| 1. Title: [Contraception: modern trends and controversies] Source: Srpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo. 2009 May-Jun;137(5-6):310-9. Abstract: Ever since ancient civilizations, the possibility of preventing unwanted pregnancies has always been the subject of interest. All available contraception methods have both advantages and disadvantages, and it is up to the doctor and the patient to make a rational choice in each individual case. Many methods for temporary prevention of unwanted pregnancy are used for the purpose of contraception, as well as sterilization, as a permanent method. A large variety of contraceptives offers opting for the most suitable method for each patient, with the highest level of efficiency and safety. With their adequate administration, the rate of unwanted pregnancies should be significantly minimized. Methods used for contraception are constantly improving and simultaneously, new and more efficient ones are being developed. The research in the field of contraceptives is not completed yet and hopefully, in the future, we shall be closer to finding available, efficient, user-friendly medicaments in the prevention of pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, with minimum side effects, which is on the verge of perfection. Novelties in the field of contraception must be the theme of continuous medical education of gynaecologists, so that they could provide the right information and give advice to their patients in choosing the most adequate contraceptive. Language: Serbian Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | CONTRACEPTION | DECISION MAKING | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | Family Planning | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Usage Document Number: 342047 |
| 2. Title: [Particularities of epileptic women's care] Particularites de la prise en charge des femmes epileptiques. Author: Ben Hamouda I; Mrabet A Source: La Tunisie Medicale. 2009 Mar;87(3):169-72. Abstract: AIM: Development on the epileptic women's care. METHOD: A research in the medical literature on PubMed and an exhaustive review of the published summaries and reports of Epileptology International Meetings, in the last five years. We included cohort studies, reviews and randomized double blinded therapeutic trials. Case reports and fundamental research studies have been excluded. RESULTS: sensitizing of the epileptic women starts with adolescence with an education and a preparation to sexual life and available contraceptive methods, in order to avoid undesired pregnancies and the serious consequences which they are likely to generate. Approximately 1/3 of the epileptic women have variations of their disease related to the menstrual cycle, probably because of a neurotoxic effect of estrogens (not counterbalanced by progestational hormones). Antiepileptic teratogenicity issue is not, yet, solved, in spite of new molecules commercialisation. The upkeep of a register concerning the use of AED during pregnancy makes it possible to better identify the problems and to establish an optimal therapeutic control for the mother and the child. CONCLUSION: Epilepsy impact on women's life is very different compared to men, because it interferes with the fields of sexuality, reproduction, menstrual cycle and contraception, in addition of AED teratogenicity. A close cooperation between obstetricians and neurologist and a sensitizing of health professionals are essential for the global care of the epileptic pregnant women or in age of procreation. Language: French Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | NEUROLOGIC EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | IMPACT | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Family Planning | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Communication Document Number: 342404 |
3.  Peer Reviewed Title: Preventive service needs of young people perinatally infected with HIV in Uganda. Author: Birungi H; Obare F; Mugisha JF; Evelia H; Nyombi J Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Jun;21(6):725-731. Abstract: This study examines the sexual expressions and experiences as well as the preventive practices of 732 adolescent boys and girls aged 15-19 years who were born with HIV. The data come from a project on the sexuality of young people perinatally infected with HIV conducted in 2007 in four districts of Uganda. The analysis involves both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The quantitative approach entails cross-tabulations with chi-square tests as well as significance tests of proportions. The qualitative approach involves an analysis of individual case stories, in-depth probes, and focus group discussions for content. The findings show disconnect between: (1) the information service providers give to young people and young people's actual needs and desires; (2) adolescents' fears and their actual preventive practices; and (3) the high level of reported condom use and the frequency of use. Programs need to recognize that young people perinatally infected with HIV are sexually active or anticipatebeing so in future. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | YOUTH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | HIV PREVENTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | FEAR | CONDOM USE | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | NEEDS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Emotions | Psychological Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Economic Factors Document Number: 339860 |
4.  Title: Integrating population, health, and environment in Uganda. Author: Bremner J; Zuehlke E Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2009 Jun. 6 p. (Policy Brief) Abstract: After decades of instability and civil conflict, Uganda has enjoyed relative stability, sustained economic growth, and great improvements in health over the last 20 years. During the same period, Uganda's population has grown rapidly, and in 2009 surpassed 30 million people. This rapid population growth is contributing to the degradation of Uganda's natural resources, the backbone of the country's economy and household livelihoods. Continued reductions in poverty depend in large part on finding innovative and integrated solutions to the complex population, health, and environment problems affecting Uganda's poorest people. Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | ABORTION | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | ABORTION LAW | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | POSTABORTION CARE Document Number: 342029 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Ectopic pregnancy following levonorgestrel emergency contraception: a case report. Author: Ghosh B; Dadhwal V; Deka D; Ramesan CK; Mittal S Source: Contraception. 2009 Feb;79(2):155-7. Abstract: Use of levonorgestrel as emergency contraception is a safe and effective measure to prevent unwanted pregnancy. However, ectopic gestation in case of failure is a known risk. Access to levonorgestrel without a prescription in many countries has made it impossible to estimate the exact incidence of this potential adverse event. Thus, spontaneous reporting of cases serves to alert physicians to this possibility. We present a case of ectopic pregnancy following use of levonorgestrel emergency contraception. To our knowledge, this is the first case report from India following introduction of levonorgestrel emergency contraception in 2001. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | LEVONORGESTREL | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Safety | Public Health | Health | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 329608 |
| 6. Title: [Comprehensive sexual and contraceptive education for young people] Educacion integral en sexualidad y anticoncepcion para los/las jovenes. Author: Gonzalez Hernando C; Sanchez-Crespo Bolanos JR; Gonzalez Hernando A Source: Enfermeria Clinica. 2009 Jul 13; Abstract: According to the National Institute of Statistics (INE) the number of unwanted pregnancies in Spain is increasing every year. This is particularly worrying as regards unwanted in young people, particularly those under 15, which increased by 76% from 2001 to 2005. The younger age when people begin sexual relationships, the increasingly liberal attitudes, a higher number of sexual partners and high risk sexual practices, expose them to very important health problems, such as unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Adolescence is a vital phase in the personal and sexual identity process. Sexual Education is necessary in a society which seems to be well informed but on the other hand has a high proportion of ignorance and errors, which could seriously affect the emotional balance of people. Teaching to know and accept their own body, seek information or ask for help is an education that can help them to maintain healthier and satisfactory relationships. On the other hand, the increase in undesired pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV, makes this kind of education a priority. Our experience in sexual education for young people answers this need. Young people have the right to an effective sexual education. Information and comprehensive sexual education provide them with the knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary to take decisions in the present and future. Language: Spanish Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SEX EDUCATION | INFORMATION | KNOWLEDGE | DECISION MAKING | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Education | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342124 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Psychological and behavioural factors associated with sexual risk behaviour among Slovak students. Author: Kalina O; Geckova AM; Jarcuska P; Orosova O; van Dijk JP; Reijneveld A Source: BMC Public Health. 2009 Jan 13;9(15):[10] p. Abstract: Knowledge about the prevalence of sexual risk behaviour (SRB) in adolescence is needed to prevent unwanted health consequences. Studies on SRB among adolescents in Central Europe are rare and mostly rely on a single indicator for SRB. This study aims to assess the association of behavioural and psychological factors with three types of SRB in adolescents in Central Europe. We obtained data on behavioural factors (having been drunk during previous month, smoking during previous week, early sexual initiation), psychological factors (self-esteem, wellbeing, extroversion, neuroticism, religiousness), and SRB (intercourse under risky conditions, multiple sexual partners, and inconsistent condom use) in 832 Slovak university students (response 94.3%). Among those with sexual experience (62%), inconsistent condom use was the most prevalent risk behaviour (81% in females, 72% in males). With the exception of having been drunk in males, no factor was associated with inconsistent condom use. Regarding the other types of SRB, early sexual initiation was most strongly associated. In addition, other, mostly behavioural, factors were associated, in particular having been drunk. Results suggest that behavioural factors are more closely related to SRB than psychological factors. Associations differ by type of SRB and gender but offer few clues to target risk groups for inconsistent condom use. Results show a high need for health-promotion programmes in early adolescence that target SRB in conjunction with other health risk behaviours such as alcohol abuse. Language: English Keywords: SLOVAKIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | SEXUAL PARTNERS | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | KNOWLEDGE | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | SELF ESTEEM | RELIGION | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Behavior | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329530 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Unmet need for contraception among sex workers in Madagascar. Author: Khan MR; Turner AN; Pettifor A; Van Damme K; Rabenja NL; Ravelomanana N; Swezey T; Williams D; Jamieson D; Behets F Source: Contraception. 2009 Mar;79(3):221-7. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The study was conducted to investigate past and future pregnancy preferences and contraceptive need among Malagasy sex workers. STUDY DESIGN: We analyzed data on pregnancy and contraceptive use collected during the baseline visit of a randomized, prospective formative trial which assessed diaphragm and microbicide acceptability among sex workers. To be eligible, women could not be pregnant or planning pregnancy for the next 2 months. RESULTS: Women (N=192) from four cities (Antananarivo, Antsiranana, Mahajanga and Toamasina) reported a median of 10 sex acts per week. Fifty-two percent reported a prior unwanted pregnancy, 45% at least one induced abortion and 86% that preventing future pregnancy was moderately to very important. During the last sex act, 24% used a hormonal method, 36% used a male condom, 2% used a traditional method and 38% used no method. Nearly 30% of participants reported that pregnancy prevention was moderately or very important but used no contraception at last sex; these women were categorized as having "unmet need" for contraception. In multivariable binomial regression analyses, factors associated with unmet need included low knowledge of contraceptive effectiveness [age- and site-adjusted prevalence ratio (PR): 2.1; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4-3.0] and low self-efficacy to negotiate condom use (age- and site-adjusted PR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.4-3.0). CONCLUSIONS: Among these women, prior unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion were common and preventing future pregnancy was important, yet gaps in contraceptive use were substantial. Contraceptive knowledge and self-efficacy should be improved to promote contraceptive use by sex workers. Language: English Keywords: MADAGASCAR | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | ABORTION RATE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Evaluation | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility Control, Postconception | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 330055 Notification |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Early initiation of sexual activity: a risk factor for sexually transmitted diseases, HIV infection, and unwanted pregnancy among university students in China. Author: Ma Q; Ono-Kihara M; Cong L; Xu G; Pan X; Zamani S; Ravari SM; Zhang D; Homma T; Kihara M Source: BMC Public Health. 2009;9:111. Abstract: This study explored any association between the timing of the initiation of sexual activity and sexual behaviors and risks among university students in China. Data were derived from a cross-sectional study on sexual behavior among university students conducted in Ningbo municipality at the end of 2003. Students completed a self-administered, structured questionnaire. Of 1,981 sexually active male students, 1,908 (96.3%) completed the item for timing of the initiation of sexual activity and were included in analyses to compare the association between this timing and sexual behavior and risks. Compared with late initiators, male early sexual initiators had a significantly higher risk profile, including a significantly higher proportion reporting non-regular partners (i.e., casual or commercial partners), multiple partners, diagnosis with an STI, partner history of pregnancy, partner history of induced abortion, and less condom and oral contraceptive use. Multivariate analyses confirmed the increased likelihood of these risks in early initiators versus late initiators, other than partner type during the last year. The authors conclude that sex-education strategies should be focused on an earlier age, should include advice on delaying the age of first sexual activity, and should target young people who continue to take sexual risks. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | STUDENTS | MEN | SEX BEHAVIOR | UNIVERSITIES | FIRST INTERCOURSE | RISK FACTORS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Education | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Schools | Health | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 341409 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Determinants of contraceptive acceptance among Cambodian abortion patients. Author: McDougall J; Fetters T; Clark KA; Rathavy T Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Jun;40(2):123-132. Abstract: Although Cambodia's total fertility rate is declining, limited access to and use of contraceptives has meant that some women rely upon induced abortion, legal since 1997, to achieve their fertility intentions. This study identifies factors that facilitate acceptance of postabortion contraception among women using Cambodia's public health facilities. Data were collected in all of Cambodia's hospitals with obstetric and delivery services (n = 71) and a representative sample of 115 of its 887 health-care centers, and from women seeking induced abortion or with abortion complications who presented to selected facilities during a three-week period (n = 933). Weighted data from 316 women who reported not wanting to become pregnant within the next few months and who presented to facilities that provide postabortion contraceptives were analyzed for bivariate and multivariate associations. Approximately 42 percent of women accepted contraceptives at the conclusion of care. After controlling for individual and facility characteristics, women who presented at facilities where a nurse/midwife managed abortion services, where contraceptives and abortions were provided in the same room, and where a larger range of methods were offered had significantly higher odds of contraceptive acceptance following abortion care. Improving contraceptive counseling and training for midwives and physicians, increasing contraceptive choices, and promoting access to contraceptives on site may reduce Cambodian women's risk of unwanted pregnancy and, potentially, unsafe abortion. Language: English Keywords: CAMBODIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | ABORTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | POSTABORTAL PROGRAMS | POSTABORTION CARE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | PARITY | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | QUESTIONNAIRES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning Programs | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior Document Number: 341896 Notification |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Sublingual misoprostol after surgical management of early termination of pregnancy. Author: Mulayim B; Celik NY; Onalan G; Zeyneloglu HB; Kuscu E Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2009 Aug;92(2):678-81. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of sublingual misoprostol after surgical management of early termination of pregnancy (ETP) regarding duration and amount of bleeding, presence of retained products of conception (RPOC), and endometrial thickness. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized clinical trial. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENT(S): One hundred five patients admitted for possible management of early pregnancy failure and unwanted pregnancy. INTERVENTION(S): Manual vacuum aspiration (control and study groups) plus 400 microg sublingual misoprostol (study group) at pregnancy termination, and transvaginal ultrasonography (both groups) 10 days after the procedure. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Duration and amount of bleeding and presence of RPOC and endometrial thickness 10 days after the procedure. RESULT(S): Bleeding lasted 3.2 and 5.1 days in the study and control groups. Severe vaginal bleeding occurred in two patients in the study group and in six patients in the control group. Mean endometrial thickness was 5.5 mm in the study group and 6.9 mm in the control group. These differences were statistically significant. No cases of RPOC occurred in the study group; two cases occurred in the control group. CONCLUSION(S): In countries in which surgical management of ETP is still done, using sublingual misoprostol postoperatively may reduce the duration and amount of bleeding. Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | CLIENTS | ABORTION | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | BLEEDING | MISOPROSTOL | ULTRASONICS | TIME FACTORS | SURGERY | MANAGEMENT | TREATMENT | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 342616 Notification |
| 12. Title: [Contraception in adolescence and perimenopause] Kontrazeption zu Beginn und Ende der fertilen Lebensphase. Author: Neulen J; Thaler C; Birkhauser M; Braendle W; Keller PJ Source: therapeutische Umschau. Revue therapeutique. 2009 Feb;66(2):109-15. Abstract: The risk-benefit-ratio of hormonal contraception (OC) is positive in adolescents as well as in women over 40 years of age if some essential rules are respected. In adolescents, the acquirement of a normal peak bone mass has to be guaranteed by the use of the OC. The dosage of the OC has to be adapted individually to the basic hormonal situation. In women over 40, contraindications such as hypertension, obesity, smoking or dyslipidemia have to be actively excluded. In both groupes of age, the risk of a correctly indicated OC is inferior to the risk of an unwanted pregnancy. Language: German Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | HYPERTENSION | OBESITY | TOBACCO USE | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 329571 |
| 13. Title: Fertility awareness-based methods: another option for family planning. Author: Pallone SR; Bergus GR Source: Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 2009 Mar-Apr;22(2):147-57. Abstract: Modern fertility awareness-based methods (FABMs) of family planning have been offered as alternative methods of family planning. Billings Ovulation Method, the Creighton Model, and the Symptothermal Method are the more widely used FABMs and can be more narrowly defined as natural family planning. The first 2 methods are based on the examination of cervical secretions to assess fertility. The Symptothermal Method combines characteristics of cervical secretions, basal body temperature, and historical cycle data to determine fertility. FABMs also include the more recently developed Standard Days Method and TwoDays Method. All are distinct from the more traditional rhythm and basal body temperature methods alone. Although these older methods are not highly effective, modern FABMs have typical-use unintended pregnancy rates of 1% to 3% in both industrialized and nonindustrialized nations. Studies suggest that in the United States physician knowledge of FABMs is frequently incomplete. We review the available evidence about the effectiveness for preventing unintended pregnancy, prognostic social demographics of users of the methods, and social outcomes related to FABMs, all of which suggest that family physicians can offer modern FABMs as effective means of family planning. We also provide suggestions about useful educational and instructional resources for family physicians and their patients. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | PREGNANCY RATE | FERTILITY | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | AWARENESS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Reproductive Behavior | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Measurements | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases Document Number: 330464 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Toward a multidimensional measure of pregnancy intentions: evidence from the United States. Author: Santelli JS; Lindberg LD; Orr MG; Finer LB; Speizer I Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Jun;40(2):87-100. Abstract: Widely used dichotomous categorical measures of pregnancy intentions do not represent well the complexity of factors involved in women's intentions. We used a variety of exploratory statistical methods to examine measures of pregnancy intention in the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth (N = 3,032 pregnancies). Factor analyses identified two key dimensions of pregnancy intentions (desire and mistiming) and two smaller nondimensional categories (overdue and don't care). Desire included both affective and cognitive variables, as well as partner-specific factors. Similar pregnancy-intention dimensions were found for adolescent and adult women, across socioeconomic status, and among racial and ethnic groups. Both desire and mistiming were highly predictive of the decision to abort or continue the pregnancy. These analyses strongly support prior demographic thinking about the importance of both the timing of pregnancy and wanting a baby, but suggest that multidimensional rather than simple categorical measures of pregnancy intentions should be used. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | DATA ADJUSTMENT | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | ABORTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | DECISION MAKING | HAPPINESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Contraception | Behavior | Emotions | Psychological Factors Document Number: 341893 Notification |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Contraceptive use among women attending an open access genitourinary medicine department. Author: Trewinnard K; Foley E Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Aug;20(8):573-4. Abstract: Termination of pregnancy rates among young women are rising in the UK and are associated with poor use of reliable contraceptive methods. Many women attending the genitourinary (GU) department for sexually transmitted infection screening do so because of poor or no condom use and are at ongoing risk of unwanted pregnancy. Few of these women attend a contraception clinic, where a full range of contraceptive methods, including long-acting reversible contraception, are available. In this study of 152 women of reproductive age, half stated that they needed further contraceptive advice. In total four-fifths of the women without a reliable method of contraception wanted contraceptive advice and/or future contraceptive provision in the GU medicine clinic. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | QUESTIONNAIRES | CLINIC ACTIVITIES | NEEDS | FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC ATTENDANCE | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | CONDOM USE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Distributional Activities | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 342132 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Abandonment of infants by HIV-positive women in Russia and prevention measures. Author: Zabina H; Kissin D; Pervysheva E; Mytil A; Dudchenko O; Jamieson D; Hillis S Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2009 May;17(33):162-170. Abstract: Since 1990, Russia has experienced a dramatic increase in the number of abandoned children, associated with harsh socio-economic conditions, increases in drug and alcohol addiction and HIV infection. Approximately 20% of infants born to HIV-positive mothers are abandoned in Russia. To find out why, we conducted 266 qualitative interviews in 2004–05 in four Russian cities, including HIV-positive women who had abandoned their infants and others who had not, relatives of the women (mostly their mothers), HIV-negative women who had abandoned, and medical experts. Unintended pregnancy was cited as the most important factor influencing the decision to abandon. Other important determinants included lack of partner and family support, drug abuse, fear of birth defects or disabilities, negative attitudes of medical professionals, and marginalized socio-economic status. HIV infection was closely linked to many of these reasons. Important avenues for interventions among HIV-positive women emerged, including improved contraceptive information and provision, education of medical personnel and women on HIV prevention and treatment, enhancement of social support, and strengthening of fostering and adoption programmes for HIV-affected families. Spanish Abstract: Desde 1990, Rusia ha experimentado un alza drástica en el número de niños abandonados, asociado con duras condiciones socioeconómicas, aumentos en drogadicción y alcoholismo e infección por VIH. Aproximadamente el 20% de los bebés nacidos de madres VIH-positivas son abandonados en Rusia. Para saber por qué, realizamos 266 entrevistas cualitativas en 2004 y 2005, en cuatro ciudades rusas, con mujeres VIH-positivas que habían abandonado a sus bebés y otras que no, parientes de las mujeres (principalmente sus madres), mujeres VIH-negativas que habían abandonado y expertos médicos. El embarazo no intencional fue citado como el factor más importante que influye en la decisión de abandonar. Otros determinantes importantes fueron: falta de pareja y apoyo de la familia, abuso de drogas, temor de discapacidades o defectos congénitos, actitudes negativas de los profesionales médicos y condición socioeconómica marginada. La infección por VIH estaba estrechamente asociada con muchas de estas razones. Emergieron importantes vías de intervención entre las mujeres VIH-positivas, como mejor información y suministro de anticonceptivos, educación del personal médico y las mujeres respecto a la prevención y el tratamiento del VIH, mejoramiento del apoyo social y fortalecimiento de los programas de acogida y adopción para familias afectadas por el VIH. French Abstract: Depuis 1990, la Fédération de Russie a enregistré une augmentation alarmante du nombre d'enfants abandonnés, associée à la dureté des conditions socio-économiques, la hausse de la toxicomanie, de l'alcoolisme et de l'infection à VIH. Dans ce pays, près de 20% des nourrissons nés de mères séropositives sont abandonnés. Pour comprendre pourquoi, nous avons mené 266 entretiens qualitatifs en 2004–05 dans quatre villes russes, avec notamment des femmes séropositives qui avaient abandonné leur bébé et d'autres qui l'avaient gardé, des parents de ces femmes (généralement leur mère), des femmes séronégatives ayant abandonné un enfant et des experts médicaux. La grossesse non désirée était le principal facteur cité pour expliquer l'abandon. D'autres déterminants comprenaient le manque d'appui du partenaire ou de la famille, l'abus de drogues, la crainte d'anomalies congénitales ou de handicaps, les attitudes négatives des soignants et la marginalisation socio-économique. L'infection à VIH était étroitement liée à beaucoup de ces raisons. Des voies importantes d'intervention chez les femmes séropositives sont apparues, par exemple l'amélioration de l'information et de la distribution de contraceptifs, la formation du personnel médical et des femmes sur la prévention et le traitement du VIH, la consolidation du soutien social et le renforcement des programmes d'adoption et de placement pour les familles touchées par le VIH. Language: English Keywords: RUSSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | DECISION MAKING | HIV INFECTIONS | BIRTH DEFECTS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | STIGMA | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | Developing Countries | Asia, Northern | Asia | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Problems Document Number: 342025 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: [Emergency contraception knowledge among students in Medical University of Plovdiv] Source: Akusherstvo I Ginekologiia. 2008;47(4):23-7. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge on emergency contraception (EC) by the students in Medical University of Plovdiv. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. Data was collected from 200 students from University of Plovdiv (Bulgaria) by a self-administered, anonymous questionnaire. RESULTS: One-hundred seventy-seven (85.5%) of participants respond that they are aware about EC as a method for preventing unwanted pregnancy after unprotected sexual intercourse. The main source for information is public media. Women are more informed than men; there is no difference in knowledge in the beginning and at the end of the study. A big part of the students have used EC. CONCLUSIONS: Students from Medical University are well informed about EC which is due mainly to media. In order to improve awareness and knowledge on the matter changes in teaching process are needed and also spreading of accurate information through medical and informational sources. Language: Bulgarian Keywords: BULGARIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PARTICIPATION | WOMEN | STUDENTS | UNIVERSITIES | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | KNOWLEDGE | INFORMATION SOURCES | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Social Behavior | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Schools | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Sociocultural Factors | Information Document Number: 330324 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Transnational comparisons of adolescent contraceptive use: What can we learn from these comparisons? Source: Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2008 Jan;162(1):92-94. Abstract: Population-based behavioral surveillance is an essential public health activity for monitoring the health of adolescents. These surveys - often conducted by government scientists, virtually always with government support - provide critical data on behaviors as diverse as drug and alcohol use, suicidal intentions, sexual behavior, diet and nutrition, and dental hygiene. Similar surveys monitor adult health. Such data can be used to assess health risks among youth, to plan prevention programs, to measure trends over time, and to evaluate the impact of prevention programs. United States-based pediatricians and adolescent health providers are very familiar with the Youth Risk Behavioral Survey (YRBS), which tracks health risk behaviors among high school students for the nation and many states and cities. For example, YRBS data have been used to explain recent declines in teenage pregnancy and human immunodeficiency virus risk and to understand risk factors for adolescent alcohol and drug use. Similar surveys have been used around the globe in rich and poor countries to monitor health. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | DATA COLLECTION | DATA ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | RISK BEHAVIOR | RISK FACTORS | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | EVALUATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Behavior | Biology | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 323372 |
| 19. Title: The future of contraceptive implants in Africa. Greater availability could mean better public health. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: Family Health Research. 2008 Feb;2(1):6. Abstract: The cost of contraceptive implants is decreasing, and simpler implants are entering the market. A modeling exercise by scientists at FHI found that if some oral contraceptive users in Kenya chose implants instead, more unintended pregnancies and maternal deaths could be avoided. Key Points of the article are: 1) Demand for implants remains high in Kenya; 2) Availability is expected to improve with simpler, cheaper implants; and 3) Greater use of implants could reduce unintended pregnancies. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | FAMILY PLANNING | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Diseases | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341182 |
| 21. Title: A comparative study of low 5-minute Apgar scores (<8) in newborns of wanted versus unwanted pregnancies in southern Tehran, Iran (2006-2007). Author: Banaem LM; Majlessi F Source: Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. 2008 Dec;21(12):898-901. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare 5-minute Apgar scores in newborns of wanted versus unwanted pregnancies. METHODS: This longitudinal cohort study included 1,800 pregnant women attending urban and rural health centres in southern Tehran for routine prenatal care. The subjects were divided into two equal groups as wanted and unwanted pregnancies and were followed up through their prenatal care to their delivery. Low Apgar was defined as a score of < 8. Various conditions thought to increase the risk of low Apgar were assessed by logistic regression. RESULTS: We found a prevalence of 0.4% (4 cases) for low 5' Apgar in wanted pregnancies and 1.7% (15 cases) in unwanted pregnancies. The difference between the two groups was significant (P value = 0.01). In logistic regression analysis, unwanted pregnancy status had a strong independent relationship with low Apgar, increasing the risk by 3-fold. The attributable risk in unwanted pregnancies was 0.54 (CI(0.95) = 0.13-0.81). CONCLUSIONS: In addition to the well-established maternal complications of unwanted pregnancy (e.g. emotional stress, illegal abortions, etc) it becomes clear that such pregnancies endanger the infant's health too. It is possible that many pregnant women, especially those with unwanted pregnancies, are not attending health centres for prenatal care. Further studies with active case finding are recommended to confirm these findings. Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | COHORT ANALYSIS | INFANT | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | PREVALENCE | NEONATAL DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES | WANTED BIRTHS | Middle East | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Data Analysis | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Measurement | Diseases | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 330724 |
| 22. Title: Association between contraceptive discontinuation and pregnancy intentions in Guatemala. Author: Barden-O'Fallon JL; Speizer IS; White JS Source: Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública / Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2008 Jun 30;23(6):410-417. Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine whether contraceptive discontinuation is associated with pregnancies that are conceived earlier than desired (mistimed) or are not wanted at the time of conception (unwanted). Data were obtained from the 2002 Guatemala National Maternal and Child Health Survey. Pregnancies within the three years prior to and at the time of the survey (April 1999-November 2002) were classified as either "intended," "mistimed," or "unwanted." The key independent variable was whether the woman had used contraception within 12 months of the pregnancy and, for those who had used it, the reason for discontinuation (either to get pregnant or for another reason). A multinomial logistic analysis was used to determine the degree of association of discontinuation with pregnancy intentions. One of every five mistimed pregnancies and one of every six unwanted pregnancies followed discontinuations that were for reasons other than to become pregnant (e.g., contraceptive failure, side effects, and health concerns). Discontinuations for reasons other than to become pregnant were shown to be positively and significantly associated with a reported mistimed pregnancy (coefficient = 2.15; standard error = 0.27) or unwanted pregnancy (2.68; 0.37) compared to an intended pregnancy. Pregnancies preceded by discontinuations for reasons other than to become pregnant were also more likely to be reported as mistimed or unwanted than pregnancies of women who were not using contraception during the year prior to pregnancy. There is a need to increase contraceptive continuation. Any program should include an increased effort to reduce contraceptive failure and better address the side effects and the health concerns that women have that can lead to discontinuation. Non-users who want to delay or limit births should also be identified and targeted for outreach in order to reduce unintended pregnancies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GUATEMALA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | FAMILY PLANNING DISCONTINUERS | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Health | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 327533 |
| 23. Title: Revitalizing underutilized family planning methods. Assessing the impact of an integrated supply-demand vasectomy initiative in Ghana. Author: Cisek C; Taylor J Source: New York, New York, EngenderHealth, ACQUIRE Project, 2008. 8 p. (Acquiring Knowledge. Applying Lessons Learned to Strengthen FP / RH Services No. 13USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00006-00) Abstract: In 2003, the Ghana Health Service, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) Mission in Ghana, and EngenderHealth collaborated on an initiative in the Accra and Kumasi metropolitan areas to improve acceptance of vasectomy by coupling site interventions that focus on quality and access (supply-side interventions) with effective and strategic interventions aimed at increasing public awareness (demand-side interventions).Lessons learned were: A well-integrated supply-demand approach is critical to sustaining the demand for vasectomy services over time; Follow-on investments in communications activities can achieve improved knowledge, awareness, and attitudes with fewer resources; Increases in awareness can be perceived immediately, whereas changes in knowledge and attitudes start to occur after multiple exposures. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | SUMMARY REPORT | MEN | VASECTOMY | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | INFORMATION | NEEDS | HOTLINES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 331565 |
| 24. Title: Abortion in the Middle East and North Africa. Author: Dabash R; Roudi-Fahimi F Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2008 Sep. 8 p. (Policy Brief: Gynuity Health Projects) Abstract: Unsafe abortion is one of the most neglected public health challenges in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region where an estimated one in four pregnancies are unintended--wanting to have a child later or wanting no more children. Many women with unintended pregnancies resort to clandestine abortions that are not safe. According to the World Health Organization, around 1.5 million abortions in MENA in 2003 were performed in unsanitary settings, by unskilled providers, or both. Complications from those abortions accounted for 11 percent of maternal deaths in the region. Abortion is one of the oldest medical practices, evidence of which dates back to ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Abortion techniques used by Egyptian pharaohs were documented in the ancient Ebers Papyrus (1550 B.C.). It is believed that during the Middle Ages, abortion techniques were adopted and accepted by Western Europe and later diffused across the globe. Today, medical and scientific advances have made abortion a safe procedure when offered under medical supervision and with high standards of care. Yet each year, thousands of women in the developing world die and millions more are left with temporary or permanent disabilities because of unsafe abortion. This policy brief explores the public health concerns surrounding abortion in MENA and discusses ways to make it both rarer and safer. Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | ABORTION | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | ABORTION LAW | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | POSTABORTION CARE | Africa | Developing Countries | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 323117 Notification |
| 25. Title: Sexual violence and use of contraception among women with unwanted pregnancy in an Ngo Clinic, Addis Ababa. Author: Dessalegn S; Kumbi S; Surur F Source: Ethiopian Medical Journal. 2008 Oct;46(4):325-33. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Sexual violence is one of the most prevalent but underreported incidents. One among many consequences of sexual violence is unwanted pregnancy. OBJECTIVES: To describe events related to and factors associated with sexual violence among women with unwanted pregnancy and describe knowledge and use of contraception among these women with unwanted pregnancy. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was done at one NGO clinic in Addis Ababa. Data was collected from women with unwanted pregnancy seeking termination of pregnancy using a structured questionnaire in March 2003. Sociodemographic variables were analyzed with selected variables related to sexual violence, knowledge and practice of contraception among these women seeking termination of pregnancy. RESULTS: Of the 394 women seeking termination of pregnancy, there was unwelcome kiss in 26.9%, attempted rape in 23.9% and completed rape in 18.3%. Most, 63/72 (87.5%), of the victims of completed rape were below 25 years of age. A linear trend was observed with increasing age (P < 0.05, X2 = 24.365). Unmarried and economically dependent groups were more vulnerable to rape related pregnancy, P < 0.05. Only 18/72 (25%) reported to the police. Psychological problems were common in women with completed rape. Suicidal thoughts was reported by 8/72 (11%). Only 84/394 (21.3%) used contraceptives of which 29/84 (34.5%) used emergency contraceptives. CONCLUSION: Unwanted pregnancy as a result of rape was observed more in younger, unmarried and economically dependent women. Use of contraception including emergency contraception, reporting to legal authorities and health professionals was low. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | ABORTION | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | SEXUAL ABUSE | RAPE | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTION | AGE FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Usage Document Number: 330602 Notification |
| 26. Title: Palestinian women's pregnancy intentions: Analysis and critique of the Demographic and Health Survey 2004. Author: Giacaman R; Abu-Rmeileh NM; Mataria A; Wick L Source: Health Policy. 2008 Jan;85(1):83-93. Abstract: The Palestinian DHS2004 reports on pregnancy intentions and their determinants are analyzed for the first time. Through this analysis, the survey instrument limitations are also highlighted. Data on 15-49 years old ever married, non-pregnant women reporting on their last pregnancy were selected from a nationally representative cross sectional survey dataset. Older women were more likely not to desire the pregnancy at all, and younger women more likely to have desired to wait; with higher reports of not desiring the pregnancy at all or desiring to wait among those with a higher number of children; with higher reports of not desiring the pregnancy at all, or desiring to wait, among women who reported ever using family planning methods. Women who experienced prenatal and postnatal complications reported higher levels of having desired to wait or not having wanted the pregnancy at all, calling for the inclusion of process measures in pregnancy intention studies. While some of our findings are comparable to those cited in the international literature, the analysis was limited to the type of questions asked in the Palestinian DHS survey. There is a need to further develop the survey instrument in order to address women's needs from a public health policy perspective. We call for the inclusion of additional social measures to identify some of the contextual factors that influence pregnancy intentions. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GAZA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | EVER MARRIED | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | AGE FACTORS | PREGNANCY | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | ATTITUDES | DECISION MAKING | Developing Countries | Middle East | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Population Characteristics | Reproduction | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 313965 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: The effects of unintended pregnancy on infant, child, and parental health: A review of the literature. Author: Gipson JD; Koenig MA; Hindin MJ Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2008 Mar;39(1):18-38. Abstract: This article provides a critical review of studies assessing the effects of unintended pregnancy on the health of infants, children, and parents in developed and developing countries. A framework for determining and measuring the pathways between unintended pregnancy and future health outcomes is outlined. The review highlights persistent gaps in the literature, indicating a need for more studies in developing countries and for further research to assess the impact of unintended pregnancy on parental health and long-term health outcomes for children and families. The challenges in measuring and assessing these health impacts are also discussed, highlighting avenues in which further research efforts could substantially bolster existing knowledge. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | LONGTERM EFFECTS | INFANT HEALTH | CHILD HEALTH | MATERNAL HEALTH | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | MEASUREMENT | TIME FACTORS | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Research Methodology Document Number: 324221 |
| 28. Title: Contraceptive method use by adolescents in Brazilian state capital. Author: Gomes KR; Speizer IS; Oliveira DD; Moura LN; Gomes FM Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2008 Aug;21(4):213-219. Abstract: Adolescence is a period characterized by increased exploration and exposure to risk-taking behaviors, including unsafe sex. This cross-sectional study examines prior contraceptive method use by pregnant or recently pregnant adolescents in Teresina-Piaui, Brazil. It was conducted in four area hospital maternity units. Two-hundred and seventy-eight adolescents aged 15-19 admitted in four hospital maternity units for clinical treatment or for pregnancy resolution were interviewed. The sample was stratified proportional to the number of adolescents who visit each hospital. Chi-square and Fisher exact test are used to analyze differences between contraceptive users and non-users. Half of interviewed adolescents used some form of contraception at first intercourse (53.2%) and 40.3% used contraception at intercourse leading to the current pregnancy. Male condom was the most common method at first intercourse (96.6% among users of a method) and at the time of pregnancy (58.9%). The main reasons for contraceptive nonuse were that the adolescent had not thought about contraception at the time of first sex (36.1%) and the adolescent wished for a baby at the time of pregnancy (26.5%). About 57% of girls who did not want the pregnancy reported that they did not use any contraceptive method right before the pregnancy. Among pregnant adolescents with an unwanted pregnancy, a greater percentage who had access to health services reported contraceptive use (48%) compared to only 16.7% of those with no access to health services. Contraceptive method use by adolescents was unsatisfactory as indicated by unwanted pregnancies among both users and nonusers of contraception. Prevention of unintended pregnancies requires greater information and access to contraceptives among all sexually active youth. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONDOM USE | PREVALENCE | SEX BEHAVIOR | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | SEX EDUCATION | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Measurement | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education Document Number: 327811 |
| 29. Title: Poor health, poor women: How reproductive health affects poverty. Author: Greene ME Source: Washington, D.C., Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Environmental Change and Security Program [ECSP], 2008 Jun. 11 p. (Focus on Population, Environment, and Security No. 16) Abstract: Does poor reproductive health prevent poor women from escaping poverty? Despite the plethora of survey data showing that poor households tend to be larger and that poor women tend to have higher rates of fertility, experts have debated whether these conditions cause poverty or are symptoms of poverty. In research conducted for the World Bank, Thomas Merrick and Margaret E. Greene found that poor reproductive health outcomes-early childbearing, maternal mortality/morbidity, and unintended/mistimed pregnancy-have negative effects on overall health, and, under certain circumstances, on education and household well-being. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | POVERTY | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | WOMEN'S HEALTH | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | MATERNAL MORTALITY | MATERNAL HEALTH | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | EDUCATION | HOUSEHOLDS | Research Methodology | Studies | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Mortality | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 327387 |
| 30. Title: Women's perceptions and experiences of sexual violence in marital relationships and its effect on reproductive health. Author: Hussain R; Khan A Source: Health Care for Women International. 2008 May;29(5):468-483. Abstract: In this article we explore women's perceptions and experiences of sexual violence in marital relationships and its effects on reproductive health. We conducted a qualitative study composed of key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews in two low- to middle-income areas of Karachi, Pakistan. Results show sexual coercion and nonconsensual sex were common and not limited to abusive relationships. Difficulties in negotiating safe sex resulted in unwanted pregnancies, some leading to unsafe abortions. The women reported escalation of violence during pregnancy to be common. Social norms prevented disclosure of sexual violence leading to limited support or intervention or both. The link between women's social status, marital violence, and reproductive health is discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | INTERVIEWS | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN | MARRIAGE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | SEXUAL ABUSE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | PERCEPTION | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | WOMEN'S STATUS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 326376 |
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