1.  Title: Demographic change and future carbon emissions in China and India. Author: Dalton M; Jiang L; Pachauri S; O'Neill BC Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 25 p. Abstract: This paper investigates whether projected changes in the demographic characteristics of Chinese and Indian households over the next century could have a substantial influence on consumption, economic growth, energy demand, and carbon dioxide emissions. We use new household projections for China and India that model changes in population size, urbanization, and the size and age structure of households over the next 100 years. The initial economic characteristics of different household types, including demand for consumer goods, supplies of labor, and capital, are estimated from household surveys and production data for each country. A global energy-economic growth model simulates economic growth as well as changes in consumption of various goods, direct and indirect energy demand, and carbon emissions over time. Effects of demographic change are compared under different scenarios that include technical change. Results show that explicit consideration of urbanization leads to a substantial increase in projected emissions, while aging leads to a decrease. The net effect of demographic change is to increase projected emissions from China by 45% by the end of the century, and from India, by 15-35%. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | HOUSEHOLDS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | FAMILY DEMOGRAPHY | POPULATION PROJECTION | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | URBANIZATION | POPULATION SIZE | PRODUCTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Asia, Southern | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Population | Theoretical Models | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Family Research | Estimation Techniques | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 317828 |
2.  Title: "AIDS is not a business": A study in global corporate responsibility -- securing access to low-cost HIV medications. Author: Flanagan W; Whiteman G Source: Journal of Business Ethics. 2007 Jun;73(1):65-75. Abstract: At the end of the 1990s, Brazil was faced with a potentially explosive HIV/AIDS epidemic. Through an innovative and multifaceted campaign, and despite initial resistance from multinational pharmaceutical companies, the government of Brazil was able to negotiate price reductions for HIV medications and develop local production capacity, thereby averting a public health disaster. Using interview data and document analysis, the authors show that the exercise of corporate social responsibility can be viewed in practice as a dynamic negotiation and an interaction between multiple actors. Action undertaken in terms of voluntary CSR alone may be insufficient. This finding highlights the importance of a strong role for national governments and international organizations to pressure companies to perform better. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | POLICYMAKERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | GOVERNMENT | PRIVATE SECTOR | PRICING | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | CAPACITY BUILDING | PRODUCTION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marketing | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Sustainability | Programs Document Number: 320669 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: A study of the capability of manufacturers of generic hormonal contraceptives in lower- and middle-income countries. Author: Hall PE; Oehler J; Woo P; Zardo H; Chinery L; Singh JS; Jooseery SH; Essah NM Source: Contraception. 2007 Apr;75(4):311-317. Abstract: Studies were undertaken to assess the capability, competence and capacity of manufacturers of oral and injectable hormonal contraceptives in lower- and middle-income countries. A qualitative study on 41 companies, which comprised in-depth interviews and facility observations, was undertaken. Also an in-depth quantitative study of 14 companies was undertaken, of which 3 have not been included in the first study. Following review of a questionnaire and other documentation, a visit was undertaken to each factory to assess staff competence, manufacturing facilities, manufacturing processes, quality management, worker safety and environmental protection. Of the 44 companies from 15 countries, less than 30% would meet the current Good Manufacturing Practice requirements of the World Health Organization (WHO), the Pharmaceutical Inspection Cooperation Scheme or any stringent regulatory authority; a further 20% could comply with investment and improvements in quality management. Few companies are able to develop adequate registration dossiers. There is a limited number of companies that are capable of manufacturing high-quality generic products and which can provide a complete registration dossier for use outside their home markets. It is essential that, in the future, procurement agencies only use suppliers that are prequalified by WHO for the procurement of hormonal contraceptives. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | KAP SURVEYS | WORKERS | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | PRIVATE SECTOR | PRODUCTION | QUALITY CONTROL | WORKPLACE | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | MANAGEMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Organization and Administration | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Macroeconomic Factors | Employment | Health | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 308440 |
| 4. Title: Moving women: household composition, labor demand and crop choice. Author: Mbiti IM Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [49] p. Abstract: This paper estimates the effect of increases in the relative value of female labor induced by rainfall shocks on the gender composition of rural agricultural households in India. Much of the previous literature in this vein has focused exclusively on the gender composition of young children due to excess female mortality. Using a unique panel dataset from India, I focus instead on the changes in the gender composition of prime aged adults. Rice production is known to be more intensive in female labor than wheat production, and is more dependent on rainfall. I compare how rice and wheat households adjust the composition of their adult membership in response to rainfall shocks that differentially raise the relative marginal products of female labor, controlling for farm and household-level heterogeneity using fixed effects. Consistent with a model of household composition and crop choice in the presence of imperfect labor markets, I find that positive rainfall shocks are associated with an increase in the relative number of prime age females in rice households. Timing of marriage of daughter's of household heads is one of the main mechanisms adjusting the gender composition of prime aged adults in these households. I find that a one standard deviation increase in rainfall decreases the rate of marriage among young adult females in rice households by approximately 10 percent relative to wheat households. Dowries paid out by rice households also decline by a similar magnitude, indicating a rise in the value of female labor. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | HOUSEHOLDS | LABOR FORCE | AGRICULTURE | PRODUCTION | CLIMATE | SEX RATIO | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | DOWRY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Environment | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 317822 |
| 5. Title: Feckless and reckless or forbearing and resourceful? Looking behind the stereotypes of HIV and AIDS in "fishing communites". Author: Westaway E; Seeley J; Allison E Source: African Affairs. 2007 Oct;106(425):663-679. Abstract: Over the last decade evidence has emerged suggesting that in many countries fisherfolk, as an occupational group, are at greater risk to HIV and AIDS than the general adult population. This high vulnerability has been explained in terms of the lifestyles associated with fishing and related occupations, such as fish processing and trading. Fishermen have been portrayed as risk takers, their attitudes and behaviour shaped by the physical and economic risks of the fishing lifestyle. Women in fishing communities, often engaged in fish processing and trading and providing food and lodging in fishing settlements, are portrayed as being in subordinate social and economic positions and prey to sexual exploitation by cash-rich fishermen. There is a danger in such lifestyle summaries that fisherfolk are characterized as feckless risk takers with a reckless attitude to the chance of contracting HIV. In this article we look at the lives of some men, women, and children living in a lake-side community in Uganda severely affected by HIV and AIDS to illustrate how existing portrayals of fisherfolk, and fishing communities, need to avoid stereotypes in order to better inform appropriate health sector and livelihood support measures. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FISHING | PRODUCTION | GENDER RELATIONS | LIFE STYLE | RISK BEHAVIOR | PERCEPTION | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Occupations | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Measurement Document Number: 321891 |
| 6. Title: Oral rehydration salts. Production of the new ORS. Author: World Health Organization [WHO]. Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development; UNICEF. Supply Division Source: Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, 2006. [122] p. (WHO/FCH/CAH/06.1) Abstract: This document is updating an earlier document (WHO/CDD/SER/85.8), and provides information on the manufacture of the new ORS that, since 2003, is recommended by WHO and UNICEF. It has been prepared to assist national authorities in establishing the local manufacture of a product of pharmaceutical quality, in order that they may become self-reliant in meeting the needs of their national diarrhoeal diseases control activities. It is emphasized that the methods recommended in the document are meant to serve as guidelines, and that they need to be adapted to meet local requirements and conditions, provided they follow the principles of Good Manufacturing Practices for pharmaceutical products (WHO Technical Report Series, No 908, 2003) that can be found in the annexes of this document. Specific information on "Quality Management", "Personnel", "Validation" and "Qualification" can be found in this annex. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | CHILDREN | ORAL REHYDRATION | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | PRODUCTION | PRICING | LOGISTICS | QUALITY CONTROL | PACKAGING | SODIUM | STORAGE AND WAREHOUSES | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Drugs | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marketing | Management | Organization and Administration | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 312462 |
| 7. Title: Improving hormonal contraceptive supply: the potential contribution of manufacturers of generic and biosimilar drugs. Author: Armand F Source: Bethesda, Maryland, Abt Associates, Private Sector Partnerships-One [PSP-One], 2006 Jan. [37] p. (PSP-One Technical Report Series No. 2USAID Contract No. GPO-I-00-04-00007-00) Abstract: Research and development (R&D) companies dominate both the public- and private-sector markets in developing countries, despite the growing number of manufacturers able to produce low-cost generic and biosimilar products around the world. This paper describes the different types of hormonal-contraceptive manufacturers and opportunities for increased competition from generic and biosimilar suppliers in the procurement field, as well as the commercial sector. Barriers addressed in the paper include the difficulty of monitoring product quality and safety in developing countries, the limited sales and marketing capability of local manufacturers, unfavorable procurement policies, and market distortions caused by well-meaning donor-funded programs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | INDUSTRY | PRODUCTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Technology | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Macroeconomic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 304785 |
| 8. Title: Brazilian leadership in the context of the UNGASS Declaration of Commitment in HIV / AIDS. Author: Bermudez XP; Seffner F Source: Revista de Saude Publica / Journal of Public Health. 2006 Apr;40 Suppl:101-108. Abstract: The present article focuses on the subject of leadership in the United Nations Declaration of Commitment in HIV/AIDS, discussing the advancements, challenges, and limitations to the action of major social forces acting to control the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Brazil. The national policy on AIDS was characterized by the illustrative Brazilian experience in summoning multiple government, civil society, and private sector initiatives to fight the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The synergy between different partners needs to be enhanced and efforts in the field of scientific and technological development must be articulated in order to minimize the effects of technological dependence. These actions are aimed at the sustainable production of drugs and other products, with the perspective of improving the fulfillment of the constitutional precept of health as a universal right. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | UN | GOALS | HUMAN RIGHTS | HIV PREVENTION | LEADERSHIP | HEALTH POLICY | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | PRODUCTION | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Policy | Programs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 312821 |
| 9. Title: Counting women's labor: a reanalysis of children's net production in Mead Cain's Bangladeshi village. Author: Sullivan R; Lee RD; Kramer KL Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2006 Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. 35 p. Abstract: Due to the inherent difficulties in valuing women's and children's labor in pre-industrial economies, their time inputs are frequently excluded from analyses of net production. This additionally leads to underestimation of consumption costs, which do not reflect the value of time inputs. As a result, not only is the net production of females understated, but that of men is overstated. Here we use Mead Cain's seminal (1977) study of children's economic contributions in a Bangladeshi village to illustrate these points. We combine Cain's data on female hours of work with unusual data on the productivity of males and females by age in a variety of agricultural and domestic tasks, from a Maya village practicing extensive subsistence agriculture. Incorporating the value of female labor raises the estimated age at which boys produce as much daily as they consume by three years, from 9 to 12 (crossover age), and raises the age at which their cumulative production equals their cumulative consumption to between 30 and 50 (breakeven age). Girls crossover 1.5 years earlier, at 11.5, and breakeven substantially earlier, in their mid-20s. On average, children's net cost to their parents up to their age at marriage is three years of adult consumption for both boys and girls. When female labor is taken into account, the Bangladeshi children in Cain's (1977) analysis are found to be expensive to their parents, although their economic contributions offset much of their cost. We believe these methods could be usefully applied in other contexts. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | CHILDREN | WOMEN | RURAL POPULATION | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | CHILD WORTH | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | PRODUCTION | SEX FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 317246 |
| 10. Title: Economic contribution of farm children to agricultural production in Nigeria: A case study of Ekiti State of Nigeria. Author: Adewale JG; Oladejo JA; Ogunniyi LT Source: Journal of Social Sciences. 2005;10(2):149-152. Abstract: This study examined the economic contribution of farm children in agricultural production. To achieve this broad objective, the research work identified the personal characteristics of the farm children, investigated the major activities and examined the attitude of farm children to farming as an occupation. The study also looks into problems of farm children in relation to farm activities, or what they detest most in farming. The study area is Ekiti state of Nigeria. The population for the study comprises all children born or nurtured by farming households or by farmer parents and in a village, which is predominantly considered as a farming community. Structured interview schedule was used in collecting information from 300 farm children in the study area. Stratified random sampling technique was employed. The results show that gender and age play significant roles in contribution of farm children to agricultural production with calculated 2 =10.035 > tabulated 2 = 9.488; and calculated 2 = 26.557 > tabulated 2 = 21.026, respectively. The study concluded that despite the fact that the interviewed youths contribute immensely to agricultural production, most of them are not satisfied with the way farming is being practiced in the study area. They are therefore not encouraged to consider farming as profession. It was recommended that non-government organizations (NGOs) as well as the government should ensure that modern tools and agro-chemicals, as well as improved farm technologies essential for farmers on the field are made available at affordable prices. This will lessen the drudgery of farm operations, thereby making farm ventures more attractive to youths. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | ECONOMIC MODEL | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | CHILDREN | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | AGRICULTURE | PRODUCTION | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Theoretical Models | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 305424 |
| 11. Title: When donor support ends: the fate of social marketing products and the markets they help create. Author: Agha S; Do M; Armand F Source: Bethesda, Maryland, Abt Associates, Private Sector Partnerships-One [PSP-One], 2005 Dec. [37] p. (Global Research Report No. 1USAID Contract No. GPO-I-00-04-00007-00) Abstract: The objectives were to assess the performance of social marketing interventions under the manufacturer's model, a model that has the potential to achieve sustainability (defined as continuing contraceptive availability after the withdrawal of donor support), in four middle-income countries. Fifteen rounds of data from nationally representative surveys implemented in Morocco, the Dominican Republic, Peru, and Turkey between 1986 and 2003 are analyzed to determine changes in the commercial sector's share of oral contraceptives and condoms before and after the withdrawal of donor support. Attention is paid to changes in lower- and middle-income groups. Wealth quintiles are used as a proxy for economic status. Retail sales data on oral contraceptives (OCs) from 1994 to 2004 were available in Morocco and the Dominican Republic and are examined to determine sales volumes and prices of social marketing and other commercial brands. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MOROCCO | PERU | DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | TURKEY | SUMMARY REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | CONDOM USE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | SOCIAL MARKETING | INTERVENTIONS | PRODUCTION | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | Africa, Northern | Africa | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Caribbean | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Health | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Marketing | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 304787 |
| 12. Title: How much should countries spend on health? Author: Savedoff W Source: Health for the Millions. 2005 Apr-May;:5-10. Abstract: The range in per capita health spending across countries is larger than 100 to 1, and this translates into spending of anywhere between 1 percent to well over 10 percent of national income. Yet health outcomes across countries are not strongly related with the level of spending on health services once other factors and other kinds of expenditure are accounted for. It may not be surprising, then, to find many people asking "what is the right amount for a country to spend on health?" The attractiveness of such a question is clear from the numerous times that references are made to it in national health policy debates. It is also apparent from frequent references to an alleged WHO "recommendation" that countries should spend 5 percent of GDP on health, a recommendation which was never formally approved and which has little basis in fact [see Appendix A]. Addressing such a question with solid evidence is in great demand. However, the question itself is quite deceptive because it appears to be complete, when in fact it is not. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | POLICYMAKERS | EXPENDITURES | HEALTH SERVICES | PUBLIC HEALTH | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | PRODUCTION | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Programs Document Number: 285110 |
| 13. Title: Economic impacts of chemical pesticides use on fadama crop farming in Sudano-Sahelian zone. Author: Alimi T; Ayanwale AB Source: Journal of Social Sciences. 2004;9(3):149-155. Abstract: Primary data were collected from users and non-users of chemical pesticides in fadama farming. The data collected included number of plots, farm size, types of crops grown, prices and quantities of outputs of the farms. In addition, the application costs of pesticides (material cost, labour for applying and equipment) were collected from pesticides users. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, partial budgetary and marginal analyses, and sensitivity and regression techniques. The results indicated that the chemical pesticides users operated smaller mean number of plots, larger mean farm size, obtained higher crop yield as such larger output per farmer. None of the chemical pesticides users used herbicides. Budgetary analysis and regression technique indicated that chemical pesticides use was economically rational at the present chemical pesticide technology, and relative input-output prices. An investment of one naira in chemical pesticides use returns 2.21 naira in addition to the one naira invested, as such based on economics only their use should be encouraged. However, pesticides use will be irrational if ceteris paribus, prices of chemical pesticides rise by more than 86%. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | PESTICIDES | AGRICULTURE | PRICES | PRODUCTION | COST EFFECTIVENESS | IRRIGATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Ingredients and Chemicals | Macroeconomic Factors | Commerce | Evaluation Indexes Document Number: 305415 |
| 14. Title: Enhancing female employment in global production: policy implications. Author: Barrientos S; Kabeer N Source: Global Social Policy. 2004;4(2):153-169. Abstract: Female employment in global production is significant in certain sectors of manufacture and agriculture. There has not only been a 'feminization' of the labor force, but also a change in the gender dimension of global employment. Women's earnings are often a crucial element in household survival, they are not 'secondary earners' as depicted in more traditional employment models, and they can accrue many advantages from their employment. But women are often concentrated in flexible and informal work, and gender constraints often limit their ability to access work opportunities and benefits. In this article, we consider some of the key constraints to women's ability to take up employment in global production, and to participate in the labor market on more equitable terms. We consider: (a) How do we develop policies which address the combined productive and reproductive roles of women working in global production? (b) How can female employment in global production be enhanced in terms of increasing the opportunities and quality of women's work in global exports? (c) What role can different stakeholders play in enhancing gender equitable employment in global production? (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | EMPLOYMENT | PRODUCTION | OBSTACLES | HUMAN CAPITAL | PAY EQUITY | CHILD CARE | HEALTH INSURANCE | HUMAN RIGHTS | SOCIAL POLICY | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Organization and Administration | Human Resources | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Financial Activities | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Policy Document Number: 299083 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Will containment of wild poliovirus in laboratories and inactivated poliovirus vaccine production sites be effective for global certification? Author: Dowdle WR; Wolff C; Sanders R; Lambert S; Best M Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2004 Jan;82(1):59-66. Abstract: The absolute laboratory containment of any virus cannot be guaranteed, but a wealth of experience indicates that effective containment of wild poliovirus materials for global certification is technically and operationally feasible. Effective containment is based on the principles of minimal wild poliovirus infectious and potentially infectious materials in laboratories; minimal risks of operations in laboratories and inactivated poliovirus vaccine production facilities; minimal susceptibility of workers to wild poliovirus infection and shedding; and minimal susceptibility of populations to wild poliovirus spread. Each principle alone is imperfect, but collectively they greatly minimize the risks of transmitting wild poliovirus from the laboratory to the community. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | WORKERS | EXPOSURE | POLIO | COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL | VACCINES | PRODUCTION | LABORATORY | SAFETY | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Risk Factors | Biology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Macroeconomic Factors | Equipment and Supplies | Public Health Document Number: 190144 |
| 16. Title: Using climate models to improve Indonesian food security. Author: Falcon WP; Naylor RL; Smith WL; Burke MB; McCullough EB Source: Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies. 2004;40(3):355-377. Abstract: El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events exert significant influence on Southeast Asian rice output and market. This paper measures ENSO effects on Indonesia's national and regional rice production and on world rice prices, using the August Niño 3.4 sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) to gauge climate variability. It shows that each degree Celsius change in the August SSTA produces a 1,318,000 metric ton effect on output and a $21/metric ton change in the world price for lower quality rice. Of the inter-annual production changes due to SSTA variation, 90% occur within 12 provinces, notably Java and South Sulawesi. New data and models offer opportunities to understand the agricultural effects of ENSO events, to reach early consensus on coming ENSO effects, and to use forecasting to improve agencies' and individuals' capacity to mitigate climate effects on food security. We propose that Indonesia hold an `ENSO summit' each September to analyse the foor-security implications of upcoming climate events. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | CLIMATE | FOOD SUPPLY | AGRICULTURE | PRODUCTION | PRICES | COMMERCE | PRIVATE SECTOR | ECONOMIC POLICY | PLANNING | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Environment | Natural Resources | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Organization and Administration | Communication Document Number: 283610 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Polio control after certification: major issues outstanding. Author: Fine PE; Oblapenko G; Sutter RW Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2004 Jan;82(1):47-52. Abstract: Now that the global eradication of wild poliovirus is almost within sight, planning for the post-certification era is becoming a priority issue. It is agreed that a stockpile of appropriate polio vaccines will need to be established, and a surveillance and response capacity will need to be maintained, in order to protect the world against any possible future outbreaks attributable either to the persistence of wild poliovirus or vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) or to the unintentional or intentional release of poliovirus from a laboratory or vaccine store. Although it has been suggested that the stockpile should consist of monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine (mOPV), many questions remain concerning its nature, financing, management, and use — in particular, because of uncertainties over future national vaccination policies, and over the availability of different vaccines, after the certification of wild poliovirus eradication. There are further uncertainties concerning the possible role and efficacy of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) used either routinely or in outbreak control in low-hygiene settings, the potential for rapid geographical spread of polioviruses should an outbreak occur after certification, and the risks inherent in introducing additional oral polio vaccine (OPV) viruses into populations in which the vaccine coverage and prevalence of immunity have declined, and which may thus favour the spread of VDPVs. Given these important gaps in knowledge, no country should discontinue polio vaccination until a coordinated policy for the post-certification era has been developed and the recommended measures have been put in place. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | POLIO | POPULATION AT RISK | COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL | RISK FACTORS | VACCINES | PRODUCTION | LABORATORY | SAFETY | HEALTH POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | IMMUNIZATION | MONITORING | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Research Methodology | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Biology | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Equipment and Supplies | Public Health | Policy | Planning | Organization and Administration | Primary Health Care | Evaluation Document Number: 190142 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Polio eradication: finishing the job and protecting the investment. Author: Heymann DL Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2004 Jan;82(1):1-2. Abstract: The articles in this theme issue of the Bulletin address the complex policies of polio eradication. The end of wild poliovirus transmission is not the end of the story, as certification of eradication, laboratory containment, vaccination policy, and sustainable surveillance and response mechanisms all require continued effort. A feasible target of globally interrupted transmission is set for the end of this year, and preparations for the post-certification period are under way. In four of the six countries where wild poliovirus continues to circulate, (Afghanistan, Egypt, India, and Pakistan); the intensity of transmission is the lowest ever recorded. In Niger and Nigeria, where polio transmission has increased due to low vaccination coverage, the areas where wild poliovirus is circulating have relatively low population density. If multiple rounds of high quality immunization campaigns are conducted in all six of these countries in early 2004, transmission can be interrupted by the end of the year or soon thereafter. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | CHILD HEALTH | POLIO | COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL | IMMUNIZATION | HEALTH POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | VACCINES | PRODUCTION | LABORATORY | SAFETY | MONITORING | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Primary Health Care | Policy | Planning | Organization and Administration | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Equipment and Supplies | Public Health | Evaluation Document Number: 190148 |
| 19. Title: HIV / AIDS in Africa: links, livelihoods and legacies. Author: Love R Source: Review of African Political Economy. 2004;(102):639-648. Abstract: Of the significance of HIV/AIDS at household, village and community level throughout Africa there can be no doubt. By 2002, the cumulative number of deaths from the disease in Africa had been estimated to be of the order of 19 million (calculated from Barnet & Whiteside, table 1.1 and UNAIDSa), almost 30 million Africans were estimated to be HIV positive, and by 2010 some 6 million of the then total deaths will have been in South Africa alone (Lewis, 2004). Although it is impossible to be precise, such figures considerably exceed those of around 11 million often (conservatively) estimated to have been transported during the entire period of the Atlantic slave trade (Austin, 1987). As with slavery, HIV/AIDS also primarily claims adult victims where the impact on economic production is greatest - another recent estimate is that between 1985 and 2020 over 20% of adult farm workers in the nine hardest hit African countries will have lost their lives because of AIDS (UNFAO, 2004a). While the impact is likely to be similar in many respects, two obvious differences from slavery are that the perpetrator is less easy to identify and moral judgements more readily confused, producing many examples of politically loaded policy decisions and value-laden interventions. Moreover, debates about 'being faithful' to one partner, possibly in marriage, and postponing teenage sex are institutional camouflage over the fact that a primary means of transfer of this disease in Africa has been through a physical activity as natural as eating and drinking, and which often involves great emotional and affectionate intimacy between two people. It can also of course be a violently imposed act by men on women and girls. In either case, there is the heightened pathos of human tragedy to which we as commentators should not lose our sensitivity and potential for empathy as a result of excessive intellectualising. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | CRITIQUE | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | EPIDEMICS | PRODUCTION | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | CAPITALISM | POVERTY | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | Developing Countries | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Political Systems | Socioeconomic Factors | Religion Document Number: 300071 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Barr to acquire Plan B: EC access to expand? Source: Contraceptive Technology Update. 2003 Dec;24(12):138-139. Abstract: Emergency contraception (EC), once considered "the nation's best-kept secret," may be a secret no longer when a major pharmaceutical company takes over a popular dedicated EC product. Pomona, NY-based Barr Laboratories Inc. has announced its intentions to acquire Plan B, the levonorgestrel-only pill manufactured by Washington, DC-based Women's Capital Corp. At press time, the acquisition was set to close. Annual sales of Plan B best reached about $10 million in 2002; Barr reported $903 million in sales in its most recent fiscal year. 1 Plan B was listed as the leading EC pill in the 2003 CTU Contraception Survey; about 58% of respondents said their facility provided the drug. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WOMEN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | LEVONORGESTREL | PRODUCTION | SALES | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | USER COMPLIANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marketing | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Behavior Document Number: 186094 |
| 21. Title: An introduction to women, culture and development. Author: Bhavnani KK; Foran J; Kurian PA Source: In: Feminist futures: re-imagining women, culture and development, edited by Kum-Kum Bhavnani, John Foran and Priya A. Kurian. London, England, Zed Books, 2003. :1-21. Abstract: At the close of the twentieth century, there were clear indications that women in the Third World and the poor suffered the dire consequence of global (real)development. This debilitating malaise continues into the new century. Its most recent symptoms include: the attack on the World Trade Center in New York on 11 September 2001; the US-initiated war on Afghanistan shortly thereafter; the use of the discourse of terrorism by the governments of India and Pakistan that threatens to spill over into a nuclear stand-off; the continued Israeli occupation of the West Bank that regularly escalates the cycle of violence; the US government's targeting of Iraq, Iran and North Korea as an 'axis of evil'; the Enron debacle, in which a large US transnational corporation went bankrupt despite making millions of dollars for its chief officers through, among other things, the provision of expensive electricity for parts of India and investments in China. These examples continue to dominate public discussion, while the crises of HIV/AIDS, the impact of (and resistance to) IMF- and World Bank-directed structural adjustment policies, and the consequences of environmental destruction worldwide seem to have receded from public view. It is in this context that we feel an urgent need to reflect on development, culture and women. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | INFLUENTIALS | WOMEN | CULTURE | MIGRATION | URBANIZATION | PRODUCTION | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 187002 |
| 22. Title: [Opinion of women from a family health unit about the quantity of mother's milk produced] Opinião de mulheres de uma unidade de saúde da família sobre a quantidade de leite materno produzido. Author: Borges AL; Philippi ST Source: Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem / Latin American Journal of Nursing. 2003 May-Jun;11(3):287-292. Abstract: This is a study aimed at knowing the opinion of women about the quantity of mothermilk produced, since insufficient milk is one of the main reasons mentioned by women from different cultures when introducing complementary feeding in children’s diet before the fourth month of life. The interviews were made at the homes of 41 women from a family health unit in the Eastern area of São Paulo City in 1998 and 1999. The majority of the mothers (82.9%) considered they were producing a sufficient quantity of mothermilk. As evaluation criteria for the produced quantity of mothermilk, they used the size of the breasts, the spontaneous dropping of milk and the mood of the child after breastfeeding. All women introduced artificial milk before the fourth month, but those who mentioned insufficient milk did it earlier (p=0.0088). (author's) Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION | MOTHERS | LACTATION | HUMAN MILK | PRODUCTION | BREASTFEEDING | SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING | TIME FACTORS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Evaluation | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Maternal Physiology | Physiology | Biology | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 189626 |
| 23. Title: The long-run economic impact of AIDS. Author: Ferreira PC; Pessoa S Source: [Unpublished] 2003 Feb 10. 30 p. Abstract: This paper studies the long-run impact of HIV/AIDS on per capita income and education. We introduce a channel from HIV/AIDS to long-run income that has been overlooked by the literature, the reduction of the incentives to study due to shorter expected longevity. We work with a continuous time overlapping generations model in which life cycle features of savings and education decision play key roles. The simulations predict that the most affected countries in Sub- Saharan Africa will be in the future, on average, a quarter poorer than they would be without AIDS, due only to the direct (human capital reduction) and indirect (decline in savings and investment) effects of life-expectancy reductions. Schooling will decline on average by half. These findings are well above previous results in the literature and indicate that, as pessimistic as they may be, at least in economic terms the worst could be yet to come. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | THEORETICAL MODELS | AIDS | HIV | EDUCATION | INCOME | INCENTIVES | DECISION MAKING | HUMAN CAPITAL | LIFE EXPECTANCY | SAVINGS | PRODUCTION | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Behavior | Human Resources | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 281932 |
| 24. Title: Why do Nigerian manufacturing firms take action on AIDS? Author: Rosen S; MacLeod W; Vincent JR; Thea DM; Simon JL Source: Boston, Massachusetts, Boston University School of Public Health, Center for International Health and Development, 2003 Jan. 12 p. (Health and Development Discussion Paper No. 3) Abstract: The objective was to identify differences between manufacturing firms in Nigeria that have undertaken HIV/AIDS prevention activities and those that have not as a step toward improving the targeting of HIV policies and interventions. A survey of a representative sample of registered manufacturing firms in Nigeria, stratified by location, workforce size, and industrial sector. The survey was administered to managers of 232 firms representing most major industrial areas and sectors in March-April 2001. 45.3 percent of the firms’ managers received information about HIV/AIDS from a source outside the firm in 2000; 7.7 percent knew of an employee who was HIV positive at the time of the survey; and 13.6 percent knew of an employee who had left the firm and/or died in service due to AIDS. Only 31.7 percent of firms took any action to prevent HIV among employees in 2000, and 23.9 percent had discussed the epidemic as a potential business concern. The best correlates of having taken action on HIV were knowledge of an HIV-positive employee or having lost an employee to AIDS (odds ratio [OR] 6.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.30, 17.57) and receiving information about the disease from an outside source (OR 7.83, 95% CI: 3.46, 17.69). Despite a nationwide HIV seroprevalence of 5.8 percent, as of 2001 most Nigerian manufacturing firm managers did not regard HIV/AIDS as a serious problem and had neither taken any action on it nor discussed it as a business issue. Providing managers with accurate, relevant information about the epidemic and practical prevention interventions might strengthen the business response to AIDS in countries like Nigeria. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | AIDS PREVENTION | INDUSTRY | PRODUCTION | PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT | KNOWLEDGE | POLICY | INTERVENTIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Management | Organization and Administration | Programs Document Number: 285454 |
| 25. Title: Gendered webs of development and resistance: women, children, and flowers in Bogota. Author: Talcott M Source: Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 2003 Winter;29(2):465-489. Abstract: The sun has not yet risen when Marisol wakes at 5:30 A.M. to begin the day's work that lies ahead. She prepares breakfast and lunch for herself, wakes her two children, dresses them, and departs for the home of Paula, the local community mother, where she will leave her children. Only then can she begin her own journey to work on foot, walking briskly down the gravel road in order to catch the bus to the greenhouses. She arrives to find that her team of workers has been issued a warning about their low productivity rates for last week. Marisol recalls that her contract is up for renewal in three weeks, and if her production team does not work faster, she may not be rehired. Thus she resolves to make the quota of cutting and sorting fifteen hundred carnations per hour (twenty-five per minute), despite the repetitive stress injury she has been trying to recover from lately. Marisol thinks to herself that her Aunt Patricia (a longtime flower cultivator who was hired before the passage of the labor reforms) never had to face such insecurity. Moreover, Marisol has heard rumors about the movement of rose cultivation to Ecuador because the climatic conditions are better and the workers cultivate for even less there. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | MOTHERS | CHILD | FEMINISM | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | PRODUCTION | OCCUPATIONS | INEQUALITIES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Human Resources | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 300102 |
| 26. Title: [Food quality and health safety] Qualité et sécurité sanitaire des aliments. Author: Mounir R Source: Cahiers du Médecin. 2002 Nov;6(57):43-44. Abstract: This article discusses a problem which involves firstly the consumer and his/her protection in terms of health, specifically the quality and sanitary safety of food as well as the problems and new international concerns in the matter. Currently, the standards for food quality inspection are in full development to respond to the consumer's concerns about production, processing, preparation, and control for possible contamination at each step in the food production chain. In fact, the Codex Alimentarius administered jointly by the FAO and the WHO establishes the standards in this domain. Thus a Codex working group is currently charged with developing recommendations on labeling standards for genetically modified ingredients. Among the new concerns in the matter which are coming to light are those that bear on the resistance of certain agents that are pathogenic to antibiotics and the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food production. Developing countries are the countries that suffer the most from problems of healthy food due to the lack of water and hygiene, the poor handling of pesticides and insufficient food inspection. Therefore, regulators must confront new challenges in order to better protect consumer health. In Morocco, food poisoning problems are becoming ever exacerbated. These poisonings are generally linked to consumption of vegetables, fruits, or light meals that are prepared or kept in an environment lacking in hygienic control; and generally victimize middle school children and travelers. These events generally occur in the absence of controls. This is why more efficient and more rapid mechanisms for alerting and acting should be implemented. French Abstract: Cet article évoque un problème qui intéresse en premier lieu le consommateur et sa protection en matière de santé à savoir, la qualité et la sécurité sanitaire des aliments ainsi que les problèmes et les nouvelles préoccupations internationales en la matière. Actuellement, les normes de contrôle relatives à la qualité des aliments sont en pleine évolution pour répondre aux inquiétudes des consommateurs au niveau de la production, transformation, préparation et le contrôle des contaminations éventuelles à chaque étapes de la filière alimentaire. En effet, le Codex Alimentarius administré conjointement par la FAO et l’OMS établit des normes dans ce domaine. Ainsi, un groupe de travail du Codex est chargé actuellement d’élaborer des recommandations sur les normes d’étiquetage des ingrédients génétiquement modifiés. Parmi les nouvelles préoccupations en la matière et qui se font jour, celles qui portent sur la résistance de certains agents pathogènes aux antibiotiques et l’utilisation d’organismes génétiquement modifiés (OGM) dans la production alimentaire. Les Pays en développement sont les pays les plus qui souffrent des problèmes de salubrité des aliments, du fait du manque d’eau et d’hygiène, de la mauvaise manipulation des pesticides et l’insuffisance en matière de contrôle des aliments. De ce fait les responsables des réglementations doivent confronter de nouveaux défis pour mieux protéger la santé des consommateurs. Au Maroc, les problèmes d’intoxication alimentaire deviennent de plus en plus exacerbés. Ces intoxications sont liées généralement à la consommation de légumes, fruits ou repas légers préparés ou conservés dans un environnement dénué de tout contrôle d’hygiène, et dont les élèves des collèges ou des voyageurs sont les victimes. Ces événements surviennent généralement en l’absence de contrôle. C’est pour cela que des mécanismes d’alerte et d’intervention plus efficaces et plus rapides doivent être mis en place. Language: French Keywords: MOROCCO | POPULATION AT RISK | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | PRODUCTION | GENETICS | QUALITY CONTROL | HYGIENE | SANITATION | RISK FACTORS | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | CHANGES | STANDARDS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Research Methodology | Nutrition | Health | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Biology | Organization and Administration | Public Health | Physiology | Social Change | Diseases Document Number: 183073 |
| 27. Title: Health: Namibia joins the League of Condom Producers in Africa. Author: Nalisa R Source: Terraviva. 2002 Nov 18;(207):[3] p.. Abstract: Namibia has become the second country in Africa -- after South Africa -- to start producing condoms to reduce the incidence of HIV/AIDS, devastating the continent. A Namibian-owned firm, Commodity Exchange, says it aims to make the condoms available at an affordable price. Sabina Maritz, the director of the company, says Botswana, Zimbabwe and Zambia have indicated interests to buy condoms directly from Commodity Exchange. But, she says the firm, which began operating on Nov 7, will first work towards satisfying the local market before starting marketing the product outside the southern African country. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NAMIBIA | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | CONDOMS | PRODUCTION | MARKETING | PROMOTION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 173393 |
| 28. Title: Weaning foods: A review of the Indian experience. Author: Sajilata G; Singhal RS; Kulkarni PR Source: Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 2002;23(2):208-226. Abstract: Although breastmilk is adequate to meet the energy and nutrient requirements of an infant up to four to six months of age, thereafter it is insufficient to sustain normal growth and needs to be supplemented with other foods, such as weaning foods. However, the capacity of a weaning diet to meet the protein and energy requirements of infants depends on its nutritional quality as well as its dietary bulk. This review highlights varieties of weaning foods, blend formulations, nutrient requirements, process characteristics, physicochemical parameters, quality evaluation, and other important aspects of developing a weaning food that satisfies all the requirements of the infant during the vulnerable transitional stage. Traditional weaning foods of India are briefly summarized. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | INFANT | BREASTFEEDING | WEANING | INFANT NUTRITION | SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | PRODUCTION | QUALITY CONTROL | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition | Health | Technology | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Organization and Administration Document Number: 311181 |
| 29. Title: Pharmaceutical policy -- 2002. Author: Shiva M Source: Health for the Millions. 2002 Apr-May;28(1):8-11. Abstract: The Drug Policy as well as man), others in the offing e.g., privatisation of water, privatization of health care, research, education, labour laws etc. are emerging basically from the same policy framework of trade and private profit which gives priority, over basic needs and health rights of the people. With about 80 per cent of health care in private hands, further push for increasing "user charges' "fee for service' with increasing medical care costs - any increase in drug prices will add to "decreasing access to medicine or increasing indebtedness' among the poor and marginalised. As public health collapses and as "access to medicine', need for "Rational Drug Policy and Rational Drug Use', which are very much part of the comprehensive primary health care approach, are issues of utmost importance, they will be systematically snuffed out. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | HEALTH POLICY | DRUGS | PRODUCTION | PRODUCT APPROVAL | PRICES | COMMERCE | MONITORING | INDUSTRY | QUALITY CONTROL | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Policy | Treatment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Legislation | Evaluation | Organization and Administration Document Number: 168918 |
| 30. Title: AIDS therapies. Trinidad strikes deal with pharmaceutical firms for cheap drugs. [Traitements ani-SIDA. La Trinité signe un accord avec des sociétés pharmaceutiques pour des médicaments à bon marché] Source: AIDS WEEKLY. 2001 Jun 4;:9-10. Abstract: Trinidad's government has worked out a deal with GlaxoSmithKline to provide the Caribbean nation with AIDS drugs at a 90% discounted rate. GlaxoSmithKline district manager, Anthony Whitehall, confirmed the London-based company reached the agreement to discount a three-drug cocktail that includes the antiretroviral drug azidothymidine (AZT). The drug cocktail began lowering AIDS death rates dramatically 5 years ago. The breakthrough therapy combined AZT--a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor--with newer drugs known as protease inhibitors. There are 17,000 reported cases of HIV infection or AIDS in the two-island nation of 1.3 million people, but the number of actual cases is believed to be even higher. The Caribbean's 2% infection rate is the second highest in the world after sub-Saharan Africa. Health Minister Hamza Rafeeq announced the deal during a workshop on HIV and AIDS in the workplace. He said his ministry hopes to have the program in place in July 2001, distributing the drugs through government clinics and hospitals. The discounted rate will cost US$1000 per person each year. It was not clear if there would be a limit on the quantity of drugs. Rafeeq said his ministry was negotiating a similar deal with another, unidentified pharmaceutical company. (full text) French Abstract: Le gouvernement de Trinidad a conclu un accord avec GlaxoSmithKline pour fournir les médicaments contre le SIDA au pays antillais à un taux d'escompte de 90%. le directeur régional de GlaxoSmithKline, Anthony Whitehall, a confirmé que la compagnie basée à Londres a conclu l'accord d'escompte pour un cocktail de trois médicaments incluant l'azidothymidine, médicament antiretroviral (AZT). Le cocktail de médicaments a commencé, il y a 5 ans, à baisser le taux de mortalité du SIDA de façon significative. La thérapie de pointe combine l'AZT--un nucléoside inhibiteur inverse de la transcriptase--avec des médicaments plus récents connus comme inhibiteurs de la protéase. Il y a 17000 cas enregistrés d'infections VIH ou SIDA dans ce pays de deux îles comptant 1,3 million d'habitants, mais le nombre de cas réels est supposé être même plus élevé. Le taux de 2% d'infection des Caraïbes est le deuxième le plus élevé dans le monde après l'Afrique subsaharienne. Le Ministre de la Santé Hamza Rafeeq a annoncé l'accord durant un atelier sur le VIH et SIDA en milieu de travail. Il a dit que son ministère espère avoir le programme en place en juillet 2001, pour distribuer les médicaments aux cliniques et hôpitaux du gouvernement. Le taux escompté coûtera 1000 dollars US par personne chaque année. Il n'était pas clair s'il y aurait une limite concernant la quantité des médicaments. Rafeeq a déclaré que son ministère négociait un accord semblable avec une autre firme pharmaceutique, non identifiée. (texte intégral) Language: English Keywords: TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO | DRUGS | PRODUCTION | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Treatment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Organization and Administration Document Number: 158254 |
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