1.  Title: Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields; male infertility and sex ratio of offspring. Author: Baste V; Riise T; Moen BE Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2008 May;23(5):369-377. Abstract: Concern is growing about exposure to electromagnetic fields and male reproductive health. The authors performed a cross-sectional study among military men employed in the Royal Norwegian Navy, including information about work close to equipment emitting radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, one-year infertility, children and sex of the offspring. Among 10,497 respondents, 22% had worked close to high-frequency aerials to a "high" or "very high" degree. Infertility increased significantly along with increasing self-reported exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. In a logistic regression, odds ratio (OR) for infertility among those who had worked closer than 10 m from high-frequency aerials to a "very high" degree relative to those who reported no work near high-frequency aerials was 1.86 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.46-2.37), adjusted for age, smoking habits, alcohol consumption and exposure to organic solvents, welding and lead. Similar adjusted OR for those exposed to a "high", "some" and "low" degree were 1.93 (95% CI: 1.55-2.40), 1.52 (95% CI: 1.25-1.84), and 1.39 (95% CI: 1.15-1.68), respectively. In all age groups there were significant linear trends with higher prevalence of involuntary childlessness with higher self-reported exposure to radiofrequency fields. However, the degree of exposure to radiofrequency radiation and the number of children were not associated. For self-reported exposure both to high-frequency aerials and communication equipment there were significant linear trends with lower ratio of boys to girls at birth when the father reported a higher degree of radiofrequency electromagnetic exposure. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | HEALTH SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MEN | MILITARY PERSONNEL | INFERTILITY | SEX RATIO | ELECTRICITY | RADIO | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | PREVALENCE | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Government | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Energy Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Measurement Document Number: 326442 |
| 2. Title: The case of the The Radio Communication Project in Nepal: A culture-centered rejoinder. Author: Dutta MJ; Basnyat I Source: Health Education and Behavior. 2008 Aug;35(4):459-460. Abstract: The authors set out to examine the claim made that the Radio Communication Project in Nepal provided a participatory platform for community members and demonstrated using the culture-centered approach that so-called participatory health education efforts, such as the Radio Communication Project, are not too different from the top-down models of health education in the realm of opportunities of democratic participation of communities. The culture-centered approach interrogates the logic of "success" as defined within the realm of effectiveness of health education programs, and it suggests that we seek out alternative paradigms for constituting and evaluating health education efforts. The goals of the culture-centered approach are to examine the ways in which health education and promotion efforts respond to the needs of the community and the extent to which community members' voices are present within the discursive space; the key element here is the identification of community needs as articulated by the members of the community through the active participation of community members in dialogical platforms where they have opportunities to voice their concerns. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | PROGRESS REPORT | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | COMMUNITY | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | RADIO | HEALTH EDUCATION | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | CULTURE | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | USAID | HIV PREVENTION | VALUE ORIENTATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Organization and Administration | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Education | Sociocultural Factors | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 308270 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Determinants of exposure to mass media family planning messages among indigenous people in Bangladesh: A study on the Garo. Author: Islam MR; Islam MA; Banowary B Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Oct 13;:[9] p. Abstract: This paper evaluates exposure to mass media family planning (FP) messages among the Garo, an indigenous community in Bangladesh. A sample of 223 currently married Garo women were selected purposively from two districts where most of the Garo population live. The analysis demonstrated that television was the most significant form of mass media to disseminate FP messages among the recipients - more so than radio and newspapers. About 80.6% of the respondents had heard of FP messages through television, while for the radio and newspapers the percentages were 55.3% and 22.7% respectively. The contraceptive prevalence rate is much higher (79.5%) in the study area than the national level (55.8%). A linear logistic regression model was employed to identify the confluence of different demographic and socioeconomic characteristics on mass media FP messages. Regarding exposure to FP messages, four independent variables out of six had significant effects on the exposure to FP messages through any one of the types of media, i.e. radio, television and newspapers. These independent variables were age, level of education, occupation and number of children. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | MASS MEDIA | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS | IEC | RADIO | TELEVISION | NEWSPAPERS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | LOGISTIC MODEL | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Communication | Family Planning | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Broadcast Media | Printed Media | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Mathematical Model | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology Document Number: 328493 |
| 4. Title: Community participation, cultural discourse, and health education projects in developing areas: the case of the The Radio Communication Project in Nepal. Author: Linn JG Source: Health Education and Behavior. 2008 Aug;35(4):455-458. Abstract: Early entertainment-education programs based on the diffusion of innovation model were relatively unconcerned with community participation. New information and technology in health and agriculture was communicated from one group of elites to another. The indigenous or local elites were the targets for these programs because it was assumed that their education, socioeconomic status, and other resources made them innovators. When a new concept or product from an industrialized donor was transferred to them, they quickly implemented it. Furthermore, it was believed that the innovation would diffuse or "trickle down" to the lower strata of the developing nation, and ultimately everyone would benefit. As social scientists documented the limited benefits in developing societies of top-down education programs, local and international policy makers called for a more participatory approach. When fully implemented, this meant community participation in a health education project's goal formation, method of delivery, and evaluation. Dutta and Basnyat (in press) provide us with an insightful and comprehensive critique of a United States Agency for International Development (USAID) entertainmenteducation program, The Radio Communication Program (RCP) in Nepal, which has been reported to be highly participatory. Despite the contention that this family planning project was built from the "ground up" with the full participation of rural Nepalese, the authors, using a conceptually based critical approach, make a convincing case that the entertainment-education project was in reality a oneway hierarchical project primarily generated by national elites and foreign donors. This analysis is derived from the culture-centered approach to participation, which assumes that community members and health educators are equal contributors to a project, including joint participation in problem definition, goal specification, intervention development, and evaluation. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | COMMUNITY | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | RADIO | HEALTH EDUCATION | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | CULTURE | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | USAID | HIV PREVENTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Organization and Administration | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Education | Sociocultural Factors | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 308269 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Entertainment-education radio serial drama and outcomes related to HIV testing in Botswana. Author: Pappas-DeLuca KA; Kraft JM; Galavotti C; Warner L; Mooki M; Hastings P; Koppenhaver T; Roels TH; Kilmarx PH Source: AIDS Education and Prevention. 2008 Dec;20(6):486-503. Abstract: Makgabaneng is an entertainment-education radio serial drama written and produced in Botswana to promote prevention of HIV. This effort is part of the national response to HIV/AIDS. Broadcast of the serial drama began in August 2001, and two new 15-minute episodes air each week. We examined associations between exposure to Makgabaneng and outcomes related to HIV testing, including stigmatizing attitudes, intention to be tested, talking with a partner about testing, and testing for HIV, among 555 sexually active respondents. The four measures of exposure to Makgabaneng were frequency of listening, duration of listening, talking about the program, and attentiveness to and identification with relevant characters. Data were collected approximately 18 months after the drama began airing. We found positive associations between exposure to the program and intermediate outcomes, including lower level of stigmatizing attitudes, stronger intention to have HIV testing, and talking to a partner about testing. Although associations were identified with all four measures of exposure, increased duration of listening was associated with more positive outcomes than the other measures. This finding suggests that longer term exposure to entertainment-education programming may be important for behavior change. Language: English Keywords: BOTSWANA | RESEARCH REPORT | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | RADIO | EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES | HIV PREVENTION | HIV TESTING | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Behavior | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Education | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 329759 |
6.  Title: Cost and productivity analysis of Straight Talk Foundation programs. Author: Homan RK; Walugembe P; Watson C Source: [Kampala, Uganda], Population Council, Horizons, 2007 Sep. 18 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00012-00) Abstract: The Straight Talk Foundation (STF) is perhaps one of the most successful media outlets reaching youth in Africa with sexual and reproductive health information. However, in the absence of cost and effectiveness measures, the strategies for managing growth or adjusting programs in response to changes in funding flows cannot be systematically evaluated. The objective was to build the capacity of STF program staff to assess the cost and cost-effectiveness of STF ongoing activities and understand how this information can be used for strategic planning. Following a half-day workshop in June 2006, the financial and monitoring and evaluation (M&E) staff of STF worked together to organize expenditure and outcome data. Customized Excel worksheets were developed to organize the information for analysis. Analyses included the cost of resources used for different STF outputs or programs, a productivity estimate of the outputs or programs, and a series of demonstration analyses of how this type of information can be used to guide programmatic decisions. In 2005, STF used resources worth USD1,260,8781 across their four program activities (print, radio, school environment, and community mobilization). Over 40 percent of the resources were used to support the print publications. Another 38 percent was used to support the radio programming. The remaining 20 percent of resources were used for school environment programs (11 percent) or the community mobilization activities (9 percent). In terms of resource productivity, overall the radio programs had the lowest estimated annual cost per person reached of $0.10. This is followed by print media, with an estimated annual cost per person reached of $0.22. The school program required approximately $2.74 per student per year, while the Gulu Youth Center required $0.82 in resources per visit. Producing an additional issue of a print publication is estimated to require approximately$3,900 worth of resources, while producing another radio program is estimated to require approximately$227 worth of resources. This incremental cost information is an important input to any subsequent cost-effectiveness analyses of expanding print or radio programs. An illustration of how this information would be used appears after the results section. With minimal outside technical assistance, the finance and M&E staff at STF was able to apply the basic concepts related to cost and cost-effectiveness analysis. The program now has gained valuable hands-on experience working with their financial and M&E data and is better positioned to make strategic decisions about how the organization should evolve, taking both costs and outcomes into account. For example, rather than creating new radio programs or print articles, one option would be to repackage or recycle the information. This has the potential to reduce the costs per show or costs per issue as the field work costs can be spread over more shows/issues than if every show/issue is based upon original data collection. Documenting the cost and cost-effectiveness of their programs should assist STF in securing future donor support for their activities. Better outcome measures will be needed for the school environment and community mobilization programs before a more detailed evaluation can be conducted for these programs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | COMMUNITY | USAID | COST EFFECTIVENESS | CAPACITY BUILDING | WORKSHOPS | MASS MEDIA | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | RADIO | PRINTED MEDIA | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | Developing Countries | Africa | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Evaluation Indexes | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education | Communication | Broadcast Media | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 326289 |
| 7. Title: "Let's become fewer": Soap operas, contraception, and nationalizing the Mexican family in an overpopulated world. Author: Laveaga GS Source: Journal of NSRC. 2007 Sep;4(3):19-33. Abstract: This article explores the emergence of Mexico's campaigns in the 1970s and 1980s to reduce population increase. Using primarily archival material from the National Population Council in Mexico City, the author argues that federal health organizations, in particular the Population Council, embraced the use of oral contraception and family planning as the means to introduce modern role models for a forward-looking Mexico. The majority of billboards, soap operas, and radio spots that aired the message focused on dissuading Mexicans from falling into stereotypical behaviors, among them having too many children. In the attempt to reshape traditional attitudes and link a so-called foreign pill to everyday Mexican actions, however, the campaigns reinforced racial and class divisions while encouraging new gender roles. Although they were successful in reducing the rate of population increase, the campaigns failed to address more pressing issues such as poverty, unemployment, and migration. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SOAP OPERA | CAMPAIGNS | POPULATION CONTROL | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | FAMILY PLANNING | ROLE MODELS | BILLBOARDS AND SIGNS | RADIO | RACE RELATIONS | SOCIAL CLASS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Communication Programs | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Interpersonal Relations | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 324445 |
| 8. Title: A community-based education program about cervical cancer improves knowledge and screening behavior in Honduran women. Author: Perkins RB; Langrish S; Stern LJ; Simon CJ Source: Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública / Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2007 Sep;22(3):187-193. Abstract: This study examined changes in knowledge and behavior after a community-based cervical cancer education program in Honduras. The program consisted of radio broadcasts targeting rural women and presentations to community nurses. The effectiveness of the radio broadcasts was assessed using a cross-sectional design (control groups n = 124, n = 243; intervention group n = 233). A pre-/ post-test design was used to evaluate the nurses' training program (n = 32). A subset of nurses (n = 16) was retested two years later. Evaluation included t tests, chi-square and Fisher exact analyses. The radio broadcast increased the proportion of women who were familiar with the term "cervical cancer," who could identify means of preventing cervical cancer, and who understood the purpose of the Pap smear. In addition, older and under-screened women were successfully recruited for screening via radio. The nurses' program improved understanding of the correct use of the Pap smear, the age-related risk of dysplasia, andthe proper triage of abnormal results. The nurses retained a significant amount of knowledge two years after this training. In developing countries, inexpensive, community-based educational programs using radio broadcasts and lecture presentations can increase cervical cancer knowledge and improve screening behavior. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | RURAL POPULATION | NURSES AND NURSING | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | HEALTH EDUCATION | CERVICAL CANCER | KNOWLEDGE | RADIO | CAMPAIGNS | TRAINING PROGRAMS | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Education | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Communication Programs Document Number: 324235 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: The effectiveness in utilizing Chinese media to promote breast health among Chinese women. Author: Sun A; Zhang J; Tsoh J; Wong-Kim E; Chow E Source: Journal of Health Communication. 2007 Mar;12(2):157-171. Abstract: To increase the awareness and practice of breast health guidelines, a media-based education campaign on breast health was launched among immigrant Chinese community in San Francisco. The media campaign included airing two public service announcements (PSAs) on Chinese television and radio stations and publishing the same message in Chinese newspapers during 2000. Seven-hundred-ten face-to-face interviews were conducted with women who were recruited from various settings in the city of San Francisco to evaluate the impact of the campaign. Survey participants were asked to describe the content of the PSAs. Having viewed the PSA was significantly associated with the ability to identify all four guidelines (OR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.35-2.85), knowing how to perform breast self-exam (BSE; OR = 2.25; 95% CI: 1.53-3.29), having performed BSE within the past month (OR = 3.12; 95% CI: 2.05-4.74), and having a clinical breast exam (CBE; OR = 2.98; 95% CI: 1.82-4.90) and mammogram (MAM; OR = 1.97; 95% CI: 1.16-3.36) in the past year. The study findings support that a media campaign utilizing PSAs is effective in improving knowledge of breast health guidelines, teaching Chinese women how to (BSEs), and increasing breast health practices. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CALIFORNIA | EVALUATION REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ASIANS | WOMEN | MASS MEDIA | BREAST EXAM | HEALTH EDUCATION | CAMPAIGNS | TELEVISION | RADIO | NEWSPAPERS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | MAMMARY GLAND EFFECTS | MAMMOGRAM | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Evaluation | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Communication | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Education | Communication Programs | Broadcast Media | Printed Media | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 316250 |
| 10. Title: First-ever multi-year Pan-African HIV / AIDS broadcast media campaign launched as part of broader HIV public education effort by African broadcast companies. Coca Cola Africa Foundation provides major funding for television and radio messaging. News release. Author: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation Source: Johannesburg, South Africa, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2006 Sep 22. [2] p. Abstract: Johannesburg, South Africa -- Thirty seven major broadcast companies across 24 African countries working together as the African Broadcast Media Partnership Against HIV/AIDS (ABMP) today unveiled plans for the first-ever multi-year pan-African HIV/AIDS public education campaign. To be launched simultaneously across the participating companies on World AIDS Day (December 1) 2006, the campaign is part of a broader five-year effort to substantially increase the amount of HIV/AIDS-related programming by African broadcasters, including the targeted public service ads (PSAs) announced today as well as expanded HIV-themed content across genres, including news, public affairs and entertainment programming. The goals of the campaign are to increase awareness of HIV/AIDS, encourage behaviour change, and reduce stigma. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | BROADCAST MEDIA | TELEVISION | RADIO | HEALTH EDUCATION | SEX EDUCATION | PUBLIC HEALTH | HIV PREVENTION | ADVERTISING | PRIVATE SECTOR | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | STIGMA | Developing Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Mass Media | Communication | Education | Health | Promotion | Marketing | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Behavior Change | Behavior | Communication Programs | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 309892 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Advanced methods for evaluating the impact of family planning communication programs: Evidence from Tanzania and Nepal. Author: Hutchinson P; Wheeler J Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2006 Sep;37(3):169-186. Abstract: Evaluations of national family planning communication campaigns are often complicated by nonrandomized research designs and self-reported measures of exposure to media messages, both of which can bias estimates of campaign effectiveness if suitable analytical methods are not employed. This study uses three methods to address these problems: (1) single-equation multiple regression analysis; (2) propensity score matching (PSM); and (3) maximum-likelihood simultaneous equation models (SEM), namely bivariate probit. We use these methods to evaluate the impact of family planning health-communication campaigns on the use of modern family planning methods, focusing primarily on the radio drama Zinduka! in Tanzania and Ghanti Heri Haad Nilaun in Nepal. We find that these methods led to substantially different estimates of the magnitude of the impact of these communication campaigns. Specifically, we found that self-reported exposure to each radio program was exogenously related to family planning use and that PSM and multiple regression analysis gave similar estimates in those situations. An indicator of exposure to any type of family planning message was found to be endogenous, in which case bivariate probit and PSM gave different estimates of program impact. Researchers should, therefore, pay close attention to the results of tests for endogeneity and identification that guide the appropriate use of the different methods. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | NEPAL | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | STUDY DESIGN | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | COUPLES | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CAMPAIGNS | RADIO | DRAMA AND THEATER | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Theoretical Models | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Education | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraception | Communication Programs | Communication | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Culture Document Number: 306009 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: A comparison of female- and male-headed households in Tanzania and poverty implications. Author: Katapa RS Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2006 May;38(3):327-339. Abstract: Female- and male-headed households were compared using data from a Demographic and Health Survey conducted in Tanzania in 1996. Chi-squared tests showed that sex of head of household was highly significantly associated with: residence, household size and composition, radio ownership, having enough food to eat, and age and marital status of head of household. An analysis by the logit regression model showed that female-headed households were more likely than male-headed households to be in rural areas, be small, have fewer men, not have radios and not have enough food to eat. The majority of female heads of households were unmarried and older than male heads of households. The implication is that female-headed households are poorer than male-headed households. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD | SEX FACTORS | FAMILY SIZE | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | RADIO | NUTRITION | AGE FACTORS | MARITAL STATUS | RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Households | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Family Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Health | Nuptiality Document Number: 299972 |
| 13. Title: Role of community radio in HIV/AIDS communication. Source: SAfAIDS News. 2005 Sep;11(3):18. Abstract: Over the last 12 years, Africa has recognised the power of radio to empower communities to transform their socio-economic and political spheres. Community radio offers the possibility of developing public opinion at grassroots level and allows people to mobilise themselves to express their concerns to the local and national authorities. In addition to providing civic education, community radio has become the answer to the widespread information poverty on the African continent. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | TANZANIA | SENEGAL | COTE D'IVOIRE | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | COMMUNITY | RADIO | INFORMATION NETWORKS | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | TUBERCULOSIS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Western | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Infections Document Number: 305197 |
| 14. Title: Cambodia (2005): HIV / AIDS TRaC study examining condom use among sexually active men with sweethearts in Phnom Penh. First round. Author: Population Services International [PSI]. Research Division Source: Washington, D.C., PSI, Research Division, 2005. 39 p. (Social Marketing Research SeriesPSI Dashboard) Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia, November 2005. Abstract: According to the HIV Sentinel Survey (HSS) in 2003, Cambodia has been successful in reducing HIV prevalence rate to 1.9% among the general population. The HSS also showed that almost half of the new infections are occurring between husband and wife. Sweetheart relationships are defined as noncommercial, non-marital relationships that can be sexual, and possess a certain degree of affection and trust from at least one partner. The Behavioral Sentinel Survey and PSI's HIV/AIDS Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice survey show that condom use among sweethearts is low. This evidence suggests that interventions should address the possible spread of HIV infections among spousal and sweetheart relationships. In 2004, PSI conducted a qualitative study on sexual practice and condom use among trusting relationships (spousal and sweetheart relationships)4. The results of the study were used in the design and development of a media campaign called Personal Risk and Social Support (PRASS, subsequently called "Klahan"). This TRaC survey was conducted to collect baseline data and information on personal risk and social support for condom use in trusting relationships. Data will be used to monitor changes in behavior among sexually active men with sweethearts (SAMS) and evaluate the success of the Klahan campaign. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CAMBODIA | RESEARCH REPORT | BASELINE SURVEYS | MEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | UNMARRIED | CONDOM USE | SEX BEHAVIOR | HIV TRANSMISSION | BELIEFS | MONITORING | RADIO | TELEVISION | INTERNET | MASS MEDIA | COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Risk Reduction Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Evaluation | Broadcast Media | Communication | Information Networks Document Number: 320083 |
| 15. Title: Assessment of the awareness of HIV / AIDS among the rural dwellers in Ife zone of Osun State Nigeria. Author: Deji OF; Enuenwemba C Source: Journal of Social Sciences. 2005;10(3):181-184. Abstract: The study investigated the level of awareness of HIV/AIDS among the rural dwellers in Ife zone, Osun State. Factors influencing the awareness of the disease, problems associated with its awareness and the sources of information to the respondent were also identified. Two rural communities were chosen from each of the four Local Government Areas in Ife zone based on their higher relative degree of ruralness. A total of 240 respondents from different age categories were selected through systematic random sampling technique from the chosen communities, and interviewed using structured interview schedules. Data collected were subjected to both descriptive and inferential analyses. It was found that the level of education (P= 0.02) and marital status (P = 0.02) were significantly related to the awareness of HIV/AIDs, by the respondent. A small majority (67.1%) indicated their awareness of the diseases, among which 36.3% indicated radio, while 14.1% indicated television, as their sources of awareness. In conclusion, there was an average level of awareness about HIV/AIDs in the studied rural areas, indicating the need for more campaigns against the disease, especially in the rural areas. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | HIV | KNOWLEDGE | INFORMATION SOURCES | MARITAL STATUS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | RADIO | TELEVISION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Information | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication Document Number: 305428 |
| 16. Title: Using global media to reach youth: The 2002 MTV Staying Alive Campaign. Author: Geary CW; Mahler H; Finger W; Shears KH Source: Arlington, Virginia, Family Health International [FHI], YouthNet, 2005. 22 p. (Youth Issues Paper No. 5) Abstract: Chapter 1 summarizes the evidence suggesting that a global youth culture exists, emphasizing that technology is an important entry point in providing messages to young people across cultures. These messages have the potential for positive impact in HIV prevention, not just negative influences such as commercialization. Chapter 2 summarizes the 2002 campaign. Chapter 3 explains the methodology of the FHI analysis, based on a social diffusion model, whereby media can affect social norms through interpersonal communication; this communication in turn influences culturally based behaviors. Chapters 4 through 6 summarize the results of the quantitative surveys, finding that the campaign had significant statistical impact on interpersonal communication and some impact on social norms. Chapter 7 captures the major themes from the focus groups, including a universal connection with crosscultural messages relating to responsibility, blame, empathy, and faithfulness. Chapter 8 offers conclusions and observations about future work with global media campaigns. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | GLOBAL | EVALUATION REPORT | CASE STUDIES | STATISTICAL STUDIES | YOUTH | TELEVISION PROGRAM | INTERNET | HIV PREVENTION | CAMPAIGNS | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | VALUE ORIENTATION | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | RADIO | Evaluation | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Television | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Information Networks | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication Programs | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior Change Document Number: 300769 |
| 17. Title: Community radio: a voice for the poor. Better local communications can boost development, democracy. Author: Madamombe I Source: Africa Renewal. 2005 Jul;19(2):4-5. Abstract: Their transmitters may reach only a few miles, but community radio stations are enabling isolated communities across Africa to voice their own concerns. On air, ordinary citizens discuss issues that are central to them, such as gender relations and combatting HIV/AIDS. They share farming tips and income generation ideas and explore ways to improve education. “Development work at times can be like sleepwalking in fog,” Ms. Denise Gray-Felder, president of the Communication for Social Change Consortium, told Africa Renewal. “You know you’re not where you are supposed to be, and you can sense motion … but it is unclear exactly where you’re headed. A frequently missing ‘guidepost’ in development work is local voice. Community radios provide profound new opportunities for more inclusive sustainable development.” Her organization is an international nonprofit group that helps poor and marginalized communities use communications to improve their lives Millions in Africa remain voiceless, despite a multitude of new information outlets. Most media remain largely state controlled. But the tide of democracy sweeping the continent has seen governments loosening their grip on the airwaves. In 1985, notes the World Association of Community Broadcasters (AMARC, by its French initials), there were fewer than 10 independent radio stations on the entire continent. Today, South Africa alone has more than 150 community stations, and other countries are catching up. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | LOW INCOME POPULATION | RADIO | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | Developing Countries | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 293040 |
| 18. Title: Promoting indigenous culture and community life in Nigeria through the mass media. Author: Onabajo F Source: Studies of Tribes and Tribals. 2005;3(2):93-98. Abstract: The way and manner the morals and cultures of the typical Nigerian community is promoted depend solely on its mass media. These mass media are responsible for the dissemination of values, ideas, and developmental information in many ways and this goes a long way in elevating cultures and community life. In the Nigerian society, cultures are very important and they are held in great reverence. Culture is the way of life and the belief system of a particular group of people at a particular time. This work aims at re-appraising and reinforcing the significance and value of Nigerian indigenous culture and morals in the framework of their positive contributions to the growth and development of the country in the past and present, as well as their continued relevance to the promotion and preservation of the Nigerian psyche and the role the media can play in ensuring their sustenance. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | MASS MEDIA | PROMOTION | CULTURE | COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | TELEVISION | RADIO | DRAMA AND THEATER | LEADERSHIP | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Communication | Marketing | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Development | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Broadcast Media | Organization and Administration Document Number: 305588 |
| 19. Title: Social mobilization and communication training models for community groups in Nigeria. Author: Onabajo F Source: Studies of Tribes and Tribals. 2005;3(1):27-35. Abstract: This paper examined the concept of social mobilization and guidelines that should be followed in social mobilization programming. It considered issues involved in information dissemination and what should be borne in mind in the designing of development messages. The paper also drew attention to communication training models which are hinged on radio study groups that could be adopted for the mobilization of Nigerians for social development. It recommended an appropriate strategy for planning and implementing effective social mobilization. which should employ a multi media campaign approach. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | THEORETICAL MODELS | COMMUNITY | SUPPORT GROUPS | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | RADIO | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | MASS MEDIA | CAMPAIGNS | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Social Networks | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Change | Communication | Behavior Change | Behavior | Economic Factors | Broadcast Media Document Number: 305582 |
| 20. Title: Prevention of HIV and other STIs in rural Senegal: A study of prevention-related events collected by sentinel observers. Author: Wade AS; Enel C; Lagarde E Source: SAHARA J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV / AIDS. 2005;2(2):[7] p.. Abstract: We conducted a study of AIDS/STI prevention-related events based on a network of sentinel observers over a 35-month period in three rural communities of Senegal (May 2000 - March 2003). In one of these communities we also conducted a population-based study on self-reported prevention events and attitudes towards AIDS. Sentinel observers recorded 1 590 AIDS/STI prevention-related events. More than half of the reported events were radio programmes. The proportion of events on the occasion of which therapies was addressed increased significantly between 2000 and 2001, from less than 3% to about 10%, while sharp decreases in the proportion of events dealing with condoms and STIs, both from around 25% to less than 15%, were observed at the same time. The population-based survey indicated that men were more influenced by individual events like informal discussions or radio programmes while women seemed to be more influenced by collective events such as public meetings and school education. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | ATTITUDES | RADIO | CONDOM USE | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | SEX FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Risk Reduction Behavior | HIV Document Number: 321538 |
| 21. Title: AIDS: a "real weapon of mass destruction." UN Secretary-General urges greater action. Source: Africa Recovery. 2004 Jan;17(4):4-5. Abstract: Late last year, UN Secretary-General spoke to the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) about the global struggle against HIV/AIDS. The interview was broadcast on World Service Radio and posted on BBC's website on 28 November. The full interview can be heard at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3244564.stm. The transcribed excerpts below are reproduced with permission of the BBC. They have been edited slightly for clarity. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | UN | RADIO | LEADERSHIP | AIDS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | FUNDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | International Agencies | Organizations | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 186557 |
| 22. Title: Messaging HIV / AIDS. Author: Crompton BS Source: Global AIDSLink. 2004 Jun-Jul;(86):18-19. Abstract: Stigma attached to HIV/AIDS is often layered upon preexisting stigmas surrounding sexual conduct, drug use and sex work, with HIV-positive people often perceived as belonging to these groups, regardless of whether or not they actually are. This is very damaging to prevention efforts, not only because of the discrimination that these groups suffer, but also because it sets up a false sense of security among the general public. Existing to stimulate debate on global development issues, and working from offices in 11 countries, the Panos Institute provides in-depth information on the social and economic causes and consequences of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the developing world. In addition, Panos plays a key role in the development of contemporary approaches to HIV/AIDS communication. We urge a critical examination of the role of the media, one that goes much further than portraying the media primarily as a vehicle for information dissemination. Information is crucial, but so too are the ways in which it is passed on, and the manner in which voices are granted credibility. As part of our role in HIV/AIDS communication, Panos issued a report on World AIDS Day 2003, "Missing the Message? 20 Years of Learning from HIV/AIDS," that focuses on the ways in which the response to the pandemic has been shaped, with a particular emphasis on how communication, information dissemination and the distribution of health messages have been used. Some of Panos' findings are distilled below. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | MASS MEDIA | RADIO | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | BROADCAST MEDIA | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Communication Document Number: 275548 |
| 23. Title: Media interventions to increase cervical screening uptake in South Africa: an evaluation study of effectiveness. Author: Risi L; Bindman JP; Campbell OM; Imrie J; Everett K Source: Health Education Research Theory and Practice. 2004 Aug;19(4):457-468. Abstract: Successful cervical cancer prevention depends on reaching, screening and treating women with pre-invasive disease. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of two media interventions—a photo-comic and a radio-drama—in increasing cervical screening uptake. A randomized controlled trial compared a photo-comic on cervical cancer screening with a placebo comic. One month after the comics were distributed a radio drama paralleling the photo-comic was broadcast on the community radio station and a retrospective evaluation was carried out. The trial was set in Khayelitsha, a peri-urban squatter community near Cape Town, South Africa. A random sample consisted of 658 women between the ages of 35 and 65 years, from a stratified sample of census areas. The main outcome measure was self-reported cervical screening uptake 6 months after distribution of the comics. Seven percent (18 of 269) of women who received the intervention photo comic reported cervical screening during the 6 months follow-up, compared with 6% (25 of 389) of controls (P 5 0.89). Women who recalled hearing the radio-drama were more likely to report attending screening (nine of 53, 17%) than those who did not (19 of 429, 4%; P < 0.001). We conclude that the photo-comic was ineffective in increasing cervical screening uptake in this population. The radio-drama may have had more impact, but only a minority of women recalled being exposed to it. Future research must concentrate not only on achieving high level of exposure to health messages, but also on investigating the links between exposure and action. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SCREENING | MASS MEDIA | CERVICAL CANCER | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | COMIC BOOKS | PAP SMEAR | RADIO | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Examinations and Diagnoses | Communication | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Printed Media | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Broadcast Media Document Number: 194593 |
| 24. Title: Radio broadcasting for health: an issues paper. Author: Skuse A Source: London, England, United Kingdom, Department for International Development [DFID], Information and Communication for Development, 2004 Jul. [53] p. Abstract: This paper sets out, analyses and discusses a number of key issues that DFID decision makers may face when considering support for radio based health information initiatives. Radio interventions are now a common facet of health sector programmes, such as HIV/AIDS, TB and Malaria prevention, in most of the partner countries in which DFID works. Radio constitutes just one of many different electronic and social fields through which information may be obtained. Therefore, decision makers need to first ask themselves if radio is the most appropriate and effective communication option to build community involvement in health issues or to reach the specific risk groups. Sections 1.3, Box 2 and Footnote 2 point the reader to a wider range of Information and Communication for Development (ICD) options, both mass and interpersonal media, that may be employed in the health context. Radio provides a very useful example and the selection, assessment, and evaluation criteria that are applied to this popular medium can broadly be applied to other ICD interventions and initiatives. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION METHODOLOGY | POLICYMAKERS | RADIO | HEALTH EDUCATION | DECISION MAKING | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | Evaluation | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Education | Behavior | Social Change Document Number: 195509 |
| 25. Title: Nigerian radio campaign generates safer behavior. Author: Population Services International [PSI] Source: Washington, D.C., PSI, 2003 Mar. [4] p. (PSI Profile) Abstract: SFH’s [Society for Family Health] most ambitious behavior change campaign to date, Future Dreams, developed four key messages in nine Nigerian languages and broadcast those messages on forty-two radio channels. While the campaign encountered some problems — political opposition suspended the broadcast for months — results were impressive. Knowledge and behavior data showed increased knowledge and significantly safer behavior patterns among those who had listened to the campaign compared to those who had not been exposed. SFH also observed a parallel increase in condom uptake — condom sales rates accelerated when the campaign was initiated, and continued to do so through the life of the broadcast. That acceleration abated after the end of the campaign, though sales levels did not drop. Since SFH comprises over 80% of the total condom market, changes in SFH sales levels are indicative of overall market movements. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RESPONDENTS | HIV PREVENTION | CAMPAIGNS | SAFER SEX | CONDOM USE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RADIO | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections Document Number: 188595 |
| 26. Title: Women's status in reproductive health decision-making: a communications perspective. Author: Muturi N Source: Journal of Development Communication. 2003 Jun;14(1):32-50. Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine some of the factors that impede Kenyan women's reproductive health decision to use (or not to use) contraceptives for prevention of unwanted pregnancies. Despite much effort and resources by international agencies to persuade women to accept family planning contraceptives and advocated behavior change, the majority of rural women continue to have large families while suffering from numerous reproductive health problems associated with lack of contraceptive use. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | GROUP INTERVIEWS | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | VIOLENCE | WOMEN | GENDER RELATIONS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HUMAN RIGHTS | COMMUNICATION | PROGRAM EVALUATION | MASS MEDIA | SEX BEHAVIOR | RADIO | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ATTITUDES | CULTURE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Interviews | Data Collection | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Gender Issues | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Broadcast Media | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 183423 |
| 27. Title: Using media campaigns for health promotion. Author: Salmon CT; Atkin C Source: In: Handbook of health communication, edited by Teresa L. Thompson, Alicia M. Dorsey, Katherine I. Miller, Roxanne Parrott. Mahwah, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2003. :449-472. Abstract: To date, the preponderance of scholarly effort exerted on this topic has focused on developing theory "for" campaigns, i.e., new psychological and sociological theory that administrative researchers can use to guide the design of interventions in hopes of improving effectiveness (Salmon, 1992). Drawing on this substantial body of scholarship, we know that many health campaigns have attained a rather modest impact because of meager resources, poor conceptualization, and narrow strategic approaches. The limited potency of the media has several implications for campaigners. It is advisable to have realistic expectations, especially when attempting to influence fundamental behaviors in the short run. Campaigners should be prepared for the long haul, because many campaigns will take years to achieve a significant impact. More emphasis should be given to relatively attainable effects by aiming at more receptive focal segments and by creating or promoting more palatable positive products with a favorable cost-benefit ratio. Campaign designers should play to the strengths of the mass media by imparting new knowledge (e.g., a TV spot informing people about the nutritional value of soy), enhancing salience (e.g., news publicity stressing the importance of reducing drunk driving), providing instruction (e.g., a pamphlet describing protective sexual behaviors), triggering action (e.g., a radio announcement reminding drivers to buckle up during a snowstorm), and stimulating information-seeking (e.g., a radio ad prompting listeners to call a hotline or consult a physician). The relatively small set of packaged campaign stimuli can be augmented by stimulating sensitization to existing media content and by generating publicity. The quantity of messages can be increased by pursuing monetary resources to enable paid placements and by utilizing creative and political resources to generate free publicity and engineer health entertainment portrayals. Media messages should be augmented by supplementary education, persuasion and control (e.g., classroom instruction, physician advice, social influence, and environmental constraints), using the media campaign to shape and energize these forces. Through the use of these approaches, campaign effectiveness is likely to be enhanced. But the legacy of our field's overwhelmingly narrow, administrative focus on the tactical and strategic dimensions of campaigns should not deter health communication researchers from simultaneously developing theory "of" campaigns, i.e., to more systematically define and specify parameters of campaigns and to understand them as social constructions (Salmon, 1992). Campaigns are frequently the tool of choice preferred by social engineers, even when they are not necessarily the most efficient or effective. Why, and for what political and ideological motives, are they used with such frequency? Which segments of society benefit from the use of this particular approach to social change, and which suffer? What are the ethical consequences of continuing to use a strategy of social change that is known to be only modestly effective? The answers to these questions can only enhance our understanding of campaigns and, more importantly, our ability to effect positive and significant changes in the health of communities that we serve. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MICHIGAN | LITERATURE REVIEW | HEALTH PERSONNEL | CLIENTS | CAMPAIGNS | MASS MEDIA | HEALTH | PROMOTION | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | PROGRAM DESIGN | PROGRAM EVALUATION | TARGET POPULATION | MESSAGE DEVELOPMENT | TELEVISION | RADIO | NEWSPAPERS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Delivery of Health Care | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Communication Programs | Communication | Marketing | Economic Factors | Broadcast Media | Printed Media Document Number: 178094 |
| 28. Title: Allow more private radio, TV channels, speakers tell roundtable. [Selon les intervenants à la table ronde, il faut la création de plus de chaînes privées de radio et de TV] Source: Daily Star. 2002 Oct 29;3(1118):[5] p.. Abstract: This news article summarizes the proceedings at a roundtable on "Evaluation of past activities for flourishing democracy and free flow of information and future course of action" organized by the Ministry of Information in Bangladesh. Speakers underscored the need for more private radio and terrestrial television channels and urged the government to arrange double-way transmission of electronic media. Suggested measures to ensure timely dissemination of information were mentioned. French Abstract: Cet article journalistique résume les débats d'une table ronde, sur "L'évaluation des activités passées pour une démocratie développée et un flux libre d'information et le cours futur de l'action", organisée par le Ministère d'Information au Bangladesh. Les orateurs ont fait ressortir la nécessité de plus de stations privées de radio et de chaînes terrestres de télévision et ont conseillé vivement au gouvernement d'élaborer la transmission à double voie des médias électroniques. Les mesures suggérées pour assurer la diffusion pertinente de l'information ont été mentionnées. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | BROADCAST MEDIA | RADIO | TELEVISION | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Mass Media | Communication Document Number: 172897 |
| 29. Title: Strengthening partnerships among local FM radio networks and reproductive health agencies on HIV / AIDS: a review of the effectiveness of local FM radio in promoting reproductive health, HIV / AIDS prevention and gender equity. Author: United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA]. Population Media Center Source: New York, New York, UNFPA, Population Media Center, 2002. [37] p. (UNFPA Project INT/02/PRP) Abstract: Although radio is not a new phenomenon, community control of programming, content and operation is relatively recent, and has been gaining strength throughout the world in recent years, especially in developing countries. As a result, local FM and community radio has attracted the attention of many international development organizations as an optimal resource to be developed in the struggle for democracy, the fight against disease, and the preservation of local language and culture. This paper provides an overview of how local FM radio has been used around the world to promote health and development goals. It is intended to inform UNFPA country representatives of the potential use of local and community radio to achieve UNFPA objectives worldwide. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | COMMUNICATIONS PERSONNEL | POPULATION | RADIO | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | GENDER ISSUES | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL METHODS | Communication | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Health | Organization and Administration | Educational Activities | Education Document Number: 192602 |
| 30. Title: Women launch India's first community radio. Author: Gupta A Source: Action. 2002 Oct;(247):5. Abstract: India's first community radio has been launched at Orvakallu in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh. The women members of the Mandal Ikya Sangham, who spent over Rs 25,000 to set up the radio station, named Mana Radio, formally launched the station. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | COMMUNITY | RADIO | BROADCAST MEDIA | MASS MEDIA | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Communication | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Economic Development Document Number: 176500 |
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