1.  Title: The impact of government programs on reproductive health disparities: three case studies. Author: Boonstra HD Source: Guttmacher Policy Review. 2008 Summer;11(3):6-12. Abstract: During the last several decades, the health of Americans overall has steadily improved. However, many low-income, poorly educated or disabled Americans, as well as people of color, have not benefited from many of the recent health gains for the population as a whole. Across the board, these groups are disproportionately more likely than others to struggle with diabetes, heart disease, cancer and obesity. Some groups have higher death rates from unintentional injuries and suicide than the general population, and others tend to report more anxiety, pain, sleeplessness and days of depression. Recognizing the magnitude of health inequalities in the United States, one of the goals of the Department of Health and Human Services' Healthy People 2010 is to eliminate health disparities. In the field of sexual and reproductive health, three government initiatives stand out as case studies of policies and their impact on disparities. The first examines the federally funded family planning program, which was a conscious attempt to ensure that any woman-regardless of her age, marital status, income or health insurance status-has access to the contraceptive services she wants and needs. The second highlights the Hyde Amendment, in which the government has abdicated its responsibility to poor women faced with an unintended pregnancy. And the third focuses on a Medicaid eligibility expansion for pregnant women that revolutionized how pregnancy-related care is paid for in this country. Each of these case studies presents a starkly different portrait of government policies and the lessons that can be learned about addressing inequalities in the United States. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | CASE STUDIES | MINORITY GROUPS | WOMEN | INEQUALITIES | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | FAMILY SIZE | POVERTY | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | ABORTION LAW | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Fertility Control, Postconception | Government Financing | Financial Activities Document Number: 323168 Notification |
| 2. Title: Vouchers to improve access by the poor to reproductive health services: Design and early implementation experience of a pilot voucher scheme in Agra District, Uttar Pradesh, India. Author: Donaldson D; Sethi H; Sharma S Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, 2008 Nov. [55] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-05-00040-00) Abstract: In India, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) is providing financial and technical support to develop public-private partnerships to expand access to family planning and reproductive child health (FP/RCH) services among the poor. As part of this work, the USAID-funded Innovations in Family Planning Services Technical Assistance Project (ITAP/Delhi) developed a model for a voucher scheme to enable women below the poverty line (BPL) to use FP/RCH services offered by collaboratingprivate providers. The model is being pilot-tested in Agra District, Uttar Pradesh, to determine whether it is feasible and effective. This report summarizes the findings of a study by the USAID | Health Policy Initiative, Task Order 1, project team to document the administrative, political, and technical stepa taken during the design, planning and early implementation phases of the scheme. Because the study covered only the first nine months of operation, it is not an evaluation, but rather a detailed description of the process of designing the voucher scheme and a summary of client use of RH services during this period Language: English Keywords: INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CHILD HEALTH | MATERNAL HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | IMPLEMENTATION | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Grants | Financial Activities | Contraception | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331563 |
| 3. Title: Breaking new ground: ingenuity and innovation in Medicaid family planning expansions. Author: Gold RB Source: Guttmacher Policy Review. 2008 Spring;11(2):7-12. Abstract: Through three waves of expansions spanning more than two decades, Medicaid has opened its doors to large numbers of women and children whose low family incomes were nonetheless too high to meet the strict eligibility requirements for the Medicaid program. In implementing these expansions, policymakers and providers in states and communities across the country have confronted myriad challenges in their efforts to enroll and serve newly eligible groups. Expansions of Medicaid eligibility for family planning, the newest of these expansions, have both built upon these earlier efforts and broken critical new ground on issues that have bedeviled policymakers and providers for years. In many ways, this progress has come through developing new and unique partnerships between state programs and providers, and by finding creative ways to leverage state dollars and funding through the federal Title X program. When Medicaid was first established in 1965, the low-income families covered by the program generally were headed by single mothers receiving welfare benefits. In the 1980s, Congress broke the welfare-Medicaid link by first allowing and later requiring states to extend eligibility for Medicaid-covered pregnancy-related care (including postpartum family planning services) to women with incomes up to 133% of the federal poverty level-far above most states' regular Medicaid eligibility ceiling. The expansions for pregnant women pioneered what was for Medicaid a wholly new emphasis: actively reaching out to potential clients in an attempt to locate and enroll in the program as many eligible people as possible. The family planning expansions have built upon this foundation. In the process, they have developed important innovations of their own, including a focus on program Web sites. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN | LOW INCOME POPULATION | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | HEALTH INSURANCE | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 323166 |
| 4. Title: An enduring role: The continuing need for a robust family planning clinic system. Author: Gold RB Source: Guttmacher Policy Review. 2008 Winter;11(1):6-10. Abstract: Since the 1970s, publicly subsidized, specialized clinics have played a critical role in providing family planning counseling, contraceptive services and closely related preventive health care to young and low-income women at risk of uninfected pregnancy. Currently, nearly 7,700 family planning clinics serve about seven million women annually. Taken together, the clinic system is a major U.S. preventive health care provider and a significant contributor to the nation's health: One in every four women who obtains a contraceptive service in the country does so at a family planning clinic, as does one in three women who obtains an STI service and one in six who obtains either a Pap test or pelvic exam. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC ATTENDANCE | CLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | HEALTH INSURANCE | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | COST EFFECTIVENESS | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Government Financing | Program Evaluation | Health Services | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Ethics | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services Evaluation Document Number: 325582 |
| 5. Title: Equipping Title X for the future. Author: Gold RB Source: Guttmacher Policy Review. 2008 Summer;11(3):19-23. Abstract: Providing critical financial support to a nationwide network of family planning provider agencies has been at the heart of the federal Title X program since its enactment nearly four decades ago. Among the various federal and state programs that subsidize clinical family planning services,Title X is uniquely equipped to play this role. And it will remain an essential role long into the future, even assuming Medicaid coverage expansions and eventual broader-based health insurance reform. Without a vibrant provider system, simply having a source of payment will still be little more than a hollow promise to many young and low-income people in need of contraceptive and closely related preventive health care (related article,Winter 2008, page 6). Today,Title X undergirds a network of family planning clinics located in nearly three in four U.S. counties. Despite stagnant funding levels through much of the last quarter century, rising costs of everything from medical supplies to personnel and the challenging politics of being the federal government's only program dedicated to providing family planning, this network continues to serve nearly five million women (and a small but important number of men) each year. Still, clinics have not been able to reach and serve everyone in need. As the ranks of the uninsured continue to increase, new data demonstrate that more women across the country- many more in some areas-are in need of publicly funded services. The demands facing the provider network are at once pressing and expanding, and Title X must be equipped to meet them. First, it must have increased funding to support high-quality clinical care-including counseling, education and outreach- in a way that both leverages the potential of and compensates for the shortcomings of Medicaid and other funding sources Equally important, however, it must support clinics' infrastructure needs more expansively than it now does, embrace new ways to assess the full impact of the program, and craft better mechanisms to ensure that care is supported by the latest scientific evidence and medical recommendations. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | WOMEN | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | POVERTY | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | CLINICS | COST EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation Document Number: 323170 |
6.  Title: Role of medicaid family planning waivers and Title X in enhancing access to preconception care. Author: Gold RB; Alrich C Source: Women's Health Issues. 2008 Nov-Dec;18(6 Suppl):S47-51. Abstract: PURPOSE: This article identifies the ways in which Medicaid eligibility expansions for family planning services and the Title X network of family planning clinics provide opportunities to introduce preconception care. The introduction of family planning eligibility expansions brought in populations heretofore ineligible for Medicaid. Family planning clinics serve a large number of low-income and young women and would play an important part in introducing preconception care. However, very real barriers to preconception service provision need to be addressed before this goal can be fully realized. BACKGROUND: When established in 1965, Medicaid, by and large, covered low-income women and their children receiving welfare. A succession of Medicaid eligibility expansions for pregnancy-related care broke the link with welfare. More recently, expansions implemented in 20 states have created an eligibility pathway to Medicaid coverage for women before pregnancy. Today, whether as part of a Medicaid family planning program or independently, many women receive family planning services through the nation's system of publicly funded clinics. As the nation's only dedicated source of funding for family planning services, Title X supports a nationwide network of family planning clinics on which young women rely for affordable and confidential reproductive care. DISCUSSION: Working preconception care into the existing family planning and pregnancy care programs would create a single, continuous reproductive health care platform. Family planning clinics could introduce preconception health measures to the young women who rely on them for their reproductive health care. Important barriers to rolling out preconception care still exist, however. For family planning providers to integrate the services into their current practices, a definition of the package of services that is realistic to provide in a family planning setting must be crafted. In addition, securing a stable funding stream is a necessary prerequisite to any large-scale integration of preconception care into family planning settings. Finally, attention needs to be given to ways to talk to predominantly young clientele about preparing for a pregnancy at the moment when they are coming in for services precisely to avoid becoming pregnant. CONCLUSION: Despite the challenges laid out, integrating preconception care into family planning services is achievable. Combining preconception care with family planning and pregnancy care initiatives would be a significant step in moving the country closer to the goal of providing the comprehensive reproductive health care women need. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN | LOW INCOME POPULATION | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | HEALTH INSURANCE | FAMILY PLANNING | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | WOMEN'S HEALTH | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | ANTENATAL CARE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Grants | Financial Activities | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 330721 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Effects of single parenthood on educational aspiration and student disengagement in Korea. Author: Park H Source: Demographic Research. 2008 May 18;18(13):377-408. Abstract: The recent rapid increase in divorce, along with its distinctive cultural and welfare environments for single-parent families, makes Korea an interesting case for examining effects of single parenthood on children's education. Using data from Korean 9th and 12th graders, I compare the levels of educational aspiration and student disengagement between students with two parents and those with a single parent, distinguishing divorced single fathers, widowed single fathers, divorced single mothers, and widowed single mothers. Logistic regression analyses show that students with a divorced single parent, regardless of gender of the parent, are much less likely to aspire to four-year university education and more likely to be disengaged than their counterparts with two parents. The effects of widowhood disappear once control variables are held constant. Lower household income among single-parent families explains in part the poorer educational outcomes of their children. Parent-child interaction is another important mediating factor for the effect of single fatherhood but not for single motherhood. The relevance of the extended family system and distinctive features of post-divorce living arrangements in Korea is discussed to understand the effects of single parenthood. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CHILDREN | ADOLESCENTS | EDUCATION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | ONE PARENT FAMILY | DIVORCE | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nuptiality | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 326871 |
| 8. Title: Blacks and the family cap: Pregnancy, abortion, and spillovers. Author: Sabia JJ Source: Journal of Population Economics. 2008 Jan;21(1):111-134. Abstract: While reducing out-of-wedlock childbearing is a central goal of welfare reform, most policymakers prefer achieving this objective via a reduction in nonmarital pregnancy rates rather than through an increase in the incidence of abortion. Using aggregate state-level data from 1984 to 1998, I estimate fixed effects models that allow for autocorrelated and heteroskedastic disturbances to examine the association between the family cap and nonmarital birth, pregnancy, and abortion rates. I find robust evidence that the family cap is associated with a reduction in nonmarital birth rates, particularly among black women. This reduction is driven by a reduction in nonmarital pregnancy rates rather than through an increase in abortion or marriage rates. These findings suggest that that the stigmatizing effect of the family cap may influence the nonmarital pregnancy decisions of black women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL STUDIES | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | BLACKS | PREMARITAL PREGNANCY | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | ABORTION RATE | BIRTH RATE | STIGMA | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | DISINCENTIVES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Fertility Measurements | Social Problems | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 322758 Notification |
| 9. Title: Family planning clinics prevent 1.4 million unplanned pregnancies annually, save billions of government dollars. Author: Sonfield A Source: Guttmacher Policy Review. 2008 Summer;11(3):24. Abstract: In 2004, publicly funded family planning clinics in the United States helped women and couples avoid more than 1.4 million unintended pregnancies, an estimated 600,000 of which would have ended in abortion. Without publicly subsidized clinics, the U.S. unintended pregnancy rate would be 46% higher, and the abortion rate would be 49% higher, than the most recent national estimates, according to a Guttmacher Institute study published in the Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved in August 2008. Unintended pregnancies would be 68% more common among poor women. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | PROGRESS REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | WOMEN | POLICYMAKERS | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | CLINICS | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Programs | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Diseases | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 323171 |
| 10. Title: State government innovation in the design and implementation of Medicaid family planning expansions. Author: Sonfield A; Alrich C; Gold RB Source: New York, New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2008 Mar. 27 p. Abstract: State-initiated Medicaid family planning expansion programs, established in 26 states as of March 2008, have learned from and improved upon earlier expansions for pregnant women and children to enhance program outreach, enrollment and service delivery. To expand outreach to clients, states have used tailored, community-based tactics, established informative program Web sites and contracted individuals receiving other forms of public assistance. To recruit a large network of providers, states have worked with professional organizations and associations, used targeted ads, e-mails and mailings, and developed Web sites for interactive orientation and training. Looking to streamline the enrollment process, states have automatically enrolled potential clients, such as postpartum women who are leaving Medicaid, and used existing databases to verify citizenship status and income. Most notably, they have pioneered innovative techniques to facilitate point-of-service application and enrollment. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | GOVERNMENT | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | HEALTH INSURANCE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | PROGRAM DESIGN | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | IMPLEMENTATION | PROGRAM EFFICIENCY | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Government Financing | Economic Factors | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Ethics Document Number: 325666 |
| 11. Title: Toward universal insurance coverage: A primer for sexual and reproductive health advocates. Author: Sonfield A Source: Guttmacher Policy Review. 2008 Winter;11(1):11-16. Abstract: After simmering for more than a decade following the failure of the Clinton administrator's health care reform plan in 1994, the issue of expanding health insurance coverage with the goal of achieving "universal coverage" has reemerged as a central one in the American political debate. National polls place concerns about health care near the top of voters' list of domestic priorities. First and foremost, these concerns reflect the large and ever-rising number of uninsured Americans. In 2006, 46.5 million people - 18% of the U.S. population younger than 65 - were uninsured. That figure includes 16.6 million who were in families with an income below the federal poverty level ($16,000 for a family of three in 2006). But even many people who have insurance are concerned: about the possibility of losing their coverage, its adequacy for their needs, and the high and rising cost of using it. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | HEALTH INSURANCE | ADVOCACY | POLITICAL FACTORS | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | DECENTRALIZATION | EMPLOYMENT-BASED SERVICES | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | PRIVATE SECTOR | HEALTH POLICY | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Communication | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Programs | Government Financing | Macroeconomic Factors | Policy Document Number: 325583 |
| 12. Title: Births, deaths, and new deal relief during the great depression. Author: Fishback PV; Haines MR; Kantor S Source: Review of Economics and Statistics. 2007 Feb;89(1):1-14. Abstract: The article examines the impact of New Deal relief programs on infant mortality, non-infant mortality, and general fertility rates in major U.S. cities between 1929 and 1940. Effects are estimated using a variety of specifications and techniques for a panel of 114 cities that reported information on relief spending between 1929 and 1940. The significant rise in relief spending during the New Deal contributed to reductions in infant mortality, suicide rates, and some other causes of death, while contributing to increases in the general fertility rate. Similar to Ruhm's (2000) findings for the modern United States, the article finds that many types of death rates were pro-cyclical during the 1930s. Estimates of the relief costs associated with saving a life (adjusted for inflation) are similar to those found in studies of modern social insurance programs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | URBAN AREAS | HISTORICAL REVIEW | GOVERNMENT | LOW INCOME POPULATION | BIRTH RATE | DEATH RATE | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | ECONOMIC RECESSION | INFANT MORTALITY | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | FERTILITY CHANGES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Geographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Mortality | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Conditions | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 318103 |
| 13. Title: Matching the gold standard: Evidence from a social experiment in Nicaragua. Author: Handa S; Maluccio JA Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, MEASURE Evaluation, 2007 Oct. 39 p. (WP-07-100USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00) Abstract: We compare non-experimental impact estimates using propensity score matching with those from a social experiment to determine whether this non-experimental approach can 'match' the gold standard. The social experiment we use was carried out to evaluate a conditional cash transfer program implemented in Nicaragua in 2000. The outcomes we assess include total and food expenditure and a variety of children's health outcomes including vaccinations, morbidity, and breast feeding. We find that PSM does better at replicating the benchmark for individual outcomes but does poorly for expenditure outcomes. Judicious choice of sample improves the performance of PSM for all outcomes. A more detailed analysis of the components of expenditures shows the degree of bias is related to the importance of the item in the household budget and persists even when differences in prices and consumption habits are controlled for by comparing households from the same geographic region. The PSM technique seems most promisingfor evaluating individual, and easily measured outcomes, such as those related to child schooling and health, but less so for more complex outcomes such as expenditures. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NICARAGUA | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | CHILDREN | HOUSEHOLDS | USAID | IMPACT | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | EXPENDITURES | HOME ECONOMICS | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | IMMUNIZATION | BREASTFEEDING | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Communication | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Health | Nutrition | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Infant Nutrition Document Number: 325686 |
| 14. Title: Subsidized contraception, fertility, and sexual behavior. Author: Kearney MS; Levine PB Source: Cambridge, Massachusetts, National Bureau of Economic Research [NBER], 2007 Apr. [40] p. (NBER Working Paper No. 13045) Abstract: This paper examines the impact of recent state-level Medicaid policy changes that expanded eligibility for family planning services to higher income women and to Medicaid clients whose benefits would expire otherwise. We begin by establishing that the income-based policy change led to a substantial increase in the number of program recipients. We then examine Vital Statistics birth data from 1990 to 2003 and determine that it also reduced overall births to non-teens by about two percent and to teens by over four percent. Our estimates suggest a nearly nine percent reduction in births to women age 20-44 made eligible by the policy change. We supplement our state-level analysis with an investigation of individual-level data from the 1988, 1995, and 2002 National Surveys of Family Growth (NSFG) to examine the impact of these policies on sexual behavior and contraceptive use. Evidence from this analysis suggests that the reduction in fertility associated with raising income thresholds for eligibility was accomplished via greater use of contraception. Our calculations indicate that allowing higher income women to receive federally-funded family planning cost on the order of $6,800 for each averted birth. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | HEALTH INSURANCE | INCOME | HEALTH POLICY | POVERTY | SOCIAL POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SEX BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY DECLINE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Family Planning Programs Document Number: 319704 |
| 15. Title: State abortion and nonmarital birthrates in the post welfare reform era: The impact of economic incentives on reproductive behaviors of teenage and adult women. Author: Kelly K; Grant L Source: Gender and Society. 2007;21(6):878-904. Abstract: The impact of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA, or welfare reform) on the economic circumstances of women and children has received substantial research attention, but provisions of the act that attempt to influence women's reproductive behaviors have been much less studied. Provisions of PRWORA encouraged states to intensify efforts to restrict access to abortion and to decrease rates of nonmarital births, particularly among teenagers. Using state-level data, this study analyzes the effects of state policies enacted in the wake of welfare reform, controlling for prior rates of abortion and unwed births. The authors find that economic-based incentives have only minor, and inconsistent, influence on statewide rates of abortion and nonmarital births in 2000. Results are consistent with feminist scholarship proposing that noneconomic considerations are more central in women's decision making about reproduction than economic factors. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION STATISTICS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN | UNMARRIED | INCENTIVES | ABORTION RATE | BIRTH RATE | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | LEGISLATION | SOCIAL POLICY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors | Government Financing | Financial Activities Document Number: 323947 Notification |
| 16. Title: Teenage parenthood among child welfare clients: A Swedish national cohort study of prevalence and odds. Author: Vinnerljung B; Franzen E; Danielsson M Source: Journal of Adolescence. 2007 Feb;30(1):97-116. Abstract: To assess prevalence and odds for teenage parenthood among former child welfare clients, we used national register data for all children born in Sweden 1972-1983 (n = 1; 178; 207), including 49,582 former child welfare clients with varying intervention experiences. Logistic regression models, adjusted for demographic, socio-economic and familial background factors, were used to estimate odds ratios. Among youth who received interventions in adolescence, 16-19% of the girls and 5-6% of the boys became teenage parents, compared to 3% for girls and 0.7% for boys without child welfare experiences. Youths who entered child welfare services in their teens had four- to five-fold adjusted odds for becoming a teenage parent. For other child welfare clients, adjusted odds were mostly twofold. Youth of both sexes who receive child welfare services in adolescence are a high-risk group for teenage parenthood. Child welfare agencies should, as a minimum, provide each individual client youth with access to birth control counselling and contraceptives. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREVALENCE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | CHILD REARING | CHILD HEALTH | FOSTERING | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Measurement | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Behavior | Health Document Number: 311598 |
| 17. Title: Preference theory and low fertility: a comparative perspective. Author: Vitali A; Billari FC; Prskawetz A; Testa MR Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 26 p. Abstract: The discussion on the causes of the most recent fertility decline in Europe, and in particular on the emergence of lowest low fertility, emphasizes the relevance of cultural factors as compared to economic ones. Within such framework, the heterogeneity of preferences concerning the "career vs. family" dichotomy has been systematized in the "Preference Theory" developed by Catherine Hakim. This heterogeneity, however, has been so far under-investigated in a comparative framework. This paper makes use of new comparative data from the 2004/05 round of the European Social Survey to test the links between individual-level preferences and both fertility outcomes and fertility intentions, in a variety of societal settings. Results confirm an association between work-family lifestyle preferences and realized fertility in a variety of European countries, while they do not support the relevance of lifestyle preferences on fertility intentions concerning a 3-year interval. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | LOW FERTILITY POPULATION | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | FERTILITY DECLINE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | CULTURE | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | LIFE STYLE | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Government Financing | Financial Activities Document Number: 317258 |
| 18. Title: Do health sector reforms have their intended impacts? The World Bank's Health VIII project in Gansu province, China. Author: Wagstaff A; Yu S Source: Journal of Health Economics. 2007 May;26(3):505-535. Abstract: This paper combines differences-in-differences with propensity score matching to estimate the impacts of a health reform project in China that combined supply-side interventions aimed at improving the effectiveness and quality of care with demand-side measures aimed at expanding health insurance and providing financial support to the very poor. Data from household, village and facility surveys suggest the project reduced out-of-pocket spending, and the incidence of catastrophic spending and impoverishment through health expenses. Little impact is detected on the use of services, and while the evidence points to the project reducing sickness days, the evidence on health outcomes is mixed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | EVALUATION REPORT | SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | COMMUNITY | WORLD BANK | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | HEALTH INSURANCE | POVERTY | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Geographic Factors | Population | Evaluation | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Management | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Government Financing | Programs Document Number: 315371 |
| 19. Title: The impact of conditional cash transfers on household composition, fertility and migration in Central America. Author: Winters P; Stecklov G; Todd J Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 19 p. Abstract: In an attempt to understand household composition and its evolution, research has generally focused on the historical trends in household size, age structure and formation. Examining the trends in a number of developed countries, household size has steadily declined from around five members in the middle of the nineteenth century to between two and three in 1990. The driving forces identified for this decline are not just a decline in fertility rates but also a reduction in the number of adults in the households. This decline is associated with changes in household composition from a traditional complex household structure, which includes the extended family, to a simpler nuclear household with parents and children that is apparent in developed countries. In many developing countries complex households remain common. Using data from 43 developing countries, Bongaarts finds only limited regional differences between sub-Saharan Africa, the Near East/North Africa, Asia and Latin America and that these averages, which are in the range of five members per household, are similar to the levels found in the second half of the nineteenth century Europe and North America. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CENTRAL AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | REMITTANCES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | SOCIAL POLICY | FERTILITY INCENTIVES | DECISION MAKING | SOCIAL PROTECTION | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility | Migration | Family Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Pronatalist Policy | Population Policy | Behavior Document Number: 317824 |
| 20. Title: Abortion and selection. Author: Ananat EO; Gruber J; Levine PB; Staiger D Source: Cambridge, Massachusetts, National Bureau of Economic Research [NBER], 2006 Mar. [55] p. (NBER Working Paper No. 12150) Abstract: The introduction of legalized abortion in the early 1970s led to dramatic changes in fertility behavior. Some research has suggested as well that there were important impacts on cohort outcomes, but this literature has been limited and controversial. In this paper, we provide a framework for understanding the mechanisms through which abortion access affects cohort outcomes, and use that framework to both address inconsistent past methodological approaches, and provide evidence on the long-run impact on cohort characteristics. Our results provide convincing evidence that abortion legalization altered young adult outcomes through selection. In particular, we find evidence that lower costs of abortion led to improved outcomes in the birth cohort in the form of an increased likelihood of college graduation, lower rates of welfare use, and lower odds of being a single parent. We also find that our empirical innovations do not substantially alter earlier results regarding the relationship between abortion and crime, although most of that relationship appears to reflect cohort size effects rather than selection. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL STUDIES | ONE PARENT FAMILY | WOMEN | ABORTION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | FEES | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | CRIME | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Government Financing | Social Problems Document Number: 319700 Notification |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Getting a piece of the pie? The economic boom of the 1990s and declining teen birth rates in the United States. Author: Colen CG; Geronimus AT; Phipps MG Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2006 Sep;63(6):1531-1545. Abstract: In the United States, the 1990s was a decade of dramatic economic growth as well as a period characterized by substantial declines in teenage childbearing. This study examines whether falling teen fertility rates during the 1990s were responsive to expanding employment opportunities and whether the implementation of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunities Act (PRWORA), increasing rates of incarceration, or restrictive abortion policies may have affected this association. Fixed-effects Poisson regression models were estimated to assess the relationship between age-specific birth rates and state-specific unemployment rates from 1990 to 1999 for Black and White females aged 10--29. Falling unemployment rates in the 1990s were associated with decreased childbearing among African-American women aged 15--24, but were largely unrelated to declines in fertility for Whites. For 18--19 year-old African-Americans, the group for whom teen childbearing is most normative, our model accounted for 85% of the decrease in rates of first births. Young Black women, especially older teens, may have adjusted their reproductive behavior to take advantage of expanded labor market opportunities. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ETHNIC GROUPS | PRISONERS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | EMPLOYMENT | ABORTION LAW | SOCIAL MOBILITY | POVERTY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 304754 Notification |
| 22. Title: Emerging practices in community-based services for vulnerable groups: a study of social services delivery systems in Europe and Eurasia. Author: Davis RT Source: [Washington, D.C.], JBS International, Aguirre Division, 2006 Jun. 70 p. (Social Transition SeriesUSAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No: PN-ADG-301USAID Contract No. FAO-I-00-99-00010-00) Abstract: The purpose of this report is to identify and compare promising practices emerging in the Europe and Eurasia (E&E) Region that are consistent with international standards of best practices in community-based social services for vulnerable groups. Of particular interest is how countries in the region are moving from residential care to family-focused, community care models utilizing internationally recognized standards for children and youth, elderly, disabled, and minority groups (with an emphasis on Roma). The five countries selected for comparative assessments are Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia, Romania, and Russia. This study is written as a stand-alone report and also serves as a companion volume to a report on the evolution of community-based social services in the E&E region (Promising Practices in Community-Based Social Services in CEE/CIS/Baltics), which is available from the Social Transition team in the E&E Bureau at USAID/Washington. The report is organized into four parts and five appendices. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE, EASTERN | RUSSIA | PROGRESS REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | CASE STUDIES | TARGET POPULATION | USAID | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | SOCIAL POLICY | HOME CARE | BEST PRACTICES | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | Developing Countries | Europe | Asia, Northern | Asia | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Health | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Policy | Care and Support Document Number: 305871 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Young female Medicaid enrollees seeking reproductive health services are at risk of abuse, criminal activity. Author: Doskoch P Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2006 Dec;38(4):[3] p.. Abstract: Preadolescents and adolescents who are enrolled in Medicaid and seek reproductive health services have an elevated likelihood of being abused or engaging in criminal behavior, both before and after their reproductive health visits, according to a recent cross-sectional analysis of Alaskan public health databases. The study revealed that female Medicaid enrollees aged 10-15 who sought pregnancy care, abortions or contraceptives had more than double the odds of other Medicaid enrollees in the same age-group of being victims of sexual abuse by a caregiver during the five-year study period. They also had increased risks of physical abuse and referral to the juvenile justice system for theft and other criminal offenses. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ALASKA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PREGNANT WOMEN | ABORTION | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | HEALTH INSURANCE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ANTENATAL CARE | CHILD ABUSE | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior Document Number: 309812 Notification |
| 24. Title: Multiple-father families and welfare. Author: Evenhouse E; Reilly S Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2006 Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. 26 p. Abstract: In this study, we explore the connection between welfare benefit levels and multiple-partner fertility. In contrast to past studies of welfare and family structure, most of which focus on a mother's marital status or the absence of a male partner, we focus on the biological relationships among the children in the household. We draw our data from the U.S. Census Bureau's Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). By exploiting the information in SIPP's rarely used "household relationship matrix," we are able to ascertain the biological relationships between a woman and every child in her household, as well as the precise relationships among those children. This lets us determine the number of men who are biological fathers of a mother's resident children. While an examination of welfare rules suggests that they might encourage multiple-father fertility, this preliminary study finds only weak evidence of a relationship between welfare and multiple-father fertility. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY RESEARCH | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | FATHERS | STEPPARENTS | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sociocultural Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Sexual Partners | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 317225 |
| 25. Title: Assistance needed for the integration of orphaned and vulnerable children -- views of South African family and community members. Author: Freeman M; Nkomo N Source: SAHARA J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV / AIDS. 2006 Nov;3(3):503-509. Abstract: Guardianship within families is often regarded as the most viable and preferred option for orphaned and vulnerable children (OVC). However, this will place a considerably increased burden on the new caregivers of these children. This study examines whether assistance to prospective families would incline them towards incorporating children and, if so, what would act as 'threshold' incentives for them. Adults (N = 1 400) in diverse locations and of various 'relational proximity' to children were interviewed in three high HIV/AIDS prevalence provinces in South Africa. Close relatives were more inclined to take in children and would generally require lower levels of assistance than more distanced adults. Nonetheless, for most poor families, no matter their relation to the child, help is critical. More distanced families, friends and strangers also showed a strong willingness to incorporate children - provided they receive sufficient help. For all categories, the greater the assistance the more likelythey would be to take in children. While direct financial assistance was important, assistance with education-related costs and having a trained and caring person come in 'now and then' to help were also significant factors. The age and HIV status of the child were viewed as important intervening factors in deciding whether or not to take in an additional child/ren by some people. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | COMMUNITY | EXTENDED FAMILY | INCENTIVES | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | FOSTERING | EDUCATION | HOME VISITS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Policy | Political Factors | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Communication Document Number: 321475 |
| 26. Title: Short birth intervals and the risk of school unreadiness among a medicaid population in South Carolina. Author: Hayes H; Luchok K; Martin AB; McKeown RE; Evans A Source: Child: Care, Health and Development. 2006 Jul;32(4):423-430. Abstract: Communities across the United States have become more involved in enhancing school readiness. Many of the predictors of school readiness relate to conditions prior to and following the birth of the child, including a child's birthweight. Shortened birth intervals are related to a variety of health and social consequences that affect child development, yet no formal research has examined the association between birth intervals and school readiness. This study was a secondary data analysis of de-identified pregnancy-related vital record information, matched to selected items from the Department of Health and Human Services Medicaid records on mothers and children and to the Cognitive Skills Assessment Battery score in South Carolina for the year 2000 for the child of interest (N = 6915). Analysis of covariance and logistic regression were used to determine if there was a statistically significant relationship between birth interval and school readiness. Results showed that birth interval is a significant predictor of school readiness with a P-value < 0.001 even after controlling for various socio-demographic factors. Children born with inadequate birth intervals (less than 24 months) are more likely to fail the Cognitive Skills Assessment Battery compared with those with adequate birth intervals. Potential implications of this research include promoting optimal birth spacing to improve the likelihood that future first graders will come to school ready to learn. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | LOW INCOME POPULATION | SCHOOL AGE POPULATION | BIRTH INTERVALS | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | HEALTH INSURANCE | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Biology Document Number: 302377 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Do U.S. family planning clinics encourage parent-child communication? Findings from an exploratory survey. Author: Jones RK Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2006 Sep;38(3):155-161. Abstract: Clinics that receive Title X funding have a mandate to encourage parent-child communication for minors seeking family planning services. Little is known about the programs and practices that clinics have adopted to achieve this goal, or whether clinics not receiving Title X funds encourage family participation. As part of a larger project examining parental engagement among adolescents using family planning clinics, 81 clinics that served 200 or more adolescent contraceptive clients in 2001 completed a questionnaire containing closed- and open-ended items. Topic areas included clinic counseling and policies regarding clients younger than 18, activities to improve parent-child communication and community relations. Frequency distributions were calculated for the prevalence of activities, and cross-tabulations were used to compare prevalence by clinic characteristics. Every clinic engaged in at least one activity to promote parent-child communication, and nine in 10 offered multiple activities. Most of the clinics used counseling sessions to talk to adolescent clients about the importance of discussing sexual health issues with parents (73--94%, depending on the reason for the visit). More than eight in 10 clinics (84%) distributed pamphlets on how to talk about these issues. A substantial minority (43%) offered or referred interested individuals to educational programs designed to improve communication. Some of these exploratory findings reflect the prevalence of activities among all U.S. family planning clinics that serve adolescent clients. Evaluation and expansion of clinic efforts to promote voluntary communication about sexual health issues between parents and children could help encourage family participation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | PARENTS | MINORS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | COUNSELING | CLINIC ACTIVITIES | COMMUNITY RELATIONS | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Family Planning | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Group Processes | Social Behavior | Communication Document Number: 307389 |
| 28. Title: 'We will eat when I get the grant': negotiating AIDS, poverty and antiretroviral treatment in South Africa. Author: Leclerc-Madlala S Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2006 Nov;5(3):249-256. Abstract: The maturing HIV epidemic has led to a decline in the health status of many South Africans. One result is an increasing number of AIDS-affected poor who qualify for a government disability grant. Recent research has drawn attention to the unintended conflict that this may present for poor people who might be faced with choosing between maintaining health through antiretroviral treatment and obtaining money through the state grant. While some evidence suggests that most AIDS-affected people would choose antiretroviral treatment over access to a disability grant, other evidence suggests that some would rather die than lose the grant. This paper is a qualitative exploration of ways that AIDS treatment policies and practices and grants for people disabled by AIDS are currently being negotiated by people caught in the double-bind of managing their own health and income. As South Africa continues to broaden its delivery of antiretroviral treatment and AIDS support services, it is important that planners incorporate an understanding of how an HIV or AIDS diagnosis in the context of entrenched poverty may represent both a threat and a means to financial survival. There is a need to consider the 'disinhibiting' effects on HIV prevention and treatment that may result when AIDS support services are aimed at addressing the needs of individuals as opposed to the needs of highly affected communities. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COUNSELORS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SUPPORT GROUPS | AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | SOCIAL WELFARE | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | DISINCENTIVES | POVERTY | SOCIAL POLICY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Counseling | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Networks | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV | Economic Factors | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Policy | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 311037 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Provision of contraceptive and related services by publicly funded family planning clinics, 2003. Author: Lindberg LD; Frost JL; Sten C; Dailard C Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2006 Sep;38(3):139-147. Abstract: In addition to contraceptive services, publicly funded family planning clinics provide low-income women with a range of reproductive diagnostic, treatment and educational services. Nationally representative information about the scope of services available from clinics is needed to formulate policy and programmatic recommendations. In 2003, more than 1,000 U.S. clinics responded to an eight-page survey on service availability and clinic policies. Differences in the proportions of clinics reporting each service or policy were examined by clinic type and receipt of Title X funding. Nearly all clinics offer pills, injectables and condoms; 75% offer the patch; and 80% offer emergency contraception. Most clinics (73%) typically use a conventional Pap smear for initial cervical cancer screenings; 27% u |