting for the lowered fasting glucose in users of the norethindrone triphasic OC in this study. With norethindrone, the estrogen effect on carbohydrate metabolism predominates, but no significant fasting glucose change seems to occur when levonorgestrel counters the estrogen's improving effects on carbohydrates. Overall, these findings provide reassurance that the triphasic OCs currently in use have minimal effects on carbohydrate metabolism in addition to providing good cycle control and high rates of protection against pregnancy.
Language: English
Keywords:
CLINICAL RESEARCH | CARBOHYDRATE METABOLIC EFFECTS | METABOLIC EFFECTS | DISEASES | GLUCOSE METABOLISM EFFECTS | NORETHINDRONE | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | LEVONORGESTREL | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, PHASIC | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING | SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | Research Methodology | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents | Endocrine System | Oral Contraceptives, Combined | Contraceptive Methods | Treatment
Document Number: 052907

23.
Title: Emerging concepts towards the development of contraceptive agents.
Author: Srivastava RP; Bhaduri AP
Source: PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. 1989;33:267-315.
Abstract: The theoretical background for development of steroid contraceptive agents, LH-RH agonists and antagonists, heterocyclic abortifacients, male contraceptive agents, and contraceptive vaccines are reviewed, with emphasis on basic steroid receptor research. Recent findings confirming the steroid receptor interaction theory proposed in 1960 are described. This model suggests that the steroid enters target cells by diffusion and binds to specific protein receptors in the cytoplasm. The steroid- receptor complex moves to the nucleus by concentration gradient and binds to chromatin or DNA, altering gene expression. both estrogen and progesterone receptors are asymmetric peptides with rigid hydrophobic domains that bind specific steroids, doisynolic acids, stilbenes, gem- diarylethylenes, triarylpropiones, all of which have a set distance between a phenolic hydroxyl and another hydroxyl analogous to the steroid C17-beta-hydroxyl groups. Antiprogestins without glucocorticoid activity are being sought. LH-RH antagonists are being developed by substituting amino acids in the peptide. A large variety of heterocyclic compounds, 26 types, with abortifacient activity, acting by interfering with blastocyst binding to the deciduum is described, such as a series of quinine derivatives. Male antifertility agents must block spermatogenesis without affecting libido or sperm maturation. Combined steroid pills with cyproterone acetate and an androgen are in clinical trials. The most hopeful immunologic contraceptives are vaccines based on part of the beta subunit of hCG, sperm antigens and zona pellucida antigens.
Language: English
Keywords:
LITERATURE REVIEW | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | ABORTION | TAMOXIFEN | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | HORMONE ANTAGONISTS | CYPROTERONE ACETATE | PITUITARY HORMONE RELEASING HORMONES | HORMONE RECEPTORS | IMPLANTATION SUPPRESSION | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Fertility Agents | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Membrane Proteins | Contraceptive Mode of Action
Document Number: 060940 Notification

24.
Title: IgG and IgA content of vaginal fluid during the menstrual cycle.
Author: Usala SJ; Usala FO; Haciski R; Holt JA; Schumacher GF
Source: JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE. 1989 Apr;34(4):292-4.
Abstract: The IgG and IgA content of vaginal fluid obtained was determined by daily sampling with the Ovu-Trac vaginal pipet. In addition to vaginal fluid sample volume plots, serum luteinizing hormone and progesterone levels were obtained. IgG and IgA measurements in vaginal fluid throughout the menstrual cycle are reported. A total of 12 cycles from 12 women were studied. In all 12 cycles a significant luteinizing hormone peak was observed. The progesterone levels reached significantly high levels in the 12 cycles, indicating that ovulation presumably had occurred. A peak in vaginal fluid sample volume occurred typically near the luteinizing hormone peak. The IgG and IgA concentrations of the vaginal fluid samples from the 12 cycles were determined. The IgG levels were less than 1-270 mg/dL. There was much fluctuation in vaginal fluid IgG levels throughout the cycle, but a general pattern did emerge. Vaginal fluid IgG levels were relatively high in the postmenstrual/early proliferative phase, with a steady decline to relatively low levels throughout the luteal phase. There was no direct correspondence between the volume of vaginal fluid and the IgG concentration, as seen from a comparison of the average vaginal fluid IgG concentration with the average vaginal fluid sample volume. Vaginal fluid with a low sample volume in the early preovulatory phase had relatively high levels of IgG, whereas that with a low sample volume in the luteal phase had relatively low levels of IgG. IgA in vaginal fluid was present at levels 10-fold less than those of IgG. The IgA concentrations of many of the vaginal fluid samples were near the assay's lower limit of sensitivity, making it difficult to reach any conclusions about cyclic changes. The lowest vaginal fluid IgA concentrations were observed around the middle of the luteal phase.
Language: English
Keywords:
CLINICAL RESEARCH | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | MENSTRUATION | REPRODUCTION | CERVICAL MUCUS | CERVIX | UTERUS | GENITALIA, FEMALE | GENITALIA | UROGENITAL SYSTEM | PHYSIOLOGY | BIOLOGY | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | HORMONES | GONADOTROPINS | OVULATION | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | Research Methodology | Technology | Economic Factors | Endocrine System | Family Planning
Document Number: 056152

25.
Title: Induction of abortion in early first trimester human pregnancy using epostane.
Author: Webster MA; Gillmer MD
Source: BRITISH JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY. 1989 Mar;96(3):340-5.
Abstract: 54 healthy women 17-41 years of age participated in a study to investigate the role of epostane as an abortifacient in early pregnancy. Epostane is a competitive inhibitor of the 3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme system. 30 subjects were treated with 200 mg of epostane every 8 hours for 7 days, while the remaining 24 subjects received 200 mg every 6 hours for 7 days. All subjects were less than 49 days from their last menstrual period. In the 1st group (600 mg of epostane/day), 21 of the 30 women (70%) aborted and the abortion was complete in 17 (80%) of these women. In the 2nd group (800 mg of epostane/day), 20 of 23 patients (87%) aborted and abortion was complete in 148 (90%). 66% of the women in the 600 mg/day regimen complained of side effects, largely a worsening of pregnancy nausea, while side-effects were experienced by 87% of those in the higher-dose group. Nausea and vomiting were successfully reduced, however, by administration of an oral antiemetic. Serum progesterone concentrations fell after the beginning of epostane treatment to 5% of pretreatment values and remained low for the duration of the treatment. There was a smaller fall in estradiol values and no effect on serum cortisol. Hematology and biochemistry measurements remained within the normal range after treatment with epostane. The higher abortion rate recorded in the higher-dose group may be a dose-response effect; alternatively, it may be due to a more constant inhibition of the hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme system. Overall, this study confirms the potential of epostane as an effective inhibitor of ovarian and placental steroidogenesis and as a potent abortifacient agent in early pregnancy.
Language: English
Keywords:
CLINICAL RESEARCH | ABORTION | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCONCEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING | PROGESTERONE | CORPUS LUTEUM HORMONES | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | SIDE EFFECTS | Research Methodology | Progestational Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Treatment
Document Number: 055207 Notification

26.
Title: Virilizing granulosa cell tumor responsive to human chorionic gonadotropin and oral contraceptive with 8-year followup.
Author: Zaydon C; Bogaars HA; Tucci JR
Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 1989 May;29(1):87-90.
Abstract: Clinical, endocrine, and histopathologic findings were analyzed in a 48-year-old woman with a virilizing granulosa cell tumor. The woman had an 11-year history of secondary amenorrhea and hirsutism. Following hormonal studies, the patient underwent an exploratory laparotomy at which an enlarged cystic right ovary was found and a bilateral oophorectomy and hysterectomy were performed. Histologically, the ovarian tissue was replaced by a lesion with typical features of a granulosa cell tumor. There was a pattern of anastomosing trabeculae of closely packed cells containing round to oval nuclei and small amounts of cytoplasm. Preoperatively, serum testosterone was markedly elevated (3.5 ng/ml), but 17-ketosteroid and estrogen excretion were normal. Administration of chorionic gonadotropin caused a marked rise in urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion and serum testosterone, while 21 days of oral contraceptive (Enovid-5) therapy decreased serum testosterone to normal levels. With tumor resection, serum testosterone fell to normal and subsequent administration of chorionic gonadotropin had no stimulatory effect on serum testosterone or urinary 17-ketosteroid secretion. In this patient, the prompt postoperative fall in testosterone and the lack of thecal cells or luteinization are consistent with testosterone and the lack of thecal cells or luteinzation are consistent with testosterone production by a tumor that was highly responsive to stimulation with chorionic gonadotropin and suppression with hormonal contraceptives. When this patient was seen 8 years after tumor removal, the hirsutism had resolved and testosterone levels remained normal. Most functioning granulosa cell tumors are associated with estrogen production, with virilization being a rare finding.
Language: English
Keywords:
CASE STUDIES | ENDOCRINE EFFECTS | DISEASES | HISTOCHEMICAL EFFECTS | HIRSUTISM | HAIR DISEASES | GRANULOMAS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | TESTOSTERONE | ANDROGENS | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | GONADOTROPINS, CHORIONIC | GONADOTROPINS | Studies | Research Methodology | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Cytologic Effects | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Contraceptive Agents
Document Number: 056180

27.
Title: Abortion drugs could reframe ethical debate.
Source: AMERICAN MEDICAL NEWS. 1988 Oct 14;31(38):6.
Abstract: Although RU 486, a drug that induces abortion early in pregnancy, is not expected to be available in the US in the immediate future, its approval in France and China has sparked considerable debate among Americans on both sides of the abortion issue. A Planned Parenthood official has hailed RU 486 as the most major medical breakthrough since the oral contraceptive pill and predicted that, if approved in the US, RU 486 would replace half of all surgical abortions. Pro-life forces, on the other hand, are concerned that the drug could make the decision to terminate a pregnancy so easy that there will be a dramatic increase over the current 1.6 million abortions/year. Although public demand for RU 486 and epostane, another abortifacient agent, is likely to be high, it may be difficult to find a US drug manufacturer willing to do the necessary testing given the complex ethical and political issues involved. As a result of recent experiences with the Dalkon Shield and diethylstilbestrol, drug firms are nervous about products that open them to liability suits and jeopardize their public image. If RU 486 is taken properly, with prostaglandin and within 2 weeks of a missed period, it is effective and avoids the risk of uterine perforation. On the other hand, its side effects can include failed abortion, nausea, painful uterine contractions, and prolonged uterine bleeding.
Language: English
Keywords:
RU-486 | HORMONE ANTAGONISTS | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | FAMILY PLANNING | ABORTION | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCONCEPTION | ETHICS | PRO-CHOICE GROUPS | ATTITUDES | PRODUCT APPROVAL | MARKETING | COMMERCE | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Interest Groups | Political Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Legislation | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Religion
Document Number: 051340 Notification

28.
Title: Choice of contraceptives.
Source: MEDICAL LETTER ON DRUGS AND THERAPEUTICS. 1988 Nov 18;30(779):105-8.
Abstract: A table lists the commonly used methods of reversible contraception, their mechanism of action, and some adverse effects -- oral contraceptives (OCs), combined and progestin only; IUDs; the condom; diaphragm with spermicide; cervical cap with spermicide; sponge with spermicide; spermicide; periodic abstinence; and medroxyprogesterone acetate. The progestin-only OCs have a higher failure rate than the combined OCs and may cause irregular bleeding. Their principal indication is for nursing mothers who want to use an OC. To minimize the risk of cardiovascular adverse effects, OCs containing 35 mcg of estrogen or less and a low dose of a progestin are preferred. Most studies have found no overall increase in the incidence of breast cancer in women using OCs, but the possibility remains that the incidence may be increased in some subgroups. The 2 IUDs now marketed in the US -- the Progestasert and the Copper T380A both have a T shape and are medicated. The increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease associated with IUDs was limited to the 1st few months after insertion in 1 study of 472 women using IUDs other than the Dalkon Shield. The increased risk of ectopic pregnancy appears to be lower with copper-containing devices than with the Progestasert. The advantages of condom use include safety and protection against sexually transmitted diseases, including Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Diaphragms, which also offer some increased protection against sexually transmitted diseases, have been associated with an increased risk of urinary tract infection. The cervical cap, a smaller device than the diaphragm, can be left in place for 48 hours without adding more spermicide and is less messy to use than the diaphragm. The vaginal contraceptive sponge can protect during multiple acts of coitus over a 24-hour period. Nonoxynol-9, the most common spermicide used in the US, is a chemical surfactant that destroys the cell walls of sperm and offers some protection against sexually transmitted diseases. Women with irregular menstrual periods have the greatest risk of failure with periodic abstinence. Medroxyprogesterone acetate is not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for contraceptive use.
Language: English
Keywords:
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING | IUD SIDE EFFECTS | BARRIER METHODS | VAGINAL DIAPHRAGM | CERVICAL CAP | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | VAGINAL SPONGE | ABSTINENCE | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | SIDE EFFECTS | PELVIC INFECTIONS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | BREAST CANCER | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Agents | IUD | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Treatment | Infections | Diseases | Cancer | Neoplasms | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health
Document Number: 052173

29.
Title: Contraceptive use by women with chronic diseases. Sickle cell disease.
Source: NETWORK. 1988 Winter;9(2):3.
Abstract: Since postmarketing clinical trials of contraceptive methods tend to involve healthy women, there is little in information about birth control options for women with chronic physical diseases such as sickle cell anemia. Although sickle cell disease has generally been regarded as a contraindication for use of Depo-Provera, a 2-year study of its use in 25 Jamaican women with sickle cell found that the injectable actually had beneficial effects. Clinical and laboratory tests revealed decreases in red cell loss, irreversibly sickled cell counts, and other indicators of intravascular sickling in Depo-Provera users. There was also a significant reduction in the number of sickling attacks. Research is currently underway to determine whether oral contraceptive (OC) use may also be beneficial for women with sickle cell disease. Although there has been concern that OC use in such women would compound the risk of thrombosis, there is evidence that sex hormones stabilize red blood cell membranes and therefore inhibit sickling. A total of 30 women will be enrolled in this study of OC use, which is scheduled to be completed in 1989. If OCs are found to have no harmful effects in women with sickle cell disease or even a beneficial effect, this will increase the range of contraceptive options available to these women.
Language: English
Keywords:
HEMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | DISEASES | MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | FAMILY PLANNING | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | SIDE EFFECTS | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents | Endocrine System | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Treatment
Document Number: 048096

30.
Title: Intracervical device may be effective hormonal contraceptive.
Source: CONTRACEPTIVE TECHNOLOGY UPDATE. 1988 Jul;9(7):81-3.
Abstract: Research from Finland provides evidence that a levonorgestrel-releasing intracervical device (ICD) may provide a highly effective hormonal contraceptive, which is free of most of the side effects of both the IUD and oral contraception (OC). The ICD, in its present form, is a T-shaped device 25 mm in length, which releases approximately 20 mcg of levonorgestrel each day. Due to the fact that the device is placed in the cervical canal, with its T section positioned in the lower uterine section just above the internal os, there is only minimal contact between the device and the endometrium. Consequently, bleeding caused by irritation is reduced significantly, and the increased pain during menstruation often associated with IUD use is also reduced because the section in which the horizontal arms rest is the least contractile part of the uterus. All research has reported a very low pregnancy rate, yet the expulsion rates have been unacceptably high -- over 8% in the most recent trails. Tapani Luukkainen, originator of the ICD, reports that if the expulsion problems are corrected by the most recent design, the ongoing study will be continued for 5 years. Advantages offered by the intracervical device include: the insertion technique does not involve carrying the inserter or the device into the uterine fundus, thus eliminating all risk of uterine perforation or malinsertion; the arms of the ICD are located away from the uterine openings of the fallopian tubes, reducing the change of aggravation or infection; the device is not inserted fully into the uterus, meaning uterine size does not restrict ICD use; and most patients report a reduction in the amount and duration of menstrual bleeding.
Language: English
Keywords:
FINLAND | EUROPE, NORTHERN | EUROPE | CLINICAL RESEARCH | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | IUD SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTION | LEVONORGESTREL | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | PREGNANCY RATE | FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS | MEASUREMENT | SIDE EFFECTS | MENSTRUATION DISORDERS | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | UROGENITAL EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | WOMEN | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Technology | Economic Factors | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Treatment | Diseases | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System
Document Number: 049435


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