1.  Title: 2006 Bangladesh Urban Health Survey (UHS). Volume II. Author: Bangladesh. National Institute of Population Research and Training [NIPORT]; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Carolina Population Center. MEASURE Evaluation; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh [ICDDR,B]; Associates for Community and Population Research [ACPR] Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, MEASURE Evaluation, 2008 Dec. [310] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00TR-08-68b) Abstract: Nearly all of the global population growth in the next three decades will occur in urban areas, primarily as a massive migration occurs from the rural areas of middle and lower-income societies to their cities. Many, if not most of these migrants, who are generally possessed of low human and financial capital on arrival in the city, will settle in slums, the areas of concentrated poverty and environmental vulnerability that are already a dominant feature of much of the urban landscape of the developing world. Bangladesh will be no exception to these trends. The growth in her urban population is set to outstrip by a wide margin that in rural areas. Moreover, the urban growth already experienced in recent decades demonstrates that slums will likely be an increasingly important feature of urban existence in Bangladesh. Anticipating these developments, USAID and the Government of Bangladesh tasked a research team based in Bangladesh and the United States (at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) with conducting a survey designed to obtain a broad health profile of the urban population of Bangladesh. The ultimate fruit of this effort was the 2006 Urban Health Survey (2006 UHS), a rich, microlevel health-interview survey of communities, households, and individuals throughout the City Corporations and a sample of District Municipalities. The principal objectives of the 2006 UHS were: 1) To obtain a profile of health problems and health-care seeking behavior in urban areas of Bangladesh; 2) To identify vulnerable groups and examine their health profile and health-care seeking behavior; and 3) To examine the individual, household, and neighborhood-level factors associated with health outcomes and health behaviors in urban areas. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | SUMMARY REPORT | PREVALENCE | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | NUTRITION | HYPERTENSION | TOBACCO USE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | FERTILITY | FAMILY PLANNING | REPRODUCTION | INFANT NUTRITION | MENTAL HEALTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Measurement | Research Methodology | Health | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 329543 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Vaginal practices: eroticism and implications for women’s health and condom use in Mozambique. Author: Bagnol B; Mariano E Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 Aug;10(6):573-585. Abstract: This paper analyses two female sexual practices in Tete Province, Mozambique: (1) the practice of elongating the labia minora and (2) what is sometimes called 'dry sex' involving the insertion of natural and/or synthetic products into the vagina or the ingestion of these products orally. These practices are fundamental to the construction of female identity, eroticism and the experience of pleasure. Notions such as 'closed/open', 'dry/damp', 'hot/cold', 'heavy/light', 'life/death', 'wealth/ poverty' and 'sweet/not sweet' are central to local understandings of sexual practices and reproduction. These notions may affect the women's sexual health because they influence preferences for sex without a condom. These practices may also be associated with the alteration of the vaginal flora and vaginal lesions that may make women more vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MOZAMBIQUE | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEX BEHAVIOR | WOMEN'S HEALTH | CONDOM USE | VAGINA | CULTURE | FEMALE ROLE | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | LANGUAGE | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | REPRODUCTION | VAGINAL ABNORMALITIES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Behavior | Health | Risk Reduction Behavior | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Communication | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Diseases Document Number: 327792 |
| 3. Title: [Advances in researches on epididymal WFDC-type serine protease inhibitors] Author: Liu J; Wang HY; Li JY Source: Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2008 Nov;14(11):1027-30. Abstract: Sperm maturation in the epididymis is regulated by changes of luminal ion concentration and processing of sperm surface membrane by several glycosidases and proteases, and the actions of the proteases are controlled by protease inhibitors present in specific areas of the epididymis. WFDC-type serine protease inhibitors that are highly expressed in the epididymis play an important role in natural immunity and male reproduction. This paper gives an overview of the structure and function of the protein and its application prospects in the development of drugs for male reproductive tract infection and immunocontraception. Language: Chinese Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | SPERM MATURATION | REPRODUCTION | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | TREATMENT | Spermatogenesis | Infections | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 341135 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Male reproductive proteins and reproductive outcomes. Author: Ness RB; Grainger DA Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2008 Jun;198(6):620.e1-620.e4. Abstract: Male reproductive proteins (MRPs), associated with sperm and semen, are the moieties responsible for carrying male genes into the next generation. Evolutionary biologists have focused on their capacity to control conception. Immunologists have shown that MRPs cause female genital tract inflammation as preparatory for embryo implantation and placentation. These observations argue that MRPs are critically important to reproductive success. Yet the impact of male reproductive proteins on obstetrical outcomes in women is largely unstudied. Epidemiologic and clinical observations suggest that shorter-duration exposure to MRPs prior to conception may elevate the risk for preeclampsia. A limited literature has also linked sexual behavior to bacterial vaginosis and preterm birth. We offer a clinical opinion that MRPs may have broad implications for successful reproduction, potentially involved in the composition of vaginal microflora, risks of preterm birth and preeclampsia, and success of assisted reproduction. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | SPERMATOZOA | SEMEN | PROTEINS | REPRODUCTION | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | VAGINOSIS | PREECLAMPSIA | PREMATURE BIRTH | Germ Cells | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Vaginal Abnormalities | Diseases | Pregnancy Complications | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy Document Number: 327027 |
| 5. Title: Effect of hypospadias on sexual function and reproduction. Author: Singh JC; Jayanthi VR; Gopalakrishnan G Source: Indian Journal of Urology. 2008 Apr-Jun;:249-252. Abstract: Hypospadias is a highly prevalent congenital anomaly. The impact of the defect and operative interventions on sexual and reproductive function has been addressed by a few publications. It is essential to know the possible outcomes of intervention for appropriate counseling, operative planning, and follow-up. English articles indexed in Pubmed dealing with the long-term sexual and reproductive outcome following hypospadias repair from 1965 to 2007 were reviewed. To our knowledge, there was no prospective trial comparing the impact of various techniques on sexual outcome. There is considerable discordance in literature regarding the effects on sexual function. A few publications report patient and partner dissatisfaction with the appearance of genitalia. Sexual dissatisfaction is often attributed to penile size. Ejaculatory disturbances range between 6 and 37% of operated individuals. There is no convincing evidence for impaired fertility. The long-term follow-up is essential to identify problems and to address them appropriately. Literature documenting the outcome of specific operative procedures and analysis based on severity of hypospadias will be informative. The long-term follow-up of the newer techniques which are more commonly used are awaited. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | INDIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | REPRODUCTION | SATISFACTION | GENITAL EFFECTS, MALE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 326646 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Obesity affects spontaneous pregnancy chances in subfertile, ovulatory women. Author: van der Steeg JW; Steures P; Eijkemans MJ; Habbema JD; Hompes PG Source: Human Reproduction. 2008;23(2):324-328. Abstract: Obesity is increasing rapidly among women all over the world. Obesity is a known risk factor for subfertility due to anovulation, but it is unknown whether obesity also affects spontaneous pregnancy chances in subfertile, ovulatory women. We evaluated whether obesity affected the chance of a spontaneous pregnancy in a prospectively assembled cohort of 3029 consecutive subfertile couples. Women had to be ovulatory and had to have at least one patent tube, whereas men had to have a normal semen analysis. Time to spontaneous ongoing pregnancy within 12 months was the primary endpoint. The probability of a spontaneous pregnancy declined linearly with a body mass index (BMI) over 29 kg/m/2. Corrected for possible related factors, women with a high BMI had a 4% lower pregnancy rate per kg/m/2 increase [hazard ratio: 0.96 (95% CI 0.91-0.99)]. These results indicate that obesity is associated with lower pregnancy rates in subfertile ovulatory women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | REPRODUCTION | FERTILITY | OBESITY | PREGNANCY | OVULATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 323877 |
| 7. Title: Postnatal development and reproductive performance of F1 progeny exposed in utero to ayurvedic contraceptive: Pippaliyadi yoga. Author: Balasinor N; Bhan A; Paradkar NS; Shaikh A; Nandedkar TD Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007 Feb;109(3):406-411. Abstract: Pippaliyadi yoga or pippaliyadi vati is an ayurvedic contraceptive used in India since ancient times. It is a combination of powdered fruit berries of Embelia ribes Burm.f. (Myrsinaceae), Piper longum L. (Piperaceae) and borax in equal proportion. Though the contraceptive potential is known since ancient times, no systematic developmental toxicity studies have been carried out. The present study was carried out to evaluate the postnatal developmental toxicity and the reproductive performance of the progeny exposed in utero to pippaliyadi. Pippaliyadi yoga was obtained from National Institute for Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), India and the developmental toxicity was studied by administering three doses, viz. 140, 300 and 700 mg/(kg day) to gravid females from day 6 to day 16 of gestation. Pippaliyadi did not have any adverse developmental effects with low doses, however, with the five times higher dose, a decrease in body weight of the pups was observed. The reproductive performance of the progeny born to mothers treated with pippaliyadi was not significantly affected. The present study suggests that in utero exposure to pippaliyadi does not have any adverse effect on the postnatal development and reproductive performance of the F/1 progeny. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LABORATORY ANIMALS | TOXICITY | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | MEDICINAL PLANTS | REPRODUCTION | GROWTH | CONTRACEPTION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Physiology | Biology | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Child Development | Family Planning Document Number: 314467 |
| 8. Title: Evaluation of cryo-injury of sperm chromatin according to computer controlled rate freezing method part 2. Author: Dejarkom S; Kunathikom S Source: Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 2007 May;90(5):852-856. Abstract: The present study was designed to determine the effect of the freeze-thawing procedure, computer controlled rate freezing and duration for six months, on human sperm chromatin (assessed by acridine orange test), vitality, motility, and morphology. Design: Experimental study Twenty semen samples were obtained from patients attending the infertility unit. The semen analysis was measured according to WHO criteria. Sperm morphology was evaluated by strict Kruger criteria and sperm chromatin were detected by acridine orange test. After semen analysis, each sample was mixed with cryoprotectant and divided into straw. The straw was frozen with computer controlled rate freezing method. After 6 months of cryostorage, semen samples were thawed and then the semen was analyed, and sperm chromatin and morphology were determined. After six months of cryostorage, the mean percentage of normal sperm chromatin decreased significantly (87.3 ± 9.0 vs. 51.9 ± 27.4, p < 0.001). Vitality, motility, and normal morphology of sperm decreased significantly (78.7 ± 1.9 vs. 32.8 ± 10.8, 52.6 ± 1.9 vs. 24.1 ± 10.9 and 21.4 ± 4.3 vs. 18.0 ± 4.4 respectively, p < 0.001). The computer controlled rate freezing of sperm for six months and thawing process significantly decreased normal sperm chromatin, vitality, motility, and normal morphology. (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MEN | INFERTILITY | SEMEN | REPRODUCTION | SPERM TRANSPORT | SPERMATOZOA | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Germ Cells | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 317804 |
| 9. Title: Sex, gender and health: Developments in research. Author: Lagro-Janssen T Source: European Journal of Women’s Studies. 2007;14(1):9-20. Abstract: The feminist movement was from its start in the 19th century involved in the struggle for better health care for women. The first feminists aimed at better information on birth control and sexuality. The second feminist wave focused on the unequal division of power roles between men and women. A lot of the problems women experienced could be seen as a consequence of their subordinate role in society. At the end of the 1980s and in the 1990s, the discipline women and health or women and medicine was developed. In this introduction to the theme, the developments in this discipline are described. The starting points of the new discipline followed the principles of 'women's health care'. These principles can be summarized as the emphasis on control and autonomy by the patient, demedicalization, the importance of the psychosocial context of complaints, empowerment of women and good information and communication. The central issue of the article is: what is the actual scientific state of the art and what important changes have been made on the subject gender and health? The article ends with ideas for future research. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | FEMINISM | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | POWER | FEMALE ROLE | MALE ROLE | EMPLOYMENT | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | INFORMATION | COMMUNICATION | SOCIAL CHANGE | BIOLOGY | REPRODUCTION | MEDICINE | GENDER ISSUES | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Health | Social Behavior | Behavior | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Technology Document Number: 322414 |
| 10. Title: What's British about gender and empire? The problem of exceptionalism. Author: Levine P Source: Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. 2007;27(2):273-282. Abstract: When historians speak of exceptionalism, it is the history and the historiography of the United States that comes most immediately to mind. The notion of American exceptionalism has certainly dominated historical thinking, but its preeminence should not blind us to a parallel tradition within the spectrum of British ideas and rhetoric. Britain also espoused a strong doctrine of exceptionalism, which, like that of the United States, was most boldly and widely expressed at the zenith of Britain's power and authority. Exceptionalism, in short, and as Robert Gregg has persuasively argued, was an "imperial formulation" premised on exclusion and elision. A celebration of Britain's allegedly unique skills in colonizing vast tracts of the globe, swaddled in the discourse of civilization and progress, justified imperial conquest and rule just as American exceptionalism vindicated the slaughter of native Americans and the appropriation of their lands, especially at the height of westward expansion. In tandem with its powerful validation of empire building, exceptionalism also strengthened the idea of national particularity, with its emphasis on the positioning of one nation as especially endowed or destined for greatness and for rightful power. In the case of modern Britain that power was the sway over colonized peoples and countries, stressing the moral and civilizational gap between ruler and ruled. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | COMMUNICATIONS PERSONNEL | COLONIALISM | CULTURE | FEMINISM | GENDER ISSUES | REPRODUCTION | SEXUALITY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Communication | Political Systems | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 323530 |
| 11. Title: Survival and social reproduction strategies in Angolian cities. Author: Rodrigues CU Source: Africa Today. 2007 Fall;54(1):91-105. Abstract: To survive and ensure social reproduction, families in urban Angola have developed strategies to meet the demands of daily life. The fundamental principles of these strategies are to concentrate and share resources among family members and their solidarity networks and, simultaneously, to disperse the sources and methods of generating and/or collecting these resources. Urban Angolans have proven that their efforts produce results beyond simple subsistence. The analysis of empirical data collected in Angolan cities has allowed a characterization of family strategies and an understanding of the wider motivations behind individuals' and families' efforts. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ANGOLA | LITERATURE REVIEW | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | REPRODUCTION | SOCIAL NETWORKS | FAMILY LIFE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | HUMAN CAPITAL | HOUSING | INCOME | INVESTMENTS | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Human Resources | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Financial Activities | Behavior Document Number: 321202 |
| 12. Title: Malthus and three approaches to solving the population problem. Author: Rutherford D Source: Population-E. 2007;62(2):213-238. Abstract: The terms of Malthus' population principle are clear: there is an intrinsic divergence between population growth and the subsistence needed to sustain it. But difficulties arise when we look at the solutions proposed by Malthus in his writings, since certain essential concepts are used in complex ways. In this article, Donald Rutherford contributes to the debate by analysing the different concepts of human behaviour and of subsistence that appear throughout Malthus' works. He examines in turn the various solutions to the population problem envisaged by Malthus, and finds each one wanting, before concluding that Malthus appears to advocate a diversified and balanced economy. But Malthus is wary of overspecialization in industry and commerce, and argues for equilibrium between the different sectors and different economic activities, thereby rejecting the solution that was to prevail in the following centuries. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | MALTHUSIANISM | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION THEORY | FOOD SECURITY | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | BEHAVIOR | ECONOMIC FACTORS | REPRODUCTION | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Rural Development Document Number: 322309 |
| 13. Title: A comparison of self-reported puberty using the Pubertal Development Scale and the Sexual Maturation Scale in a school-based epidemiologic survey. Author: Bond L; Clements J; Bertalli N; Evans-Whipp T; McMorris BJ Source: Journal of Adolescence. 2006 Oct;29(5):709-720. Abstract: The purpose was to examine concordance between two self-reported measures of puberty: Sexual Maturation Scale (SMS) and Pubertal Development Scale (PDS) and their acceptability to adolescents. Participants of a school-based study in grades 5, 7 and 9 were classified into one of 5 pubertal stages using each method. 2864 students (age 9--16 years) participated. Agreement was moderate for males (k 0.42, 95% CI 0.39, 0.45) and females (k 0.57, 95% CI 0.53, 0.61). Concordance within one stage was excellent (females 97%, males 89%), with discrepancies due to females being classified one stage later on the PDS (26%) and males one stage earlier (32%). There were more missing data for the SMS (13%) than the PDS (4%). Given the level of concordance and difficulties of using the drawings in a school-based survey, we would recommend the PDS as an alternative to assess pubertal status in epidemiological studies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | QUESTIONNAIRES | ADOLESCENTS | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | GROWTH | EPIDEMIOLOGY | PUBERTY | REPRODUCTION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Oceania | Health | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Public Health Document Number: 305764 |
| 14. Title: Medicalization, reproductive agency, and the desire for surgical sterilization among low-income women in urban Brazil. Author: de Bessa GH Source: Medical Anthropology. 2006 Jul-Sep;25(3):221-263. Abstract: This article draws on data from ethnographic fieldwork in an urban housing project to examine the social context and meanings of surgical sterilization for low-income women in Brazil. Low-income women resort to sterilization because they distrust or are unsatisfied with alternative methods and because it helps them to fulfill the requirements of modern, responsible motherhood. Although sterilization is an option among few alternatives, and one that has subjected women to greater medical management and intervention, I argue that sterilization also represents poor women's active struggle to improve their lives and to resist the burdens placed on them by unequal gender relations. This article contributes to a growing anthropological literature that demonstrates how reproduction has become a central site where social values are constituted and contested, and it details women's diverse responses to the process of medicalization. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | LOW INCOME POPULATION | URBAN AREAS | FEMALE STERILIZATION | REPRODUCTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | INFORMATION | NEEDS | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Geographic Factors | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Contraception Document Number: 309755 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Measuring puberty. Author: Dorn LD Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2006 Nov;39(5):625-626. Abstract: Puberty is an integral component of adolescent development and has received a great deal of attention from the popular press to the scientific literature. Often, assumptions are made regarding an issue or an outcome with respect to the contribution of puberty when puberty was not measured or was measured incompletely. A measure of puberty is critical for understanding the complex developmental processes in adolescence, and the quality of the measure is paramount to that understanding. It has been encouraging to see a number of recent articles published in the Journal of Adolescent Health that focus on puberty or substantive or methodological issues regarding puberty. For example, the December issue of JAH included two excellent articles on sexual maturation from national datasets with an intriguing editorial provided by Dr. Irwin. In the editorial, Irwin comments that "Measurement of pubertal status remains a central concern . . . in some of these studies and that for future studies, such as the National Children's Study, the study must include validated pubertal measures so that we have definitive answers on the critical question of sexual maturity." Irwin's editorial raises important concerns regarding validity and reliability of measures of puberty. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ADOLESCENTS | PUBERTY | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | GROWTH | REPRODUCTION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology Document Number: 309300 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: The effect of number of births on women's mortality: systematic review of the evidence for women who have completed their childbearing. Author: Hurt LS; Ronsmans C; Thomas SL Source: Population Studies. 2006 Mar;60(1):55-71. Abstract: Mortality in women who have completed their childbearing may increase with the number of births experienced because of maternal depletion or a trade-off between reproduction and mortality. We report a systematic review of the evidence on this association. We searched Medline, Embase, Popline, and the Science Citation Index for published and unpublished studies up to September 2003, and the book catalogues of relevant London libraries. Where necessary we also contacted authors for additional information. Mortality declined with increasing numbers of births in twelve historical cohorts, but in eight contemporary cohorts the highest mortality was seen in the nulliparous and in women with more than four births. All effects seen were small and there were few statistically significant results. Studies examining the relationship in other ways (such as by linear trends or by mean number of births by age at death) found inconsistent associations. We discuss methodological, social, and biological factors that may have affected these associations. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | REPRODUCTION | FERTILITY | PARITY | RISK FACTORS | MATERNAL MORTALITY | AGE FACTORS | LIFE EXPECTANCY | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Fertility Measurements | Biology | Mortality | Population Characteristics | Length of Life Document Number: 298801 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Prevailing discourses among AIDS care professionals about childbearing by couples with HIV in Taiwan. Author: Ko NY; Muecke MA Source: AIDS Care. 2006 Jan;18(1):82-86. Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze the dynamics of ideology, power and language in the dominant discourses about childbearing by couples with HIV that were expressed by AIDS care professionals in Taiwan. Critical discourse analysis of the interview texts with 11 AIDS care professionals identified three prevailing discourses on childbearing by couples with HIV/AIDS: pro-children, conditional pro-choice and pro-rights. The pro-children and conditional pro-choice were the predominant discourses. The two discourses both medicalized childbearing among couples with HIV/AIDS by identifying medical authorities as the proper persons to decide which reproductive choices people with HIV/AIDS should make under what conditions. Even though the pro-rights discourse embodied an ideology of individualism, empowerment and autonomy, it was weak and relatively rare in the other two discourses. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | COUPLES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | REPRODUCTION | ATTITUDES | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | POWER | DECISION MAKING | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Human Rights | Political Factors | Transmission | Infections Document Number: 293158 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Effects of fenvalerate exposure on semen quality among occupational workers. Author: Lifeng T; Shoulin W; Junmin J; Xuezhao S; Yannan L Source: Contraception. 2006;73:92-96. Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of the study was to observe the effects of fenvalerate exposure on the semen quality of occupational workers. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two male workers who were exposed to fenvalerate and 46 male administrators in the office in the same pesticide factory were selected as the exposure group and internal control group, respectively, and 22 male administrators in a center for disease control served as the external control group. In order to evaluate the exposure levels, the concentration of fenvalerate, toluene and xylene in the ambient air of the work place in these three groups were monitored simultaneously for 3 consecutive days. Moreover, the amount of fenvalerate in individual sampling and dermal contamination were evaluated in the exposure group and external control group. After the semen was collected according to the standard method, the workers' semen qualities were analyzed. Results: Concentration of fenvalerate in the exposure areas was 21.55X10(-)(4) mg/m(3). The fenvalerate concentration in individual samplings in the exposure areas was 0.11 mg/m(3). The dermal contamination for workers in the fenvalerate exposure area was 0.05 mg/m3. Fenvalerate was not detected in individual samplings collected in external areas. Sperm motion parameters through routine semen analysis in the exposure group were decreased significantly, and the abnormality rate of viscidity and coagulation was increased significantly as compared with the internal and the external control groups (p<.05 or p<.01). Furthermore, sperm progression and beat cross frequency (BCF) (4.20±1.68 Hz) in the exposure group were also significantly lower than those in the external control group by computer-assisted sperm motility analysis (CASA) (p<.05). Conclusion: Occupational exposure to fenvalerate could affect the semen quality of the workers, but the conclusion warrants further complete investigation due to various limitations of the study. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN | PESTICIDES | ORGANIC CHEMICALS | WORKPLACE | EXPOSURE | TOXICITY | REPRODUCTION | SEMEN | SPERM CAPACITATION | MEASUREMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Demographic Factors | Population | Ingredients and Chemicals | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Risk Factors | Biology | Physiology | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Fertilization | Research Methodology Document Number: 293368 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: From menarche to menopause: trends among US women born from 1912 to 1969. Author: Nichols HB; Trentham-Dietz A; Hampton JM; Titus-Ernstoff L; Egan KM Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2006 Nov 15;164(10):1003-1011. Abstract: The authors investigated secular trends in age at menarche, age at menopause, and reproductive life span within a population-based cohort of US women. Study subjects were 22,774 women selected randomly as controls for a case-control study. Eligible controls were residents of Wisconsin, Massachusetts, or New Hampshire born between 1910 and 1969. Subjects completed telephone interviews in 1988-2001 and answered questions regarding reproductive and lifestyle factors. Birth cohorts were created using 5- and 10-year periods, and statistical comparisons were performed with analysis of variance. The mean age at menarche decreased by approximately 6 months for those born between 1910 and 1949 (13.1 vs. 12.7 years; p < 0.001), with a subsequent increase to 13.0 years among women born between 1960 and 1969 (p < 0.001). Among naturally menopausal women aged 60 or more years who reported never use of postmenopausal hormone therapy, the authors observed a 17-month increase in the mean age at menopause for those born between 1915 and 1939 (49.1 vs. 50.5 years; p = 0.001) after adjustment for potential confounders. They also observed an increase in the average number of reproductive years (subtracting age at menarche from age at natural menopause), from 36.1 years among women born between 1915 and 1919 to 37.7 years among the 1935-1939 cohort (p = 0.0001). These findings have implications for women's lifetime exposure to circulating endogenous hormones. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MASSACHUSETTS | NEW HAMPSHIRE | WISCONSIN | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | WOMEN | MENARCHE | MENOPAUSE | REPRODUCTION | HORMONES | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Menstruation | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 309136 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Knowledge of reproduction in teenagers and young adults in Sweden. Author: Sydsjo G; Selling KE; Nystrom K; Oscarsson C; Kjellberg S Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2006 Jun;11(2):117-125. Abstract: The objective was to investigate the knowledge of reproductive physiology and anatomy among adolescents and young adults in Sweden, and to evaluate the education obtained on these issues. Two hundred and nine study specific questionnaires were distributed, of which 206 were answered by students in primary school, upper secondary school and at first year of university. A total knowledge score based on 21 out of the 35 questions in the questionnaire was calculated. As only 44 of the 206 respondents answered all the questions a revised score was also calculated, in which partial dropouts were interpreted as wrong answers. The mean of the total knowledge score was 28.7 out of 54 among the 44 respondents answering all questions, and the revised knowledge score was 24.0. The level of knowledge tended to be higher in older age groups, among women, as well as among respondents who had visited a Youth clinic. The time of ovulation was known by 21.4% of men compared to 63.4% of women. Almost 50% of the students knew one mechanism whereby oral contraceptives act to protect against pregnancy. Of the respondents, 77.2% knew of Chlamydia trachomatis but the knowledge of other STIs, like condyloma, was poorer (16.5%). Reasons for infertility were relatively well known among the respondents. Of the respondents, 57.5% stated that they had not received enough information on reproductive issues. The students have not achieved sufficient knowledge concerning sexual and reproductive matters that they, according to the national curriculum, should have attained by the end of the 9th grade. An improvement of the quality of the education, adapted to the students' age and pre-existing knowledge, and a review of the contents of the education is therefore needed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | REPRODUCTION | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 302705 |
| 21. Title: Female genital cutting and reproductive experience in Minya, Egypt. Author: Yount KM; Carrera JS Source: Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 2006 Jun;20(2):182-211. Abstract: In African populations practicing female genital cutting (FGC), beliefs exist that these procedures enhance reproduction and that their medicalization may diminish adverse effects, yet available findings are mixed in part for methodological reasons. We use data from a representative sample of ever-married women aged 17-55 years in Minya, Egypt, to examine the effects of type of FGC and type of circumciser on a woman's risks of primary infertility and pregnancy loss. Contrary to previous studies in Egypt, neither type of circumcision nor type of circumciser is associated with adverse fertility outcomes among circumcised women in Minya. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | EVER MARRIED | WOMEN | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | REPRODUCTION | INFERTILITY | BELIEFS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases Document Number: 310400 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Male contraceptives are gaining momentum. Source: Contraceptive Technology Update. 2005 Feb;26(2):[3] p.. Abstract: The first male contraceptives to make it to the market likely will be hormonal-based birth control, similar to what has worked well for female contraceptives for the past four decades. However, there are serious difficulties with hormonal contraceptives for men, so the possibilities that are beginning to excite researchers working in the contraceptive field are the nonhormonal methods. “We have to consider all of the possibilities,” says Deborah O’Brien, PhD, an associate professor at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine in the department of cell and developmental biology in Chapel Hill. There is a need for a variety of contraceptive options for men and women, she says. “Nonhormonal and post-testicular methods are what we’re shooting for,” she says. “We’d like to inhibit sperm specifically and not have side effects elsewhere.” O’Brien has been working on a contraceptive target involving novel sperm glycolytic enzymes. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | MEN | MALE CONTRACEPTION | HORMONES | SPERM CAPACITATION | LONGTERM EFFECTS | REPRODUCTION | VASECTOMY | SAFETY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Fertilization | Time Factors | Population Dynamics | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Public Health | Health Document Number: 281902 |
| 23. Title: Reproduction concepts and practices in ancient Egypt mirrored by modern medicine. Author: Haimov-Kochman R; Sciaky-Tamir Y; Hurwitz A Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2005 Nov 1;123(1):3-8. Abstract: The treasured ancient papyri provide a glimpse into understanding of common concepts and practices in ancient Egypt. The Kahun gynecological papyrus and other texts unveil the traditions of reproduction, conception and delivery. This article addresses the rationale of beliefs and practices of that era. Frequently, the reason for common traditions exercised at the time is based on medical knowledge of female anatomy and physiology during pregnancy. Surprisingly some of the remedies commonly used in ancient Egypt were recently explored and found intriguing. This paper was aimed to look at the reflection of archaic practices and concepts of ancient Egypt by the modern mirror of evidence-based medicine. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | REPRODUCTION | CHILDBIRTH | BELIEFS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Culture | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy Document Number: 292155 |
| 24. Title: To reproduce or not: HIV-concordant couples make a critical decision during pregnancy. Author: Ko NY; Muecke M Source: Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health. 2005;50:23-30. Abstract: Making decisions about whether to keep or terminate a pregnancy is an emotionally laden process for any woman. The purpose of this study was to explore gender-based power relationships and cultural influences on reproductive decision making during pregnancy among 4 HIV-concordant couples in Taiwan. Feminist ethnography was used to explore how reproductive decisions were made during pregnancy. The study findings showed that the process of a couple’s decision making about their desired outcome of pregnancy can be categorized as occurring in 3 stages: shaping the meaning of the pregnancy, encountering medical systems, and structuring decisions. These Taiwanese couples interpreted the meaning of their pregnancy as a “kindly” reminder from God, to make them aware of the HIV status, and having a child as a way for them to demonstrate filial piety. A couple’s perception of substantial support from senior family members and from health care providers was crucial to the decision to continue the pregnancy to term. The Confucian value of filial piety drove the couples’ reproductive decisions during pregnancy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | REPRODUCTION | DECISION MAKING | CULTURE | PREGNANCY, HIGH RISK | TREATMENT | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Pregnancy | HIV Document Number: 281019 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: A new method for estimating the effectiveness of emergency contraception that accounts for variation in timing of ovulation and previous cycle length. Author: Mikolajczyk RT; Stanford JB Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2005 Jun;83(6):1764-1770. Abstract: The objective was to develop a new method for estimating the effectiveness of emergency contraception (EC) by using information about previous menstrual cycle length, accounting for the variation in the day of ovulation within the menstrual cycle, and comparing the validity of the new and previous methods. Secondary analysis of a data set with a biological marker of ovulation and its distribution in the cycle. Based on a sample of cycles with known length and a known biological marker of ovulation, we simulated trials of predetermined EC effectiveness and then calculated estimates of EC effectiveness based on old and new methods. Under some conditions, all methods produced biased estimates of effectiveness with simulated trials, especially when the actual effectiveness was low. The systematic bias was minimized with the new method. The new method was robust with regard to the distribution of the day of intercourse in women presenting for EC. Future studies of EC effectiveness should consider both the uncertainty in predicting the day of ovulation and previous cycle length. Our estimates of daily fecundity should be replicated with other data sets. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | REPRODUCTION | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | OVULATION | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | FECUNDITY | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Europe, Western | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Menstruation Document Number: 288397 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Comparison of vaginal and oral administration of emergency contraception. Author: Mor E; Saadat P; Kives S; White E; Reid RL Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2005 Jul;84(1):40-45. Abstract: Objective: To compare the physiologic effects of vaginally and orally administered emergency contraception. Design: Prospective, open-label, crossover study. Setting: University research center. Patient(s): Nine regularly menstruating volunteers. Intervention(s): Five subjects received 1,000 µg of levonorgestrel with 200 µg of ethinyl E(-2)(twice the standard Yuzpe regimen dose) vaginally, and the standard Yuzpe regimen dose orally 1 week later. Four subjects received 1,500 µg of levenorgestrel (twice the standard Plan B regimen dose) vaginally and received the standard Plan B dose orally 1 week later. Serum samples were obtained at baseline an at frequent intervals after each dose. Main Outcome Measure(s): Serum gonadotropin, hepatic globulin, and androgen levels measured at baseline, at the time of peak levonorgestrel, and 24 hours later. Result(s): Gonadotropin, hepatic globulin, and androgen levels were suppressed to a similar degree among the four regimens, with a return to baseline levels after 24 hours. Conclusion(s): We conclude that high doses of levonorgestrel found in emergency contraception regimens lead to a transient direct suppression of gonadotropin, hepatic globulin, and androgen levels. This effect is similar after vaginal and oral administration of emergency contraception. Therefore, the vaginal route of administration of emergency contraception regimens may be as efficacious as the oral route. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | OVULATION | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | LEVONORGESTREL | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | REPRODUCTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen Document Number: 288400 |
| 27. Title: Local continuity and change: perspectives of Senegalese marriage dynamics. Author: Randall S; Mondain N Source: [Unpublished] 2005. Presented at the 2005 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 31 - April 2, 2005. 23 p. Abstract: This paper focuses on recent changes in nuptiality amongst Wolof in north-west Senegal, critical because much of the recent Senegalese fertility decline is a consequence of marriage delay. We consider the particular dimensions of marriage which have changed in recent years and what aspects have remained more constant. It is clear that the marriage process is tightly related to the social, economic and cultural environment in which it takes place. Hence, tendencies may be similar all over a country - say the postponement of marriage by both men and women - but such trends may mask contrasting local processes of change. It is essential to take a gendered perspective of the new marriage dynamics since most of the decision making power in this domain lies with men who usually initiate the marriage process yet men perceive it to be women - both the potential spouses and their mothers - whose financial demands are contributing to their inability to marry. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | KINSHIP NETWORKS | SPOUSE | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | GENDER RELATIONS | VALUE ORIENTATION | REPRODUCTION | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | DECISION MAKING | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Marriage | Nuptiality | Gender Issues | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 319788 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender relations and reproductive decision making in Honduras. [Relaciones de género y toma de decisiones reproductivas en Honduras] Author: Speizer IS; Whittle L; Carter M Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2005 Sep;31(3):131-139. Abstract: Context: Gender differences influence decision making about reproductive health. Most information on reproductive decision making in Latin America has come from women’s reports of men’s involvement. Methods: Data were collected in Honduras in 2001 through two national surveys that used independent samples of men aged 15-59 years and women aged 15-49. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify factors associated with male-centered decision-making attitudes and behaviors regarding family size and family planning use. Results: Overall, 25% of women and 28% of men said that men alone should be responsible for at least one of these reproductive decisions, and 27% of women and 21% of men said that the man in their household made one or both decisions. For women, having no children and being in a consensual union were each associated with holding male-centered decision-making attitudes; having less than a secondary education, being of medium or low socioeconomic status and living in a rural area were each associated with male-centered decision making. Among men, having less than secondary education and being in a consensual union were each associated with male-centered decision-making attitudes and behavior. Women who had ever used or were currently using modern methods were significantly less likely to hold attitudes supporting male-centered decision-making than were those who relied on traditional methods and those who had never used a modern method. Conclusions: Programs should recognize power imbalance between genders that affect women’s ability to meet their stated fertility desires. In rural areas, programs should target men, encouraging them to communicate with their wives on reproductive decisions. (author's) Spanish Abstract: Contexto: Las diferencias de género influyen en la toma de decisiones sobre salud reproductiva. La mayor parte de la información acerca de la toma de decisiones sobre reproducción en América Latina proviene de las comunicaciones de las mujeres acerca de la participación de los hombres. Métodos: Se recabaron datos en Honduras en el año 2001 mediante dos encuestas nacionales que utilizaron muestras independientes de hombres entre 15 y 59 años y mujeres entre 15 y 49 años. Se aplicaron análisis bivariados y multivariados a fin de identificar factores asociados con actitudes y conductas centradas en los hombres sobre la toma de decisiones en relación con el tamaño de las familias y el uso de planificación familiar. Resultados: En general, el 25% de las mujeres y el 28% de los hombres manifestó que solamente los hombres deberían ser responsables de al menos una de estas decisiones reproductivas, y el 27% de las mujeres y el 21% de los hombres expresó que el hombre de su familia tomó una o ambas decisiones. Para las mujeres, tanto el no tener niños y como el estar en una unión consensuada (pareja de hecho) estaban asociados con sostener actitudes sobre la toma de decisiones centradas en los hombres; tener un nivel de educación inferior al secundario, pertenecer a una clase socioeconómica baja o media y vivir en una zona rural, también eran factores relacionados con la toma de decisiones centradas en los hombres. Entre los hombres, tener un nivel de educación inferior al secundario y estar en una unión consensuada, estaban asociados, independientemente, con actitudes y conductas sobre la toma de decisiones centradas en los hombres. Las mujeres que alguna vez habían utilizado o actualmente utilizaban métodos anticonceptivos modernos tenían una probabilidad significativamente menor de adoptar actitudes en pro de la toma de decisiones centrada en los hombres que aquellas que confiaban en métodos tradicionales y que nunca habían usado un método moderno. Conclusiones: Los programas deben reconocer el desequilibrio de poder entre los géneros que afecta la capacidad de las mujeres para satisfacer sus deseos explícitos de fecundidad. En las zonas rurales, los programas se deberían dirigir a los hombres, alentándolos a comunicarse con sus esposas sobre las decisiones reproductivas. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | MEN | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | SEX FACTORS | DECISION MAKING | FAMILY SIZE | FAMILY PLANNING | ATTITUDES | REPRODUCTION | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Behavior | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Psychological Factors Document Number: 292833 |
| 29. Title: Identification of sperm immunoreactive antigens for immunocontraceptive purposes: a review. Author: Domagala A; Kurpisz M Source: Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 2004 Mar 18;2:[7] p.. Abstract: Antisperm antibodies (ASA) may be a reason of infertility in some individuals. They may affect pre- as well as post-fertilization stages of the reproductive process. There is ongoing progress in the identification of sperm antigens related to fertilization. The employed methods for this purpose include recombinant DNA technology and the most advanced proteomic analysis. This paper enlists the different approaches undertaken in order to identify and characterize the immunoreactive sperm antigens. We have mainly focused on those, which have been already studied in regard of their immunocontraceptive potential, although it has been impossible to include all published data concerning the topic in a single article. Few novel sperm auto- and isoantigens, discovered recently, have also been reviewed even if their role in fertilization has not been yet established. (author's) Language: English Keywords: POLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | LABORATORY ANIMALS | INFERTILITY | REPRODUCTION | SPERM AGGLUTINATION | ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTIONS | IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Antibodies | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 290300 |
| 30. Title: Positively informed: lesson plans and guidance for sexuality educators and advocates. Author: Irvin A Source: New York, New York, International Women's Health Coalition [IWHC], 2004. [196] p. Abstract: This resource manual provides a handpicked selection of some of the best English-language sexuality education materials currently available. The lesson plans address key issues; use creative, interactive, learner-centered teaching strategies; and are adaptable to diverse cultural settings. They are also progressive. They address gender issues, challenge discriminatory attitudes and behaviors, and present sexuality as a positive part of life rather than something to be feared and shrouded in taboos. The lesson plans reprinted here are appropriate for 10- to 19-year-olds and are classroom ready. They are meant to serve as a source of ideas, examples, and inspiration for educators developing their own sexuality education curricula. Depending on the cultural context, level of community support, and students’ level of knowledge and experience, some lesson plans may need considerable adaptation to be relevant and effective. Listed at the end of the book are references to additional recommended lesson plans that are either available online or can be ordered for a fee. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | TECHNICAL REPORT | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | WOMEN | ADOLESCENTS | YOUTH | SEXUALITY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | GENDER ISSUES | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | DECISION MAKING | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | REPRODUCTION | SEX EDUCATION | CONTRACEPTION | VIOLENCE | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health | Human Rights | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Education | Family Planning Document Number: 292576 |
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