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1.
Title: Growth and nutritional status of pre-school children in India: rural-urban and gender differences.
Author: Bharati P; Bharati S; Pal M; Chakrabarty S; Som S; Gupta R
Source: Collegium Antropologicum. 2009 Mar;33(1):7-21.
Abstract: This cross-sectional study of growth and nutritional status makes an attempt to find the gender and rural-urban differences among Indian preschool children. This study is based on the data of weight and height of children aged 0-35 months taken from 26 States (total 26,369 children; 13784 boys and 12585 girls). The children are found to be lighter and shorter compared to International standards irrespective of age and sex. Boys are heavier and taller than girls. Urban preschool children are heavier and taller compared to rural counterparts. In the urban area, higher percentages of girls are affected by underweight (37.1%) and stunting (35.0%) than boys. In rural areas, the prevalence of underweight is also higher among girls (47.9%) compared to boys (45.7%), which is found to be much significant (p < 0.01). There is a significant rural-urban as well as gender difference in growth and nutritional status of Indian preschool children.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | RURAL POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION | CHILDREN | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | GROWTH | CHILD NUTRITION | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Schools | Education | Biology | Nutrition | Health
Document Number: 341201

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Title: Effectiveness of an intervention to improve breastfeeding knowledge and attitudes among fifth-grade children in Brazil.
Author: Bottaro SM; Giugliani ER
Source: Journal of Human Lactation. 2009 Aug;25(3):325-32.
Abstract: This cluster-randomized trial evaluated the effectiveness and residual effect of an educational intervention to improve breastfeeding knowledge and attitudes among fifth grade children of both sexes in Brazil. Schools were considered clusters and analysis of variance was used to compare an intervention group (n = 298) and a control group (n = 253) regarding knowledge, perceptions, and beliefs about breastfeeding before and after the intervention, measured through a standardized 25-item, multiple-choice questionnaire. The scores in the intervention group improved significantly, with the effect lasting at least 3 months. The intervention had greater impact on girls and on students between 9 and 11 years of age when compared with boys and students between 12 and 17 years old and also between students from public schools. Results suggest that pro-breastfeeding interventions in schools improve breastfeeding knowledge and attitudes.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVENTIONS | CHILDREN | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | STUDENTS | BREASTFEEDING | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Programs | Organization and Administration | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Schools | Education | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 342903

Title: Evaluating the impact of community-based interventions on schooling outcomes among orphans and vulnerable children in Lusaka, Zambia.
Author: Chatterji M; Hutchinson P; Murray N; Buek K; Mulenga Y
Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center [CPC], MEASURE Evaluation, 2009 Apr. 34 p. (MEASURE Evaluation Working Paper Series WP-09-110USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00USAID Task Order GHS-I-00-07-00002-00)
Abstract: This paper evaluates the impact of a community-based program implemented by a Zambian nongovernmental agency (NGO) on educational outcomes among orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in Lusaka, Zambia. These outcomes included school enrollment and being at the correct age-for-grade. The study design included two rounds of post-intervention data collection, in 2003 and 2006. There were 2,302 children, ages 6-19, interviewed in 2003; and 3,105 children or young adults, ages 8-22, interviewed in 2006. A sub-sample of 2,922 orphans and vulnerable children, ages 8-19, was used. The effectiveness of Bwafwano Community Home-Based Care Organization, an NGO working in Lusaka, was evaluated, first using the individual cross-sectional samples and then using a differences-in-differences model on the pooled sample. Both cross-sectional analyses found positive and statistically significant effects of the intervention on school enrollment, with marginal effects of 0.104 and 0.168 respectively. The differences-in-differences estimates for school enrollment were positive, but small and not statistically significant. For the estimations of the effects of Bwafwano on the outcome of appropriate age-for-grade, only the difference-in-difference models showed positive program effect, with participation in the program being associated with a 15.7 percentage point increase in appropriate age-for-grade for intervention children, relative to control children. This study suggests that the Bwafwano program is a promising approach to improving educational outcomes among orphans and vulnerable children in urban Zambia.
Language: English
Keywords:
ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | INTERVENTIONS | HIV PREVENTION | HOME CARE | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Schools | Education | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Care and Support | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 339995

Peer Reviewed

Title: Trends in primary and secondary abstinence among Kenyan youth.
Author: Chiao C; Mishra V
Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Jul;Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, Demographic and Health Research Division, MEASURE DHS, 2007 Nov. 21(7):881-892. 15 p. (DHS Working Papers No. 36USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00)
Abstract: The authors used data from Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys in 1993, 1998, and 2003 to examine 10-year trends in primary and secondary abstinence among never-married youth ages 15�24 and to explore the role of HIV prevention knowledge, schooling, and contextual factors in affecting their abstinence behaviors. Their analysis shows that both primary and secondary abstinence levels have risen in the past 10 years, with the abstinence levels higher among females than among males. Logistic regression models indicate that knowledge that abstinence can prevent HIV infection was positively associated with the likelihood of practicing abstinence. However, knowledge that condom use can prevent HIV infection was associated with lower abstinence practice. In-school youth were more likely to abstain from sex than those working. Effects of the contextual variables were only significant on the likelihood of primary abstinence among female youth.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | TECHNICAL REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | DATA ANALYSIS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | ABSTINENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | TRANSMISSION | HIV PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | CONDOM USE | BEHAVIOR | SEX EDUCATION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Education | Schools | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 322987

Title: Educational inequalities in the midst of persistent poverty: diversity across Africa in educational outcomes.
Author: Lloyd CB; Hewett PC
Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2009. 27 p. (Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper No. 14)
Abstract: This paper explores inequalities in education across sub-Saharan Africa. Although we mainly focus on primary school completion rates, attention is also given to literacy as a more proximate indicator of human capital acquisition. Using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys and UNICEF's Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, we explore cross-country variations in primary school completion rates, gender and wealth gaps in education, and literacy rates in relation to one another and in relation to cross-country variations in national income per capita. While these data paint a picture of overall educational progress, particularly for girls, this general picture is juxtaposed against an extremely diverse landscape across Africa with respect to primary school completion rates and retained literacy. Although cross-country variation in primary school completion rates can be partially explained by variation in national per capita income, the same cannot be said for literacy rates. Even the poorest countries have significant variation in achieved literacy, suggesting that learning can occur even in resource-poor environments. At the same time, our findings are sobering: in many countries, international educational goals are unlikely to be reached by 2015, and poor learning outcomes are frequently widespread. (Author's abstract)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | INEQUALITIES | POVERTY | EDUCATION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | LITERACY | GOALS | INCOME | Developing Countries | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Schools | Planning | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331434

Peer Reviewed

Title: The effect of the community-directed treatment approach versus the school-based treatment approach on the prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis among schoolchildren in Tanzania.
Author: Massa K; Magnussen P; Sheshe A; Ntakamulenga R; Ndawi B; Olsen A
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 Jan;103(1):31-7.
Abstract: This study compared the effect of the community-directed treatment (ComDT) approach and the school-based treatment approach on the prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) among schoolchildren. Following a parasitological survey in a randomly selected sample of 1140 schoolchildren, school-age children in 10 study villages received one dose of praziquantel (40 mg/kg body weight) against schistosomiasis and one dose of albendazole (400mg) against STH. Five of these villages implemented the ComDT approach and received treatment by community drug distributors, while school teachers administered treatment in five other villages using the school-based approach. At 12 months follow-up, the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni and Trichuris trichiura infections were similar between the ComDT and the school-based approaches when examined in randomly selected schoolchildren (10.1 vs. 9.4%, P=0.66 and 0.8 vs. 1.4%, P=0.37). However, the prevalence of S. haematobium and hookworm infections were significantly lower in the ComDT approach villages compared to the school-based approach villages (10.6 vs. 16.3%, P=0.005 and 2.9 vs. 5.8%, P=0.01, respectively). The results showed that the ComDT approach is at least as effective as the school-based approach in reducing prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis and STH among schoolchildren.
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CHILDREN | STUDENTS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | SCHISTOSOMIASIS | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Measurement | Research Methodology | Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Schools | Programs | Organization and Administration | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 330843

Title: Gender differences in intention to remain a virgin until marriage among school pupils in rural northern Tanzania.
Author: Njau B; Mtweve S; Manongi R; Jalipa H
Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009;8(2):157-166.
Abstract: This study was conducted in 10 districts in northern Tanzania in July 2005. Out of 65 villages, four were randomly selected. In total, 953 primary school pupils, ages 10 to 14 years, participated in an interview and questionnaire: about 54% were girls and 41% were ages 12 to 13. Thirty-four percent of boys and 28.5% of girls said they had the intention to remain a virgin until marriage. Among the male respondents, having the intention to remain a virgin until marriage was associated with sharing a bedroom with a brother under age 18 years and with saying that girls have the right to say no to sex. Among the female respondents, having the intention to remain a virgin until marriage was associated with living with both parents and saying that they had the confidence to refuse sex with someone who has authority or power.
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | STUDENTS | ABSTINENCE | VIRGINITY | ATTITUDES | SEX FACTORS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | INTERVIEWS | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Schools | Data Collection | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution
Document Number: 339890

Peer Reviewed

Title: "If you don't abstain, you will die of AIDS": AIDS education in Kenyan public schools.
Author: Njue C; Nzioka C; Ahlberg BM; Pertet AM; Voeten HA
Source: AIDS Education and Prevention. 2009 Apr;21(2):169-79.
Abstract: This article explores the constraints of implementing AIDS education in public schools in Kenya. The authors conducted 60 interviews with teachers and 60 focus group discussions with students in 21 primary and nine secondary schools. System and school-level constraints included lack of time in the curriculum, limited reach of secondary-school students (because AIDS education is embedded in biology, which is not compulsory), and disapproval of openness about sex and condoms by the Ministry of Education and parents. Alternative strategies to teach about AIDS had their own constraints. Teachers lacked training and support and felt uncomfortable with the topic. They were not used to interactive teaching methods and sometimes breached confidentiality. Teachers' negative attitudes constrained students from seeking information. The authors conclude that training interventions should be provided to teachers to increase their self-confidence, foster more positive attitudes, and stimulate interactive teaching methods. The Ministry of Education needs to have a clear policy toward the promotion of condoms.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | TEACHERS | STUDENTS | HEALTH EDUCATION | AIDS PREVENTION | ATTITUDES | ABSTINENCE | CURRICULUM | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Education | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Schools
Document Number: 341679

Title: Case studies in global school health promotion: From research to practice.
Author: Whitman CV; Aldinger CE
Source: New York, New York, Springer, 2009. 408 p.
Abstract: A growing body of research identifies strong links between children's health, social, and educational outcomes. Research also points to the reciprocal benefits of access to quality education on individual and family health status. In response to these findings, the World Health Organization developed the concept of the health-promoting school (HPS). This book, available for purchase, provides readers with examples from more than two dozen countries (representing urban and rural areas in developing and developed nations) that outline the strategies taken to implement HPS programs in individual schools, municipalities, and nations.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | EUROPE | NORTH AMERICA | ASIA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | YOUTH | EDUCATION | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | HEALTH | PROMOTION | HEALTH POLICY | IMPLEMENTATION | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Schools | Marketing | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331372

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Title: Prevalence of tobacco use among students aged 13-15 years in health ministers' council / gulf cooperation council member states, 2001 - 2004.
Author: Al-Mulla AM; Helmy SA; Al-Lawati J; Nasser SA; Rahman SA
Source: Journal of School Health. 2008 Jun;78(6):337-343.
Abstract: This article examines differences and similarities in adolescent tobacco use among Member States of the Health Ministers' Council for the Gulf Cooperation Council (HMC/GCC) using Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) data. Nationally representative samples of students in grades associated with ages 13-15 in Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Schools were selected proportional to enrollment size, classes were randomly selected within participating schools, and all students in selected classes were eligible to participate. GYTS results confirmed that boys are significantly more likely than girls to smoke cigarettes or use shisha (water pipe). Students had higher rates of tobacco use than adults in Bahrain, Oman, and United Arab Emirates. For boys and girls, shisha use was higher than cigarette smoking in almost all countries. Susceptibility to initiate smoking among never smokers was higher than current cigarette smoking in all countries. Exposure to secondhandsmoke in public places was greater than 30%, direct protobacco advertising exposure was greater than 70% on billboards and in newspapers, and more than 10% of students were influenced by indirect advertising. Finally, less than half of the students were taught in school about the dangers of tobacco use in the past year. For boys and girls, high prevalence of cigarette smoking, high prevalence of shisha use, and high susceptibility of never smokers to initiate smoking in the next year are troubling indicators for the future of chronic disease and tobacco-related mortality in the Member States of the HMC/GCC. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
MIDDLE EAST | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | STUDENTS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | TOBACCO USE | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Schools | Behavior
Document Number: 326860

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Changes in exposure to information, communication and knowledge about AIDS among school children in northern Tanzania, 1992 -- 2005.
Author: Bastien S; Sango W; Mnyika KS; Masatu MC; Klepp KI
Source: AIDS Care. 2008 Mar;20(3):382-387.
Abstract: This article aims to investigate changes in primary school students' reported exposure to AIDS information and communication, and knowledge levels from 1992 to 2005. A repeated cross-sectional design was used. In 1992, a self-administered questionnaire was completed by 2,026 sixth and seventh grade students from 18 randomly selected primary schools in Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions, Tanzania. The same procedures were repeated in 2005 with a sample of 2,069 students. Mean values with 95% confidence intervals are reported. Chi-square was used to test for differences in proportions. Students in 2005 reported higher levels of exposure to information and communication from all sources than in 1992. Knowledge scores also increased, yet there was a significant decline in four variables, two of which are related to transmission and two of which are factual. An alarming decline in awareness of the condom as a preventative measure was found. Findings also indicate that myths related to transmission and infection persist. Salient sex differences remain, but the knowledge gap is narrowing. Interventions should aim to stimulate discussion in young people's social networks in order to increase overall exposure to AIDS information, communication and knowledge. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | STUDENTS | HIV | AIDS | HEALTH EDUCATION | COMMUNICATION | KNOWLEDGE | AWARENESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Schools | Education | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 325398

14.

Title: Discourses of childhood innocence in primary school HIV / AIDS education in South Africa.
Author: Bhana D
Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2008 May;7(1):149-158.
Abstract: This article draws from interview data to examine the meanings that teachers in two race and class-specific contexts in greater Durban, South Africa, may give to children's right to sexual health information as a part of HIV/ AIDS education. The article focuses on the regulation and production of childhood innocence by means of the ways the primary school teachers talked about sex in their HIV/AIDS education lessons to grade-four students. I argue that discourses of childhood innocence regulate and limit the possibilities of conversing about sex in such a context. The dominant discourses construct children as 'too young to know' and displace children's right to sexual health information to older children, while stressing anxieties about parent hostility to sex education, which precludes effective coverage of sexual topics in HIV/AIDS education. Showing how race, class and culture are deployed in upholding innocence, I contend that the notion of childhood innocence is embedded within the varying social contexts that make up the South African landscape. But, I suggest that an assumption that primary school teachers will engage with HIV/AIDS education while mediating information about sex in health promotion is simplistic. In conclusion, I propose a need for ongoing theoretical and practical work with teachers and the need to build alliances with parents. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | TEACHERS | STUDENTS | CHILD | PARENTS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SEXUALITY | SEX EDUCATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Education | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Schools | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Child Rearing
Document Number: 327166

15.

Title: Millennium Development Goals at midpoint: Where do we stand and where do we need to go?
Author: Bourguignon F; Benassy-Quere A; Dercon S; Estache A; Gunning JW
Source: [Unpublished] 2008 Sep. Background paper for the forthcoming European Report on Development. 39 p.
Abstract: To elaborate this diagnostic, we focus on some very basic questions. How much has been achieved? What worked? What did not work well enough and why? What should be done to accelerate progress where needed? What could Europe do to contribute to the acceleration of the agenda? The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 is devoted to a quick review of the evidence available on progress towards the MDGs at global, regional and national levels. Section 3 introduces our conceptual framework, a 'tripod' that leads us to focus on the global economy, on domestic policy in developing countries and on aid. Section 4 focuses on the international environment, as well as on policies in developed countries that may affect developing countries through international markets. Section 5 deals with the financing of development and the MDGs through ODA. Section 6 considers the role of domestic policies. Section 7 examines the road ahead, drawing the lessons learned so far on MDGs, as an instrument to promote, plan and implement development. The last section sets out our recommendations in more detail. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | GOALS | COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | EDUCATION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | CHILD MORTALITY | MATERNAL HEALTH | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | MALARIA PREVENTION | DISEASE PREVENTION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Planning | Organization and Administration | Social Development | Economic Factors | Schools | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases
Document Number: 331452

16.

Title: Oh! So 'we' have been under-reporting Nairobi's primary school enrolment rates?
Author: Epari C; Ezeh A; Mugisha F; Ogollah R
Source: Nairobi, Kenya, African Population and Health Research Center [APHRC], 2008. 16 p. (APHRC Working Paper No. 35)
Abstract: Progress towards universal primary education by 2015 is monitored by primary school enrolment rates, survival rates to grade 5 and youth literacy rates. For the period 2000-2004, official statistics show Nairobi's primary school gross and net enrolment rates as being much lower than any other province in Kenya. Nairobi's informal settlements (slums) are estimated to be home to over 50% of the city's population and are largely served by low cost private, community and non-formal schools managed by individual entrepreneurs, communities and non-governmental organizations. This paper examines Nairobi's slum and non-slum primary school enrolment rates and their under-reporting in government statistics. The study was conducted in two slum settlements (Korogocho and Viwandani) as well as in two non-slum sites (Jericho and Harambee) in Nairobi. A total of 13,882 children aged 5-19 years were identified in 2005 regardless of whether or not they were in school in the four geographically-defined study sites.The study used retrospective schooling history data for six years (2000-2005) collected within the longitudinal framework of the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System. Data were collected on a range of issues in modular form using five questionnaires, each addressing a specific theme. For children aged 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 years in 2005, only data for one (2005), two (2005 and 2004), three (2005-2003), four (2005-2002) and five (2005-2001) years were collected starting in 2005, respectively. For those aged 10 to 19 years, data for six years (2000-2005) were collected. We use these data to calculate the gross and net enrolment rates as well as the Gender Parity Index (GPI) and rate of underreporting of these enrolment rates in government statistics for the four sites in 2005. The results show high gross enrolment ratios of 100.7% and 106.8% for the slum and non-slum sites, respectively, for 2005. The net enrolment ratio is equally high at 83.3% and 94.5% for the slum and non-slum areas for thesame year. These are however under-reported in government statistics by up to 23.3% for all the four sites. At an average of 1.08 for the period 2000-2005, the GPI values in the slums are in favor of girls while the opposite is true for the non-slum sites at an average GPI value of 0.93 in favor of boys. This evidence shows that Nairobi's enrolment rates are quite high, contrary to official statistics which show these as much lower compared to the rest of the country. We largely attribute these low enrolment rates to under-reporting. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | DATA QUALITY | UNDERCOUNT | STATISTICS | RELIABILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Schools | Education | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Data Analysis | Error Sources | Measurement
Document Number: 326401

17.

Title: 'One finger cannot kill a louse' -- working with schools on gender, sexuality, and HIV in rural Zambia.
Author: Gordon G
Source: In: Gender equality, HIV, and AIDS. A challenge for the education sector edited by Sheila Aikman, Elaine Unterhalter, and Tania Boler. Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxfam GB, 2008. :129-149.
Abstract: This chapter investigates the potential of primary schools to be focal points for co-ordinated interventions that support and empower young people and create enabling social environments. Schools are part of national education structures which have the potential to reach large numbers of children at an age when they are developing their identities and the majority are free from HIV and not yet sexually active. Evidence from other sub-Saharan African countries shows some success in increasing knowledge and changing attitudes (Kirby et al. 2005),while other research questions whether the school can adequately address broad social dimensions of change such as gender and sexuality (Campbell and Mzaidume 2002; Plummer et al. 2004). This question is explored in this chapter through reflection on the experience of designing and implementing an HIV-prevention programme in rural Zambia. The International HIV/AIDS Alliance has been working with two NGOs, Planned Parenthood Association of Zambia and Young,Happy,Healthy and Safe (YHHS), and with the ministries of health and education in Chipata District in the Eastern Province of Zambia to improve young people's sexual and reproductive health and well-being since 2003.The programme is entitled 'Training Teachers to Teach Pupils aged 10-15 years about Sexuality and Life-skills in Zambia' and will be referred to as the Teaching Sexuality and Life-skills programme in this chapter. The author has provided direction and technical support to the programme from its inception. The information in this chapter was generated through participatory assessments, activities, and reflection with the stakeholders listed above, and the views expressed in the chapter reflect a common understanding of the experience with the programme. The Teaching Sexuality and Life-skills programme has been working with men and women of different ages in communities and schools, using participatory methodologies to explore gender and sexuality over a period of around eight years, which has generated rich context-specific information on issues considered important by young and older community members. The chapter begins with a brief overview of the changing factors that influence male and female vulnerability to HIV in Zambia, and specifically rural Eastern Province, and their implications for interventions. This is followed by an introduction to the programme and discussion of some of the challenges experienced in its design and implementation. The chapter then considers the question of whether primary schools can provide an appropriate focal point for co-ordinated interventions to address HIV, and discusses some of the lessons learned and implications for policy. It argues that investing in primary schools and their communities can change some important social factors to support safer sexual behaviour. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ZAMBIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | RURAL POPULATION | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | HIV | AIDS | POVERTY | RISK FACTORS | EDUCATION | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | KNOWLEDGE | CURRICULUM | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Schools | Age Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Biology | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 330176

18.

Title: Gender inequality in primary education in the context of HIV and AIDS: a challenge for Uganda.
Author: Kakuru DM
Source: In: Gender equality, HIV, and AIDS. A challenge for the education sector edited by Sheila Aikman, Elaine Unterhalter, and Tania Boler. Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxfam GB, 2008. :45-59.
Abstract: In the past decade, access to primary education for pupils in Uganda has increased, leading to the achievement of gender parity in enrolment (i.e. an equal number of girls and boys attending school). However, gender inequalities in school and classroom participation, attendance, and learning outcomes persist (Kakuru 2003; Kasente 2003; Okuni 2003; Kakuru 2006; Kakuru 2007).Over the years, various measures have been implemented to address the inequalities. A number of factors have been considered responsible for the persistence of educational inequalities, including the influence of patriarchal beliefs, values, and practices (Kwesiga 2003). HIV and AIDS have been blamed for reinforcing existing forms of social inequalities, including gender inequalities (Barnett 2004; Mohlahlane 2006; Kakuru 2007). Gender inequality has been described as a form of denial of equal treatment and opportunity (Unterhalter 2003; Aikman and Unterhalter 2005; Subrahmanian 2005). It is reinforced by poverty which perpetuates unequal access to national, community, and household resources. It is multi-faceted and has numerous causes, and numerous consequences for the economy and social relations. One feature of gender inequality is unequal gender power relations due to the patriarchal nature of cultural beliefs, values, and practices. Gender inequality is a cause as well as a consequence of HIV and AIDS. In order to explore these issues I draw on small-scale research in rural Uganda that examines the persistence of gender inequalities in the education sector in the context of efforts to address the epidemic. I will argue that although Uganda has done a great deal of work in terms of expanding access to primary education, this has not resulted in gender-equality gains at the grassroots level. One of the reasons for this is a fundamental disjuncture between policy and practice in terms of the education sector's response to HIV. In particular, the Presidential Initiative on AIDS Strategy for Communicating to Young People (PIASCY),with its focus on abstinence and the moral judgements associated with it, has created problems that have acted as barriers to improvements in gender equality. The study reveals inequalities in children's opportunities to advance to upper primary, and consequently to secondary education. Prior to the implementation of universal primary education (UPE) in Uganda, the tuition-fees requirement was assumed to be the major cause of disparities in school dropout, as those who could afford it continued with schooling, and those who couldn't dropped out. The government of Uganda has achieved remarkable success through the education-promotion campaign launched in 1996 (Cameron 2005). In fact, Uganda has almost achieved gender parity in primary-school enrolment, with national rates at 49.6 per cent for girls and 50.4 per cent for boys (Ministry of Education and Sports 2005). However, one of the greatest challenges for the Ministry of Education and Sports since the implementation of UPE is still school dropout. For example, there was an increase in dropout rates from 12 per cent to 20 per cent between 2001 and 2004, while completion rates declined (Cameron 2005). This is attributable to a multiplicity of factors. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | LITERATURE REVIEW | PREVALENCE | WOMEN | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | EDUCATION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | HIV INFECTIONS | POLICY | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | POVERTY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Schools | Socioeconomic Status | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors
Document Number: 330172

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The burden of polyparasitism among primary schoolchildren in rural and farming areas in Zimbabwe.
Author: Midzi N; Sangweme D; Zinyowera S; Mapingure MP; Brouwer KC
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2008 Oct;102(10):1039-1045.
Abstract: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Zimbabwe among 1303 primary schoolchildren from a rural (53.3%) and a commercial farming area (46.7%) to determine the prevalence of co-infection by helminths and Plasmodium falciparum. Urine was examined on three successive days using the filtration method. Two stool specimens were processed using the Kato-Katz method and a third specimen was processed using the sedimentation method. Plasmodium falciparum was diagnosed from thick blood films. The prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium in the rural and farming areas was 66.8% and 52.3%, respectively, and for S. mansoni the prevalence was 12.4% and 22.7%, respectively. Plasmodium falciparum, hookworms, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura occurred only in the farming area, with a prevalence of 27.9%, 23.7%, 2.1%, 2.3%, respectively. Co-infection and triple infection with schistosomes, P. falciparum and soil-transmitted helminths occurred in the commercial farming area only. Hookworm and S. mansoni infections were associated with P. falciparum malaria (P < 0.001, OR = 2.48, 95% CI 1.56-3.93 and P = 0.005, OR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.20-2.87, respectively). Overlap of helminths with malaria is a concern among primary schoolchildren and incorporating helminth control in programmes aiming to control malaria will improve funding and increase the efficiency of control for neglected tropical diseases in identified co-endemic settings. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MALARIA | SCHISTOSOMIASIS | PARASITES | SCHOOL AGE POPULATION | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | RURAL POPULATION | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Schools | Education | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 328174

20.

Title: Risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in Somalia: National Tuberculin Survey 2006.
Author: Munim A; Rajab Y; Barker A; Daniel M; Williams B
Source: Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2008 May-Jun;14(3):518-530.
Abstract: To estimate the annual risk of tuberculosis (TB) infection (ARTI) in Somalia a tuberculin survey was conducted in February/March 2006. Stratified cluster sampling was carried out within the 18 regions and 101 randomly selected primary schools. Tuberculin testing was done in 10 680 grade 1 schoolchildren. Transverse tuberculin reaction size was measured 72 hours later. The number of children with a satisfactory test read was 10 364. The overall BCG coverage was 54%. Based on frequency distribution of tuberculin reaction sizes, the ARTI in Somalia was estimated at 2.2% (confidence interval: 1.5%-3.2%). There was an annual decline of 2.6% comparing with a previous study in 1956. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOMALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CHILD | TUBERCULOSIS | RISK FACTORS | TESTING | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | TRANSMISSION | AGE FACTORS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Biology | Measurement | Schools | Education
Document Number: 327171

21.

Title: The use of Open, Distance and Flexible Learning (ODFL) initiatives to open up access to education in the context of high HIV and AIDS prevalence rates: the case of Lesotho.
Author: Nyabanyaba T
Source: London, United Kingdom, University of London, Institute of Education, Department of Education and International Development, SOFIE, 2008. 28 p. (SOFIE Opening Up Access Series No. 4)
Abstract: This paper describes the extent of the national HIV and AIDS epidemic in Lesotho and identifies and analyses key Open, Distance and Flexible Learning (ODFL) initiatives currently being implemented to increase access to education including those for vulnerable young people including those affected by HIV and AIDS. The paper draws on documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews conducted with stakeholders from government departments and non-governmental organisations involved in HIV and AIDS and in the Non-Formal Education Sector. Despite the high priority attached to education and a national response to HIV and AIDS by the Lesotho Government, a key finding of the analysis is the extent of the challenges presented by the HIV pandemic and of the internal inefficiencies within the education system, leading to high drop out rates, high repetition rates and low completion rates. Several initiatives in the non-formal education sector and those drawing on ODFL are described for their possibilities to open up access to education and address the growing HIV and AIDS pandemic. In conclusion, the paper argues for the possibilities of ODFL to improve efficiency rates in Lesotho and open up access to out-of-school youths, thus taking up the opportunity for the window of hope! (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
LESOTHO | RESEARCH REPORT | PROGRESS REPORT | CASE STUDIES | EDUCATION | EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES | DISTANCE EDUCATION | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | HIV | AIDS | GOVERNMENT | POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Schools | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 326102

22.

Title: Dare to be different: enhancing life skills education for HIV prevention in South African schools.
Author: Sapiano, TN; Sohaba N; Esu-Williams E
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Council/Horizons, 2008. 8 p. (USAID Contract No. HRN-A-00-97-00012-00Horizons Research Summary)
Abstract: The Horizons project worked with local stakeholders to develop and pretest the Dare to Be Different (D2BD) curriculum targeting 10- to 14-year-old youth. Pilot results from three primary schools indicated that this curriculum filled a gap in South Africa�s Life Skills and HIV and AIDS Education Program and that the D2BD curriculum was accepted by learners, teachers, and parents.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | STUDENTS | TEACHERS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | HIV PREVENTION | TEACHING MATERIALS | HEALTH EDUCATION | EDUCATIONAL METHODS | CURRICULUM | DECISION MAKING | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | OBSTACLES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Education | Schools | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Educational Activities | Behavior | Child Rearing | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 326047

23.

Title: [Field testing of new WHO growth standards: assessment of anthropometric outcomes of children from 0 to 5 years from Rosario city, Argentina] Validacion clinica de los nuevos estandares de crecimiento de la OMS: analisis de
Author: Sguassero Y; Moyano C; Aronna A; Fain H; Orellano A
Source: Archivos Argentinos De Pediatria. 2008 Jun;106(3):198-204.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The field testing of the preliminary WHO child growth standards was conducted in Rosario, Argentina. The objective of the article is to analyze the anthropometrical outcomes based on the national and international growth references. POPULATION, MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study. Healthy children born at term, aged 0 to 5 years, and users of the health care network of the municipality from January to May 2005 were included. A data collection form was designed for the study. The weight (kg) was measured with an electronic scale. The length/height (cm) was taken with instruments constructed locally. The measurements techniques were based on national guidelines. The NUTRI 1.3: 5 and ANTHRO 2005 software were used. RESULTS: A sample of 1.804 boys and girls was analyzed. The prevalence of underweight was 1,7 times higher in children less than 6 months with the application of the new standards compared to the national reference. For the rest of the age groups, the situation was the opposite. A major prevalence of stunting was observed after 6 months of age based on the new standards compared to the national reference. The prevalence of overweight, in comparison with the old growth international reference, increased with the use of the new standards. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in underweight, stunting and overweight were found based on the tool used. The prevalence of stunting and overweight may increase with the application of the new growth standard.
Language: Spanish
Keywords:
ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CHILDREN | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | GROWTH | ANTHROPOMETRY | STANDARDS | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Schools | Education | Biology | Measurement
Document Number: 329000

24.

Title: The HPV vaccine: Framing the arguments for and against mandatory vaccination of all middle school girls.
Author: Vamos CA; McDermott RJ; Daley EM
Source: Journal of School Health. 2008 Jun;78(6):302-309.
Abstract: Human papillomavirus (HPV), the virus responsible for cervical cancer, is the most common viral sexually transmitted infection in the United States. A vaccine was approved in 2006 that is effective in preventing the types of HPV responsible for 70% of cervical cancers and 90% of genital warts. Proposals for routine and mandatory HPV vaccination of girls have become sources of controversy for parents of school-aged youth, legislators, members of the medical community, and the public at large. The purpose of this article was to articulate the arguments used by advocates who either oppose or endorse routine, mandatory administration of the vaccine to school-aged girls, thereby assisting school health personnel in being effective participants in framing the relevant issues. Controversy is grounded in moral, religious, political, economic, and sociocultural arguments including whether concerns that the vaccine increases sexual risk taking, sends mixed messages about abstaining from sexual intercourse, usurps parental authority, and increases the potential for development of new health disparities are offset by the value of administering a cost-effective, age-appropriate public health measure targeting a life-threatening problem. Careful consideration of the medical evidence and public health implications is critical but understanding the context of the debate is no less important to the task of responding to public concerns. School health personnel have a role in the discussion about HPV immunization. Being able to articulate the arguments presented herein can help authorities' responsiveness to parents and community groups as the dialogue about this particular health issue evolves further. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | STUDENTS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | HPV | VACCINATION | AGE FACTORS | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | ADVOCACY | PUBLIC HEALTH | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Schools | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Immunization | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Communication
Document Number: 326859

25.

Title: Perspectives of South African school children on HIV / AIDS, and the implications for education programmes.
Author: Van Dyk AC
Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2008 May;7(1):79-93.
Abstract: The study explores and describes South African school children's perspectives of HIV and AIDS, and links this to their respective cognitive developmental stage. The paper highlights developmental differences in the children's perceptions of HIV or AIDS and makes specific recommendations for improving HIV/AIDS education in school. A questionnaire of mainly open-ended questions was used to survey the HIV/AIDS-related perceptions of 1 904 school-going children aged 6 to 19 years. In-depth content analyses as well as basic statistical analyses were performed on the data. Although the school children had a good basic knowledge of HIV/AIDS and generally positive attitudes towards HIV and AIDS, they believed many misconceptions and myths. The children were mostly very afraid of HIV or AIDS and felt extremely vulnerable to HIV infection. The particular developmental phase was the strongest predictor of a child's understanding of HIV/AIDS. The findings have been used to formulate guidelines for the development or enhancement of age-appropriate HIV/AIDS education programmes or curricula in schools. It is hoped that teachers, educators and youth workers will use these findings to re-evaluate and adjust their HIV/ AIDS education programmes and messages to fit the needs of the young people in their care. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | CHILD | STUDENTS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | CHILD HEALTH | KNOWLEDGE | MISINFORMATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Schools | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Biology | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 327162

26.

27.

Title: Broadband revolutionizes education on remote Maldives atolls.
Author: UNICEF
Source: Rashdoo Island, Maldives, UNICEF, 2007 Nov 26. [2] p.
Abstract: In a historical event for the Maldives today, the country is launching 20 broadband-enabled, child-friendly learning centres, which link 20 of the country's atolls. Supported by UNICEF, the connected Teacher Resource Centres (TRCs) will create a virtual learning environment accessible throughout the Maldives. Because this Indian Ocean archipelago is made of 1,200 small islands - 200 of which are inhabited - up to 80 per cent of teacher-training costs are related to transportation. As a result, many teachers remain untrained. The TRCs will greatly alleviate these logistical problems, reaching teachers and children that are otherwise hard to reach. "It's down to basics. Transport is costly, making it expensive and often dangerous for children to travel between islands to get a better education and for teachers to upgrade their skills," said UNICEF Representative in the Maldives Ken Maskall. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
MALDIVES | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | STUDENTS | INTERNET | EDUCATIONAL METHODS | LITERACY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Schools | Education | Information Networks | Communication | Educational Activities | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 326168

28.

Title: Effect of a school health programme on ensuring safe environments for primary school children.
Author: Adegbenro CA
Source: Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health. 2007;127(1):29-32.
Abstract: The school health programme (SHP), which focuses on promoting safe environments for school children, has not been given proper attention in Nigeria. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of SHP on ensuring safe environments for primary school children. The study was conducted in ten primary schools in Ife-Central Local Government Area (IFLGA) of Osun State, Nigeria. The ten schools were those that are used by medical students of Obafemi Awolowo University for their clinical rotation posting in Community Health. Hence, these students were used as research assistants. The study employed experimental design and an observational checklist was used to collect data. The project was carried out over a period of three years from 2002-2005. During this period, the students carried out some aspects of SHP by constantly giving health talks to pupils and school personnel on the promotion of optimum sanitary condition in schools. Data were collected on existing facilities in schools and behavioural practices that can promote safe environments both pre- and post-intervention by the SHP. Comparing the two results showed that a well organized and properly executed SHP can be used to create safe environments for school children. The study recommends that the SHP should be implemented in all primary schools in Nigeria. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | RESEARCH REPORT | EXPERIMENTAL MODELS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | CHILDREN | FACULTY | MEDICAL STUDENTS | SCHOOL AGE POPULATION | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | HEALTH SERVICES EVALUATION | SAFETY | ENVIRONMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Education | Students | Schools | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Public Health | Health
Document Number: 322705

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Burden of symptomatic dengue infection in children at primary school in Thailand: a prospective study.
Author: Anderson KB; Chunsuttiwat S; Nisalak A; Mammen MP; Libraty DH
Source: Lancet. 2007 Apr 28;369(9571):1452-1459.
Abstract: Dengue viruses are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in tropical and subtropical areas. Our aim was to assess prospectively the burden of dengue-related illness in children in Thailand. We did a prospective study in a cohort of children at primary school in northern Thailand from 1998 to 2002. We assessed the burden of dengue illness as disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and patient costs per illness. Dengue accounted for 328 (11%) of the 3056 febrile cases identified in 2114 children during the study period. The mean burden of dengue was 465.3 (SD 358.0; range 76.5-954.0) DALYs per million population per year, accounting for about 15% of DALYs lost to all febrile illnesses (3213.1 [SD 2624.2] DALYs per million per year). Non-hospitalised patients with dengue illnesses represented a substantial proportion of the overall burden of disease, with 44-73% of the total DALYs lost to dengue each year due to such illness. The infecting dengue serotype was an important determinant of DALYs lost:DEN4 was responsible for 1% of total DALYs lost, DEN1 for 9%, DEN2 for 30%, and DEN3 for 29%. Use of prospective data to estimate the burden of disease shows that most DALYs lost to dengue illness were the result of non-hospitalised illnesses of long duration. Thus, inclusion of non-hospitalised cases is critical to accurately assess the total burden of dengue illness. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CHILDREN | DENGUE | INCIDENCE | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Schools | Education | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 315619

30.
Peer Reviewed

Title: A cluster-randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of a handwashing-promotion program in Chinese primary schools.
Author: Bowen A; Ma H; Ou J; Billhimer W; Long T
Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2007 Jun;76(6):1166-1173.
Abstract: Intensive handwashing promotion can reduce diarrheal and respiratory disease incidence. To determine whether less intensive, more scalable interventions can improve health, we evaluated a school-based handwashing program. We randomized 87 Chinese schools to usual practices: standard intervention (handwashing program) or expanded intervention (handwashing program, soap for school sinks, and peer hygiene monitors). We compared student absence rates, adjusting for cluster design. In control schools, children experienced a median 2.0 episodes (median 2.6 days) of absence per 100 student-weeks. In standard intervention schools, there were a median 1.2 episodes (P = 0.08) and 1.9 days (P = 0.14) of absence per 100 student-weeks. Children in expanded intervention schools experienced a median 1.2 episodes (P = 0.03) and 1.2 days (P = 0.03) of absence per 100 student-weeks. Provision of a large-scale handwashing promotion program and soap was associated with significantly reduced absenteeism. Similar programs could improve the health of children worldwide. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | PUBLIC HEALTH | TRAINING PROGRAMS | HYGIENE | INTERVENTIONS | DISEASE PREVENTION | CHILD HEALTH | MEASUREMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Schools | Education | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Research Methodology
Document Number: 317468


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