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Peer Reviewed

Title: Premarital sexual behavior among male college students of Kathmandu, Nepal.
Author: Adhikari R; Tamang J
Source: BMC Public Health. 2009 Jul;9(241):1-9.
Abstract: A cross-sectional survey of male college students in Kathmandu was conducted between April and May 2006. A self-administered questionnaire was completed by 573 male students. Association between premarital sex and the explanatory variables was assessed. Despite the religious and cultural restrictions, about two-fifths of survey respondents (39%) reported that they had had premarital sex. The study also showed that substantial proportions of students indulge in sexual activities as well as risky sexual behavior. Sex with commercial sex workers and multiple sex partners, and inconsistent use of condoms with non-regular partners were common among the students. Less than two in five male students (57%) had used condoms at first sexual intercourse. Students aged 20 and above were more likely to have had premarital sex compared with younger students ages 15-19. Students who believe in Hindu religion were more than two times more likely to have premarital sex compared with those who follow other religions. Participants who had close unmarried friends who experienced premarital sexual intercourse were eight times more likely to be sexually active than those who did not have such sexually active friends. School- or college-based sexuality education could benefit out-of-school youths as well, because their partners often are students.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDENTS | MEN | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | PREVALENCE | ATTITUDES | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | AGE FACTORS | SEX EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Education | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Measurement | Research Methodology | Psychological Factors | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 339893

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual and marital trajectories and HIV infection among ever-married women in rural Malawi.
Author: Boileau C; Clark S; Bignami-Van Assche S; Poulin M; Reniers G; Watkins SC; Kohler HP; Heymann SJ
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 1):i27-i33.
Abstract: Objective: To explore how sexual and marital trajectories are associated with HIV infection among ever-married women in rural Malawi. Methods: Retrospective survey data and HIV biomarker data for 926 ever-married women interviewed in the Malawi Diffusion and Ideational Change Project were used. The associations between HIV infection and four key life course transitions considered individually (age at sexual debut, premarital sexual activity, entry into marriage and marital disruption by divorce or death) were examined. These transitions were then sequenced to construct trajectories that represent the variety of patterns in the data. The association between different trajectories and HIV prevalence was examined, controlling for potentially confounding factors such as age and region. Results: Although each life course transition taken in isolation may be associated with HIV infection, their combined effect appeared to be conditional on the sequence in which they occurred. Although early sexual debut, not marrying one's first sexual partner and having a disrupted marriage each increased the likelihood of HIV infection, their risk was not additive. Women who both delayed sexual debut and did not marry their first partner are, once married, more likely to experience marital disruption and to be HIV-positive. Women who marry their first partner but who have sex at a young age, however, are also at considerable risk. Conclusions: These findings identify the potential of a life course perspective for understanding why some women become infected with HIV and others do not, as well as the differentials in HIV prevalence that originate from the sequence of sexual and marital transitions in one's life. The analysis suggests, however, the need for further data collection to permit a better examination of the mechanisms that account for variations in life course trajectories and thus in lifetime probabilities of HIV infection.
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EVER MARRIED | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | RURAL POPULATION | PREVALENCE | SEX BEHAVIOR | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | HIV INFECTIONS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | DIVORCE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Measurement | Behavior | Marriage | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 340104

Title: Premarital romantic partnerships: attitudes and sexual experiences of youth in Delhi, India.
Author: Hindin J; Hindin MJ
Source: International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Jun;35(2):97-104.
Abstract: Attitudes toward and behavior within romantic partnerships were examined using data collected in 2004 from unmarried youth (583 males and 475 females, ages 15�19) living in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods in Delhi, India. Associations between specific attitudes or behaviors and age, gender, and sexual experience were determined using Fisher's exact tests. Sixty-two percent of males and 53% of females reported that someone of the opposite sex had expressed an interest in them; 86% of males and 63% of females reported feeling good about it. In addition, 67% of males and 47% of females reported that they liked someone of the opposite sex. Compared with females, males were more likely to seek information about the person they were interested in (76% vs. 61%), and to engage in heterosexual premarital sex (32% vs. 6%). Females were less likely than males to report that it is okay to engage in premarital sex if the male and female love one another (14% vs. 33%). For both males and females, television and films were the most popular source of information on issues related to sexual health. Gender disparities in the formation of premarital romantic partnerships and in the experience of sexual relations make a strong case for sexuality education programs tailored differently for young men and for young women.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | YOUTH | LOW INCOME POPULATION | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | ATTITUDES | SEX FACTORS | INFORMATION SOURCES | FILM AND VIDEO | TELEVISION | INTERVIEWS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Information | Mass Media | Communication | Broadcast Media | Data Collection
Document Number: 339892

Peer Reviewed

Title: Risk and protective factors that affect adolescent reproductive health in developing countries: A structured literature review.
Author: Mmari K; Blum RW
Source: Global Public Health. 2009 May 21;4(4):350-366.
Abstract: A comprehensive and systematic literature search was conducted on studies that examined factors that are most important to adolescent reproductive health relating to ever having had premarital sex, condom use, pregnancy, early childbearing, sexually transmitted infections, and HIV. While the search identified more than 11,000 publications, only 61 were retained for the final analysis. The results show that factors that were significantly associated to the outcomes were primarily related to the adolescents themselves. In fact, very few factors outside the individual were found to be related to sexual risk behaviors. This contrasts to similar research conducted among youth samples in the United States.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | YOUTH | RISK FACTORS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | HIV INFECTIONS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Viral Diseases | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 341472

Peer Reviewed

Title: The effects of female genital mutilation on the onset of sexual activity and marriage in Guinea.
Author: Van Rossem R; Gage AJ
Source: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2009 Apr;38(2):178-85.
Abstract: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is almost universal in Guinea and practiced by all ethnic and religious groups and social classes, although the prevalence of the various types of FGM varies by socioeconomic group. A common explanation for FGM practices is that they contribute to the social control over female sexuality and enhance the marriageability of women. These claims were tested using the 1999 Guinea Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) (N = 6753). Event history techniques were used to examine the effect of type of FGM on the age at first sex and the age at first marriage and logistic regression for the effect of FGM on premarital sex. The results showed that the type of FGM had a significant zero-order effect on the age at first marriage and the prevalence of premarital sex, but not on the age at first sex. However, these effects became non-significant once controls for age, religion, ethnicity, education, residence, and wealth were added to the model. Variations in sexual behavior, therefore, were unrelated to type of FGM, but reflected differences in the social characteristics of the participants.
Language: English
Keywords:
GUINEA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | MARRIAGE AGE | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Demographic Analysis | Data Analysis | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Measurement
Document Number: 331065

Peer Reviewed

Title: Premarital sexual intercourse among adolescents in an Asian country: multilevel ecological factors.
Author: Wong ML; Chan RK; Koh D; Tan HH; Lim FS; Emmanuel S; Bishop G
Source: Pediatrics. 2009 Jul;124(1):e44-52.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The goal was to assess personal and environmental factors associated with premarital sex among adolescents. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study. Between 2006 and 2008, we recruited 500 adolescents who reported having engaged in voluntary sex for most recent sex. Five hundred control subjects were matched for age, gender, and ethnicity. RESULTS: Independently significant factors for premarital sex among boys were pornography viewing (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 5.82 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.34-14.43]), lack of confidence to resist peer pressure (OR: 3.84 [95% CI: 2.27-6.50]), perception that more than one half of their friends had engaged in sex (OR: 3.37 [95% CI: 1.92-5.92]), permissiveness regarding premarital sex (OR: 3.41 [95% CI: 2.10-5.55]), involvement in gang activities (OR: 3.45 [95% CI: 1.66-7.15]), drinking (OR: 1.77 [95% CI: 1.07-2.94]), smoking (OR: 1.91 [95% CI: 1.14-3.20]), and living in low-cost housing (OR: 3.25 [95% CI: 1.64-6.43]). For girls, additional factors were previous sexual abuse (OR: 7.81 [95% CI: 2.50-24.41]) and dropping out of school (OR: 2.72 [95% CI: 1.32-5.61]), and stronger associations were found for lack of confidence to resist peer pressure (OR: 5.56 [95% CI: 2.94-10.53]) and permissiveness regarding premarital sex (OR: 6.25 [95% CI: 3.30-11.83]). Exposure to persons with HIV/AIDS or sexually transmitted infections in the media was negatively associated with sex for boys (OR: 0.27 [95% CI: 0.16-0.45]) and girls (OR: 0.24 [95% CI: 0.13-0.47]). CONCLUSION: Sex education programs for adolescents must address social, media, and pornographic influences and incorporate skills to negotiate sexual abstinence.
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | FILM AND VIDEO | PEER GROUPS | Developing Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Reproduction | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Mass Media | Communication | Knowledge Sources
Document Number: 342886

Peer Reviewed

Title: HIV status and age at first marriage among women in Cameroon.
Author: Adair T
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Sep;40(5):743-760.
Abstract: Recent research has highlighted the risk of HIV infection for married teenage women compared with their unmarried counterparts. This study assesses whether a relationship exists, for women who have completed their adolescence (age 20-29 years), between HIV status with age at first marriage and the length of time between first sex and first marriage. Multivariate analysis utilizing the nationally representative 2004 Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey shows that late-marrying women and those with a longer period of pre-marital sex have the highest risk of HIV. Although women in urban areas overall marry later than their rural counterparts, the positive relationship between age at marriage and HIV risk is stronger in rural areas. The higher wealth status and greater number of lifetime sexual partners of late-marrying women contribute to their higher HIV risk. Given that the age at first marriage and the gap between first marriage and first sex have increased in recent years, focusing preventive efforts on late-marrying women will be of much importance in reducing HIV prevalence among females. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CAMEROON | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MARRIAGE AGE | HIV INFECTIONS | CHILD MARRIAGE | FIRST INTERCOURSE | PREVALENCE | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Measurement | Biology
Document Number: 313960

Peer Reviewed

Title: Associations between premarital sex and leaving school in four Sub-Saharan African countries.
Author: Biddlecom A; Gregory R; Lloyd CB; Mensch BS
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2008 Dec;39(4):337-350.
Abstract: With the spread of formal schooling in sub-Saharan Africa and delays in the age at marriage, a growing proportion of adolescents remain enrolled in school when they "come of age." As a consequence, more and more adolescents have to negotiate sexual maturation and sexual initiation in a vastly different context from that of prior generations. Using data from the 2004 National Survey of Adolescents conducted in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, and Uganda, we investigate the empirical association between premarital sex and leaving school among those who were enrolled in school at the outset of adolescence (age 12). Discrete-time logistic regression models show that, in general, girls are more likely than boys to leave school before completing secondary school, before completing primary school, and, among those completing primary school, before progressing to secondary school. Girls who complete primary school, however, do so at the same age as or a younger age than their male peers. Girls appear more vulnerable to leaving school once they engage in premarital sex. These findings can assist researchers, policymakers, program managers, and educators in understanding and addressing the challenges to educational attainment posed by the increasing proportion of school-aged adolescents engaging in premarital sex.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | KAP SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | DROPOUTS | ADOLESCENTS | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Programs | Organization and Administration | Youth | Population Characteristics | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 328195

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Changing family formation in Nepal: Marriage, cohabitation and first sexual intercourse.
Author: Caltabiano M; Castiglioni M
Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2008 Mar;34(1):30-39.
Abstract: In Nepal, marriage occurs at a relatively young age and arranged weddings are widespread. However, recent changes in the family formation process and the timing of first sexual intercourse suggest that a transformation may be underway. Data on marriage, cohabitation and first sexual intercourse from the 2001 Nepalese Demographic and Health Survey were used to describe the family formation process. The sequence of these events and the intervals between them were explored for currently married men and women. Hazard models were used to identify factors associated with behavioral changes over time. The average age at marriage among women married before age 20 increased from 13.7 years for those born in 1952-1956 to 15.6 years for those born in 1977-1981,while remaining relatively stable for men married before age 25 (17.3 years for the 1942-1946 birth cohort to 17.7 for the 1972-1976 birth cohort). After individual and couple characteristics were controlled for, younger age at interview was associatedwith greater odds of simultaneous marriage and cohabitation for both genders (odds ratios,1.3-1.7).Younger age at interview was also associated with premarital sex among men-those aged 39 or younger had significantly higher risks than older men of having had premarital sex, with odds ratios rising from 1.6 among those aged 35-39 to 1.8 among those aged 15-24. It is important not only to promote education as a means of delaying marriage and childbearing, but also to implement programs and services that prevent reproductive health problems for young married couples. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | FIRST INTERCOURSE | ARRANGED MARRIAGE | SOCIAL CHANGE | MODERNIZATION | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage | Nuptiality | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 326105

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual risk and bridging behaviors among young people in Hai Phong, Vietnam.
Author: Duong CT; Nguyen TH; Hoang TT; Nguyen VV; Do TM
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2008 Jul;12(4):643-651.
Abstract: The risk of the HIV epidemic spreading from high-risk groups to the general population in Vietnam depends on sexual risk and bridging behaviors between high and low-risk individuals. A cross-sectional study was used to describe sexual activities of youth aged 18-29 years. Nearly half (41.4%) were sexually active. Premarital sex was reported by 43.3% of them; 78.3% of sexually active males and 13.5% of sexually active females. Multiple sex partners were reported by 31.0%; 56.7% of males and 9.2% of females. Almost 27% of males and 5% of females engaged in sexual bridging behaviors. Being unmarried was significantly associated with having sex with non-regular partners. Being unmarried and early age at first intercourse were associated with having sex with a sex worker. Consistent condom use was high with commercial sex workers but low with regular partners. Education to delay early sexual debut, increased employment, and strategies to inform young sexually active people to adopt safer behaviors are urgently needed. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | YOUTH | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | SEX WORKERS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Sexual Partners | Risk Reduction Behavior
Document Number: 327538

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Premarital fertility and HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. [F�condit� avant le mariage et le VIH/SIDA en Afrique]
Author: Garenne M; Zwang J
Source: African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2008 Aug;12(2):64-74.
Abstract: The paper investigates the complex relationships between premarital fertility and HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan African countries. The DHS surveys provided data to compute the prevalence of premarital fertility, defined as any birth before the first marriage. The UNAIDS database provided data to compute the prevalence of HIV infection among pregnant women. Results indicate a moderate association between the prevalence of premarital fertility and the prevalence of HIV infection (correlation coefficient = 0.64, P< 0.0001), and similar geographical patterns. Compared with the average pattern, outlier countries had either high levels of premarital fertility and relatively low HIV prevalence (Liberia, Madagascar, Gabon, Congo), or high levels of HIV prevalence despite low levels of premarital fertility (Lesotho, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe). The overall relationship is discussed in light of the relationships between age at marriage, permissiveness and lack of protection during intercourse and their impact on premarital fertility and HIV infection among women.
French Abstract: Cet article �tudie les rapports complexes entre la f�condit� avant le mariage et le VIH/SIDA dans les pays africains sub-sahariens. Les enqu�tes men�es par les WFS et DHs ont fourni les donn�es initiales pour �valuer la pr�valence de la f�condit� avant le mariage. On a d�fini la f�condit� avant le mariage comme toute naissance avant le premier mariage. La pr�valence de la f�condit� avant le mariage a �t� �valu�e comme �tant la proportion des femmes f�condes qui sont �g�es de 25 ans et plus qui ont eu une naissance ant�rieure avant leur premier mariage. La base de donn�es du Bureau de Recensement a fourni les donn�es qui ont permis d' �valuer la pr�valence de l' infection du VIH chez les femmes enceintes. On s'est servi d' un simple mod�le pour normaliser les tendances dans la s�ro-pr�valence du VIH et pour �valuer la s�ro-pr�valence moyenne au cours de la p�riode 1995 � 1999. Les r�sultats ont montr� un lien mod�r� entre la pr�valence de la f�condit� avant le mariage et la pr�valence de l' infection du VIH (le coefficient de corr�lation = 0,37, P=0, 04). Par rapport aux tendances globales, certains pays africains avaient soit des niveaux plus �lev�s de la f�condit� avant le mariage et une pr�valence relativement peu �lev�e basse du VIH (Lib�ria, Madagascar) ou bien le mod�le oppos�, c�st-�-dire des niveaux �lev�s de la pr�valence du VIH malgr� les niveaux bas de la f�condit� avant le mariage (Ethiopie, Rwanda). Le rapport global a �t� discut� � la lumi�re du rapport entre la permissivit� et le manque de protection au cours des rapports sexuels et son impact possible sur � la fois la f�condit� avant le mariage et l' infection pr�cose du VIH chez les femmes. Les cas des pays comme le Lib�ria et le Madagascar ont �t� discut�s � la lumi�re des dynamiques qui sous-tendent le mod�le de la f�condit� avant le mariage et les dynamiques de l' �pid�mie du VIH dans des pays particuliers.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | PREMARITAL PREGNANCY | FERTILITY | ADOLESCENTS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | SEX BEHAVIOR | PREGNANT WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Africa | Developing Countries | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 322315

13.
Title: Sexual and reproductive health needs of vulnerable youth in Myanmar.
Author: Hla-Soe-Tint; Phyo-Maung-Thaw; Yin-Thet-Nu-Oo; Ko-Ko-Zaw; Than-Tun-Sein; Thein-Tun
Source: Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 2008 Nov;39(6):1126-38.
Abstract: A cross-sectional survey of 56 youth, using participatory research methods, was conducted with the objective to identify the sexual and reproductive health needs among vulnerable youth in Pyin Oo Lwin town in terms of their livelihoods, perceptions about health and health risks, sex practices, perceived health information needs and preferred channels for health information, and visions for their future generation. The results indicated that a majority of young people of both sexes were deficient in knowledge of the locations and functions of reproductive organs. The majority of respondents of both sexes said that their main health concern was AIDS. Pre-marital sex among youth, 16-20 years of age, was identified in our study. Malaria and AIDS were mentioned as information needed by young people. TV and magazines/journals were prioritized as preferred channels of disseminating health messages. Almost all reported that education was the one thing that they wanted for their own children.
Language: English
Keywords:
MYANMAR | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | PERCEPTION | OCCUPATIONS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | INFORMATION SOURCES | HEALTH EDUCATION | ATTITUDES | HIV INFECTIONS | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Evaluation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Health | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Information | Education | Viral Diseases | Sex Behavior
Document Number: 330335

14.

Title: Protection before the harm: the case of condom use at the onset of premarital sexual relationship among youths in Nigeria.
Author: Mberu BU
Source: African Population Studies. 2008;23(1):57-83.
Abstract: Condom protection has been linked to HIV decline, but the goal to prevent infections before any harm informs this focus on condom use at premarital sexual debut. The study builds on the proposition that condom use at first intercourse is an immediate indicator of the risks associated with the encounter and the propensity of subsequent condom use consistently and regularly. Data from the 2003 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey and binary logistic regression models were utilized to examine the predictors of condom use at premarital sexual debut among Nigerian youths aged 15- 24. The analysis identified significant independent effects of age at sexual debut, living arrangements, level of education, and household economic status, with the strongest effect linked to ethnic origin. The findings underscore the complexity of socio-cultural contexts that influence sexual behavior across groups within one country, and the importance of a multi-factor policy perspective for effective behavior interventions.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | YOUTH | CONDOM USE | HIV PREVENTION | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | FIRST INTERCOURSE | RISK ASSESSMENT | AGE FACTORS | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | CULTURE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sex Behavior | Evaluation | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 328733

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual behavior and STI/HIV status among adolescents in rural Malawi: an evaluation of the effect of interview mode on reporting.
Author: Mensch BS; Hewett PC; Gregory R; Helleringer S
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2008 Dec;39(4):321-334.
Abstract: This study investigates the reporting of premarital sex in rural southern Malawi. It summarizes the results of an interview-mode experiment conducted with unmarried young women aged 15-21 in which respondents were randomly assigned to either an audio computer-assisted self-interview (ACASI) or a conventional face-to-face (FTF) interview. In addition, biomarkers were collected for HIV and three STIs: gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis. Prior to collecting the biomarkers, nurses conducted a short face-to-face interview in which they repeated questions about sexual behavior. The study builds on earlier research among adolescents in Kenya where we first investigated the feasibility and effectiveness of ACASI. In both Malawi and Kenya, the mode of interviewing and questions about types of sexual partners affect the reporting of sexual activity. Yet the results are not always in accordance with expectations. Reporting for "ever had sex" and "sex with a boyfriend" is higher in the FTF mode. When we ask about other partners as well as multiple lifetime partners, however, the reporting is consistently higher with ACASI, in many cases significantly so. The FTF mode produced more consistent reporting of sexual activity between the main interview and a subsequent interview. The association between infection status and reporting of sexual behavior is stronger in the FTF mode, although in both modes a number of young women who denied ever having sex test positive for STIs/HIV.
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAWI | KENYA | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS | RURAL POPULATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | UNMARRIED | HIV INFECTIONS | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING | INTERVIEWS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Information Processing | Information | Data Collection
Document Number: 328194

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Traditional values of virginity and sexual behaviour in rural Ethiopian youth: Results from a cross-sectional study.
Author: Molla M; Berhane Y; Lindtjorn B
Source: BMC Public Health. 2008 Jan 9;8:9.
Abstract: Delaying sexual initiation has been promoted as one of the methods of decreasing risks of HIV among young people. In traditional countries, such as Ethiopia, retaining virginity until marriage is the norm. However, no one has examined the impact of this traditional norm on sexual behaviour and risk of HIV in marriage. This study examined the effect of virginity norm on having sex before marriage and sexual behaviour after marriage among rural Ethiopian youth. We did a cross-sectional survey in 9 rural and 1 urban area using a probabilistic sample of 3,743 youth, 15-24 years of age. Univariate analysis was used to assess associations between virginity norm and gender stratified by area, and between sexual behaviour and marital status. We applied Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis to estimate age at sexual debut and assessed the predictors of premarital sex among the never-married using SPSS. We found that maintaining virginity is still a way of securing marriage for girls, especially in ruralareas; the odds of belief and intention to marry a virgin among boys was 3-4 times higher among rural young males. As age increased, the likelihood of remaining a virgin decreased. There was no significant difference between married and unmarried young people in terms of number of partners and visiting commercial sex workers. Married men were twice more likely to have multiple sexual partners than their female counterparts. A Cox regression show that those who did not believe in traditional values of preserving virginity (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 2.91 [1.92-4.40]), alcohol drinkers (AHR = 2.91 [1.97-4.29]), Khat chewers (AHR = 2.36 [1.45-3.85]), literates (AHR = 18.01 [4.34-74.42]), and the older age group (AHR = 1.85 [1.19-2.91]) were more likely to have premarital sex than their counterparts. Although virginity norms help delay age at sexual debut among rural Ethiopian youth, and thus reduces vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections and HIV infection, vulnerability among females may increase after marriage due to unprotected multiple risky sexual behaviours by spouses. The use of preventive services, such as VCT before marriage and condom use in marriage should be part of the HIV/AIDS prevention and control strategies. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SURVEYS | YOUTH | VIRGINITY | FIRST INTERCOURSE | SEX BEHAVIOR | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | MARITAL STATUS | HIV | RISK FACTORS | CONDOM USE | FEMALE ROLE | MALE ROLE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Nuptiality | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Risk Reduction Behavior | Social Behavior
Document Number: 308603

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Enduring consequences of parenting for risk behaviors from adolescence into early adulthood.
Author: Roche KM; Ahmed S; Blum RW
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 May;66(9):2023-2034.
Abstract: Few studies examine the long-term consequences of family socialization experienced during early adolescence for the health and well being of young adults. This study investigates how two salient dimensions of family socialization - family closeness and parental behavioral control - are associated with three distinct risk-taking behaviors in early adulthood: problem drinking, early school dropout and multiple sex partners. Data from the US National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health are analyzed for a sample of over 1500 youth interviewed at three time points (Time 1: ages 12-14 years; Time 2: ages 13-15 years; Time 3: ages 19-21 years). Structural equation modeling techniques were used to identify direct and indirect effects of family closeness and parental behavioral control on problem behaviors among young adults. Indirect effects of family socialization were hypothesized to operate through a delayed onset of risky behaviors in adolescence. Results for females indicated that greater family closeness in early adolescence was directly and indirectly, through less adolescent truancy, associated with less school dropout in young adulthood. Family closeness was also directly associated with less early onset of sex and with fewer sex partners among females. Among males, greater parental behavioral control was directly associated with less problem drinking in young adulthood. Additionally, parental control and family closeness were each associated with males having fewer sex partners in early adulthood. Overall, findings support the strategy of family-focused interventions that stress the importance close relationships for females and of instrumental control for males. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | RISK BEHAVIOR | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX FACTORS | DROPOUT CHARACTERISTICS | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Sex Behavior | Dropouts | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 325892

18.

Title: Negotiating with modernity: young women and sexuality in Iran.
Author: Sadeghi F
Source: Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. 2008;28(2):250-259.
Abstract: Iranian society has changed considerably during the past twenty-seven years. While these changes are mostly visible in the appearance of the people and cities, less visible changes have also happened in traditional family norms and private life, especially where the young people are concerned. When they are acknowledged, these changes are referred to as a "generation gap" that occurred after the Islamic revolution.1 Among young women, changes in behavior and identity are evident not only among the "misveiled" (badhijab) girls (those who wear hijab in order to accommodate themselves to Iranian legal requirements yet intentionally disregard the spirit if not precisely the letter of the law) but also among "veiled" girls (often referred to as chadori, whether or not they actually wear the chador). Based on research done in 2005 -6 through in-depth interviews with young urban Iranian women about their private and public lives, this essay examines whether as these girls are becoming less overtly traditional they are claiming their own subjectivity. The analysis indicates that although these young women are not as docile to traditional norms as previous generations were, they can hardly be considered a radically modern generation in terms of breaking with the deeper social conventions of the past. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAN | LITERATURE REVIEW | INTERVIEWS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | YOUTH | ISLAM | SEXUALITY | LIFE STYLE | PERSONALITY | PERSONHOOD | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | SOCIAL CHANGE | Middle East | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sex Behavior
Document Number: 327869

19.

Title: What's in the gap?: factors associated with the interval between age at first sex and age at first marriage in Cameroon and their implications for reproductive health and women's empowerment.
Author: Subaiya L; Johnson K
Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, MEASURE DHS, 2008. 24 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00DHS Working Papers No. 43)
Abstract: Recent research on reproductive and sexual health has focused on age at marriage as a determinant of an array of population and health outcomes. The authors propose that for many reproductive health concerns, it is not age at marriage that should be the focus of analysis but rather the number of years that have elapsed between sexual debut and marriage. This paper explores the factors associated with the length of the interval between initiation of sex and formation of a union in order to gain insight into this aspect of women's reproductive lives.
Language: English
Keywords:
CAMEROON | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MARRIAGE AGE | FIRST INTERCOURSE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | AGE FACTORS | EDUCATION | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 329521

20.

Title: "Know Yourself" toolkit helps reduce pre-marital sex among young men in Bangladesh. Indicators for reproductive health knowledge and norms also improve.
Author: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Center for Communication Programs. Health Communication Partnership
Source: Communication Impact!. 2007 Jan;(21):[2] p.
Abstract: The implementation of the "Know Yourself" Toolkit in Bangladesh has contributed to a reduction in pre-marital sexual behavior among young men and to improvements in adolescents' reproductive health knowledge and perceived norms of risk behaviors. The Adolescent and Reproductive Health (ARH) Communication Program, unified by the logo "Nijeke Jano" (Know Yourself), developed an interactive multimedia toolkit for NGOs to conduct community-based workshops. The toolkit consists of a series of four educational and entertaining videos, four accompanying facilitator's guides, question and answer booklets, and reproductive health-related comic books. The workshops focus on the changes and challenges adolescents face during and after puberty. A total of 3,360 adolescent boys and girls attended these workshops during the one-year intervention. Participants engaged in a series of group exercises and discussions and watched videos to promote their knowledge and life skills related to four thematic areas: "Puberty," "New Feelings, New Passions," "Risk of HIV/AIDS & STIs," and "Preparing for Marriage and Family Life." (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | SUMMARY REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | INTERVENTIONS | MEN | YOUTH | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | KNOWLEDGE | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | CULTURE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases
Document Number: 310898

21.

Title: HIV status and age at first marriage among women in Cameroon.
Author: Adair T
Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, MEASURE DHS, 2007 Mar. 19 p. (DHS Working Papers No. 33) Also available from: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADI793.pdf
Abstract: Recent research has highlighted the risk of HIV infection for married teenage women compared with their unmarried counterparts. This study examines for post-adolescent women age 20-29 in Cameroon whether a relationship exists between HIV status and age at first marriage, or the length of time between first sex and first marriage. Multivariate analysis using the nationally representative sample from the 2004 Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey shows that late-marrying women and those with a longer period of premarital sex have the highest risk of contracting HIV. Although, overall, women in urban areas marry later than their rural counterparts, the positive relationship between HIV risk and age at marriage is stronger in rural areas. For late-marrying women, living in households with higher wealth status and having a larger number of lifetime sexual partners contribute to higher HIV risk. Given that age at first marriage and the gap between first marriage and first sex have increased in recent years, focusing preventive efforts on late-marrying women will be important in reducing HIV prevalence among females. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CAMEROON | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | EVER MARRIED | MARRIAGE AGE | HIV INFECTIONS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | TIME FACTORS | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 313564

22.

Title: Prevalence and correlates of domestic violence by husbands against wives in Bangladesh: Evidence from a national survey.
Author: Aklimunnessa K; Khan MM; Kabir M; Mori M
Source: Journal of Men's Health and Gender. 2007 Mar;4(1):52-63.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of domestic violence by husbands against wives (DVHW) and its correlates using the data of ever married men from a national survey. This subset of ever married men (equal to 2823 if weighted and 3165 if unweighted) was extracted from 4297 men (including single) aged 14-54 years, who were interviewed during the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) in 2004. The BDHS 2004 applied a pre-tested structured questionnaire for men to collect much information including socio-demographic, life-style, violence (physical and sexual) against wives and reasons for violence. SPSS version 10 was used to perform all of the analyses. The prevalence of physical, sexual and overall DVHW was 68%, 27% and 72%, respectively within the year preceding the survey. Slapping/twisting (61%) and pushing/shaking/throwing something (40%) were the most common forms of physical DVHW. Age, place of residence, education, religion and number of children showed significant associations (by odds ratio) with at least one form of violence using multiple logistic regression analysis. Both cross-tabs analysis and logistic regression analysis (adjusted for age, place of residence, education, religion and number of children) indicated a significantly higher prevalence and higher odds ratio of DVHW among those husbands who: did not watch television everyday, had experience of pre-marital and post-marital sex, smoked cigarettes/bidi, chewed tobacco and took illicit drugs. The estimates of the lifestyle variables sharply attenuated when all of the variables were included in the same model, although the significance levels were changed for only some of them. The high prevalence of DVHW deserves immediate attention and intervention in Bangladesh. For effective intervention, the significant correlates of DVHW, especially the lifestyle-related factors, must be taken into consideration to reduce the prevalence and consequences of DVHW in Bangladesh. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | PREVALENCE | VIOLENCE | EXTRAMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | PUBLIC HEALTH | PHYSICAL ABUSE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | HUSBAND-WIFE COMMUNICATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Research Methodology | Behavior | Sex Behavior | Health | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Partner Communication | Interpersonal Relations
Document Number: 313241

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Correlates of premarital relationships among unmarried youth in Pune district, Maharashtra, India.
Author: Alexander M; Garda L; Kanade S; Jejeebhoy S; Ganatra B
Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2007;33(4):150-159.
Abstract: Although premarital partnerships-whether or not they involve sex-are widely discouraged in India, some youth do form such partnerships. It is important to know more about the nature of and the factors associated with these relationships. Data are drawn from a community-based study of 15-24-year-olds in urban slum and rural settings in Pune District, Maharashtra. Multivariate analyses were conducted to identify associations between youths' individual, peer and family factors and their experience of romantic relationships and physical intimacy, including intercourse. Among young men, 17-24% had had a romantic relationship, 20-26% had engaged in some form of physical intimacy and 16-18% had had sex; the proportions among young women were 5-8%, 4-6% and 1-2%, respectively. Exposure to alcohol, drugs or pornographic films and having more frequent interaction with peers were positively associated with romantic and sexual relationships for both young women and young men. Educational attainment was negatively associated with both types of relationships for young women, but only with sexual relationships for young men. Closeness to parents was negatively associated with relationships only for young women. Young women whose father beat their mother were more likely than other young women to form romantic partnerships, and those beaten by their family had an elevated risk of entering romantic and sexual partnerships. Youth who reported strict parental supervision were no less likely than others to enter relationships. Program interventions should ensure that youth are fully informed and equipped to make safe choices and negotiate wanted outcomes, while positively influencing their peer networks; encourage closer interaction between parents and children; and be tailored to the different circumstances and experiences of young women and men. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | URBAN AREAS | SLUMS | DATA ANALYSIS | YOUTH | UNMARRIED | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX EDUCATION | DECISION MAKING | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | INTERVENTIONS | INFORMED CHOICE | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Geographic Factors | Population | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Education | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Child Rearing
Document Number: 323660

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: HIV / AIDS in Cameroon: Rising gender issues in policy-making matters.
Author: Awuba J; Macassa G
Source: African Journal of Health Sciences. 2007 Jul-Dec;14(3-4):118-128.
Abstract: This literature review investigated gender differentials in HIV/AIDS in Cameroon and to which extent gender was taken into account in the country's current policy on HIV/AIDS. The review found that in Cameroon women were at increased risk of being infected with HIV/AIDS compared to men and that apart from biological vulnerability, socio-cultural as well as economic factors accounted for those differences. In addition, the review found that at the policy level, the government has drawn up plans to reduce the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS among women. However, although the current policy acknowledged the need for tackling gender differentials in HIV/AIDS transmission; little has been done at the level of implementation. The current policy needs to be implemented in a more effective manner and a multisectorial approach should be explored in order to curb the current trend of the feminization of HIV/AIDS in Cameroon. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CAMEROON | LITERATURE REVIEW | HIV INFECTIONS | GENDER ISSUES | POLICY | POVERTY | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | DECISION MAKING | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK FACTORS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Behavior | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sex Behavior | Biology
Document Number: 327667

25.

Title: Sexual attitudes and practices in north India: A qualitative study.
Author: Bhugra D; Mehra R; de Silva P; Bhintade VR
Source: Sexual and Relationship Therapy. 2007 Feb;22(1):83-90.
Abstract: Sexual practices and attitudes to sex have raised concerns among the young and the old alike in India. The topic of sex has become slightly more open following the AIDS/HIV epidemic. The present study is aimed at understanding nuances of sexual behaviour and analysing the impact of different life stages on sexual attitudes and practices. Four focus groups and four in-depth paired discussions were conducted in four age groups. Based in metropolitan Delhi, the study revealed that attitudes to sex and variant sexual practices remain broadly traditional and conservative and there remains a remarkable gender difference in the attitudes. Most young respondents were against premarital sex but still indulged in it. These findings are discussed in relation to urbanisation, globalisation and changes in the socio-demographic profiles of the population. In view of the differences in attitudes between the older and younger respondents, there appears to be an urgent need for sex education in Indian schools. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | URBAN POPULATION | SEX BEHAVIOR | ATTITUDES | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Education
Document Number: 321089

26.

Title: Premarital sex and schooling transitions in four sub-Saharan African countries.
Author: Biddlecom A; Gregory R; Lloyd CB; Mensch BS
Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2007. 35 p. (Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper No. 5)
Abstract: With the spread of formal schooling in sub-Saharan Africa and delays in the age at marriage, a growing proportion of adolescents remain enrolled in school when they "come of age." As a consequence, more and more adolescents have to negotiate sexual maturation and sexual initiation in a context very different from that experienced by earlier generations. Using data from the 2004 National Survey of Adolescents conducted in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, and Uganda, this paper investigates the timing of two key transitions in adolescence-school exit and premarital sex-among those who remain enrolled in school at the beginning of adolescence (age 12). Discrete-time hazard models show that in general girls are more likely than boys to leave school before completing secondary school and before completing primary school, and, among those completing primary school, are less likely to progress to secondary school, although those girls who complete primary school do so at the same age as or at a younger age than their male peers. Girls appear more vulnerable to dropout once they become sexually mature and once they engage in premarital sex. While girls were found to be less likely than boys, at any given age and controlling for other covariates, to have had premarital sex (except in Ghana), school enrollment and the timing of school entry were not consistent factors explaining gender differences. Thus, the negative consequences for schooling associated with sexual maturation and premarital sex appear to be greater for adolescents in these four countries, especially for girls, than the consequences of leaving school early for the likelihood of premarital sex. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BURKINA FASO | GHANA | MALAWI | UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | DROPOUTS | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | GENDER ISSUES | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | SOCIAL CHANGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Southern | Africa, Eastern | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 322572

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Late marriage and the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Bongaarts J
Source: Population Studies. 2007 Mar;61(1):73-83.
Abstract: The causes of large variation in the sizes of HIV epidemics among countries in sub-Saharan Africa are not well understood. Here we assess the potential roles of late age at marriage and a long period of premarital sexual activity as population risk factors, using ecological data from 33 sub-Saharan African countries and with individual-level data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in Kenya and Ghana in 2003. The ecological analysis finds a significant positive correlation between HIV prevalence and median age at first marriage, and between HIV prevalence and interval between first sexual intercourse and first marriage. The individual-level analysis shows that HIV infection per year of exposure is higher before than after first marriage. These findings support the hypothesis of a link between a high average age at marriage and a long period of premarital intercourse during which partner changes are relatively common and facilitate the spread of HIV. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | MARRIAGE AGE | RISK FACTORS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | HIV INFECTIONS | INCIDENCE | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Marriage | Nuptiality | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Marriage Patterns | Biology | Sexual Partners | Measurement | Research Methodology
Document Number: 313254

28.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Young women under 16 years with experience of sexual intercourse: who becomes pregnant?
Author: Buston K; Williamson L; Hart G
Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2007 Mar;61(3):221-225.
Abstract: The UK has the highest rate of teenage pregnancies in western Europe. Although there is a large body of literature focusing on predictors of conception among this age group, almost all the work compares those young women who have become pregnant with their peers, regardless of whether or not their peers have experienced sexual intercourse. The objective was to compare 16-year-old young women who have become pregnant with their peers who also have experience of sexual intercourse, but who have not conceived. Analysis of data from the baseline and follow--up surveys conducted as part of a trial of sex education. Setting and participants: Female school students aged 14-16 years from the East of Scotland. Main results: Young age of self and partner, and non-use of contraception, all at first intercourse, are most strongly associated with pregnancy. Those who engage in sexual intercourse at a relatively young age will often have had more opportunity to become pregnant than those whose sexual debut comes later. Similarly, the fact that those who use contraception at first intercourse have been less likely to conceive than those who do not could reflect the overall patterns of contraceptive use: young women who have used contraception at each occasion of intercourse will have had less chance to conceive than those who have not. Having a young partner at first intercourse suggests that, if this pattern continues, the couple may lack the resources needed to prevent a pregnancy due to the immaturity of both partners. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PEER GROUPS | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | AGE FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FIRST INTERCOURSE | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 312679

29.

Title: Evaluating the theory of planned behavior to explain intention to engage in premarital sex amongst Korean college students: A questionnaire survey.
Author: Cha ES; Doswell WM; Kim KH; Charron-Prochownik D; Patrick TE
Source: International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2007 Sep;44(7):1147-1157.
Abstract: To reduce risky adolescent sexual behavior, education programs must be tailored to specific cultures and stage of adolescence. This study describes the self-reported sexual behavior of Korean college students and examines the efficiency of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TpB) in explaining intention of engaging in premarital sex in order to provide insights for a potential sex education program designed to reduce risky sexual behavior. A cross-sectional, correlational design using an exploratory survey method was used. Participants were recruited from a university in Korea with a flyer posted at the entrance of the student health service center, and self-referral in 2004. Male and female unmarried college students aged 18 to 25 were included. Foreign students and students with visible physical problems were excluded. Three hundred and twenty of 550 students returned the questionnaire packets. Final data analysis included 298 students after deleting incomplete data. Participants completed six questionnaires: (1) Background and Sexual Behavior Questionnaire, including items related to perceived risk of sexual behavior, (2) Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale, and four scales related to TpB construct: (3) modified Premarital Sexual Attitude Scale, (4) Referent group Approval of Sex Behavior Scale, (5) Sexual Abstinence Efficacy Scale and (6) modified version of Doswell's Intention of Sexual Behavior Scale. Premarital sexual attitude, abstinence self-efficacy and referent group norms were significant predictors of intention of premarital sex for male students with a large effect, but only attitude and norms predicted intention of premarital sex for female students. The TpB may be an effective theory to guide the development of theory-driven sexual abstinence interventions to reduce risky sexual behavior for Korean males, while the Theory of Reasoned Action may be an effective theory for Korean females. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | STUDENTS | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | ATTITUDES | ABSTINENCE | CULTURE | PERCEPTION | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | SEX EDUCATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Education | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Communication | Psychological Factors | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 320631

30.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Analysis of clinic attendances by under-14s to sexual health clinics in Gwent, South Wales, UK.
Author: Cook L; Fleming C
Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2007 Jan;33(1):23-26.
Abstract: The objectives were to determine the gender, sexual history and reason(s) for visit for under-14s (young people) attending the authors' sexual health clinics. Analysis of case notes of 242 young people who made a total of 598 visits to a sexual health clinic in Gwent, South Wales, UK between 1 January and 31 December 2003. Of the 242 young people studied, 41% were male and males were responsible for 42% of visits. There was no written record relating to 7% of the total visits. Median age at both first registration and first heterosexual intercourse (when recorded) was 12 years for males and 13 years for females. Some 57% of females and 30% of males were already sexually active at first registration. Details relating to a young person's partner and their experience of sex (e.g. willingness, autonomy and consensual nature of sex) were infrequently recorded, especially for males. 96% of males requested condoms and 99% received them, whilst 72% of females requested condoms and/or hormonal contraception and 86% received them. 35% of females were seen for the consequences of sex (i.e. pregnancy testing, emergency contraception, screening and/or treatment of sexually transmitted infections and unplanned pregnancies). 80% of these subsequently received condoms and/or hormonal contraception. The majority of young people saw a nurse exclusively (96% males, 71% females). Of the young clients seen, 41% are male. Sexual history details are infrequently recorded, particularly for males. The majority of young people accessing the authors' service are taking action to protect their sexual health and most will see a nurse exclusively. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | NURSES AND NURSING | CLINICS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | ADOLESCENT HEALTH SERVICES | FIRST INTERCOURSE | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Facilities | Health Services | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases
Document Number: 311579


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