| 1. Title: Contraceptive use among postpartum women - 12 states and New York City, 2004-2006. Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2009 Aug 7;58(30):821-6. Abstract: Postpartum use of highly effective contraceptive methods can prevent unintended pregnancies and ensure adequate birth spacing. Unintended pregnancies and short interpregnancy intervals are associated with adverse maternal and infant outcomes. In 2001, the year for which the most recent data are available, 49% of all pregnancies were unintended, and 21% of women gave birth within 24 months of a previous birth. Two Healthy People 2010 goals are to increase the percentage of intended pregnancies to 70% (objective 9-1) and to reduce the percentage of births occurring within 24 months of a previous birth to 6% (objective 9-2). To estimate the prevalence and types of contraception being used by women 2-9 months postpartum, CDC analyzed data from the 2004-2006 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) from 12 states and New York City. This report summarizes those results, which indicated that 88.0% of postpartum women reported current use of at least one contraceptive method; 61.7% reported using a method defined as highly effective, 20.0% used a method defined as moderately effective, and 6.4% used less effective methods. Rates of using highly effective contraceptive methods postpartum were lowest among Asian/Pacific Islanders (35.3%), women who had wanted to get pregnant sooner (49.9%), women aged >or=35 years (53.0%), and women who had no prenatal care (54.5%). State policy makers and health-care providers can use these results to promote use of highly effective contraception among postpartum women and target interventions for those with particularly low rates of usage, including women with no prenatal care. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | ETHNIC GROUPS | CDC | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | AGE FACTORS | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Public Assistance | Grants | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 342395 |
2.  Title: Evidence-based interventions for youth. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: Family Health Research. 2009 Feb;3(1):1-8. Abstract: This newsletter explores how research results can be used to prevent unintended pregnancies and HIV infection among youth. It discusses existing evidence on successful programs and interventions, curriculum-based programs that reduce sexual risk-taking, and ways that community can bolster behavioral interventions. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | HIV PREVENTION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | INTERVENTIONS | HEALTH SERVICES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | COUNSELING | HIV TESTING | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Delivery of Health Care | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 341209 |
| 3. Title: Family planning and the MDGs: Saving lives, saving resources. Author: Futures Group International. Health Policy Initiative Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, 2009 Jun. 8 p. Abstract: The USAID | Health Policy Initiative, Task Order 1, has completed and updated analyses for more than 30 countries that demonstrate the significant contribution of family planning (FP) to achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Family planning helps to improve health outcomes (e.g., fewer maternal and child deaths) and reduce costs for meeting the MDGs (by reducing the size of the target populations in need of services). This case study describes the FP-MDG analysis methodology and provides examples of how the findings have been used to support advocacy and policy change. Briefs on country-specific findings are also available online. The FP-MDG analyses and briefs are flexible, evidenced-based tools that help make the case that family planning is a strong complement to -- rather than a trade-off with -- other health, development, and poverty-reduction efforts. By showing the economic benefits of investing in family planning, the FP-MDG analyses and briefs can also reach diverse audiences that might not traditionally champion FP issues. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING | NEEDS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | HEALTH SERVICES | POVERTY | MALARIA | DISEASE PREVENTION | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Prevention and Control Document Number: 331540 |
4.  Peer Reviewed Title: Factors affecting awareness of emergency contraception among college students in Kathmandu, Nepal. Author: Adhikari R Source: BMC Women's Health. 2009 Sep 17;9(1):27. Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: In Nepal, Emergency Contraception (EC) could play a critical role in reducing unintended pregnancies, but very few people aware about it. This paper aims to investigate the level of awareness and factors influencing awareness of EC among college students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in April-May 2006. Structured self-administered questionnaires were administered to 1,137 college students (573 males and 564 females) in Kathmandu district. The association between awareness of EC and the explanatory variables were first assessed in bivariate analysis using the Chi-square test. The associations were further explored using a multivariate logistic analysis. RESULTS: Only about two-thirds of college students (68%) had ever heard about EC. Bivariate analysis shows that males were more aware (72%) of EC than were females (64%). Similarly, the awareness level was significantly higher among younger, unmarried youth who were from outside Kathmandu Valley, who lived with friends, and who had received reproductive health (RH) education in school/college. The study also found that students' sex, permanent place of residence (district), and RH education are significant predictors of awareness of EC. Males are 1.5 times more likely to be aware of EC compared to females. Furthermore, students who lived in Kathmandu Valley were 41% less likely to be aware of EC than were students from outside Kathmandu Valley. On the other hand, those students who received RH education in school/college were almost nine times more likely to be aware of EC compared to those who did not receive such education. CONCLUSIONS: Awareness of the EC is low among college students in Nepal. Health education initiatives should target students as they are more likely to be sexually active. There is a need to further educate students about EC which can help to reduce unintended pregnancies, many of which result in unsafe abortion and take a large toll on women's health. Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDENTS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | AWARENESS | QUESTIONNAIRES | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | SEX EDUCATION | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Education | Contraception | Family Planning | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 342836 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Examining the geographical heterogeneity associated with risk of mistimed and unwanted pregnancy in Ghana. Author: Amoako Johnson F; Madise NJ Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Mar;41(2):249-67. Abstract: After a decade of fertility decline, Ghana's fertility and the level of unmet need for contraception stalled in mid-transition in the late 1990s. Although the literature acknowledges this, the geographical patterns in unmet need have not been adequately documented. Spatial analysis of unmet need can reveal differences in usage and provision of contraceptive commodities, thereby pointing to geographical areas where contraceptive programmes should be strengthened. This study examines the geographical variation of the risk of mistimed and unwanted pregnancies between rural communities and also between urban communities of the three ecological zones of Ghana. The study also investigates if geographical differences in the risks of mistimed and unwanted pregnancies changed during the period when unmet need stalled at the national level. A multilevel regression model was applied to pooled data from the 1998 and 2003 Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys to examine the determinants of the risk of unintended pregnancies, while controlling for clustering of outcomes within communities. The results show that between the two surveys, there was no significant change in the levels of risk of mistimed and unwanted pregnancy. However, geographical heterogeneity in the risk of mistimed and unwanted pregnancy was observed, after controlling for relevant predictors. This showed concentration of mistimed pregnancies in some rural communities relative to others, and variation in the risk of unwanted pregnancies between urban communities. The results give a clear indication that bridging the inequality gap in contraceptive use requires programmes that are area-specific. Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | NEEDS | HETEROGENEITY | FERTILITY DECLINE | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | INEQUALITIES | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Reproductive Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Socioeconomic Factors | Evaluation Document Number: 331181 |
| 6. Title: Hormonal methods of contraception for youth. More effective strategies are needed to improve access and encourage consistent use. Author: Aradhya K; Lebetkin E Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Family Health International [FHI], Interagency Youth Working Group, 2009 May. [4] p. (YouthLens on Reproductive Health and HIV / AIDS No. 30) Abstract: Youth, defined here as people ages 10 to 24 years old, need better access to contraception. The decreasing age of menarche and increasing age of marriage have created an ever-widening window of time for premarital sexual intercourse and pregnancies. Hormonal methods of contraception -- including oral contraceptive pills, injectables, and implants -- are among the most effective methods of preventing unintended pregnancies. They are generally well known among youth and, as an alternative to condoms, allow a young woman to control her risk of pregnancy. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | YOUTH | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | STIGMA | HEALTH FACILITIES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331499 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Increased access to emergency contraception: why it may fail. Author: Baecher L; Weaver MA; Raymond EG Source: Human Reproduction. 2009 Apr;24(4):815-9. Abstract: BACKGROUND: To explore why increased access to emergency contraception (EC) failed to reduce pregnancies in a recent randomized controlled trial. METHODS: We used multivariable logistic regression to identify risk factors for unintended pregnancy using data from a trial involving sexually active women (n = 1490, aged 14-24 years) randomly assigned to either increased access or standard access to EC. We used predictive modeling to generate estimated pregnancy risk scores for each participant. We then examined EC use among women at low or high baseline risk of pregnancy. RESULTS: Gravidity, recent history of unprotected sex (within 14 days of enrollment to study) and lower aversion to pregnancy predicted unintended pregnancy. Women in the increased access group were more likely than women in the standard access group to use EC repeatedly. This difference was significantly stronger (P = 0.03) among low risk women than high risk women [Relative risk (RR) 10.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.5-15.4 and RR 5.5, 95% CI 3.8-7.9, respectively]. CONCLUSIONS: Increased access to EC had a greater impact on women who were at lower baseline risk of pregnancy. This may explain in part why increased access to EC has had no measurable benefit in clinical trials. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | INCIDENCE | RISK FACTORS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Measurement | Health | Behavior Document Number: 341661 |
| 8. Title: Condom use for preventing STI/HIV and unintended pregnancy among young men in sub-saharan Africa. Author: Bankhole A; Singh S; Hussain R; Oestreicher G Source: American Journal of Men's Health. 2009 Mar;3(1):60-78. Abstract: The condom is the only known method that provides simultaneous protection against unplanned pregnancy and some sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, among sexually active people. Using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys from 18 Sub-Saharan African countries, this study examined condom use and reasons for using the method at last intercourse among sexually active young men aged 15 to 29. Most young men were aware of the condom (73%-98%), but its use at last intercourse was quite variable, ranging from 6% in Madagascar to 74% in Namibia. In 10 countries, more young men reportedly used condoms for preventing STIs alone than they did for preventing pregnancy alone. In 6 countries, at least one third of the users used the method for both purposes. Use of the condom at last intercourse was associated with union status, education, residence, and exposure to television in at least two thirds of the countries. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | YOUTH | MEN | CONDOM USE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Comparative Studies | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 329249 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Alcohol and illicit drug use and its influence on the sexual behavior of teenagers from Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Uso de alcool e drogas e sua influencia sobre as praticas sexuais de adolescentes de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Author: Bertoni N; Bastos FI; de Mello MV; Makuch MY; de Sousa MH; Osis MJ; Faundes A Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2009 Jun;25(6):1350-1360. Abstract: This article summarizes the findings of a survey of 5,981 students from public schools in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The analysis assessed the influence of drug use on sexual practices. Among the boys who stated having used illicit drugs and who were engaged in relationships with casual partners, 56% reported consistent condom use, as compared to 65% among those not reporting such habits. Among boys who reported illicit drug use and who were engaged in relationships with stable partners, consistent condom use was reported by 43%, versus 64% among those not reporting such habits. In the subgroup of boys engaged in stable relationships who did not report illicit drug use, consistent condom use was less frequent among those who used alcohol or cigarettes, compared to those who did not drink or smoke (61% versus 71%). Girls were less likely than boys to use condoms consistently, regardless of the nature of their relationships, without a noticeable influence of drug use. Policies to prevent drug abuse, sexually transmitted infections, and unplanned pregnancy should be fully integrated. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | RISK FACTORS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Health Document Number: 340175 |
| 10. Title: [Contraceptive compliance - why is contraceptive failure still so frequent?] Kontrazeptive Compliance - warum kommt es immer wieder zum Versagen der Author: Bitzer J Source: therapeutische Umschau. Revue therapeutique. 2009 Feb;66(2):137-43. Abstract: Contraceptive compliance is defined as the correct use (according to the method specific prescriptions given by a medical professional and/or in written form as patient information leaflet) of a contraceptive method. Non-compliance describes a mismatch between the real behaviour of a user and the correct or ideal behaviour. There are various indicators that in general contraceptive compliance is far from ideal. Many studies report a rate of unintended pregnancies of 50%, half of them terminating in abortion. The abortion rate remains high even in countries with availability of advanced contraceptive technology. Especially with hormonal contraception and barrier methods the gap between correct and real use is large. Discontinuation rates per year reach up to 50%. Reasons for Non Compliance are (a) Lack of motivation to prevent a pregnancy due to ambivalence regarding the wish for a child as well as sexual and relationship issues (b) Cognitive factors (False information, misconceptions, irrational fears) (c) Difficult or lacking access to contraceptive methods (d) Behavioral errors and mistakes (Forgetting, loosing etc.) and (e) Side effects of the methods used. Three strategies to improve compliance can be distinguished: (a) Improving counselling; (b) Developing contraceptive methods which demand a low level of compliant behaviour by the user; (c) Improving quality of life of users by minimizing the negative side effects and maximizing the non contraceptive health benefits. Language: German Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | USER COMPLIANCE | PRESCRIPTIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | QUALITY OF LIFE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 329568 |
| 11. Title: Emergency contraception, efficacy and public health impact. Author: Broekhuizen FF Source: Current Opinion In Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 May 30; Abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Emergency contraception in the past two decades had been proven to be effective and well tolerated. Counseling and advance provision and prescription of emergency contraception have been embraced by professional organizations in practice guidelines for its potential to reduce the number of unintended pregnancies and abortions. Has emergency contraception lived up to that promise? RECENT FINDINGS: Mifepristone (not available in the USA) is the agent of choice. Emergency contraception has not reduced the number of unintended pregnancies. Acceptance by healthcare providers and the public has not been optimal, and multiple financial and healthcare system barriers to use emergency contraception continue to exist. The public health impact of emergency contraception has been disappointing. SUMMARY: Although emergency contraception may continue to be an important component of contraceptive practice, only increased access to more effective methods of contraception will change unintended pregnancy rates. The use of mifepristone for emergency contraception in the USA must be considered. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | RU-486 | PUBLIC HEALTH | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Health Document Number: 341569 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Contraception in historical and global perspective. Author: Cleland J Source: Best Practice and Research. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2009 Apr;23(2):165-176. Abstract: This chapter describes the rise in contraceptive practice and fall in fertility from around 1880 to the present day. Two main phases are identified: the first confined to European populations and involving methods of low efficacy, and the second embracing the whole planet involving modern methods. Today, sub-Saharan Africa is the only region where low levels of contraceptive use and high fertility persist. Nevertheless, nearly half of pregnancies worldwide are still unintended, and much scope remains for improvement in contraceptive protection. The main international priority is Africa, where demographic factors jeopardize the goals of reducing poverty and hunger. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | SOCIAL MARKETING | POPULATION GROWTH | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Contraceptive Usage | Family Planning | Marketing | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 329659 |
| 13. Title: Meeting women's contraceptive needs in the Philippines. Author: Darroch JE; Singh S; Bal H; Cabigon JV Source: Issues In Brief. 2009;(1):1-8. Abstract: The ability to practice contraception is essential to protecting Filipino women's health and rights. Yet low levels of use have led to high levels of unintended pregnancy in the Philippines, for which women and society pay dearly-- in lives, family well-being and public funds. Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | NEEDS | CONTRACEPTION | WOMEN'S HEALTH | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341664 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Cohort comparison of two fertility awareness methods of family planning. Author: Fehring RJ; Schneider M; Barron ML; Raviele K Source: Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 2009 Mar;54(3):165-70. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine if an electronic hormonal fertility monitor aided method (EHFM) of family planning is more effective than a cervical mucus only method (CMM) in helping couples to avoid pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: Six hundred twenty-eight women were taught how to avoid pregnancy with either the EHFM (n=313) or the CMM (n = 315). Both methods involved standardized group teaching and individual follow-up. All pregnancies were reviewed and classified by health professionals. Correct use and total unintended pregnancy rates over 12 months of use were determined by survival analysis. Comparisons of unintended pregnancies between the 2 methods were made by use of the Fisher exact test. RESULTS: There were a total of 28 unintended pregnancies with the EFHM and 41 with the CMM. The 12-month correct use pregnancy rate of the monitor-aided method was 2.0%, and the total pregnancy rate was 12.0%. In comparison, the 12-month correct use pregnancy rate of the CMM was 3.0%, and the total pregnancy rate was 23.0%. There was a significant difference in total pregnancies between the 2 groups (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: EFHM is more effective than CMM. Further research is needed to verify the results. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING | FERTILITY | NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Reproductive Behavior | Diseases | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331019 |
| 15. Title: Should healthcare professionals be advocating long-acting reversible contraception? [editorial] Author: Glasier A Source: Women's Health. 2009 Jan;5(1):1-4. Abstract: The author comments on the reasons healthcare professionals should advocate long-acting reversible contraception (LARC). The three issues discussed are: cost--some providers and program managers find long-acting methods expensive; coercion--excessive enthusiasm for any method of contraception may risk potential users being pressured or coerced into using it; and STIs--some argue that increasing the use of LARC will decrease the use of condoms and so will put more people at risk of STIs. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTION | PROMOTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Marketing | Economic Factors | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 330873 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Interaction of contraceptive antimicrobial peptide nisin with target cell membranes: implications for use as vaginal microbicide. Author: Gupta SM; Aranha CC; Bellare JR; Reddy KV Source: Contraception. 2009 Sep;80(3):299-307. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Nisin, a naturally occurring antimicrobial peptide (AMP), is currently the focus of clinical trials as an intravaginal microbicide. Therefore its mechanism of interaction with various cell membranes was studied. STUDY DESIGN: Flow cytometry was used for quantitative estimation of membrane damage by nisin which was further determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Affinity of nisin for different unilamellar liposome vesicles was determined spectroflurometrically and confirmed using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). RESULTS: Propidium iodide (PI) staining by flow cytometry exhibited selective membrane permeabilizing effect of nisin on sperm and bacterial membranes which correlated with ultrastructural changes. In vitro interaction of nisin with liposome model vesicles revealed significant leakage of calcein from liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylglycerol (POPC/POPG) (e.g., bacteria) and phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylserine (POPC/POPS) (e.g., spermatozoa) as compared to phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine (POPC/POPE) vesicles (e.g., red blood corpuscles). LSCM results were in complete agreement with cell membrane affinity studies. CONCLUSION: This unique property of nisin can be exploited in the development of a safe and effective vaginal microbicide for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (STIs/AIDS) and unplanned pregnancies. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | CLINICAL TRIALS | LABORATORY ANIMALS | SPERMATOZOA | IN VITRO | MICROBICIDES | AIDS PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Germ Cells | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342572 |
| 17. Title: Domestic violence against women during pregnancy: the case of Palestinian refugees attending an antenatal clinic in Lebanon. Author: Hammoury N; Khawaja M; Mahfoud Z; Afifi RA; Madi H Source: Journal of Women's Health. 2009 Mar;18(3):337-45. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine the factors associated with domestic violence against pregnant Palestinian refugee women residing in Lebanon and currently using the United Nation Relief and Work Agency's (UNRWA) primary healthcare services. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at a polyclinic of primary healthcare of the UNRWA in South Lebanon during the years 2005-2006. The sample was 351 pregnant women who were 15-42 years of age and not accompanied by their husbands or relatives. All women were invited by the midwife to participate in the study during their visit to the clinic for their first checkup or during a follow-up visit. The Abuse Assessment Screen instrument was used to screen for past and recent history of physical and emotional abuse among the participants. RESULTS: Domestic violence was significantly associated with education, gestational age, fear of husband or someone else in the house, and unintended pregnancy. The odds of abuse for women with an elementary or lower education were 6.86 (95% CI 1.2-38.1) and for women with an intermediate or secondary education 6.84 (95% CI 1.4-33.3) compared with women with a university education. The odds of abuse during pregnancy for women whose husbands did not desire their pregnancy were 3.80 (95% CI 1.5-9.7) compared with other women. CONCLUSIONS: Domestic violence against women in Lebanon was associated with educational level, gestational age, fear of husband or someone else in the house, and unintended pregnancy. Language: English Keywords: LEBANON | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | PREGNANT WOMEN | REFUGEES | ANTENATAL CARE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PHYSICAL ABUSE | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | FEAR | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | Middle East | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Violence | Behavior | Diseases | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Emotions | Psychological Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility Document Number: 341353 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Change in contraceptive methods following the Yogyakarta earthquake and its association with the prevalence of unplanned pregnancy. Author: Hapsari ED; Widyawati; Nisman WA; Lusmilasari L; Siswishanto R; Matsuo H Source: Contraception. 2009 Apr;79(4):316-22. Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to examine access to contraception and change in contraceptive methods before and after the disaster in Bantul area, and to evaluate the prevalence of unplanned pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: In total, 450 married women participated. Questionnaires, which included participants' background, contraceptive methods, difficulties in accessing contraceptive method, and unplanned pregnancy, were completed. RESULTS: Within 1 year of the disaster, the percentage of participants who used injections and implants tended to decrease, while the percentage of participants who used pills tended to increase. Use of coitus interruptus significantly increased after the disaster. The prevalence of unplanned pregnancy was significantly higher in a group of participants who had difficulty accessing contraceptive methods compared to a group that did not. CONCLUSIONS: Health personnel should not only actively deliver contraceptive methods in a disaster situation but also educate couples to prevent unplanned pregnancy. Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | NATURAL DISASTERS | CHANGES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Measurement | Research Methodology | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Environment | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 330555 |
| 19. Title: Female college students' knowledge, perceptions, and use of emergency contraception. Author: Hickey MT Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing. 2009 Jul-Aug;38(4):399-405. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine female college students' knowledge, perceptions, and use of emergency contraception since its availability over-the-counter. DESIGN: Exploratory, descriptive survey design. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: A convenience sample of female college students between the ages of 18 and 24 in a private suburban university in the Mid-Atlantic region. RESULTS: Six hundred and nine students responded to the survey (22% response rate). Findings revealed that 15% of respondents indicated having been pregnant previously; 87% of those pregnancies were unplanned. Ninety-eight percent had heard of emergency contraception; however, nearly 40% were unsure if emergency contraception was the same as RU-486 (the abortion pill). Ninety-five percent of respondents knew that emergency contraception is available in the United States; 33% believed that a prescription was required. Perceived side effects were reported by 71%; 60% did not believe they could obtain emergency contraception. Twenty-eight percent reported previously using emergency contraception; 27% of these purchased it over-the-counter. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study indicated that women who are considered at risk for unintended pregnancies are not aware of the use, availability, and accessibility of an effective means of prevention. In addition, misconceptions regarding emergency contraception, such as its side effects, were also a significant finding. Based on these findings, education about emergency contraception is warranted, particularly in this at-risk population. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | STUDENTS | WOMEN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | UNIVERSITIES | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREVALENCE | KNOWLEDGE | PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | RU-486 | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Schools | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Measurement | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraceptive Agents | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 342145 |
| 20. Title: Contraceptive self-efficacy and contraceptive knowledge of Hong Kong Chinese women with unplanned pregnancy. Author: Ip WY; Sin LL; Chan DS Source: Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2009 Jul 8; Abstract: Aim and objectives. The purpose of this study was to explore contraceptive practice, the level of knowledge and self-efficacy of contraception among Chinese women with unplanned pregnancy and to determine the relationships between these variables. Background. The construct of self-efficacy can be employed as a theory to design a nursing intervention to prevent sexually active women from unplanned pregnancy. Only a few western studies have investigated the relationships between self-efficacy and contraception behaviour yet none targeted at the Chinese population. Design. Cross-sectional survey. Methods. This study employed a cross-sectional survey design. A convenience sample of 117 eligible Chinese females completed all the questionnaires, which included the Chinese version of the Contraceptive Self-efficacy Scale and Contraceptive Knowledge Scale. Results. The findings in this study suggested that younger, unmarried women at the lower income group, who adopted male condoms are at risk for unplanned pregnancy. The sample demonstrated an above medium level of knowledge and self-efficacy in contraception. However, no significant relationship was found between contraceptive self-efficacy and knowledge (p>0.05). Conclusions. Contraceptive obstacles were revealed by participants' moderate level of contraceptive self-efficacy and contraceptive knowledge. The relationship between contraceptive knowledge of specific methods and contraceptive self-efficacy need further exploration in future studies. Relevance to clinical practice. The dominant use of male condoms by the sample of this study sheds light on future direction in the development of educational programmes and contraceptive promotion strategies appropriate for women with unplanned pregnancy. Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | WOMEN | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONDOM USE | KNOWLEDGE | SELF-PERCEPTION | AGE FACTORS | MARITAL STATUS | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Perception | Psychological Factors | Population Characteristics | Nuptiality Document Number: 342217 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: The risk of unintended pregnancies in users of the contraceptive patch compared to users of oral contraceptives in the UK General Practice Research Database. Author: Jick SS; Hagberg KW; Kaye JA; Jick H Source: Contraception. 2009 Aug;80(2):142-51. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The transdermal contraceptive patch EVRA has been marketed since 2002 as an alternative to oral contraceptives (OCs), but large follow-up studies of effectiveness are lacking. STUDY DESIGN: We used a cohort plus a nested case-control study to estimate rates and hazard ratios of unintended pregnancy among users of different hormonal contraceptives (HC) and to evaluate the effects of various potential predictors on unintended pregnancy. RESULTS: Rates of unintended pregnancy were all low (overall rate 0.17 per 100 women-years), though they were slightly higher in users of progestogen-only OCs and EVRA compared to users of second-generation OCs. The hazard ratios for unintended pregnancy were also higher for users of progestogen-only OCs and the patch compared to users of second-generation OCs, although these estimates may be confounded by compliance. Rates of unintended pregnancy were inversely associated with age and duration of HC use as well as with other predictors of pregnancy but not body mass index or use of antibiotics. CONCLUSION: The rates of unintended pregnancy were low for all study HCs, and while the data on unintended pregnancy in EVRA users compared to OC users are sufficient to rule out major differences in the rate of unintended pregnancy, they are not sufficient to rule out modest ones. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | CONTROL GROUPS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS | QUESTIONNAIRES | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Data Storage and Retrieval | Information Processing | Information Document Number: 342306 |
| 22. Title: Why emergency contraception remains controversial [editorial] Author: Jones DA; Stammers T Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2009 Jan;102(1):5-7. Abstract: In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in the number of primary care trusts in the UK offering free provision of the emergency pill to girls under the age of 16. To date, there is no published evidence that these trusts have seen greater reductions in conception rates than areas without such provision. An editorial in the British Medical Journal cited ten studies worldwide showing that widespread availability of EC has made no appreciable difference to pregnancy or abortion rates. A subsequent US review of 23 studies from 10 countries again showed no significant differences in either unintended conception rates or abortion rates between women with increased availability of EC and control groups. In summary, while there is good scientific evidence that "emergency contraception can work (is efficacious), the experimental evidence that it does work (is effective) is disappointing." (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | SUMMARY REPORT | CRITIQUE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | ETHICS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 330066 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Trends in abortion in the United States. Author: Jones RK; Kost K; Singh S; Henshaw SK; Finer LB Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jun;52(2):119-29. Abstract: The US abortion rate peaked soon after 1973, remained fairly constant through the 1980s, and began a steady decline to 2005. A substantial drop in the abortion rates of teenagers and women ages 20 to 24 accounts for much of the decline from 1989 to 2004. All race and ethnic groups experienced declines in abortion rates over the past 30 years, but the rate of black, and to a lesser extent Hispanic, women remains higher than that of non-Hispanic whites. The number of abortion providers has declined in recent decades, but the introduction of early medical abortion may have slowed this trend. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | ETHNIC GROUPS | ABORTION | ABORTION RATE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 342252 Notification |
| 24. Title: Science, ideology, and the public good: the precarious state of emergency contraception in America [editorial] Author: Kauffman RP Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2009 Jan;102(1):3-4. Abstract: Prevention of unintended pregnancy is a universally desirable public health initiative. Current evidence overwhelmingly affirms the acceptability, safety, and efficacy of EC. Ultimately, political and healthcare systems charged to protect the public good must direct policy based on best scientific evidence rather than ideology. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | HISPANICS | WOMEN | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Diseases Document Number: 330065 |
| 25. Title: Usage of emergency contraception between medical related and non-medical related students. Author: Khalid AK; Abd Halim H; Kenny L Source: Irish Medical Journal. 2009 Apr;102(4):104-8. Abstract: Teenagers and young adultshave the most risk of unplanned pregnancy, due to lack of awareness to see a family planning provider after unprotected sexual intercourse. In addition, nearly one in five physicians is reluctant to provide information regarding Emergency Contraception (EC) to women and this may contribute to their lack of awareness. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the use of EC between medical related students compared to non-medical related students. Data collection was done using questionnaires distributed among students in University College Cork (UCC). 93% of medically related students were aware of EC compared to only 73.5% of non-medically related students. Medical related students also were more aware about the mechanism of action and detailed knowledge of EC compared to the non-medical students. This study has proven that medically related students have more detailed knowledge regarding EC compared to non-medical related students. However, there was no significant difference noted regarding the attitude and practice between the two groups. Language: English Keywords: IRELAND | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | MEDICAL STUDENTS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | KNOWLEDGE | AWARENESS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Students | Education | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341715 |
| 26. Title: The role of nursing in the management of unintended pregnancy. Author: Levi AJ; Simmonds KE; Taylor D Source: Nursing Clinics of North America. 2009 Sep;44(3):301-14. Abstract: This article explores the role of nurses in the prevention, management, and treatment of unintended pregnancy. All nurses have a responsibility to understand the importance of reproductive health care in the primary care of women and their families, and to be prepared to respond to patients' needs for the prevention and management of unintended pregnancy. A public health framework provides an opportunity to identify the role of the nurse in primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies that can contribute to the management of unintended pregnancy for the health of women and their families. Nursing education and the role of nurses in advocacy for reproductive health concerns are also addressed. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | NURSES AND NURSING | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | ABORTION | COUNSELING | PREGNANCY TESTS | HEALTH EDUCATION | ADVOCACY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Services | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Laboratory Procedures | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Education | Communication Document Number: 342606 Notification |
| 27. Title: With woman: midwifery care of women with unintended pregnancies [editorial] Author: Likis FE Source: Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health. 2009 Jan-Feb;54(1):1-3. Abstract: Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | POSTABORTION CARE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services Document Number: 330013 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Health insurance coverage and prescription contraceptive use among young women at risk for unintended pregnancy. Author: Nearns J Source: Contraception. 2009 Feb;79(2):105-10. Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study investigates the relationships between health insurance coverage and prescription contraceptive use among women 18-24 years of age at risk for unintended pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: Data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth were analyzed. The sample comprised 1049 women 18-24 years of age at risk for unintended pregnancy. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the likelihood of prescription contraceptive use (1) between uninsured women versus ones with private insurance, Medicaid or another form of government insurance and (2) between those who had consistent versus inconsistent insurance coverage, after adjusting for a range of sociodemographic and sexual health factors. RESULTS: Twenty percent of the participants were uninsured and over 30% had inconsistent coverage. Only 55% were currently using prescription contraceptives. In multivariate analyses, young women with private insurance or Medicaid were more likely than the uninsured to use prescription contraceptives. No significant differences in prescription contraceptive use were found between other forms of government insurance and uninsurance or between consistent and inconsistent coverage. CONCLUSIONS: Access to comprehensive health insurance should be considered one strategy to address the high rates of unintended pregnancy among this vulnerable population. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | YOUTH | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTION | HEALTH INSURANCE | PRESCRIPTIONS | FEES | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Planning | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Biology Document Number: 329612 |
| 29. Title: High rate of unintended pregnancy among pregnant women in a maternity hospital in Cordoba, Argentina: a pilot study. Author: Palena C; Bahamondes MV; Schenk V; Bahamondes L; Fernandez-Funes J Source: Reproductive Health. 2009 Jul 20;6(1):11. Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Although Argentina has a new law of Reproductive Health, many barriers continue existing to the provision of contraceptive methods at public healthcare facilities. Methods: This exploratory, descriptive pilot study evaluated 212 pregnant women selected at random at the Maternity and Neonatal Hospital, Cordoba, Argentina, who completed a structured questionnaire. The objectives were to determine the rate of unintended pregnancies, reasons for not using contraception, past history of contraceptive use, and intended future use. Results: Two hundred women responded the questionnaire. Forty percent of the participants stated that they had never used contraception and pregnancy was declared unintended by 65% of the interviewed women. In the unintended pregnancy group, almost 50% of women said that they had not been using a contraceptive method because they were "unaware about contraception", and 25% stated that their contraceptive method had failed. Almost 85% of the women stated that they intended to use a contraceptive method after delivery. Conclusions: Approximately two-thirds of all pregnancies in this sample were unintended. Although the data is limited by the small sample size, our findings suggest that government needs to invest in counseling and in improving the availability and access to contraceptive methods. Language: English Keywords: ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | QUESTIONNAIRES | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | LEGISLATION | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 342283 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Characteristics of women who sought emergency contraception at a university-based women's health clinic. Author: Parrish JW; Katz AR; Grove JS; Maddock J; Myhre S Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 May 7;201 Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify unique characteristics for seeking emergency contraception (EC) among sexually active unmarried women who attended a university-based women's health clinic (WHC). STUDY DESIGN: Three hundred nine consecutive women who attended the women's health clinic for 3 months of the 2006 spring semester completed an anonymous self-administered questionnaire. Fisher exact and the Student t tests were used to assess bivariate associations, and step-wise regression was used to determine independent associations. RESULTS: Women who requested EC were more likely to have previously used EC (P < .001), to have had unprotected sex in the past 6 months (P < .001), to have experienced an unintended pregnancy in the past year (P = .009), and to perceive the need for EC use in the next 3 months (P < .001) but were less likely to use hormonal contraception or an intrauterine device (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Our findings support the need for increased education that wouldinclude the use of and access to effective primary contraceptive methods in conjunction with EC awareness. Language: English Keywords: HAWAII | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN | STUDENTS | UNMARRIED | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | UNIVERSITIES | CONTRACEPTIVE HISTORY | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PERCEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | IUD | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Contraception | Family Planning | Schools | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 341146 |
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