1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Women's use of private and government health facilities for childbirth in Nairobi's informal settlements. Author: Bazant ES; Koening MA; Fotso JC; Mills S Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Mar;40(1):39-50. Abstract: The private sector's role in increasing the use of maternal health care for the poor in developing countries has received increasing attention, yet few data exist for urban slums. Using household-survey data from 1,926 mothers in two informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya, collected in 2006, we describe and examine the factors associated with women's use of private and government health facilities for childbirth. More women gave birth at private facilities located in the settlements than at government facilities, and one-third of the women gave birth at home or with the assistance of a traditional birth attendant. In multivariate models, women's education, ethnic group, and household wealth were associated with institutional deliveries, especially in government hospitals. Residents in the more disadvantaged settlement were more likely than those in the better-off settlement to give birth in private facilities. In urban areas, maternal health services in both the government and private sectors should be strengthened, and efforts made to reach out to women who give birth at home. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | REFUGEES | TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANTS | HOUSEHOLDS | CHILDBIRTH | REFUGEE CAMPS | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | PRIVATE SECTOR | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | HEALTH FACILITIES | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Health Services | Macroeconomic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341077 |
| 2. Title: Domestic violence against women during pregnancy: the case of Palestinian refugees attending an antenatal clinic in Lebanon. Author: Hammoury N; Khawaja M; Mahfoud Z; Afifi RA; Madi H Source: Journal of Women's Health. 2009 Mar;18(3):337-45. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine the factors associated with domestic violence against pregnant Palestinian refugee women residing in Lebanon and currently using the United Nation Relief and Work Agency's (UNRWA) primary healthcare services. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at a polyclinic of primary healthcare of the UNRWA in South Lebanon during the years 2005-2006. The sample was 351 pregnant women who were 15-42 years of age and not accompanied by their husbands or relatives. All women were invited by the midwife to participate in the study during their visit to the clinic for their first checkup or during a follow-up visit. The Abuse Assessment Screen instrument was used to screen for past and recent history of physical and emotional abuse among the participants. RESULTS: Domestic violence was significantly associated with education, gestational age, fear of husband or someone else in the house, and unintended pregnancy. The odds of abuse for women with an elementary or lower education were 6.86 (95% CI 1.2-38.1) and for women with an intermediate or secondary education 6.84 (95% CI 1.4-33.3) compared with women with a university education. The odds of abuse during pregnancy for women whose husbands did not desire their pregnancy were 3.80 (95% CI 1.5-9.7) compared with other women. CONCLUSIONS: Domestic violence against women in Lebanon was associated with educational level, gestational age, fear of husband or someone else in the house, and unintended pregnancy. Language: English Keywords: LEBANON | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | PREGNANT WOMEN | REFUGEES | ANTENATAL CARE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PHYSICAL ABUSE | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | FEAR | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | Middle East | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Violence | Behavior | Diseases | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Emotions | Psychological Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility Document Number: 341353 |
| 3. Title: HIV behavioural surveillance among refugees and surrounding host communities in Uganda, 2006. Author: Harrison KM; Claass J; Spiegel PB; Bamuturaki J; Patterson N; Muyonga M; Tatwebwa L Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009 Apr;8(1):29-41. Abstract: We used a standardised behavioural surveillance survey (BSS), modified to be directly relevant to populations in conflict and post-conflict settings as well as to their surrounding host populations, to survey the populations of a refugee settlement in south-western Uganda and its surrounding area. Two-stage probability sampling was used to conduct 800 interviews in each population. The BSS questionnaire adapted for displaced populations was administered to adults aged 15-59 years. It collected information on HIV knowledge, attitudes and practices; issues before, during and after displacement; level of interaction and sexual exploitation among the refugees and host communities (i.e., nationals). Population parameters were compared and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for core HIV indicators. The demographic characteristics were similar (except for educational achievement), and HIV awareness was very high (>95%) in both populations. The refugees reported more-accepting attitudes towards persons with HIV than did nationals (19% versus 13%; p < 0.01). More refugees than nationals reported ever having had transactional sex (10% versus 6%; p < 0.01), which mostly occurred post-displacement. Five percent of females among both the refugees and nationals reported experiencing forced sex, which mostly occurred post-displacement and after the arrival of refugees, respectively. Nationals reported more frequent travel to refugee settlements than reported by refugees to national villages (22% versus 11%; p < 0.01). The high mobility and frequent interactions of these two populations suggest that integrated HIV programmes should be developed and would be an efficient use of resources. Evidence suggesting that female refugees may be at elevated risk for HIV infection, due to forced sex, transactional sex and other vulnerabilities, warrants further examination through qualitative research. The findings indicate a need for additional, focused HIV-prevention programmes, such as youth education, for both refugees and Ugandan nationals. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | REFUGEE CAMPS | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | REFUGEES | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | SEXUAL EXPLOITATION | SEX BEHAVIOR | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341285 |
| 4. Title: Anaemia among pregnant Palestinian women in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. Author: Khader A; Madi H; Riccardo F; Sabatinelli G Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2009 Aug 14;:1-5. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess anaemia prevalence and correlated social and biological determinants among pregnant women in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (oPt). DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey conducted among pregnant women attending/accessing UNRWA (United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East) health centres in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank in September and October 2006. SETTING: Fifty-five UNRWA health centres in the oPt (eighteen in the Gaza Strip and thirty-seven in the West Bank). SUBJECTS: A random sample of 1740 pregnant women. RESULTS: Overall anaemia prevalence was 38.6 % (95 % CI 36.3, 40.9 %). A substantial difference in anaemia prevalence was observed between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank (44.9 % v. 31.1 %, respectively), as well as a significant increase in anaemia prevalence in the Gaza Strip compared with an Agency-wide survey conducted in 2004 (44.9 % v. 35.7 %, respectively). Anaemia prevalence was found to increase with age, parity and trimester of gestation. CONCLUSIONS: Anaemia still appears to be a public health problem among pregnant women in spite of UNRWA interventions. The West Bank shows prevalence rates similar to those observed in neighbouring countries, while the Gaza Strip has higher rates. Prevalence rates of anaemia among pregnant Palestinian women are more than two times higher than those observed in Europe. Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREVALENCE | PREGNANT WOMEN | REFUGEES | ANEMIA | SERUM IRON LEVEL | Research Methodology | Measurement | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Diseases | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 342540 |
| 5. Title: Reducing maternal mortality among Afghan refugees in Pakistan. Author: Purdin S; Khan T; Saucier R Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Apr;105(1):82-5. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The International Rescue Committee (IRC) strove to reduce maternal mortality among Afghan refugees in Hangu district of Pakistan by improving access to emergency obstetric care (EmOC), community knowledge of danger signs of pregnancy, and the use of health information. METHODS: IRC established EmOC centers, trained community members on safe motherhood, linked primary health care with education on danger signs of pregnancy and the importance of skilled attendance, and improved the health information system. RESULTS: The maternal mortality ratio among Afghan refugees in the area improved from 291 per 100000 live births in 2000 to 102 per 100000 live births in 2004. The proportion of refugee births attended by skilled staff increased from 5% in 1996 to 67% in 2007. Complete prenatal care coverage increased from 49% in 2000 to 90% in 2006, and postnatal coverage more than trebled from 27% in 2000 to 85% in 2006. CONCLUSION: Improved services, community involvement and education, good coordination, and effective systems succeeded in reducing maternal mortality in a traditionally conservative environment. Language: English Keywords: AFGHANISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | REFUGEES | MATERNAL MORTALITY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | EMERGENCY SERVICES | OBSTETRICS | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Health | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Medicine | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341374 |
| 6. Title: Post-traumatic stress in Asylum seekers and refugees from Chechnya, Afghanistan, and West Africa: gender differences in symptomatology and coping. Author: Renner W; Salem I Source: International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2009;55(2):99-108. Abstract: Background: Internationally, a high number of refugees are in need of help as a consequence of post-traumatic stress or acculturation problems. Aims: The present study investigated the gender-specific requirements for such interventions taking clinical symptoms as well as coping strategies into account. Methods: Five psychometric instruments assessing anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress, somatic symptoms, and social adaptation were administered and semi-structured interviews with n = 150 asylum seekers and refugees from Chechnya, Afghanistan, and West Africa were conducted. Results: On the level of total test scores, women reported significantly more somatic symptoms than men but there were no further gender differences. On the item level of the questionnaires as well as with respect to the categories obtained from the interview data, marked gender differences were found. Women, as compared to men, reported more somatic symptoms, emotional outbursts, and loss of sexual interest, while men reported detachment. For women, typical coping strategies were concentrating on their children and various indoor activities, while men preferred looking for work and socializing. Conclusion: Social psychiatric interventions should take gender-specific symptoms and coping strategies into account. For asylum seekers and refugees, same gender client-therapist dyads and groups are highly recommended. Language: English Keywords: AFGHANISTAN | AFRICA, WESTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | REFUGEES | STRESS | SEX FACTORS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Diseases Document Number: 340213 |
| 7. Title: Post-conflict mental health needs: a cross-sectional survey of trauma, depression, and associated factors in Juba, Southern Sudan. Author: Roberts B; Damundu EY; Lomoro O; Sondorp E Source: BioMed Central. 2009 Mar 4;9(7):1-10. Abstract: Background: The signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in January 2005 marked the end of the civil conflict in Sudan lasting over 20 years. The conflict was characterised by widespread violence and large-scale forced migration. Mental health is recognised as a key public health issue for conflict-affected populations. Studies revealed high levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) amongst populations from Southern Sudan during the conflict. However, no studies have been conducted on mental health in post-war Southern Sudan. The objective of this study was to measure PTSD and depression in the population in the town of Juba in Southern Sudan; and to investigate the association of demographic, displacement, and past and recent trauma exposure variables, on the outcomes of PTSD and depression. Methods: A cross-sectional, random cluster survey with a sample of 1242 adults (aged over 18 years) was conducted in November 2007 in the town of Juba, the capital of Southern Sudan. Levels of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD were measured using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (original version), and levels of depression measured using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyse the association of demographic, displacement and trauma exposure variables on the outcomes of PTSD and depression. Multivariate logistic regression was also conducted to investigate which demographic and displacement variables were associated with exposure to traumatic events. Results: Over one third (36%) of respondents met symptom criteria for PTSD and half (50%) of respondents met symptom criteria for depression. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed strong associations of gender, marital status, forced displacement, and trauma exposure with outcomes of PTSD and depression. Men, IDPs, and refugees and persons displaced more than once were all significantly more likely to have experienced eight or more traumatic events. Conclusion: This study provides evidence of high levels of mental distress in the population of Juba Town, and associated risk-factors. Comprehensive social and psychological assistance is urgently required in Juba. Language: English Keywords: SUDAN | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | ADULTS | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | REFUGEES | WAR | MENTAL HEALTH | NEEDS | STRESS | DEPRESSION | PREVALENCE | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Settlement and Resettlement | Migration | Population Dynamics | Migrants | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Measurement Document Number: 340211 |
| 8. Title: Towards an EU-wide regularisation scheme. Author: Strang A Source: Forced Migration Review. 2009 Apr;(32):63-64. Abstract: The RU immigration framework is presently based on the idea that there are two types of irregular migrants: persecuted refugees (legal) and economic immigrants (illegal). This presumption informs a policy that aggravates stigmatisation and criminalisation of refugees and migrants alike. In reality, both 'types' of migrants usually originate from countries characterised by chronic poverty, violent conflict, political instability and socio-economic deprivation which generate both refugee-producing conditions as well as other modes of (de facto) forced migration to places of greater political and economic stability. The author presents an argument for regularization and suggests policy improvements to adminster labour migration. Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | REFUGEES | MIGRATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | MIGRATION POLICY | INEQUALITIES | Developed Countries | Migrants | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 340192 |
| 9. Title: Evaluating integrated healthcare for refugees and hosts in an African context. Author: Tuepker A; Chi C Source: Health Economics Policy and Law. 2009;4:159-178. Abstract: This paper argues on ethical and practical grounds for more widespread use of an integrated approach to refugee healthcare, and proposes a basic model of assessment for integrated systems. A defining element of an integrated approach is an equal ability by refugee and host nationals to access the same healthcare resources from the same providers. This differs fundamentally from parallel care, currently the predominant practice in Africa. The authors put forward a general model for evaluation of integrated healthcare with four criteria: (1) improved health outcomes for both hosts and refugees, (2) increased social integration, (3) increased equitable use of healthcare resources, and (4) no undermining of protection. Historical examples of integrated care in Ethiopia and Uganda are examined in light of these criteria to illustrate how this evaluative model would generate evidence currently lacking in debates on the merit of integrated healthcare. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | CASE STUDIES | REFUGEES | HEALTH SERVICES | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | IMPLEMENTATION | INEQUALITIES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | PROGRAM EVALUATION | HEALTH POLICY | UNHCR | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 340217 |
10.  Title: Denied status, denied education. Children of North Korean women in China. Author: Human Rights Watch Source: New York, New York, Human Rights Watch, 2008 Apr. 21 p. Abstract: In the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in eastern Jilin province, northeast China, many North Korean children and children of Chinese fathers and North Korean mothers live in legal limbo. A serious problem these children face is access to education, as Chinese schools require verification of identity for admittance and continued schooling. However, since registering a child would expose the identity of the mother, Chinese men who have had children with North Korean women are faced with an awful choice. They can register their child at the risk of exposing their mothers, who could be arrested and repatriated to North Korea as "illegal" economic migrants, or they can decide not to register the child -- leaving the child without access to education. The Chinese government?s policy of arresting and repatriating North Korean women who have children with Chinese men violates China?s obligations under both domestic and international law. To investigate these issues, Human Rights Watch traveled to Chinese towns and cities near the China-North Korea border between late November 2007 and early January 2008. Human Rights Watch urges the Chinese government to: grant all children access to education without requiring proof of legal identity, allow hukou registration for all children with one Chinese parent without requiring verification of the identity of the other parent, stop arresting and repatriating North Koreans, especially children and women who have children with Chinese men, allow UNHCR access to North Koreans in China, including children, to determine their refugee status, ratify the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children. Human Rights Watch urges the North Korean government to: stop punishing North Koreans who leave, or attempt to leave, North Korea without state permission, including North Koreans who are repatriated to North Korea, repeal all laws that criminalize leaving the country without state permission, especially the criminal law provision that defines such travel as treason, acknowledge the right to leave the country as a basic human right. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RECOMMENDATIONS | CRITIQUE | HUMAN RIGHTS | MIGRANTS | REFUGEES | UNHCR | PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS | MOTHERS | CHILDREN | EDUCATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Records | Information Processing | Information | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 327388 |
| 11. Title: Inter-agency reproductive health kits for crisis situations. Manual. 4th ed. Author: Inter-Agency Working Group on Reproductive Health in Refugee Situations Source: New York, Inter-Agency Working Group (IAWG) on Reproductive Health in Refugee Situations, 2008 Jan. 44 p. Abstract: This manual was produced for the effective use of the IAWG Reproductive Heath (RH) Kits.The RH Kits are a set of specially designed pre-packaged kits containing the essential drugs, equipment and supplies necessary to provide appropriate RH services in the early phase of emergency and refugee situations. They are complementary to the Interagency Emergency Health Kit 2006 (see below) and are necessary for the implementation of the Minimum Initial Service Package (MISP) for RH (see entry for MISP). In addition to providing the MISP, this edition recognises the importance of initiating complementary RH services, including the provision of contraceptives in order to respond to the demands of women with prior experience with contraceptives, and the provision of antibiotics to treat people who present with symptoms of sexually transmitted infection (STI). It is hoped that these items will be considered part of the MISP itself. It would also be good if the manual would recommend that the assessment, which is a prerequisite for ordering the kits, be made participatory and involve communities (including women, young people and people of diverse sexualities) affected by the emergency. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | REFUGEES | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | EMERGENCY SERVICES | DRUGS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | CONDOM USE | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Settlement and Resettlement | Health | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 312339 |
| 12. Title: Saving women's lives in refugee and other crisis situations. Manual vacuum aspiration. Author: Ipas Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Ipas, 2008. 4 p. Abstract: The United Nations Population Fund estimates that 25-50 percent of maternal deaths in refugee settings are attributable to unsafe abortions. Making pregnancy safer includes timely and appropriate management of unsafe and spontaneous abortion for all women, and the provision of or referral for safe abortion services to the full extent allowed by law. Manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) has been used worldwide for more than three decades, enabling millions of women in developed and developing countries to undergo safe and effective uterine evacuation for treatment of incomplete abortion and first-trimester abortion, as well as endometrial biopsy. This brochure highlights how MVA is an important part of safe, effective abortion and postabortion care in conflict settings. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RECOMMENDATIONS | WOMEN | REFUGEES | ABORTION | SAFETY | POSTABORTION CARE | WHO | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | WAR | NATURAL DISASTERS | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Public Health | Health | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Training Programs | Education | Environment Document Number: 342498 Notification |
| 13. Title: HIV and AIDS education in emergencies. Author: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS [UNAIDS]. Inter-Agency Task Team on Education Source: Paris, France, UNESCO, 2008. [2] p. (Advocacy Briefing NoteED/UNP/HIV/2008/IATT-ABN3) Abstract: The relationship between HIV and AIDS and humanitarian crisis is complex: conflict increases vulnerability, especially among women and children, as sexual violence increases (e.g. through the use of rape as a weapon of war), and social networks and institutions that usually provide support and regulate behavior break down. At the same time, there is evidence that in some situations, instability can also play a "protective" role vis-a-vis HIV infection, by limiting population mobility to high prevalence areas (often urban) and isolating communities. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | REFUGEES | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | DISASTER RELIEF | HIV PREVENTION | WAR | RAPE | RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY | BORDER CROSSING | ADVOCACY | SEX EDUCATION | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | International Migration | Communication | Education Document Number: 326776 |
| 14. Title: HIV interventions for young people in humanitarian emergencies. Author: UNAIDS. Inter-Agency Task Team on HIV and Young People Source: New York, New York, United Nations Population Fund, HIV/AIDS Branch, [2008]. 8 p. (Guidance Brief) Abstract: This Brief has been developed by the Inter-Agency Task Team (IATT) on HIV and Young People1 to assist United Nations Country Teams (UNCT) and UN Theme Groups on HIV/AIDS in providing guidance to their staffs, governments, development partners, civil society and other implementing partners on effective HIV interventions for young people in humanitarian emergencies. It is part of a series of seven global Guidance Briefs that focus on HIV prevention, treatment, care and support interventions for young people that can be delivered through different settings and for a range of target groups. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | YOUTH | POLICYMAKERS | REFUGEES | UNAIDS | HIV PREVENTION | RISK FACTORS | VIOLENCE | WAR | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | HUMAN RIGHTS | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | SEX EDUCATION | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Behavior | Programs | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Education Document Number: 329553 |
| 15. Title: Through the eyes of a child: Refugee children speak about violence. A report on participatory assessments carried out with refugee and returnee children in Southern Africa, 2005-2007. Author: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR] Source: [Geneva, Switzerland], UNHCR, [2008]. 26 p. Abstract: Children living as refugees and returnees in eight sub-Saharan Africa locations are suffering not only due to their refugee and returnee status, but also other factors over which they have no control: hostility and violence from local people (arising largely from competition over scarce resources and services), and pervasive sexual and gender-based violence. Children encounter violence and sexual assault in schools, communities and homes. Yet these problems are rarely acknowledged and the voices of young refugees are rarely heard. Between 2005 and 2007 the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) carried out a series of groundbreaking Participatory Assessments (PAs) with children living in refugee and returnee situations in Southern Africa to discover: how children are being treated, how they perceive the violence with which they are often faced, how they cope, and what suggestions they have for improving their situation. The holding of such assessments forms part of UNHCR's strategy for Age, Gender and Diversity Mainstreaming (AGDM), the overall aim of which is to promote gender equality and the rights of all refugees. The information gathered during the assessments served as the basis for Action Plans designed to address the various issues raised. Moreover, through this participatory methodology, UNHCR sought to give refugee and returnee children a voice in defining and resolving their problems, and to ensure that their voice was heard by adults. Thus an important outcome of the PAs was that the attention of UNHCR and partner staff, as well as parents and caregivers, was drawn to the needs and rights of children and their obligation to fulfil them. This process was empowering for the young people -who are generally among the world's most disempowered -and is contributing to redressing some of their concerns as Action Plans are implemented. Language: English Keywords: ANGOLA | BOTSWANA | MALAWI | MOZAMBIQUE | NAMIBIA | SOUTH AFRICA | ZAMBIA | ZIMBABWE | REFUGEES | CHILDREN | VIOLENCE | SEXUAL ABUSE | WORKSHOPS | PARTICIPATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Education | Social Behavior Document Number: 327740 |
| 16. Title: UNHCR handbook for the protection of women and girls. Author: United Nations. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR]. Division of International Protection Services Source: Geneva, Switzerland, UNHCR, Division of International Protection Services, 2008 Jan. [410] p. Abstract: The primary purpose of the Handbook is to help UNHCR staff fulfill their responsibilities to protect these women and girls more effectively. It is therefore intended for representatives, other managers, protection staff in the field and at headquarters, registration officers, eligibility officers, community services staff, field officers, and others. Protection partners will find it a useful source of information and guidance. The Handbook is intended to be used in situations of asylum, internal displacement, return, integration, and statelessness. It is equally applicable in urban and rural contexts. The objectives of the Handbook are to: improve understanding among UNHCR staff and partners of the challenges and barriers women and girls of concern confront in accessing and enjoying their rights during displacement, return, and (re)integration; ensure all UNHCR staff are familiar with the international legal standards forming the normative framework for our work to protect women and girls; ensure all UNHCR staff understand their responsibilities for the protection of women and girls; improve knowledge of how discrimination against women and girls can lead to statelessness and what initiatives can be taken to prevent and reduce cases of statelessness; provide guidance on ways of working and types of activities that can be carried out to fulfill our responsibilities; and refer staff to additional resources, guidelines, and tools that may be used to enhance the protection of women and girls. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILD, FEMALE | REFUGEES | UNHCR | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | RISK FACTORS | INTERVENTIONS | WAR | RAPE | WOMEN'S HEALTH | TREATIES | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Human Rights | Biology | Programs | Organization and Administration | Crime | Social Problems | Health Document Number: 325467 |
| 17. Title: Malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies among Bhutanese refugee children - Nepal, 2007. Author: United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2008 Apr 11;57(14):370-373. Abstract: Acute and chronic malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies have been found in refugee camp populations. In southeastern Nepal, despite consistent access by refugees to general rations, certain micronutrient deficiencies have posed a substantial health burden to the approximately 100,000 Bhutanese residing in seven refugee camps. Limited food diversity, frequent illness, and poor feeding practices have been cited as underlying causes of poor nutritional status in this population. Annual surveys to assess levels of acute malnutrition (i.e., wasting) and chronic malnutrition (i.e., stunting) have been conducted in these camps by the Association of Medical Doctors of Asia (AMDA) and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR); however, the capacity to reliably evaluate micronutrient deficiencies has not existed locally in the camps. In January 2007, AMDA and CDC, at the request of UNHCR and the World Food Programme (WFP), conducted a nutritional survey of children aged 6-59 months, assessing 1) the prevalence of acute malnutrition, chronic malnutrition, underweight, anemia, and angular stomatitis (i.e., riboflavin deficiency); 2) the cumulative incidence of diarrhea and acute respiratory illness (ARI); and 3) the feeding practices of the children's mothers. This report describes the results of that survey, which indicated that, although acute malnutrition was found in only 4.2% of the children, chronic malnutrition was found in 26.9% and anemia in 43.3%. These findings underscore the importance of monitoring both malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies and addressing the underlying causes of nutritional deficits. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | REFUGEES | CHILDREN | MALNUTRITION | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | DEFICIENCY DISEASES | AGE FACTORS | ANEMIA | DIARRHEA | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Population Characteristics | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 325986 |
| 18. Title: Supporting highly vulnerable children: progress, promise and partnership. Second annual report to Congress, December 2008. Author: United States. Special Advisor for Orphans and Vulnerable Children Source: Washington, D.C., United States Agency for International Development [USAID], 2008 Dec. [47] p. (USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PD-ACM-265) Abstract: This report summarizes activities that U.S. Government agencies are undertaking together to improve programming for highly vulnerable children around the world. Key agencies implementing these programs include the U.S. Departments of Agriculture, Defense, Health and Human Services, Labor, State, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), and the Peace Corps. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | YOUTH | WAR | NATURAL DISASTERS | REFUGEES | POVERTY | VIOLENCE | SEXUAL EXPLOITATION | USAID | HIV PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Environment | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Government Agencies | Organizations | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341214 |
| 19. Title: Forced migration and HIV/AIDS risks in Angola. Author: Agadjanian V; Avogo W Source: International Migration. 2008 Aug;46(3):189-216. Abstract: This study examines HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour of forced migrants in Luanda, Angola by comparing them with those of voluntary migrants and long-time city residents. The study uses data from a survey of 1081 men and women conducted in 2004 in two suburban municipalities of Luanda. One of the municipalities has a large share and the other a small share of the forced migrant population. The analysis detects differences between forced migrants and the other groups in HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes, but these differences are explained away by the demographic characteristics and socio-economic disadvantages of forced migrants. With respect to behaviour, we find that regardless of other characteristics forced migrant men are more likely to engage in practices that may lead to increased HIV risks than long-time male city dwellers. The differences between forced and voluntary male migrants show the same tendency but are not statistically significant. While women overall are less likely to engage in potentially risky practices than men, differences among women in the three migration-status groups are not as pronounced as among men. Language: English Keywords: ANGOLA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | REFUGEES | MIGRANTS | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | HIV TRANSMISSION | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | WAR | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX FACTORS | RURAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Settlement and Resettlement | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Political Factors | Population Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 328070 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Access to reproductive health services among immigrants and refugees in Botswana. Author: Ama NO; Oucho JO Source: Journal of Family Welfare. 2008 Jun;54(1):47-61. Abstract: This study examined the extent of access to reproductive health services by immigrants and refugees in Botswana against the recognition of the fact that access to reproductive health services, including contraception as well as care in pregnancy and childbirth can lead to: (i) reduction in a woman's exposure to fatal obstetric complications; (ii) reduction in the incidence of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases; (iii) empowerment of women to make informed choices and decisions that affect their lives; and (iv) it portends dangerous circumstances for Botswana when a resident in the country, in this study immigrants and refugees, fail to access these services. The findings of the study confirm that while immigrants are aware of the availability of most reproductive health services in the Botswana health care system, the refugees are only aware of services in antenatal care, normal delivery, treatment of STDs, AIDS counseling and HIV testing and programme on contraceptive availability. This finding is in contrast to those of Purdin et al, that a wide range of refugee and conflict-affected sites provide reproductive health services. Surprisingly too, IEC programme on human sexuality is hardly available to the immigrants and refugees. Unlike the majority of immigrants, refugees fled their home country due to unbearable sociopolitical circumstances and are more vulnerable to circumstances in Botswana about which they can do little to redress; they need information on reproductive health services available in the health care system in Botswana through an lEC programme that is tailored to their needs. Language: English Keywords: BOTSWANA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | REFUGEES | MIGRANT WORKERS | HEALTH SERVICES | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | IEC | INFORMATION | EDUCATION | COMMUNICATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation Document Number: 340185 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Reproductive health: A right for refugees and internally displaced persons. Author: Austin J; Guy S; Lee-Jones L; McGinn T; Schlecht J Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2008 May;16(31):10-21. Abstract: Continued political and civil unrest in low-resource countries underscores the ongoing need for specialised reproductive health services for displaced people. Displaced women particularly face high maternal mortality, unmet need for family planning, complications following unsafe abortion, and gender-based violence, as well as sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV. Relief and development agencies and UN bodies have developed technical materials, made positive policy changes specific to crisis settings and are working to provide better reproductive health care. Substantial gaps remain, however. The collaboration within the field of reproductive health in crises is notable, with many agencies working in one or more networks. The five-year RAISE Initiative brings together major UN and NGO agencies from the fields of relief and development, and builds on their experience to support reproductive health service delivery, advocacy, clinical training and research. The readiness to use common guidance documents, develop priorities jointly and share resources has led to smoother operations and less overlap than if each agency worked independently. Trends in the field, including greater focus on internally displaced persons and those living in non-camp settings, as well as refugees in camps, the protracted nature of emergencies, and an increasing need for empirical evidence, will influence future progress. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | REFUGEE CAMPS | CRITIQUE | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | REFUGEES | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | NEEDS | HUMAN RIGHTS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE | POLICY | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Settlement and Resettlement | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Migrants | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Economic Factors | Financial Activities Document Number: 327185 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Palestinian women's sexual and reproductive health rights in a longstanding humanitarian crisis. Author: Bosmans M; Nasser D; Khammash U; Claeys P; Temmerman M Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2008 May;16(31):103-111. Abstract: This paper results from a study conducted in the Occupied Palestinian Territory in September 2002 to test the usefulness of a guide for a comprehensive approach to sexual and reproductive health rights and needs of refugee women. In-depth interviews with key informants from 19 organisations and two focus group discussions were carried out in the West Bank and Gaza. Three refugee camps were visited as well as five health facilities. The findings revealed that severe restrictions on mobility had reduced access to health facilities for both staff and patients in a significant way. For pregnant women, this had resulted in decreased access to antenatal and post-natal care and an increasing number of home deliveries, induced deliveries and deliveries at military checkpoints. Lack of donor interest and withdrawal of donor support were mentioned as hampering the implementation of the National Reproductive Health Guidelines, and the sustainability and quality of existing sexual and reproductive health services. Family planning had become a politically sensitive issue, and there were indications of increased gender-based violence. Lack of access to reproductive health services was the most visible aspect of the impact of the conflict on women's sexual and reproductive health. Little attention is paid to the less visible evidence that women's reproductive rights have been subordinated to the political situation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GAZA | WEST BANK | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | REFUGEES | REFUGEE CAMPS | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | NEEDS | WAR | HEALTH SERVICES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | Developing Countries | Middle East | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems Document Number: 327195 |
| 23. Title: Reproductive health for refugees by refugees in Guinea II: sexually transmitted infections. Author: Chen MI; von Roenne A; Souare Y; von Roenne F; Ekirapa A Source: Conflict and Health. 2008 Oct 23;2(14):1-7. Abstract: Background: Providing reproductive and sexual health services is an important and challenging aspect of caring for displaced populations, and preventive and curative sexual health services may play a role in reducing HIV transmission in complex emergencies. From 1995, the non-governmental "Reproductive Health Group" (RHG) worked amongst refugees displaced by conflicts in Sierra Leone and Liberia (1989-2004). RHG recruited refugee nurses and midwives to provide reproductive and sexual health services for refugees in the Forest Region of Guinea, and trained refugee women as lay health workers. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 1999 to assess sexual health needs, knowledge and practices among refugees, and the potential impact of RHG's work. Methods: Trained interviewers administered a questionnaire on self-reported STI symptoms, and sexual health knowledge, attitudes and practices to 445 men and 444 women selected through multistage stratified cluster sampling. Chi-squared tests were used where appropriate. Multivariable logistic regression with robust standard errors (to adjust for the cluster sampling design) was used to assess if factors such as source of information about sexually transmitted infections (STIs) was associated with better knowledge. Results: 30% of women and 24% of men reported at least one episode of genital discharge and/or genital ulceration within the past 12 months. Only 25% correctly named all key symptoms of STIs in both sexes. Inappropriate beliefs (e.g. that swallowing tablets before sex, avoiding public toilets, and/or washing their genitals after sex protected against STIs) were prevalent. Respondents citing RHG facilitators as their information source were more likely to respond correctly about STIs; RHG facilitators were more frequently cited than non-healthcare information sources in men who correctly named the key STI symptoms (odds ratio (OR) = 5.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9-13.9), and in men and women who correctly identified effective STI protection methods (OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.5-5.8 and OR = 4.6, 95% CI 1.6-13.2 respectively). Conclusion: Our study revealed a high prevalence of STI symptoms, and gaps in sexual health knowledge in this displaced population. Learning about STIs from RHG health facilitators was associated with better knowledge. RHG's model could be considered in other complex emergency settings. Language: English Keywords: GUINEA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | REFUGEES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH EDUCATION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | PREVALENCE | INFORMATION SOURCES | KNOWLEDGE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Education | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Information | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 340230 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: The need for priority reproductive health services for displaced Iraqi women and girls. Author: Chynoweth SK Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2008 May;16(31):93-102. Abstract: Disregarding reproductive health in situations of conflict or natural disaster has serious consequences, particularly for women and girls affected by the emergency. In an effort to protect the health and save the lives of women and girls in crises, international standards for five priority reproductive health activities that must be implemented at the onset of an emergency have been established for humanitarian actors: humanitarian coordination, prevention of and response to sexual violence, minimisation of HIV transmission, reduction of maternal and neonatal death and disability, and planning for comprehensive reproductive health services. The extent of implementation of these essential activities is explored in this paper in the context of refugees in Jordan fleeing the war in Iraq. Significant gaps in each area exist, particularly coordination and prevention of sexual violence and care for survivors. Recommendations for those responding to this crisis include designating a focal point to coordinate implementation of priority reproductive health services, preventing sexual exploitation and providing clinical care for survivors of sexual violence, providing emergency obstetric care for all refugees, including a 24-hour referral system, ensuring adherence to standards to prevent HIV transmission, making condoms free and available, and planning for comprehensive reproductive health services. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAQ | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | REFUGEES | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | OBSTETRICS | HIV TRANSMISSION | HEALTH AND WELFARE PLANNING | RECOMMENDATIONS | Middle East | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Settlement and Resettlement | Health | Evaluation | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Medicine | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Planning Document Number: 327194 |
| 25. Title: Promoting passage through care: how to best serve undocumented immigrants with HIV. Author: Cobos DG; Jones JW Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2008 Jul-Aug;19(4):320-324. Abstract: Latinos on the United States side of the U.S.-Mexican border often refer to undocumented newcomers as arriving from "el otro lado." In today's globalizing world, the "other side" is a conceptual state more than a physical location. As services and goods flow freely among nations at unprecedented rates, people too are moving across borders. The United States and society in general can make substantial advances in the realm of human rights by negotiating safe passage for women fleeing gender-based persecution or for HIV-infected men who cannot receive adequate treatment in their country of origin. Although there are no simple answers or policy solutions to immigrant health care issues, an attitude promoting trust and care may help "others" in this society to become empowered. Truly, it is the responsibility of all health care workers to care for patients without reference to immigration status. The arguments that follow are not intended to persuade health care workers to negotiate an individual patient's legal status. This would be unwise. Instead, the term passage signifies the transition from being born en el otro lado to living as a new member of this democratic society. In this regard, the commentary seeks to address the important issues of noncitizens living with HIV infection and how health care workers can partner with these individuals to promote individual health and the public good. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | ILLEGAL MIGRANTS | REFUGEES | HIV INFECTIONS | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | LEGISLATION | EPIDEMIOLOGY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Public Health Document Number: 328321 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexual and reproductive health in conflict areas: The imperative to address violence against women. Author: Cottingham J; Garcia-Moreno C; Reis C Source: BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2008 Feb;115(3):301-303. Abstract: Increasing attention has been given to women's sexual and reproductive health and rights in the past decade. This is thanks partly to the impetus given by international conferences such as the 1993 Vienna Conference on Human Rights, at which women's rights were articulated for the first time, the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo in 1994 and the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995. The consensus documents from ICPD (1994 Programme of Action of ICPD) and Beijing (1995 Beijing Platform for Action) clearly articulated the need for women to have access to sexual and reproductive health services, including those for family planning, antenatal and delivery care, safe abortion where legal, postabortion care and treatment for sexually transmitted infections. They further recognised that refugee and internally displaced populations have particular reproductive health needs that must be met. These international agreements also stress the right of women tobe free from all forms of violence and coercion. They have highlighted the multiple forms of violence against women, including intimate partner violence, sexual coercion, exploitation and rape in 'peaceful' times as well as during conflict situations. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | WOMEN'S HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | WAR | POLITICAL FACTORS | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | REFUGEES | RISK FACTORS | HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Settlement and Resettlement | Migration | Population Dynamics | Migrants | Biology | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 308611 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Tuberculosis control in vulnerable groups. Author: Figueroa-Munoz JI; Ramon-Pardo P Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2008 Sep;86(9):733-735. Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) remains an important public health problem in industrialized countries. The majority of cases occur in minority groups, particularly recently arrived immigrants from countries with high endemicity who often congregate in deprived communities within wealthy cities. In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, people from the Indian subcontinent and sub-Saharan Africa living in inner cities have higher rates of TB than the general population; particularly during the first years after arriving in the country. The HIV/AIDS epidemic has had a disproportionate impact among ethnic minorities in large industrialized cities. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MIGRANTS | REFUGEES | TUBERCULOSIS | COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL | BORDER CROSSING | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | HOMELESS PERSONS | POVERTY | BEST PRACTICES | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 328068 |
| 28. Title: Factors affecting women's health-related behaviors and safe motherhood: A qualitative study from a refugee camp in eastern Sudan. Author: Furuta M; Mori R Source: Health Care for Women International. 2008 Sep;29(8-9):884-905. Abstract: We aim to provide a deeper understanding of a broader range of potential factors affecting risk behaviors related to safe motherhood among refugee women in Eastern Sudan, thus creating a basis for further research in behavioral change. Risk behaviors chosen for this study follow (1) practice of female genital cutting, (2) adopting family planning (FP) practices, (3) usage of a skilled birth attendant, and (4) response to obstetric complications. Analyzing findings with the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, we found that factors frequently were uncontrollable for an individual woman, suggesting the importance of a supportive political, social, and educational environment for safe motherhood. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SUDAN | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | REFUGEES | SAFE MOTHERHOOD | RISK BEHAVIOR | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | FAMILY PLANNING | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | CHILDBIRTH | COMPLICATIONS | MOTIVATION | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Maternal Health | Health | Behavior | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Diseases | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Psychological Factors Document Number: 328150 |
| 29. Title: Giving silence a chance: The importance of life stories for research on refugees. Author: Ghorashi H Source: Journal of Refugee Studies. 2008;21(1):117-132. Abstract: In order to capture refugees' experiences and narratives it is necessary to create space within research to be able to notice the untold within the interviews. This article focuses on the ways that Iranian women refugees (in the Netherlands and the United States) narrate their experiences of the past and the present or stay silent when the experiences are too difficult to talk about. Including the moments of silence within the process of analysing the stories has helped the researcher to discover different layers within the interviews. The main argument of this article is that the combination of the life stories method and the comparative nature of the research have especially helped to find out about the different ways in which the past is positioned within the present narratives. The life stories in particular have created the necessary space to listen to the often untold stories of refugees. This has enabled the researcher to go beyond the expressed words in order to understand different layersof expression within the narratives. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | ETHNIC GROUPS | WOMEN | REFUGEES | MIGRATION | HOUSEHOLDS | FAMILY LIFE | QUALITY OF LIFE | Developing Countries | Middle East | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Population Dynamics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Welfare | Economic Factors Document Number: 324868 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Refocusing and prioritizing HIV programmes in conflict and post-conflict settings: funding recommendations. Author: Hanson BW; Wodak A; Fiamma A; Coates TJ Source: AIDS. 2008 Aug;22 Suppl 2:S95-103. Abstract: Conflict and post-conflict settings pose specific challenges to HIV prevention and care efforts. Whereas armed conflicts have decreased very considerably in number, the interactions between HIV epidemiology and conflict remain problematic. This review describes factors that affect HIV in conflict and post-conflict settings, identifies challenges to addressing HIV, and presents actionable and measurable programming and funding recommendations that can be implemented immediately. Funding priorities include prevention and care efforts such as the provision and monitoring of universal precautions for HIV infection, health services for sexual violence and antiretroviral therapy. Policy efforts should prioritize enforcing appropriate conduct by peacekeepers and aid workers, interventions targeted at specific phases and contexts of conflicts, supporting the continuity of programmes from emergency to post emergency and reconstruction efforts and simplifying and accelerating funding mechanisms. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE | MILITARY PERSONNEL | REFUGEES | AIDS | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUAL ABUSE | VIOLENCE | MENTAL HEALTH | WAR | TREATMENT | FUNDS | Developing Countries | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Government | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Crime | Social Problems | Behavior | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 328557 |
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