1.  Title: The Women's Legal Rights Initiative. Final report. USAID Contract No. GEW-I-00-02-00016-00, Task Order 01. Author: Chemonics International. Women's Legal Rights Initiative Source: [Washington, D.C.], Chemonics International, Women's Legal Rights Initiative, 2007 Jan. [150] p. (USAID Contract No. GEW-I-00-02-00016-00,) Abstract: From 2002 to 2007, the Women's Legal Rights Initiative (WLR), implemented by Chemonics International in partnership with the Centre for Development and Population Activities (CEDPA), MetaMetrics Inc., and Partners of the Americas, worked to advance the legal, civil, property, and human rights of women in 10 developing countries under a task order issued under the Women in Development Indefinite Quality Contract. Target countries were Albania, Benin, Guatemala, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, and Swaziland. WLR has supported USAID's Bureau of Economic Governance and Trade, Office of Women in Development's strategic objective "Women's Legal Rights Increasingly Protected" and its corollary intermediate results of improving legislation to protect women's legal rights, enhancing justice sector capacity to interpret and enforce women's legal rights, strengthening civil society organizations' capacity to advocate for legal protections for women, and increasing public awareness of women's legal rights. Collectively, these activities promoted USAID's broader goal of strengthened democracy and good governance. The five-year WLR project ended eight months early due to unexpected funding cuts, with the exception of programming for Benin, which will continue through September 2007. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | EVALUATION REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | USAID | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | LEGISLATION | ADVOCACY | PUBLIC RELATIONS | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | DEMOCRACY | SEX DISCRIMINATION | CAPACITY BUILDING | MONITORING | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Communication | Social Change | Political Systems | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 318680 |
| 2. Title: Hong Kong: Evolution of the family planning program. Author: Fan S Source: In: The global family planning revolution: three decades of population policies and programs, edited by Warren C. Robinson and John A. Ross. Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2007. :193-200. Abstract: The family planning movement in Hong Kong began in June 1936, when the Hong Kong Eugenics League was founded with Professor W. C. W. Nixon as president and Ellen Li as honorary secretary. In the words of Professor Gordon King, who later became chair and director of the Family Planning Association of Hong Kong (FPAHK), "The League came into being largely as the result of a visit from that wonderful pioneer of the birth-control movement, Mrs. Margaret Sanger". The league was affiliated with the International Birth Control League (London and New York), the National Birth Control Association (London), and the Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau (New York). These organizations eventually became Planned Parenthood in the United States and the Family Planning Association in the United Kingdom. The league began its work with a single clinic in the Violet Peel Maternity and Child Welfare Centre. Subsequently, it established clinics in Kowloon and in Tsan Yuk Hospital. By 1940, the league was operating five clinics staffed by several part-time female doctors and nurses. The World War II Japanese occupation ended the league's work. At that time, the estimated population of Hong Kong was 1.6 million, but the war years saw much forced deportation and starvation. By the end of the war in 1945, only about one-third of that number remained. With the liberation of Hong Kong, many people returned and a period of rapid growth ensued. By 1950, the population had risen to an estimated 2.36 million, along with housing shortages, intense overcrowding, and widespread poverty. The need for family planning was obviously great, and in March 1950, the remaining members of the old league met to consider the challenge. They decided to change the league's name to the FPAHK, and in September 1950 made plans to reopen the family planning clinic at the Violet Peel Maternity and Child Welfare Centre. From then on, the work of FPAHK continued to expand. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CASE STUDIES | POLICYMAKERS | GOVERNMENT | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | PUBLIC RELATIONS | PROMOTION | FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION | SEX EDUCATION | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Planning | Communication | Marketing | Economic Factors | Education Document Number: 321947 |
| 3. Title: Women's economic outcomes, gender inequality and public policy: findings from the Luxembourg Income Study. Author: Gomick JC Source: Socio-Economic Review. 2004 May;2(2):213-238. Abstract: In the past two decades, many researchers have used the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) data to analyse women's economic status, or economic gender inequality, across the industrialized countries. Researchers concerned with labour market outcomes have concluded that: i) women's labour market status lags men's in nearly every LIS country and time period; ii) motherhood is a consequential factor nearly everywhere; while parenthood typically has little effect (or a positive effect) on men's employment rates and earnings, it weakens women's everywhere; iii) against this backdrop of commonality, gendered outcomes vary dramatically across countries; and iv) variation in policies, or policy packages, explains a substantial share of the observed variation in outcomes. Researchers focused on poverty have found that: i) in several countries, post-tax-and-transfer poverty is more prevalent among women than men, mothers compared with fathers, and female-headed households relative to male-headed households; ii) solo mothers everywhere face a heightened risk of low income and/or poverty, especially in the English-speaking countries; iii) across the LIS countries, single elderly women are also at heightened risk, with the USA standing out as an extreme case; and iv) cross-national variation in tax-and-transfer policies explains a large share of variation in post-tax-and-transfer income. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | PUBLIC RELATIONS | INCOME | ECONOMIC FACTORS | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | POVERTY | North America | Americas | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Communication | Employment Status | Socioeconomic Status Document Number: 300791 |
| 4. Title: Bangladesh: strengthening contraceptive security. Author: Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu. Commercial Market Strategies Source: Washington, D.C., Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, Commercial Market Strategies, 2003 Oct. 5 p. (Country ProfileUSAID Contract No. HRN-C-00-98-00039-00) Abstract: Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world, with an estimated 120 million people. The country has undergone a remarkable demographic transition over the past three decades. The average life expectancy at birth increased from 46 years in 1974 to more than 60 years in 2000. Over the same period, the total fertility rate declined from 6.3 children per woman to 3.3, and total contraceptive prevalence increased from 8 to 54 percent. Although Bangladesh has been successful at meeting population goals, new challenges to contraceptive security are emerging. Historically, the country has been dependent on donated commodities to meet its family planning needs. Donations are now declining and are expected to fall short of future demand as the population grows and more couples use contraception. Two players dominate the family planning market in Bangladesh: the public health system and the Social Marketing Company (SMC), one of the largest social marketing non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the world. The public sector serves 64 percent of modern-method users. However, SMC provides 71 percent of all condoms and 29 percent of pills. Donors provide most of SMC’s contraceptive supplies, and the organization traditionally has sold its products for less than cost. Now, as donors are reducing the quantity of contraceptive supplies, SMC must generate new income and improve its long-term sustainability. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | MARKET RESEARCH | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | FAMILY PLANNING ORGANIZATIONS | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | PUBLIC RELATIONS | SOCIAL MARKETING | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Research Methodology | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Organizations | Contraception | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Communication | Marketing Document Number: 195799 |
| 5. Title: A guide to investigating one of the biggest scandals of the last 50 years. For media professionals. Author: Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council [WSSCC] Source: Geneva, Switzerland, WSSCC, 2003. [12] p. Abstract: Excrement kills. It kills by the million. Lack of safe sanitation is the world’s biggest cause of infection. It is the number one enemy of world health. And it deprives hundreds of millions of people not only of health but of energy, time, dignity, and quality of life. This issue has been shrouded in embarrassment for too long. Hygiene – helped by safe sanitation and water supply – is what transformed health and productivity in the industrialized countries. And it is one of the world’s longest running scandals that the same has not happened long ago in the poor world. Why hasn’t it happened? Why after fifty years of promises do a hundred million people in slums and shanty towns still defecate in the open air or in plastic bags? Why does faecal matter still contaminate water, food, hands, homes, so that infection and disease are everywhere? Most of the world’s governments have failed to lay the obvious foundation stones of public health. And where government fails to assume its responsibilities, it is left to the media to call it to account. At the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg last year the world’s leaders accepted the clear goal of halving the proportion of people without safe water and sanitation by the year 2015. These goals are unlikely to be achieved without a movement to campaign for them, and without sustained support from the media. This brief publication is designed to offer information and assistance to media professionals ready to pick up this challenge. On the following pages we offer some of the key facts, expose some of the common myths, reveal where each country stands in the ‘hygiene league’, suggest a check list that might help evaluate government performance, and set out the basic HYGIENE CODE that every family in the world now has a right to know. But international data of this kind is of limited value; it is national investigation and reporting that really counts. The ‘WASH’ campaign – water, sanitation and hygiene for all – needs to see and learn from your national analysis and coverage. The back cover of this publication gives details of the awards on offer for the best journalistic reporting and investigation of the issues raised in these pages. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | MANUAL | SOUTH AFRICA | LOW INCOME POPULATION | COMMUNICATIONS PERSONNEL | PUBLIC RELATIONS | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | WATER | WATER SUPPLY | HYGIENE | SANITATION | MALNUTRITION | CAMPAIGNS | MISINFORMATION | GOVERNMENT | STATISTICS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Health | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Communication Programs | Political Factors | Research Methodology Document Number: 182550 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: When a celebrity contracts a disease: the example of Earvin "Magic" Johnson's announcement that he was HIV positive. Author: Casey MK; Allen M; Emmers-Sommer T Source: Journal of Health Communication. 2003 May-Jun;8(3):249-265. Abstract: This meta-analysis summarizes the available data concerning the impact that the public announcement that Earvin ‘‘Magic’’ Johnson, a National Basketball Association All-Star, had tested positive for HIV. The results demonstrate that the announcement increased the level of accurate knowledge in persons, the number of persons getting tested for HIV, and the desire to obtain more information about HIV and AIDS. For adults the impact of the announcement was to increase the perception of vulnerability while for children/adolescents the announcement diminished the perception of risk. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | DATA ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HETEROSEXUALS | PUBLIC RELATIONS | HIV PREVENTION | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | PUBLIC HEALTH | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Communication | Psychological Factors | Health Document Number: 182239 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Pitfalls of power to the people: decentralization, local government performance, and system support in Bolivia. [Dificultades de transferir el poder al pueblo: descentralización, desempeńo del gobierno local y respaldo del sistema en Bolivia] Author: Hiskey JT; Seligson MA Source: Studies in Comparative International Development. 2003 Winter;37(4):64-88. Abstract: Across the developing world, many governments have implemented political reforms-- heavily promoted by international donors--designed to transfer greater power to subnational levels of government and to provide a more substantial policymaking and oversight role to citizens. Although economic analyses have frequently argued that such decentralization programs improve the efficiency of public expenditures, far less is known about their political impact. Based on an analysis of two large national public-opinion surveys from Bolivia, a country that has recently implemented one of the most comprehensive decentralization reforms yet attempted in Latin America, we analyze the role decentralized local institutions are playing in shaping citizen attitudes toward their political system. Our findings support the contention that decentralization can bolster citizen levels of system support at the national level. Equally important, however, we also demonstrate that the renewed emphasis on local government can have the opposite effect of producing more negative views of the political system when the performance of local institutions falters. (author's) Spanish Abstract: En todo el mundo en desarrollo, muchos gobiernos han implementado reformas políticas -promovidas de forma considerable por donantes internacionales- diseńadas para transferir un mayor poder a los niveles de gobierno subnacionales y otorgarle a los ciudadanos un papel más sustancial con relación a la elaboración de las políticas y a la supervisión. Aunque los análisis económicos han argumentado frecuentemente que tales programas de descentralización mejoran la eficiencia de los gastos públicos, se conoce muy poco acerca de su impacto político. Basado en un análisis de dos grandes encuestas de opinión pública en Bolivia, un país que recientemente ha puesto en práctica una de las reformas de descentralización más amplias intentadas hasta el momento en América Latina, se analizó el papel que están jugando las instituciones descentralizadas locales en el desarrollo de las actitudes de los ciudadanos hacia su sistema político. Estos hallazgos confirman el argumento de que la descentralización puede estimular el apoyo de los niveles ciudadanos al sistema a nivel nacional. Sin embargo, se demostró de manera similar que el énfasis renovado en el gobierno local puede tener el efecto opuesto de producir más puntos de vista negativos del sistema político cuando disminuya el rendimiento de las instituciones locales. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: BOLIVIA | SURVEYS | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | DECENTRALIZATION | IMPACT | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | OBSTACLES | PUBLIC OPINION | PUBLIC RELATIONS | Developing Countries | South America, Central | South America | Latin America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Communication | Organization and Administration | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 177042 |
| 8. Title: Advancing health communication: the PCS experience in the field. Author: Piotrow PT; Rimon JG 2d; Merritt AP; Saffitz G Source: Baltimore, Maryland, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Communication Programs, 2003 Mar. vi, 89 p. Abstract: Why don't people pay more attention to their health? Why don't people who have a choice make healthier choices about personal, family, and sexual behavior? Why don't people make better use of existing health facilities? And, above all, what can public health practitioners and communication experts do to help people make healthier choices? How can public health practitioners work to improve the environment in which people make their choices? New answers and approaches emerged in the last two decades that can help address and resolve some of these problems. This guide for health communication programs is based on the worldwide experience of the Population Communication Services (PCS4 project from 1995-2002. Led by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health/Center for Communication Programs (CCP), PCS4 was supported by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). U.S. partners in PCS4 included the Academy for Educational Development (AED), Save the Children, the Centre for Development and Population Activities (CEDPA) and Prospect Associates/American Institutes for Research. Building on 20 years of experience that began with the first PCS project in 1982, PCS4 offers here some practical lessons as to what works, what works better, and what does not work in the rapidly evolving and advancing field of health communication. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | FIELD REPORT | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | GENDER ISSUES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY | PUBLIC RELATIONS | QUALITATIVE EVALUATION | QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION | COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Health | Technology | Economic Factors | Communication | Evaluation Document Number: 181809 |
| 9. Title: Health as profit: public relations in health communication. Author: Springston JK; Lariscy RA Source: In: Handbook of health communication, edited by Teresa L. Thompson, Alicia M. Dorsey, Katherine I. Miller, Roxanne Parrott. Mahwah, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2003. :537-556. Abstract: Public relations is a powerful force in society and an essential component of our economy. This is particularly evident in the $400,000 billion plus health care industry where most medical services--from physician care to hospital stays, to pharmaceutical sales and health insurance--function in a highly competitive environment. In the wide breadth of for-profit health organizations--HMOs, hospitals, nursing homes, pharmaceutical companies, medical clinics, and health-science research centers to name a few--strong need exists for the broadly based, issues-oriented public relations strategic function. While public relations is vital to both for-profit and not-for-profit health care organizations, this chapter focuses on the role of advocacy messages and campaigns in the for-profit sector of health communication. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | THEORETICAL STUDIES | HEALTH PERSONNEL | CLIENTS | PUBLIC RELATIONS | HEALTH | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | CAMPAIGNS | MASS MEDIA | MARKETING | ADVERTISING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Delivery of Health Care | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Communication | Communication Programs | Economic Factors | Promotion Document Number: 178098 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Accounts from the field: a public relations perspective on global AIDS / HIV. Author: Bardhan NR Source: Journal of Health Communication. 2002 May 1;7(3):221-244. Abstract: This study is a theoretical as well as empirical exploration of the power and cultural differentials that mark and construct various intersecting discourses, specifically media discourse, on global AIDS=HIV. It applies the language and concepts of public relations to understand how the press coverage of the pandemic is associated with the variables that impact the newsmaking process as well as the public and policy implications of macro news frames generated over time. Theoretical work in the areas of agenda setting and news framing also instruct the conceptual framework of this analysis. Narrative analysis is used as a methodology to qualitatively analyze three pools of accounts—from people either living with AIDS=HIV, involved in AIDS=HIV work, or discursively engaged in the media construction of the pandemic; from transnational wire service journalists who cover the issue at global and regional levels; and policy shapers and communicators who are active at the global level. These three communities of respondents represent important stakeholders in the AIDS=HIV issue. The findings are analyzed from a public relations standpoint. Perhaps the most important finding of this study is that the public relations approaches used to address AIDS=HIV related issues need to be grounded in context-specific research and communicative practices that bring out the lived realities of AIDS=HIV at grassroots levels. The findings also posit that those situated at critical junctions between various stakeholders need to cultivate a finely balanced understanding of the etic and emic intersections and subjectivities of global=local AIDS=HIV. (author’s) Language: English Keywords: LITERATURE REVIEW | THEORETICAL STUDIES | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | PUBLIC RELATIONS | PERCEPTION | MASS MEDIA | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 172738 |
| 11. Title: Crocodiles prove no bad omen. Author: Jones B Source: UN Chronicle. 2002 Feb;38(4):27-30. Abstract: A peaceful and orderly Constituent Assembly elections in East Timor was held on August 30,2001. Prior to the election, voters were worried over the possible unrest and use of inflammatory rhetoric and outright intimidation by political parties. As such, the armed peacekeepers and UN Civilian Police provided the voters with a sense of security. UN Security Council resolution 1272 had mandated the World Organization in October 1999 to administer the country until independence. During the electoral management process, the patience and determination of Timorese to participate in the democratic process were evident. However, they were ignorant of the electoral process and their role in it since democracy was a new concept to them. They were also initially fearful of the civic education campaign which will tackle keys to effective government and role of civil society and political parties in the democratic process. In order to address the widespread fear of political violence, the Office of Communication and Public Information provided communication between political and church leaders and Timorese people through the Media Mediation Panel. Language: English Keywords: TIMOR-LESTE | POLITICAL FACTORS | VIOLENCE | PUBLIC RELATIONS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Behavior | Communication | Diseases Document Number: 163848 |
| 12. Title: Advocacy guide for sexual and reproductive health and rights. Author: International Planned Parenthood Federation [IPPF] Source: London, England, IPPF, 2001 Jul. 61 p. Abstract: An advocacy campaign is a set of targeted actions in support of a cause or issue. Advocacy efforts have made a difference--locally, nationally and internationally. Proactive support of sexual and reproductive health, including family planning (FP), is an essential element in the work of FP associations, International Planned Parenthood Federation and other nongovernmental organizations throughout the world. Organized into 13 sections, this guide offers a framework for initiating an advocacy campaign and developing advocacy programs. After the introduction, section two details the launching of an advocacy campaign while section three focuses on building a constituency for support. Sections four and five describe shaping the message and going public, respectively. The media and media tools are presented in section six, while the Internet is the main focus of section seven. Section eight discusses printed materials such as flyers, newsletters and fact sheets, while enhancing public education efforts through polls and focus groups is emphasized in section nine. Sections 10 and 11 cover reaching policy makers and educating colleagues and others, respectively. Dealing with the opposition is further discussed in section 12. Finally, the conclusion provides resources that are helpful in the research. Language: English Keywords: MANUAL | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEXUALITY | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | PUBLIC RELATIONS | PROGRAMS | Health | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Human Rights | Communication | Organization and Administration Document Number: 164344 |
| 13. Title: The media and the message: lessons learned from past public service campaigns. Author: DeJong W; Winsten JA Source: Washington, D.C., National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 1998 Feb. 101 p. Abstract: This document presents an overview of lesson learned from evaluating public service campaigns, summarizes current thinking and research on how the media can be used in social change movements, and articulates a set of guidelines that can help shape the development of future campaigns. The lessons have been organized around a series of steps that planners should follow in developing, implementing, and evaluating a public service campaign. These steps are the following: 1) establish a long-term commitment; 2) determine goals and objectives; 3) conduct formative research to define the campaign; 4) select target audience; 5) design campaign messages; 6) select appropriate media channels; 7) maximize media exposure; and 8) conduct process and outcome evaluation. These lessons have their origin in two major traditions: 1) commercial marketing, advertising, and public relations; 2) public health practice. What emerges from this analysis is not a blueprint for creating a public service campaign, but a set of general principles than can be used to stimulate ideas, manage the process of campaign development and implementation, and judge campaign results. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MASS MEDIA | PUBLIC RELATIONS | SOCIAL CHANGE | COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Communication | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 136292 |
| 14. Title: Public relations offensive for handwashing campaign in Central America: Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa Rica, February 2-13, 1998. Author: Saade C Source: Arlington, Virginia, Partnership for Child Health Care, Basic Support for Institutionalizing Child Survival [BASICS], 1998. [3], 6, [3] p. (ReportUSAID Contract No. HRN-C-00-93-00031-00) Abstract: This report details a consultant trip to Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa Rica, to influence the expansion of the regional hand-washing campaign that is about to be launched in Central America. The consultant targeted executives of private sector companies, such as soap companies' top management; key influential individuals in the public sector; international organizations; and the mass media. The aim was to convince clients to mobilize their resources to support the expansion of the hand-washing campaign. Meetings were held with the marketing director of Cressida, UNICEF, and USAID in Honduras. Cressida's senior management approved of the campaign, but final approval is dependent upon requested budget figures. Cressida plans to link the hand-washing campaign to all the soap lines, especially the laundry soaps. After approval is reached, it will take about 1 month to produce the material. USAID offered the suggestion that a similar type campaign be adopted for prevention of dengue fever by applying a bleach and water solution to the water line on the walls of the pila, scrubbing the walls, and rinsing the solution off. In El Salvador, a number of presentations were made to marketing and Ministry personnel. Follow-up will involve agreement on a mass media plan that includes timing, frequency, and placement for the hand washing spots. In Costa Rica, new management was unaware of prior reports related to the hand-washing initiative. Follow-up will involve confirming the commitment of Punto Rojo. In Guatemala, the consultant met with soap producers, the mass media, international organizations, and the public sector. Follow-up will involve preparing the master copies for the mass media and the kits for UNICEF, monitor the broadcast of the campaign by the mass media, and speed up the development of brand advertising for each company. The consultant followed up on prior conversations about fortifying and marketing corn flour. Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | EL SALVADOR | COSTA RICA | GUATEMALA | TECHNICAL REPORT | PUBLIC RELATIONS | PRIVATE SECTOR | PUBLIC SECTOR | SOCIAL MARKETING | HYGIENE | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Communication | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marketing | Public Health | Health Document Number: 133503 |
| 15. Title: Final report. Philippines. AIDS Communication Campaign, Campaigns Advocacy and PR, Inc. indefinite quantity contract, June 9, 1995 - February 29, 1996, AS-PHI-28. AIDS Communication Campaign Research, Trends-MBL, Inc. fixed price contract, June 22, 1995 - July 31, 1996, AS-PHI-33. Author: Johns Hopkins School of Public Health. Center for Communication Programs. Population Communication Services [PCS] Source: [Unpublished] [1997]. 6 p. Abstract: The final report of the AIDS Communication Campaign conducted nationwide in the Philippines reports on the 10-month informative-motivational mass media and public relations campaign. The campaign aimed toward preventing the transmission of HIV/AIDS through various modes among Filipinos to reduce the impact of the disease on individual, family, and society. The campaign was conducted in four waves, from July 1995 to February 1996, its activities included a review of available research data; revision of media materials from the previous AIDS campaign; a series of mass and small media materials; and a mass media/public relations campaign. Overall, the follow-up survey indicated an increased awareness of the AIDS disease among Filipinos. Misinformation in transmission and risk-reduction issues, however, remained even after the campaign had ended. Lessons learned and problems encountered are specified in the article. Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | SUMMARY REPORT | COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS | MASS MEDIA | PUBLIC RELATIONS | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Communication | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 141048 |
| 16. Title: Condom Day. Use condom. Author: Sengupta D Source: [Unpublished] [1996]. [30] p. Abstract: On October 14, 1995, during Nepal's holiday season, the Nepal Red Cross Society initiated the first nationwide "Condom Day" to promote the use of condoms for prevention of HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted diseases, and unwanted pregnancy. Condom use was formerly a taboo topic in Nepal, and women had not felt empowered to discuss condom use with their husbands who migrated to India to find work and, thus, increased the potential for transmission of disease. This report describes how the collaboration of 26 organizations beginning on April 24, 1995 led to the successful implementation of the nationwide effort with activities held in at least 30 districts. After listing the planning committee member organizations and additional participating organizations, the work of the IEC (information, education, and communication) sub-committee in reviewing and selecting IEC materials is described and samples of some of the materials are provided. Successful efforts to provide publicity for Condom Day and to raise funds are noted, and information is given about the 24 types of activities held. A detailed report of Condom Day activities is provided for Shindhupalchowk, the district directly northeast of Kathmandu. The report then summarizes activities in three additional districts and tabulates Condom Day activities according to district, activities, place, and participating organization. A map of Nepal identifies each district of the country. The response to Condom Day was generally positive, and the organizers learned a great deal about the process of using entertainment activities for health education (enter-educate). Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | CRITIQUE | CONDOMS | PROMOTION | HEALTH EDUCATION | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | FAMILY PLANNING | FOLK MEDIA | PLANNING | IEC | PUBLIC RELATIONS | FUNDS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Marketing | Economic Factors | Education | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Mass Media | Communication | Organization and Administration | Program Activities | Programs | Financial Activities Document Number: 126163 |
| 17. Title: Third generation oral contraceptives. CSM should rethink its approach for such announcements [letter] Author: Stewart-Brown S; Pyper C Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 1996 Mar 2;312(7030):576. Abstract: It has been proposed that the British Committee on Safety of Medicines (CSM) saved a life and prevented 80 cases of venous thromboembolism by releasing data from the new report on increased risk of venous thromboembolism associated with use of oral contraceptives containing gestodene or desogestrel. While the timing of the release of public information in advance of official publication of the findings may be justifiable, the manner in which the information was released is not. Because the CSM publication was not accompanied by written information prepared for public consumption, its release caused public anxiety and increased pressure on primary care services. The public health risks associated with stress are linked to impaired decision-making. In this case, many women simply ceased using oral contraceptives and found themselves dealing instead with an unwanted pregnancy. The CSM's decision to release this information in this manner was designed to increase their own comfort rather than that of the public because the CSM feared litigation if they incurred any delay in releasing the information. Rather than creating public panic and confusion, the CSM's announcements should support health professionals and promote informed decision-making on the part of the public. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | CRITIQUE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | GESTODENE | DESOGESTREL | RISK FACTORS | COMMUNICATION | PUBLIC RELATIONS | SIDE EFFECTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | WOMEN | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Biology | Treatment | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 115504 |
| 18. Title: Practical PR: the basics. Author: Futures Group International. Social Marketing for Change [SOMARC] Source: [Glastonbury, Connecticut], SOMARC, 1995. [2], 70 p. (SOMARC's Practical Guide SeriesUSAID Contract No. CCP-3051-C-00-2016-00) Abstract: This manual seeks to enable SOMARC (Social Marketing for Change) managers to design an effective public relations (PR) program by helping them to 1) place PR into programmatic context, 2) understand what is meant by PR and how it fits into the marketing mix, 3) determine when to use PR, 4) manage a PR program and PR agencies, and 5) use PR to meet marketing challenges. The first part of the manual describes where PR fits into SOMARC's Contraceptive Social Marketing program promotion mix, how PR contributes to programs, the manager's role, and the importance of planning. Part 2 deals with selecting and using a PR agency. Part 3 covers PR planning tools such as the situation analysis, identifying objectives, target audience description, communications strategy, key message points, implementation strategies, and evaluation. The fourth part details how to create news about a program and includes the topics of getting to know reporters, what reporters need, what is newsworthy, and story angles. Part 5 provides an overview of media tools such as media lists, news releases, photographs, media alerts, and spokespeople. The sixth part contains directions on how to place PR items in various media, and part 7 outlines important aspects of news conferences. Part 8 discusses all the PR aspects of special events, and the next three parts touch upon the use of advisory councils, speaking engagements, and other PR tools. The final part of the manual contains information on the value of formative, process, and outcome evaluations. Language: English Keywords: MANUAL | PUBLIC RELATIONS | PLANNING | MANAGEMENT | MASS MEDIA | ADVISORY SERVICES | COMMUNICATION | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | EVALUATION | SOCIAL MARKETING | Organization and Administration | Marketing | Economic Factors Document Number: 129333 |
| 19. Title: Risks and rewards: family planners weigh quinacrine. Author: DiConsiglio JM Source: FAMILY PLANNING WORLD. 1994 Jan-Feb;4(1):1, 20. Abstract: A new female sterilization method, the insertion of quinacrine hydrochloride pellets into the uterus, has created controversy, because of the potential for coercive use. Supporters of quinacrine believe that its ease of insertion and effectiveness make its use ideal for protecting women from unwanted pregnancy. The UN reports that 23% of reproductive age women worldwide have chosen sterilization. Quinacrine was developed during the 1970s by a Chilean gynecologist. Jaime Zipper first used quinacrine as a sterilizing agent in the 1970s in liquid form. The drug was used originally for malaria treatment. Quinacrine is attractive due to its low cost (a dollar for two insertions), the ease of insertion, and the few side effects (minor cramping and fever). The methods appears to be 95-97% effective. Field trials are being conducted in 11 countries. Current clinical trials, undertaken by the Vietnamese Ministry of Health and published in Lancet, reveal that only 818 pregnancies occurred among 32,000 women using quinacrine. No deaths and only eight serious complications occurred compared to 30 deaths and 1800 serious complications from surgical sterilization. Opponents contend that the research methodology is questionable, because there was insufficient follow-up. Results are based on subsets and extrapolation to the entire study population. Critics desire more research on the potential for coercive use. The president of the Boston Women's Book Collective considers that more retrospective research is needed before confirmation of its safety. Another perspective is that the relative risk of having a baby in a rural developing country is much higher than the quinacrine risk. This position is argued by Marie Stopes International. The president of the Center for Research on Population and Security (Dr. Mumford) agrees that many people are being denied a life-saving method, and the process of review, because of the controversy, does nothing for the many women dying each year in childbirth or due to unsafe abortion. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | VIETNAM | QUINACRINE STERILIZATION | PUBLIC RELATIONS | CLINICAL TRIALS | UTERINE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Communication | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Contraception Document Number: 094448 |
| 20. Title: The IUD: will its future always be crippled by its past? Author: Farr G Source: FAMILY PLANNING WORLD. 1993 Jul-Aug;3(4):5, 26. Abstract: IUD use among American women has been and will continue to be in a decline as long as the new IUDs are linked with the adverse publicity on the Dalkon Shield, there is a fear of litigation, and there are misconceptions among client and physician about its safety. The evidence from studies published in the last 10 years has confirmed that IUDs are the most effective and safest forms of contraception available to women. But most American women who would be eligible for the IUD are unaware of its safety. Current IUD users generally are satisfied, but many physicians will not prescribe the IUD and medical schools offer little in the way of training in proper insertion techniques. Potential side effects are increased menstrual bleeding, pain, intermenstrual spotting, and lack of protection from sexually transmitted diseases or pelvic inflammatory disease. Potential complications for the new copper releasing IUDs are lower than for the old ones and their use has not been shown to have long lasting systemic effects. Breast feeding mothers may safely use the IUD without effects on quality or quantity of breast milk. The copper releasing IUDs also have the lowest failure rates. The TCu 380A has a US Food and Drug Administration approval rating of 8 years, which makes it the most cost-effective, long-lasting contraceptive option. Expanding IUD use will depend on how well IUD companies are able to increase awareness of the results of recent research and whether IUD insertion will be approved for nurse, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants as IUD service providers. A disincentive for women wanting IUDs is the lengthy information booklet (11 pages for the Paragard T 380A), which must be initialed on every page. Other competitive contraceptives, such as the diaphragm or sponge do not require informed consent. Potential IUD users are now screened carefully for those who might be at risk for pelvic diseases; nonparous women are still discouraged from using IUDs because of the risk of perforation. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | IUD | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | COMMUNICATION | PUBLIC RELATIONS | PUBLIC OPINION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 094443 |
| 21. Title: Strategies to combine AIDS and family planning in condom social marketing projects. Author: Cisek C Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group, Social Marketing for Change [SOMARC], 1992 May. 6, [11] p. (Occasional Papers No. 15) Abstract: This paper describes how SOMARC's (Social Marketing for Change Project) communication, distribution, market segmentation, and training/education activities have been tailored to address AIDS and family planning jointly in large- and small-scale efforts. Condom social marketing projects are underway in 25 countries. SOMARC has mounted effective advertising strategies by desensitizing the public about condom advertising with brand and method-specific television and radio spots, even in conservative countries such as Indonesia and Turkey. In surveys in Mexico and Jamaica, it was found that AIDS messages did not adversely affect the image of the condom for family planning. Further research shows that positive messages of active health promotion and real-life situations are better accepted than negative messages of dying to promote condoms. The Protector brand condom campaign has been pretested and will be launched in several African and other countries. Expanded distribution channels, such as commercial outlets, hotels, bars, liquor stores, and beer distributors, as well as special AIDS task forces within commercial channels, are being developed to include AIDS messages in condom promotion. Market segmentation strategies, where specific brands are targeted to specific groups of consumers, are expected to be beneficial for AIDS prevention. Another strategy being tested in Mexico is special training of pharmacists and pharmacy employees. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | FIELD REPORT | CONDOMS | HEALTH EDUCATION | SOCIAL MARKETING | ATTITUDES | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | TELEVISION | RADIO | KNOWLEDGE SOURCES | PUBLIC RELATIONS | VENDORS AND STORES | PROMOTION | PILOT PROJECTS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | PRETESTING | DISTRIBUTIONAL ACTIVITIES | NONCLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | TARGET POPULATION | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Education | Marketing | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Decision Making | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Sales | Studies | Research Methodology | Market Research | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Design Document Number: 073682 |
| 22. Title: From protest to programs: neighborhood associations in a Brazilian municipality. Author: Ferguson BW Source: GRASSROOTS DEVELOPMENT. 1992;16(1):12-21. Abstract: The examples of community participation and organization in Brazil reflect the benefits to health and education programs and land entitlement. The community and government were working together toward self-improvement. An alliance was formed between neighborhood groups and a reform mayor. The result was an end to clientelism, stronger community organization, and local participation in designing and implementing development programs. The neighborhood groups were located in Cambe, which is a region located within the metropolitan area of Londrina, the 3rd largest city in southern Brazil. Mechanization of agriculture and extensive cattle ranching had caused migration into the area. Population increased 60% during the 1980s. The poorest neighborhoods were Jardim Tupy, Santo Amaro, and Novo Bandeirantes. Jardim Tupy was the poorest, and in 1980 a neighborhood association was formed to demand infrastructure and public services. The clientelism mayor and national government refused aid. When the association sued over a motor vehicle accident involving farm workers living in the community and won, there was momentum to change city hall. Support was given to the reform mayor who won and agreed to community demands for a community garden. The garden became a model for 14 others in Cambe and led to a strong neighborhood association which learned the strength of unity. The mayor rewarded good neighborhood organization with increases in public goods and services. The Catholic Church became involved in Jardim Tupy with a Pastoral of the Child program to reduce infant and child mortality rates. Health improvements in the community are attributed to the neighborhood association, the Pastoral of the Child, the local Catholic parish, and a thaw in the relationship with local government. The residents learned the limits of local government and the lessons of self-help. Santo Amaro, while not as well organized as Jardim Tupy, was successful at overcoming the lack of resources. novo Bandeirantes was successful in direct action to design and implement public programs. This involved survey in the socioeconomic conditions of the neighborhood, obtaining funding for and building latrines, and helping landholders gain title to their lands. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | CRITIQUE | COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | CATHOLICISM | AGRICULTURE | LAND TENURE | POWER | POLITICAL FACTORS | DECISION MAKING | SANITATION | PUBLIC RELATIONS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Social Development | Economic Factors | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Christianity | Religion | Macroeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Behavior | Public Health | Health | Communication Document Number: 077884 |
| 23. Title: Feminist group plans "economic pressure campaign" for access to RU 486. Author: Jenks S Source: JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE. 1992 Apr 15;84(8):562-3. Abstract: A grant for $10 million has boosted the efforts of the Feminist majority Foundation, a Boston activist group committed to bringing RU-486 into the US. The group is planning to research the corporate structure of Hoechst, A.G., the owner of Roussel-Uclaf, and that of its US subsidiary Hoechst Celanese Corporation of Somerville, NJ. Ultimate strategies may include a boycott of Hoechst products in the US, formation of a consortium of small pharmaceutical companies, or of a feminist pharmaceutical firm to research and develop RU-486 or other antiprogestins for the US. The Hoechst Company denies any connection to Roussel-Uclaf. Meanwhile, US researchers have organized in some states to encourage research on the drug, and a bill has been introduced to force the US Food and Drug Administration to lift its ban on importation. An opposition bill to ban importation of RU-486 for any purpose including research has also been introduced by right-to-life forces. New research is underway to test the antineoplastic effects of RU-486 on breast cancer in Canada, and on meningioma in California. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CANADA | RU-486 | PUBLIC RELATIONS | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S GROUPS | PRO-CHOICE GROUPS | PRODUCT APPROVAL | COMMERCIAL SECTOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | North America, Northern | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Communication | Technology | Economic Factors | Interest Groups | Political Factors | Legislation | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 073818 |
| 24. Title: Organizing the health communication function: a program manager's perspective. Author: Smith WA; Schechter C Source: [Unpublished] 1992 Mar. 14 p. Abstract: Marketing is viewed as the "exchange of values" between producer and consumer. Public health organizations must understand the crucial exchange of value relationships in order to achieve public health goals or objectives. The marketing process remains the same regardless of the variability of solutions. Theoretically, 4 significant factors play a role in influencing a person's willingness to "exchange value" or "buy into" a product or service: product, price, place, and promotion. These 4 P's affect communication, research, and service delivery. Effective communication programs identify target audience. Communication approaches differ from health education communication, which may be based on knowledge deficit theory about people's lack of appropriate information. Communication interventions may involve personal communication, advertising, sales promotion, or public relations. Program managers are faced with many choices in health communication: goals, delegation, and contracting. In vertical models programs determine service delivery, research, and communication. The advantages are a centralized resource and research which can be directed to a specific set of health behaviors. The disadvantages are duplication of effort within the institution. In the centralized model, communication and research can service separate yet coordinated functions for all program managers. The advantage is that high priced talent is available throughout the system and can reduce contradictory messages. The disadvantage is separation from service staff and sometimes delayed delivery when communication appeals are ahead of service delivery. The consumer model and a combine approach are also described. Criteria for selecting models may be based on size and complexity of the organization, homogeneity of audiences, marketing readiness of the organization, and available talent. Implementation of communications services requires costs may be devoted to the communication component. A list of 5 "don't" is given as a helpful guideline. Language: English Keywords: CRITIQUE | COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS | MARKETING | PUBLIC RELATIONS | PUBLIC HEALTH | MANAGEMENT | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | Communication | Economic Factors | Health | Organization and Administration Document Number: 080595 |
| 25. Title: Give first priority to publicity and education. Source: CHINA POPULATION TODAY. 1991 Dec;8(6):2-3. Abstract: Commentary is provided on the implementation of China's Three Priorities in strengthening family planning (FP) for population control. The Three Priorities issued by the Party Central Committee of China and the State Council refers to the emphasis on 1) "publicity and education rather than economic disincentives," 2) contraception rather than induced abortion," and 3) "day to day management work rather than irregular campaigns." The expectations are that leaders at all levels should be active, steadfast, patient, and down to earth. Improvements in management lead to more constant, scientific, and systematic FP. Family planning should be voluntary. The achievement is not just population control but better relations with the Party and cadres, which leads to social stability and unity. The directives have been well thought out and are to be resolutely carried out. It was stressed in April 1991 by the General-Secretary and the Premier that coercion would not be tolerated in FP work. The confidence of the masses must be relied upon. The success of FP is guaranteed with the practice of these directives. Constancy of education and publicity is the key work. There should be a strong population awareness and the awareness of available resources/capita, and also an understanding and firm command of the principles and methods of better implementation. FP has an effect both on the fundamental interests of the country and immediate personal interests. The task is expected to be difficult because traditional ideas are still strong. The country is just at the beginning stages of socialism. A social security system is not a reality and farmer's educational attainment is not high. Productivity in the rural areas is underdeveloped. There is a contradiction between childbearing intentions of some farmers and the government requirements of FP. In order for the people to understand government FP policy, painstaking and meticulous education must be carried out to explain why FP is indispensable and helps them overcome their difficulties. Their enthusiasm must be aroused. The key is the correct attitude toward the people. FP is a service. In an ideological revolution such as this FP approach social customs and practices will be changed. The process of implementing FP is the process of building socialist civilization. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | CRITIQUE | POPULATION CONTROL | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION | PUBLIC RELATIONS | PUBLIC OPINION | POPULATION EDUCATION | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning | Family Planning Programs | Communication | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Education Document Number: 071018 |
| 26. Title: "Vision 2000": a forward strategy. Author: International Union for Health Education Source: HYGIE. 1991;10(2):3-4. Abstract: A strategic plan for objectives and operations of the International Union for Health Education (IUHE) in the 1990s is presented. The IUHE's principal aims are to strengthen the position of education as a major means of protecting and promoting health, to support members of the IUHE, and to advise other agencies. Core functions will include advocacy/information services/networking, conferences/seminars, liaison/consultancy/technical services, training, and research. The objectives of the IUHE are to promote and strengthen the scientific and technical development of health education, to enhance the skills and knowledge of people engaged in health education, to create a greater awareness of the global leadership role of the IUHE in protecting and promoting health, and to secure a stronger organizational and resource base. These objectives will be achieved by developing an disseminating annual policy papers on key global issues, developing new procedural guidelines for the IUHE's world and regional conferences, clarifying the roles of the headquarters and regional offices, and developing recruitment incentives to boost membership. The corporate identify of the IUHE will be revised, formal U.N. accreditation will be sought, and mutually beneficial relationships will be fostered with selected U.N. and non-governmental organizations. Additionally, the scientific and technical strengths of the IUHE will be boosted, a resources referral service developed, a fund raising office created, worker achievements recognized, and a bursary fund established. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | UN | ORGANIZATIONS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | GOALS | NEEDS | PLANNING | SOCIAL POLICY | PUBLIC RELATIONS | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | MARKET RESEARCH | International Agencies | Education | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Policy | Communication | Training Programs | Research Methodology Document Number: 068364 |
| 27. Title: Trip report on Norplant meeting, Turku, Finland. Author: Rimon JG 2d Source: [Unpublished] 1991. [14] p. Abstract: Jose G. Rimon, II, Project Director for the Johns Hopkins University Population Communication Services (JHU/PCS) Center for Communication Programs, visited Finland to attend a NORPLANT planning meeting. Meeting discussion focused upon issues involved in expanding NORPLANT programs from pre-introductory trials to broader national programs. Financing and maintaining quality of care were issues of central importance for the meeting. Participants included representative from NORPLANT development organizations, the U.S. Agency for International Development, the World Bank, and other donor agencies. Mr. Rimon was specifically invited to make a presentation on the role of information, education, and communication (IEC) on NORPLANT with a focus upon future IEC activities. The presentation included discussion of the need to develop a strategic position for NORPLANT among potential customers and within the service provide community, the feasibility of global strategies positioning in the context of country-specific variations, the need to identify market niches, the need for managing the image of NORPLANT, and the need to study IEC implications in terms of supply-side IEC, content/style harmonization, materials volume, and language and quality control. Participants collectively agreed to develop an informal group to address these issues, concentrating upon universal issues potentially addressed on a global scale. A meeting on strategic positioning is scheduled for August 19-20, 1991. Language: English Keywords: FINLAND | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | GLOBAL | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WORLD BANK | USAID | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | PLANNING | IEC | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION | TARGET POPULATION | MARKET RESEARCH | PUBLIC RELATIONS | Europe, Northern | Europe | International Agencies | Organizations | Government Agencies | Contraception | Family Planning | Organization and Administration | Program Activities | Programs | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Economic Factors | Family Planning Programs | Program Design | Research Methodology | Communication Document Number: 067565 |
| 28. Title: Population policy in the Third World: the need for a conceptual framework. Author: Roberts G Source: In: Urban and rural development in Third World countries: problems of population in developing nations, edited by Valentine James. Jefferson, North Carolina, McFarland, 1991. :16-21. Abstract: In the brief history of population policy the debate has been intense and priorities have been changed often. At the 1974 World Population Conference in Bucharest, 3rd world countries like China and India were against aggressive family planning programs and in favor of economic development as a means to control population growth. At the 1984 World Population Conference in Mexico City, China and India had changed their positions and supported aggressive programs to control population growth. The US was against these programs because they included funding for abortion. Thus, the US cut off funding to both the UNFPA and IPPF. These are but 2 examples of significant policy reversals. Population policies run the full spectrum of voluntary to coerced, from general to specific, but they all have reductions in population growth in common. India and China both tried mandatory programs of sterilization and contraception but found the policies unworkable and politically destabilizing. They later switched to programs that were more voluntary and based on economic incentives. Africa was the slowest region to respond to the threat posed by rapid population growth, but has finally started programs that are likely to be successful since they are based on previously successful models. The strongest lesson learned from all previous attempts is that programs must be tailored to each region's peculiarities. Religious and social custom must be respected and programs must be developed that are as unique as the cultures in which they are implemented. In general, incentives tied to living conditions and economics have been the most successful. Above all else, the failure of the past must not be repeated. Ethical programs that stress societal responsibility and personal improvement are the only ones that have been successful in the past. Language: English Keywords: POLICY DEVELOPMENT | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | POPULATION POLICY | OVERPOPULATION | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | POPULATION LAW | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | INVOLUNTARY FERTILITY CONTROL | PUBLIC RELATIONS | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | PROGRAM APPROPRIATENESS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | UNFPA | IPPF | Planning | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Programs | Social Policy | Policy | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Decision Making | Behavior | Legislation | Family Planning Policy | Communication | Program Evaluation | UN | International Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 074174 |
| 29. Title: End-of-project report: ARBA project. Author: Population Center Foundation Source: [Manila, Philippines], Population Center Foundation, 1990 Sep. [2], 70 p. Abstract: The final project report for the Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries Association (ARBA) of Region III is concerned with Philippine government land reform and male involvement in family planning (FP). This report relates project objectives, strategies, activities, and strategies for institutionalization. The results of the project evaluation and recommendations are given. The project covered 150 baranquays with low contraceptive prevalence in 6 provinces of the Philippines. The project's aims were 1) to train male family planning (FP) motivators to help farmers make informed decisions on family size, spacing, and birth control; 2) to develop the capability of a core of farm-leader motivators (FLM) to reach out to other couples and encourage FP use; and 3) to institutionalize the program within ARBA. The thinking was that men bound by a common occupational lifestyle would feel more comfortable talking with other men about sex-related topics. ARBA had also requested FP assistance. The strategy also involved use of an interpersonal motivational package and IEC materials specific to males. The module used in training FLMs was based on commercial sales techniques. The goal was to provide legitimacy and build trust with the FLM. Project activities included 1) training of regional leaders for 2 weeks in team building, FP, interpersonal motivation skills, field practice, support activities, and management; 2) selection and training of 110 FLMs; 3) development of information, education, and communication materials (IEC) including a popular comic book, brochures, radio jingles, billboards, flyers; 4) implementation of a mobile unit; 5) provision of transportation subsidies and nonmonetary incentives such as T-shirts, recognition awards, and FLM identification cards; and 6) technical and monitoring assistance to FLMs. Institutionalization was accomplished through active ARBA involvement, regional training of trainers, established links between ARBA/FLMs and FP clinics, and the formation of core groups. Core groups sought membership contributions to defray the cost of transportation and medicine for FP clients. Increased status of FLMs in the community was a product of the program. The problems were inadequate knowledge of FP and motivation, time management, and lack of funds. Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | SUMMARY REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | RADIO | FILM AND VIDEO | PAMPHLETS | PUBLIC RELATIONS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | PROGRAM DESIGN | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL EVALUATION | FAMILY PLANNING SURVEYS | TRANSPORTATION | INCENTIVES | MOBILE HEALTH UNITS | MEN | TAPE RECORDINGS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Training Programs | Education | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Printed Media | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Planning Personnel | Policy | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 074909 |
| 30. Title: Reducing risk: setting priorities and strategies for environmental protection. Author: United States. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. Science Advisory Board. Relative Risk Reduction Strategies Committee Source: Washington, D.C., EPA, 1990 Sep. v, 27 p. (SAB-EC-90-021PB91-155242) Available from: National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161. Order No. PB91-155242 Abstract: Relative risk reduction strategies and priorities for the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) from the Science Advisory Board are presented. This report was and outgrowth of a request by EPA 1) to assess and compare environmental risks with reference to the most current scientific data; 2) to examine strategies for reducing risks; 3) to recommend improved methods for assessing and comparing risks; and 4) to review the 1987 EPA report, "Unfinished Business." The executive summary points out that US environmental policy has been inconsistent, uncoordinated, and not entirely effective. Fragmentation occurs in laws passed as needed without regard to consistency or coordination, in separate programs within and outside EPA which were not coordinated, and in tools which are "end of pipe" controls and remediation technology. EPA for the past 20 years has been a reactive agency and has not prioritized problems. "Unfinished Business" compared the risks of 31 environmental problems posed by human cancer risk, human noncancer risk, ecological risk, and welfare risk. EPA tended to address problems of concern to the general public. The EPA evaluation committee (Relative Risk Reduction Strategies Committee-RRRSC) critically reviewed "Unfinished Business," merged cancer with noncancer risks, and ecological with welfare risks, provided optional strategies for reducing the major environmental risks, and developed a longterm strategy. The recommendations were 1) to target risk reduction for the greatest effect, 2) to reduce ecological risk equally with human risk, 3) to improve data and analytical methodology, 4) to plan strategies on the basis of risk based priorities, 5) to budget based on risk based priorities not the law, 6) to make greater use of available tools, 7) to emphasize pollution prevention, 8) to integrate environmental policy into other related policy that affects the environment, 9) to improve public awareness and train a technical work force, and 10) to value natural resources. These recommendations are provided in full in the appendix. The findings of RRRSC are revealed in topics on the significance of "Unfinished Business," the problems in ranking risks, the value of natural ecosystems, time and space and risk, and the links between risk and choice, public perception, high risk problems, and strategy options. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION REPORT | ENVIRONMENT | RISK ASSESSMENT | DATA QUALITY | PROGRAM DESIGN | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | PUBLIC RELATIONS | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES | ECOLOGY | PERCEPTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Evaluation | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Communication | Training Programs | Education | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 075382 |
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