1.  Title: How to put an end to the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM)? Panel discussion report (6 February 2008). Author: Inter-Parliamentary Union; International Organization for Migration [IOM]; Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children; Switzerland. Geneva. Departement des Institutions Source: Geneva, Switzerland, Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2009. 32 p. Abstract: Every 10 seconds, somewhere in the world, a little girl is a victim of genital mutilation. Three million girls are excised every year. To mark the International Day of Zero Tolerance to FGM on 6 February 2008, more than 100 representatives of international organizations, civil society, media, diplomatic missions and the local authorities in Geneva gathered at The House of Parliaments to discuss ways of putting an end to this harmful practice. The IPU, the Departement des Institutions de l?Etat de Geneve (Geneva Department of Institutions), the International Organization for Migration and the Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices decided to join forces to put an end to this human tragedy. This publication contains the experts' contributions, extracts of the debates and conclusions of the seminar. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POLICYMAKERS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | POLITICAL FACTORS | ADVOCACY | RELIGION | LEADERSHIP | SOCIAL POLICY | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | CULTURE | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Policy | Human Rights Document Number: 331363 |
| 2. Title: Understanding the effects of personal and school religiosity on the decision to abort a premarital pregnancy. Author: Adamczyk A Source: Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2009 Jun;50(2):180-95. Abstract: Although much research has examined the relationship between religion and abortion attitudes, few studies have examined whether religion influences abortion behavior. This study looks at whether individual and school religiosity influence reported abortion behavior among women who become pregnant while unmarried. Hierarchical Logistic Models are implemented to analyze two waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Findings show that personal religiosity is unrelated to reported abortion behavior. However, conservative Protestants appear less likely to obtain abortions than mainline Protestants, Catholics, and women of non-Christian faiths. Regardless of personal religious affiliation, having attended a school with a high proportion of conservative Protestants appears to discourage abortion as women enter their twenties. Conversely, women from private religious high schools appear more likely to report obtaining an abortion than women from public schools. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | YOUTH | STUDENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | PREGNANCY | UNMARRIED | RELIGION | ABORTION | CATHOLICISM | CHRISTIANITY | DECISION MAKING | PREMARITAL PREGNANCY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Schools | Reproduction | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 342236 Notification |
3.  Peer Reviewed Title: Faith and child survival: the role of religion in childhood immunization in Nigeria. Author: Antai D Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Jan;41(1):57-76. Abstract: This study assessed the role of mother's religious affiliation in child immunization status of surviving children 12 months of age and older in Nigeria, using data from the 2003 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). Guided by two competing hypotheses--the 'characteristics hypothesis' and the 'particularized theology hypothesis'--variations in the risks of child immunization in Nigeria were examined using logistic regression analysis. The results indicate that religion plays a role in the risk of non-immunization; religion was not associated with the risk of partial immunization; however, religion was significantly associated with the reduced risk of full immunization. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MOTHERS | CHILDREN | IMMUNIZATION | RELIGION | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | BELIEFS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Culture Document Number: 330568 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Religious socialisation and fertility: transition to third birth in the Netherlands. Author: Berghammer C Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Aug;25(3):297-324. Abstract: Although previous studies have demonstrated that religious people in Europe have larger families, the role played by religious socialization in the context of contemporary fertility behavior has not yet been analysed in detail. This contribution specifically looks at the interrelation between religious socialisation and current religiosity and their impact on the transition to the third child for Dutch women. It is based on data of the first wave of the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study (2002-2004) and uses event history analysis. The transitions to first, second and third birth are modeled jointly with a control for unobserved heterogeneity. The findings provide evidence for an impact of women’s current church attendance as well as religious socilisation measured by their fathers’ religious affiliation, when they were teenagers. A religious family background remains influential even when a woman has stopped attending church. The effects of religious indicators strengthen over cohorts. Moreover, the combined religious make-up of the respondent’s parents also significantly determines the progression of the third child. Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | RELIGION | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | CULTURE | FERTILITY | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 339899 |
| 5. Title: From reproductive choice to reproductive justice. Author: Cook RJ; Dickens BM Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 May 6; Abstract: Since the 1994 Cairo Conference on Population and Development, the human rights movement has embraced the concept of reproductive rights. These are often pursued, however, by means to which objection is taken. Some conservative political and religious forces continue to resist implementation of several means of protecting and advancing reproductive rights. Individuals' rights to grant and to deny consent to medical procedures affecting their reproductive health and confidentiality have been progressively advanced. However, access to contraceptive services, while not necessarily opposed, is unjustifiably obstructed in some settings. Rights to lawful abortion have been considerably liberalized by legislative and judicial decisions, although resistance remains. Courts are increasingly requiring that lawful services be accommodated under transparent conditions of access and of legal protection. The conflict between rights of resort to lawful reproductive health services and to conscientious objection to participation is resolved by legal duties to refer patients to non-objecting providers. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | RELIGION | CONSERVATISM | POLITICAL FACTORS | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | CONTRACEPTION | ABORTION LAW | LITIGATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Human Rights | Sociocultural Factors | Ethics | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Program Evaluation | Programs Document Number: 341457 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Migrant visions of development: a gendered approach. Author: Dannecker P Source: Population, Space and Place. 2009;15:119-132. Abstract: In this article the current debate on migration and development is critically discussed. It will be shown that development as a multidimensional process is hardly ever conceptualised. The diversity of migration flows and patterns and the gendered structure of these processes are leading to different development visions which are hardly ever addressed or related to development. The analysis of the development visions of temporary male and female labour migrants from Bangladesh will reveal that migration experiences and the new connections and networks give rise to new identifications and development visions. The negotiations of these visions locally may initiate cultural, social and political transformations in the countries of origin, which do not necessarily correspond with the development visions articulated by other national and international actors involved. Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHERN | BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | MIGRATION | LABOR MIGRATION | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | GENDER ISSUES | ISLAM | RELIGION | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 328760 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Like parent, like child: Intergenerational transmission of partner violence in Cebu, the Philippines. Author: Fehringer JA; Hindin MJ Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2009 Apr;44(4):363-371. Abstract: Purpose: This study investigates the prevalence of partner violence perpetration and receipt among a sample of young men and women in the Philippines, as well as the relationship between witnessing interparental violence during childhood and current violence in partnerships. Methods: We used 1994, 2002, and 2005 data from 472 married or cohabiting young adults from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey in Cebu, the Philippines. This is a longitudinal data set following more than 2000 Filipino women and their index children since the child's birth in 1983-1984. Results: Prevalence of partner violence perpetration was 55.8% for female and 25.1% for male respondents. Prevalence of victimization was 27.7% for females and 30.5% for males. In all, 45% of females and 50% of males reported having witnessed their parents/caretakers physically hurt one another during childhood. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that witnessing interparental violence significantly predicted report of violent act victimization and reciprocal violent acts. Greater parental joint decision making and being male were independently associated with a lower risk of report of both reciprocal violent acts and violent act victimization. Duration of marriage or cohabition was associated with report of violent act victimization and reciprocal violent acts. There were gender interaction effects for several factors, including mother's church attendance and household purchase of alcohol at age 11 years. Conclusions: Implications for further research and violence prevention programs include early intervention with adolescents and focus on gender differences in violence determinants. Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILDREN | PARENTS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PREVALENCE | SEX FACTORS | RELIGION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Measurement Document Number: 341085 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Adherence to anti retroviral therapy (ART) during Muslim Ramadan fasting. Author: Habib AG; Shepherd JC; Eng MK; Babashani M; Jumare J; Yakubu U; Gebi UI; Saad M; Ibrahim H; Blattner WA Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Feb;13(1):42-45. Abstract: Annual fasting during the month of Ramadan is observed in Muslim countries, some of which have widespread HIV infection. We studied treatment adherence and customary practices among 142 fasting 'FT' and 101 nonfasting 'NFT' patients on anti-retroviral therapy (ART) in Nigeria. Adherence on ART among FT and NFT patients was similar during Ramadan, 96% and 98%, and ever since commencement of ART, 80% and 88%, respectively. FT patients altered their typical daily behaviors by advancing morning and delaying evening doses thereby prolonging dosing intervals, eating heavier meals pre-dawn and on breakfast at sunset (78%), and changing or reducing their sleeping and waking times (40%). This preliminary study suggests that adherence and drug taking frequency appear uncompromised in FT HIV infected patients on ARVs. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | KENYA | NIGERIA | SOMALIA | SOUTH AFRICA | TANZANIA | UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ISLAM | HIV | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | USER COMPLIANCE | RELIGION | CULTURE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Western | Africa, Southern | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior Document Number: 330156 |
| 9. Title: Knowledge of emergency contraception among women of childbearing age at a teaching hospital of Karachi. Author: Irfan F; Karim SI; Hashmi S; Ali S; Ali SA Source: JPMA. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2009 Apr;59(4):235-40. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess knowledge and attitudes about Emergency Contraception among women of childbearing age in Karachi, Pakistan. METHODS: A questionnaire based survey was conducted on 400 married women, attending the family practice clinics at a teaching hospital in Karachi, Pakistan from July to December 2006. Questionnaire was administered to women at the family practice clinic-seeking level of knowledge of emergency contraception (EC) and attitudes towards its use, Ethical requirements of informed consent and confidentiality were ensured Data was entered into Epi data and analyzed in SPSS. RESULTS: Eighty-eight percent of women were not aware of EC. 83% were housewives. Only a small number (11.5%) ever used EC to prevent pregnancy, out of those, the correct timing of effectiveness of post-coital pill was known to only 40% of women while none of these women were aware of the existence of Intra Uteriune Contraceptive Device (IUCD) insertion as an option for EC About 50% of women identified general practitioners or family medicine clinics as their main sources of knowledge about EC. Increased advertising was considered desirable by 72% while 37% considered over the counter availability of EC pill desirable and only 36% of women were uncomfortable to use EC because of religious reasons. CONCLUSION: EC has a potential to offer women an important option for fertility control. Lack of women's knowledge about EC use and availability may account in part for its limited use. There is a need to improve women's education about EC. The primary health care providers can play a major role in informing their patients about emergency contraception. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | KNOWLEDGE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | ATTITUDES | TIME FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | IUD | ADVERTISING | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | RELIGION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Promotion | Marketing | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331281 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Psychological and behavioural factors associated with sexual risk behaviour among Slovak students. Author: Kalina O; Geckova AM; Jarcuska P; Orosova O; van Dijk JP; Reijneveld A Source: BMC Public Health. 2009 Jan 13;9(15):[10] p. Abstract: Knowledge about the prevalence of sexual risk behaviour (SRB) in adolescence is needed to prevent unwanted health consequences. Studies on SRB among adolescents in Central Europe are rare and mostly rely on a single indicator for SRB. This study aims to assess the association of behavioural and psychological factors with three types of SRB in adolescents in Central Europe. We obtained data on behavioural factors (having been drunk during previous month, smoking during previous week, early sexual initiation), psychological factors (self-esteem, wellbeing, extroversion, neuroticism, religiousness), and SRB (intercourse under risky conditions, multiple sexual partners, and inconsistent condom use) in 832 Slovak university students (response 94.3%). Among those with sexual experience (62%), inconsistent condom use was the most prevalent risk behaviour (81% in females, 72% in males). With the exception of having been drunk in males, no factor was associated with inconsistent condom use. Regarding the other types of SRB, early sexual initiation was most strongly associated. In addition, other, mostly behavioural, factors were associated, in particular having been drunk. Results suggest that behavioural factors are more closely related to SRB than psychological factors. Associations differ by type of SRB and gender but offer few clues to target risk groups for inconsistent condom use. Results show a high need for health-promotion programmes in early adolescence that target SRB in conjunction with other health risk behaviours such as alcohol abuse. Language: English Keywords: SLOVAKIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | SEXUAL PARTNERS | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | KNOWLEDGE | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | SELF ESTEEM | RELIGION | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Behavior | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329530 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: A multilevel analysis of condom use among adolescents in the European Union. Author: Lazarus JV; Moghaddassi M; Godeau E; Ross J; Vignes C; Ostergren PO; Liljestrand J Source: Public Health. 2009 Feb;123(2):138-144. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study examined which individual and national factors affect condom use among adolescents. STUDY DESIGN: Multilevel analysis. METHODS: This study reviewed the data on bullying, alcohol use and condom use provided by 18 European countries and subnational entities in the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children survey. Another eight contextual variables were also analysed. Three multilevel logistic regression models were applied consecutively (analysing for crude geographical and school variance in condom use, adjusting for gender and adjusting all variables for one another). RESULTS: Among the 15-year-olds studied, 7.0% of the total variance in condom use was explained by school-related factors (intraschool-level correlation) and 5.8% by national/subnational factors. In the empty model, condom use was significantly associated with gender, alcohol consumption, predominant national religion and national prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In the full model, there was also a significant association with the Human Development Index ranking, gross domestic product, Gini coefficient and the Gender-related Development Index. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that while alcohol, gender, human development level, income, religion and HIV prevalence affect condom use in young Europeans, these factors do not explain all or even most of the variation. Nonetheless, since some of these factors are not traditionally associated with young people's sexual and reproductive health, these findings should enable more nuanced health policy programming. Language: English Keywords: EUROPEAN UNION | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ADOLESCENTS | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | SEX FACTORS | RELIGION | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Aggression | Schools | Education | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement Document Number: 329662 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: STD/AIDS prevention in Portuguese-speaking Africa: a review of the recent literature in the social sciences and health. Author: Monteiro S Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica. 2009 Mar;25(3):680-6. Abstract: The article reviews academic literature in the social sciences and health on the problems and challenges of STD/AIDS prevention in Portuguese-speaking African countries. Based on a bibliographic survey of the SciELO, PubMed, and Sociological Abstracts databases between 1997 and 2007, the research under review was organized into two groups, according to content. The first group of studies sought to understand STD/AIDS vulnerability among social groups by examining local cultural and socioeconomic factors as related to gender dynamics, sexuality, color/race, religion and health care. The second group encompassed critical assessments of shortcomings in the STD/AIDS educational messages delivered by governments and international agencies. Attention is called to the way in which the presence of traditional medicine systems and the occurrence of civil wars in the post-colonial period impact the STD/AIDS epidemic in the African countries under study. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | MOZAMBIQUE | ANGOLA | GUINEA-BISSAU | CAPE VERDE | SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | SEXUALITY | ETHNIC GROUPS | RELIGION | HEALTH SERVICES | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | GENDER RELATIONS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa, Western | Economic Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Gender Issues Document Number: 342665 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Growing rejection of female genital cutting among women of reproductive age in Amhara, Ethiopia. Author: Rahlenbeck SI; Mekonnen W Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May;11(4):443-452. Abstract: Data on female genital cutting are presented from 1942 women aged 15-49 years in Amhara region, Ethiopia, 2005. Reportedly 69% (1333/1942) had undergone the procedure. Rates showed a secular decline, decreasing from 77% in women aged 45-49 years old to 59% in those age 15-24 years. Of women with daughters, 64% had at least one circumcised daughter. Again, prevalence declined from 78% in daughters of mothers aged 45-49 years to 45% in those aged 15-24 years. In logistic regression, controlling for maternal FGC status, age and religion, maternal education was a strong predictor of having a circumcised daughter. Fifty-four percent of respondents disapproved of the continuation of FGC. In logistic regression controlling for covariates, education and self-empowerment were factors associated with rejecting FGC. Women who had ever attended a school had a 4-fold increase in the odds of disapproving the practice than those who never did and respondents who scored high on empowerment indices had a 1.5-fold increase in the odds to favour discontinuation compared to women scoring low. Future efforts to eliminate this harmful practice should be particularly directed to illiterate populations in rural areas. Efforts strengthening women's empowerment will accelerate the progress of these programmes. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MOTHERS | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | ATTITUDES | PREVALENCE | AGE FACTORS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | RELIGION | SELF-PERCEPTION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Measurement | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Perception | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Women's Status Document Number: 341090 |
| 14. Title: Contraception and women over 40 years of age: mixed-method systematic review. Author: Roberts A; Noyes J Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2009;65(6):1155-1170. Abstract: Aim. This paper is a report of a mixed-method systematic review to identify barriers to, and facilitators of, contraceptive needs and choices of women over 40 years old. Background. Women over 40 years of age who do not want to conceive have specific needs for contraception to prevent unwanted, unplanned and unintended pregnancies prior to menopause. Data sources. Six databases were searched for published and grey literature from September 1997 to September 2007, along with the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The Internet, professional networks and hand searching were also used. Review methods. Mixed-method synthesis using Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre phased design. Findings. Guidelines to inform clinical decision-making were located but did not take account of age-related social factors affecting women's choices or local service availability. Women's access to services and contraceptive choices were influenced by educational level, general awareness of available methods, fear of side effects, women's social standing, religious and cultural beliefs, personal control, and confidentiality. The main factors influencing compliance and continuation rates were knowledge, positive experience and confidence, unacceptable side effects and safety concerns, information, support and advice, and ongoing husband/partner influences. Conclusion. The utility of clinical guidelines could be improved by incorporating socio-cultural factors and women's views. Novel approaches to evidence translation and facilitation are required. Focusing on user-led, age-appropriate services rather than a 'one size fits all' approach could improve the contraceptive choices and outcomes for women over 40 years old. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | MIDDLE AGED ADULTS | DECISION MAKING | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | BEST PRACTICES | AGE FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SOCIAL CLASS | RELIGION | CULTURE | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Population Characteristics | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Ethics Document Number: 331126 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Patient teenagers? A comparison of the sexual behavior of virginity pledgers and matched nonpledgers. Author: Rosenbaum JE Source: Pediatrics. 2009 Jan;123(1):e110-e120. Abstract: The US government spends more than $200 million annually on abstinencepromotion programs, including virginity pledges. This study compares the sexual activity of adolescent virginity pledgers with matched nonpledgers by using more robust methods than past research. The subjects for this study were National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health respondents, a nationally representative sample of middle and high school students who, when surveyed in 1995, had never had sex or taken a virginity pledge and who were >15 years of age (n = 3440). Adolescents who reported taking a virginity pledge on the 1996 survey (n = 289) were matched with nonpledgers (n = 645) by using exact and nearest-neighbor matching within propensity score calipers on factors including prepledge religiosity and attitudes toward sex and birth control. Pledgers and matched nonpledgers were compared 5 years after the pledge on self-reported sexual behaviors and positive test results for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis, and safe sex outside of marriage by use of birth control and condoms in the past year and at last sex. Five years after the pledge, 82% of pledgers denied having ever pledged. Pledgers and matched nonpledgers did not differ in premarital sex, sexually transmitted diseases, and anal and oral sex variables. Pledgers had 0.1 fewer past-year partners but did not differ in lifetime sexual partners and age of first sex. Fewer pledgers than matched nonpledgers used birth control and condoms in the past year and birth control at last sex. The sexual behavior of virginity pledgers does not differ from that of closely matched nonpledgers, and pledgers are less likely to protect themselves from pregnancy and disease before marriage. Virginity pledges may not affect sexual behavior but may decrease the likelihood of taking precautions during sex. Clinicians should provide birth control information to all adolescents, especially virginity pledgers. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | HEALTH SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | VIRGINITY | ABSTINENCE | ATTITUDES | RELIGION | CONTRACEPTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | EXTRAMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Health | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 328034 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Unseen and unheard: predictors of sexual risk behavior and HIV infection among men who have sex with men in Chennai, India. Author: Thomas B; Mimiaga MJ; Menon S; Chandrasekaran V; Murugesan P; Swaminathan S; Mayer KH; Safren SA Source: AIDS Education and Prevention. 2009 Aug;21(4):372-83. Abstract: In India men who have sex with men (MSM) are stigmatized, understudied, and at high risk for HIV. Understanding the impact of psychosocial issues on HIV risk behavior and HIV infection can help shape culturally relevant HIV prevention interventions. Peer outreach workers recruited 210 MSM in Chennai who completed an interviewer-administered psychosocial assessment battery and underwent HIV testing and counseling. More than one fifth (46/210) reported unprotected anal intercourse in the past 3 months, 8% tested positive for HIV, and 26% had previously participated in an HIV prevention intervention. In a multivariable logistic-regression model controlling for age, MSM subpopulation (kothi, panthi, or double-decker), marital status, and religion, significant predictors of any unprotected anal intercourse were being less educated (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = .54; p = .009), not having previously participated in an HIV prevention program (AOR = 3.75; p = .05), having clinically significant depression symptoms (AOR = 2.8; p = .02), and lower self-efficacy (AOR = .40; p < .0001). Significant predictors of testing positive for HIV infection were: being less educated (AOR = .53; .05) and not currently living with parent(s) (AOR = 3.71; p = .05). Given the prevalence of HIV among MSM, efforts to reach hidden subpopulations of MSM in India are still needed. Such programs for MSM in India may need to address culturally-relevant commonly cooccurring psychosocial problems to maximize chances of reducing risk for infection. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | MEN | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | HIV TESTING | HIV INFECTIONS | COUNSELING | RELIGION | MARITAL STATUS | INTERVENTIONS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Nuptiality Document Number: 342725 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Religion and HIV in Tanzania: influence of religious beliefs on HIV stigma, disclosure, and treatment attitudes. Author: Zou J; Yamanaka Y; John M; Watt M; Ostermann J; Thielman N Source: BMC Public Health. 2009;9:75. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Religion shapes everyday beliefs and activities, but few studies have examined its associations with attitudes about HIV. This exploratory study in Tanzania probed associations between religious beliefs and HIV stigma, disclosure, and attitudes toward antiretroviral (ARV) treatment. METHODS: A self-administered survey was distributed to a convenience sample of parishioners (n = 438) attending Catholic, Lutheran, and Pentecostal churches in both urban and rural areas. The survey included questions about religious beliefs, opinions about HIV, and knowledge and attitudes about ARVs. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess how religion was associated with perceptions about HIV, HIV treatment, and people living with HIV/AIDS. RESULTS: Results indicate that shame-related HIV stigma is strongly associated with religious beliefs such as the belief that HIV is a punishment from God (p < 0.01) or that people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) have not followed the Word of God (p < 0.001). Most participants (84.2%) said that they would disclose their HIV status to their pastor or congregation if they became infected. Although the majority of respondents (80.8%) believed that prayer could cure HIV, almost all (93.7%) said that they would begin ARV treatment if they became HIV-infected. The multivariate analysis found that respondents' hypothetical willingness to begin ARV treatme was not significantly associated with the belief that prayer could cure HIV or with other religious factors. Refusal of ARV treatment was instead correlated with lack of secondary schooling and lack of knowledge about ARVs. CONCLUSION: The decision to start ARVs hinged primarily on education-level and knowledge about ARVs rather than on religious factors. Research results highlight the influence of religious beliefs on HIV-related stigma and willingness to disclose, and should help to inform HIV-education outreach for religious groups. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | TARGET POPULATION | RELIGION | HIV INFECTIONS | STIGMA | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | TREATMENT | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Data Analysis | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Psychological Factors | Culture | HIV | Communication Document Number: 331080 |
| 18. Title: Changes in fertility rates among Muslims in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Author: Zuehlke E Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2009 Apr. [1] p. Abstract: The number of Muslims worldwide is projected to grow over the next decade to reach one-quarter of the world's population, largely because of higher fertility among Muslim populations. Yet, it is simplistic to argue that there is a specifically Islamic pattern of fertility due solely to religious influence, says Mehtab Karim, a senior research adviser and senior fellow at the Pew Forum on Religion and World Affairs. Karim visited PRB as part of its ongoing Policy Seminar series and presented findings based on the latest Demographic and Health Survey data from India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | INDIA | PAKISTAN | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | RELIGION | ISLAM | FERTILITY | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | CULTURE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | POPULATION GROWTH | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | FAMILY PLANNING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Economic Factors | Contraception | Socioeconomic Status Document Number: 331347 |
| 19. Title: Generation of change: young people and culture. Author: United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA] Source: New York, New York, UNFPA, 2008. 44 p. Abstract: The youth supplement to the State of the World's Population report addresses how culture shapes and nurtures the lives of young people. It describes how young people develop their own subcultures, which are often different from and may conflict with the dominant culture. The supplement includes stories of youth facing child marriage, challenging gender norms, and working to improve their lives and the world. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | CULTURE | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | HUMAN RIGHTS | HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEXUALITY | SOCIAL CHANGE | SPORTS | QUALITY OF LIFE | RELIGION | CHILD MARRIAGE | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | MUSIC | YOUTH PROGRAMS | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Behavior | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Traditional Health Practices | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 329512 |
| 20. Title: The effects of religious contextual norms, structural constraints, and personal religiosity on abortion decisions. Author: Adamczyk A Source: Social Science Research. 2008 Jun;37(2):657-672. Abstract: Researchers have established that individual religiosity influences abortion attitudes, and that abortion attitudes, in turn, shape abortion restrictions and access. Less clear is whether religion and abortion structural constraints influence abortion decisions. This study examines the several individual, contextual, and structural factors that could shape the abortion decisions of women who conceive before marriage. Special attention is given to the importance of academic aspirations and structural constraints, in contrast to religious beliefs and county religious context, for making an abortion decision. Hierarchical modeling techniques and two waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) are employed. Neither generic religiosity nor conservative Protestant religious context appear to influence women's abortion decisions. Conversely, young women's abortion decisions are shaped by academic ambition, identification with a conservative Protestant denomination, proximity to an abortion clinic and the level of public abortion funding in their county of residence. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN | RELIGION | BELIEFS | ABORTION | CLINICS | FUNDS | UNIVERSITIES | EDUCATION | DECISION MAKING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Culture | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Schools | Behavior Document Number: 326943 Notification |
| 21. Title: Determinants of induced abortion and its consequences on women's reproductive health: Findings from India's National Family Health Surveys. Author: Agrawal S Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, MEASURE DHS, 2008 Aug. [66] p. (DHS Working Papers No. 53USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00) Abstract: At the national level, sex composition of living children, women's autonomy, urban residence, couple's education, and wealth status were found to be significantly associated with experience of induced abortion among women. However, the factors associated with induced abortion are found to be different in two distinct sociocultural set-ups in India. Although sex composition of living children and couple's education were the major factors for induced abortion in the northern group of states, wealth status and caste / tribe status were the major factors for the southern group of states. The analysis also shows that, independent of other factors, the likelihood of experiencing any reproductive health problems was 1.5 times higher (odds ratio, 1.46; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.33-1.60; P < .001) among women who had one induced abortion and 1.9 times higher (odds ratio, 1.85; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.52- 2.27; P < .001) among women who had two or more induced abortions compared with women with no history of induced abortion. This study identifies women's desire to limit family size with preferred sex composition of children as an important determinant of induced abortion in India. The study also suggests that induced abortions may have negative consequences for women's reproductive health. There is a need for more in-depth qualitative studies at the regional level to better understand the determinants and consequences of this complex and sensitive issue in India. Programs should focus more on the availability and accessibility of contraceptives among women to elude the reproductive health consequences of induced abortion. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | SURVEYS | DATA ANALYSIS | WOMEN | SONS | EVER MARRIED | ABORTION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | AGE FACTORS | RELIGION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | INCOME | SEX PREFERENCE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Health | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 331448 |
| 22. Title: Predictors of breast-feeding in a developing country: results of a prospective cohort study. Author: Al-Sahab B; Tamim H; Mumtaz G; Khawaja M; Khogali M; Afifi R; Nassif Y; Yunis KA Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2008 Dec;11(12):1350-6. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Data on the prevalence and predictors of breast-feeding remain scarce in Lebanon. Moreover, no study has previously addressed the effect of the paediatrician's sex on breast-feeding. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence and predictors of breast-feeding at 1 and 4 months of infant age while exploring the potential role of the sex of the paediatrician. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. Predictors of breast-feeding significant at the bivariate level were tested at 1 and 4 months through two stepwise regression models. SETTING: Infants were enrolled through the clinics and dispensaries of 117 paediatricians located in Beirut, Lebanon, and its suburbs. SUBJECTS: A total of 1,320 healthy newborn infants born between August 2001 and February 2002 were prospectively followed during the first year.FINDINGS: Breast-feeding rates at 1 and 4 months were 56.3 % and 24.7 %, respectively. Early discharge, high parity and religion were significantly associated with higher breast-feeding rates at 1 and 4 months of age. Maternal age proved significant only at 1 month, while maternal working status and sex of the paediatrician were significant at 4 months. A novel finding of our study was the positive effect of female paediatricians on breast-feeding continuation until 4 months of age (OR = 1.49; 95 % CI 1.03, 2.15). CONCLUSIONS: Breast-feeding rates are low at 1 and 4 months of infant age in Beirut. Further research to investigate the interactions between female physicians and lactating mothers in maintaining breast-feeding in other populations is warranted. The results constitute the basis for designing interventions targeting policy makers, health professionals and mothers. Language: English Keywords: LEBANON | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PHYSICIANS | MOTHERS | BREASTFEEDING | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | MULTIPARITY | RELIGION | MATERNAL AGE | Developing Countries | Middle East | Research Methodology | Studies | Data Analysis | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Parental Age Document Number: 330027 |
| 23. Title: [Sexual behavior and practices among men and women, Brazil 1998 and 2005] Comportamento e praticas sexuais de homens e mulheres, Brasil 1998 e 2005. Author: Barbosa RM; Koyama MA Author: Grupo de Estudos em Populacao, Sexualidade e Aids Source: Revista de Saude Publica. 2008 Jun;42 Suppl 1:21-33. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare basic findings from two studies on sexual behavior and practices among women and men and their associations with sociodemographic characteristics of this population. METHODS: Data analyzed were obtained by a questionnaire applied to a probabilistic sample comprised of 3,423 people in 1998, and 5,040 people in 2005, all aged between 16 and 65 years, and living in urban areas of Brazil. Comparative analyses were performed by sex and year of research, and according to sociodemographic variables, using Pearson's chi-square test. RESULTS: The number of sexual partners in the year that preceded the interview decreased from 29.5% to 23.1% among men. Variability in sexual behavior and practices according to age, level of education, marital status, religion and place of residence, in addition to specific characteristics based on sex, was observed. There was also an increase in the proportion of women who began their sexual life in the 16-to-19-year age group and had completed up to elementary school, or lived in Southern Brazil. Moreover, it was observed an increase of sexual activity reported by women in the last year, and a decrease among men over 55 years of age, Protestant/Pentecostal, or separated/widowed. The proportion of men with more than one sexual partner in the last year decreased among those aged between 25 and 44 years or who have completed up to high-school. There was an increase in oral sex practice reported by women who are over 35 years of age or live in Northern/Northeastern Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: Comparative analysis from 1998 to 2005 suggested a tendency towards differences between women and men decreasing. This probably results from a pattern of change characterized by an increase in the frequency of female behavior investigated and a decrease in the frequency of male behavior. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | MEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MARITAL STATUS | RELIGION | COITAL FREQUENCY | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nuptiality | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 331147 |
| 24. Title: Saints and sinners: training Papua New Guinean (PNG) Christian Clergy to respond to HIV and AIDS using a model of care. Author: Benton KW Source: Journal of Religion and Health. 2008 Sep;47(3):314-25. Abstract: Papua New Guinea has experienced a growing HIV/AIDS epidemic. The Christian Churches have played a vital role in responding to HIV, through community support, encouragement and social change. Strong, effective Church leadership can help create safe environments of care and support for those infected and for prevention of HIV. Method A series of trainings in capacity development for clergy were undertaken by the National AIDS Council Secretariat (NACS)/National HIV/AIDS Support Project (NHASP). Results A model "Church's Response to HIV and AIDS in a Care Continuum" was developed to assist the training. This paper discusses the model and the lessons learned. Language: English Keywords: PAPUA NEW GUINEA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMMUNITY WORKERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CHRISTIANITY | RELIGION | INFLUENTIALS | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Oceania | Health Personnel | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Training Programs | Education Document Number: 330822 |
| 25. Title: [Trends in condom use: Brazil 1998 and 2005] Uso do preservativo: tendencias entre 1998 e 2005 na populacao brasileira. Author: Berquo E; Barbosa RM; Lima LP Author: Grupo de Estudos em Populacao, Sexualidade e Aids Source: Revista de Saude Publica. 2008 Jun;42 Suppl 1:34-44. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze the levels, tendencies and sociodemographic differentials of condom use among the Brazilian urban population. METHODS: The data analyzed was collected in 1998 and 2005, in the study, "Sexual Behavior and Perceptions of the Brazilian Population concerning HIV/Aids". The probabilistic samples, in multiple stages, included men and women aged 16 to 65 years old, living in urban areas. Interviews with individuals that had been sexually active during the 12 months preceding the interview were included in the analysis. The univariate models were based on chi-square tests, corrected by sample planning, and odds ratio calculations; multivariate analysis involved adjustment of logistic regression models, controlling all other interest variables. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in the use of condoms in the 12 months preceding the interview and at the last sexual intercourse. Young people from 16 to 24 years of age protected themselves more in sexual intercourse, particularly with eventual partners. Men used condoms more frequently only when they had an eventual partner. The use of condoms was more frequent among single people. There were no regional differences with respect to the consistent use of the condom. In stable relationships Pentecostals reveal the least amount of protection in sexual intercourse. People who have no religious affiliation or adepts of other religions have higher rates of protection. Level of education, an important differential with respect to the use of condoms in 1998, maintained its prominence in 2005. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate the need for greater in depth discussion concerning actions that are geared towards increasing the consistent use of condoms, particularly among populations with lower educational levels and those that are more vulnerable, such as young women or women in stable relationships. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | URBAN POPULATION | CONDOM USE | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | MARITAL STATUS | RELIGION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Nuptiality | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 331035 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Determinants of nutritional status of pre-school children in India. Author: Bharati S; Pal M; Bharati P Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Nov;40(6):801-814. Abstract: The aim of this paper is to assess the spatial distribution of nutritional status of children of less than three years through Z-scores of weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height using data collected by the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2, 1998-99), India. The nutritional status of pre-school children was regressed on different sociodemographic factors after eliminating the effect of age. The data show that there are gender differences and spatial variations in the nutritional status of children in India. Gender difference is not very pronounced and almost disappears when the effects of age and socio-demographic variables are removed. The spatial difference, especially the rural-urban difference, was found to be very large and decreased substantially when the effects of age and socioeconomic variables were removed. However, the differences were not close to zero. All the variables were found to affect significantly the nutritional status of children. However, the literacy of mothers did not affect height-for-age significantly. The weight-for-age and height-for-age scores showed a dismal picture of the health condition of children in almost all states in India. The worst affected states are Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh. Assam and Rajasthans are also lagging behind. Weight-for-height scores do not give a clear picture of state-wise variation. Goa, Kerala and Punjab are the three most developed states in India and also have the lowest percentages of underweight children according to the Z-scores. Along with these three states come the north-eastern states where women are well educated. Thus overall development, enhancement of level of education and low gender inequality are the key factors for improvement in the health status of Indian children. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | CHILDREN | MOTHERS | MALNUTRITION | NUTRITION INDEXES | LITERACY | STANDARD OF LIVING | CASTE | RELIGION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Health | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Nutrition | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Class Document Number: 326468 |
| 27. Title: Matter of faith: Support for comprehensive sex education among faith-based organizations. Author: Boonstra HD Source: Guttmacher Policy Review. 2008 Winter;11(1):17-22. Abstract: Since colonial times, religious institutions in the United States have played a major role in providing social services to the needy. In doing so, churches and synagogues for most of the nation's history either operated without significant support from the government or set up separate nonprofits for their charity work. Over the past few decades, however, a growing movement has developed to expand partnerships between faith-based organizations and the government. The "Charitable Choice" provisions in the 1996 welfare reform law effected the most significant legislative changes to the relationship between government and faith-based organizations in recent history. President Bush has sought to build on Charitable Choice by establishing the White House Faith-Based and Community Initiative and Centers for Faith-Based Community Initiatives across several government agencies. Through these initiatives and an array of policy reforms and outreach, Bush has promoted broader involvement of faith-based organizations in social programs as a core component of his "compassionate conservative" agenda. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATION | POLICYMAKERS | SEX EDUCATION | RELIGION | LEGISLATION | ABSTINENCE | CONSERVATISM | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | ADVOCACY | SOCIAL POLICY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Education | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Communication | Policy Document Number: 325584 |
| 28. Title: The effectiveness of a national communication campaign using religious leaders to reduce HIV-related stigma in Ghana. Author: Boulay M; Tweedie I; Fiagbey E Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2008 May;7(1):133-141. Abstract: This article describes the effects of a national mass media and community-level stigma-reduction programme in Ghana, in which national and local religious leaders urged their congregations and the general public to have greater compassion for people living with HIV or AIDS (PLHA). Data were collected from men and women living in three regions, first in 2001 (n = 2 746) and again in 2003 (n = 2 926). Attitudes related to a punitive response to PLHA both improved over time and were positively associated with exposure to the programme's campaign, controlling for potential confounding variables. Respondents in the 2003 survey were 20% more likely than respondents in the 2001 survey to be willing to care for an HIV-infected relative in their own household and 40% more likely to believe that an HIV-infected female teacher should be allowed to continue teaching. Overall, respondents exposed to the campaign were 45% more likely than those not exposed to it to be willing to care for a HIV-infected relative, and 43% more likely to believe that an HIV-infected female teacher should be allowed to continue teaching. Respondents exposed to the campaign also had significantly more favourable scores on an attitude scale measuring the belief that HIV-infected individuals should be isolated from others. The results of this evaluation suggest that mass media channels and religious leaders can effectively address HIV-related stigma on a national scale. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION RESEARCH | SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | STIGMA | ATTITUDES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS | CAMPAIGNS | INTERVENTIONS | RELIGION | LEADERSHIP | MASS MEDIA | PROGRAM EVALUATION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Evaluation Methodology | Evaluation | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 326999 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Use of time-location sampling for systematic behavioral surveillance of truck drivers in Brazil. Author: Cardoso Ferreira LO; de Oliveira ES; Raymond HF; Chen SY; McFarland W Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2008 Jul;12(4 Suppl 1):S32-S38. Abstract: The authors assessed HIV-related risk behavior in a time-location sampling (TLS) interviewer administered survey of male truck drivers at the crossroads of two of the major highways used for trucking in Northeast Brazil (N = 686). Overall, 21.3% had sex while on the road (2.8% unprotected); 12.3% had sex with commercial sex workers (1.4% unprotected); 1.8% had sex with hitch-hikers (0.3% unprotected). Unprotected sex with non-wife partners while on the road was independently associated with stimulant use, lack of religious affiliation and being separated or divorced. Stimulant use may be a particular occupational hazard associated with risk for HIV among truck drivers in Brazil and should be considered as a point of intervention. The TLS sampling approach can form the basis of systematic behavioral surveillance in this highly mobile population. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX WORKERS | TRUCK DRIVERS | EXTRAMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | RELIGION | POPULATION AT RISK | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Behavior | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Research Methodology | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 328477 |
| 30. Title: Iraqi adolescents: Self-regard, self-derogation, and perceived threat in war. Author: Carlton-Ford S; Ender MG; Tabatabai A Source: Journal of Adolescence. 2008 Feb;31(1):53-75. Abstract: A year into the 2003 US-Iraq war, how were adolescents in Baghdad faring? Conflict-related events typically lower psychological well-being; in contrast, investment in and protection of threatened identities should lead to self-esteem striving and, presumably, better well-being. How threatened do Iraqi adolescents feel? Is their self-esteem related to their sense of threat? Do age, religion, ethnicity, and gender alter the link between perceived threat and self-esteem? We use data from 1000 randomly selected adolescents living in Baghdad during July 2004. Iraqi adolescents reported high levels of threat; those feeling more threatened reported higher levels of self-esteem. Social background correlates with both self-esteem and perceived threat, but controlling for social background does not eliminate the relationship between self-esteem and perceived threat. We interpret our results in light of theory and research concerning social identity, mortality threats, and war trauma. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAQ | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | ADOLESCENTS | WAR | SELF ESTEEM | PERCEPTION | SAFETY | MORTALITY | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | RELIGION | Middle East | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Public Health | Health | Population Dynamics Document Number: 323994 |
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