1.  Title: Vasectomy reversal: a seven-year experience. Author: Busato WF Jr Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2009;82(2):170-4. Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Since the demand for vasectomy reversal is increasing and many populations in Brazil and other countries show distinct characteristics, this study was carried out as an effort to determine factors and characteristics associated with the success rate of reversal in a population in Southern Brazil. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed 29 cases of vasectomy reversal performed over a 7-year period using the single-layer technique under microscopic magnification. RESULTS: Mean patency, pregnancy, and birth rates were 75, 41.7 and 29%, respectively. The patency and pregnancy rates were 92.3 and 38.5%, respectively, for time intervals since vasectomy <10 years and 63.6 and 45.4%, respectively, for intervals >10 years. Patency and pregnancy rates were 87.5 and 50%, respectively, for patients who had their vasectomy performed by a urologist, and 50 and 25%, respectively, for those who had their vasectomy performed by a generalist surgeon (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: High patency and pregnancy rates are associated with time intervals since vasectomy of <10 years and vasectomies performed by urologists. There was no significant difference in the anastomosis time between the first 12 procedures and the next 12 procedures. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MEN | VASECTOMY | STERILIZATION REVERSAL | PREGNANCY RATE | BIRTH RATE | TIME FACTORS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Reversible Sterilization | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 331231 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Rate of pregnancy after using drospirenone and other progestin-containing oral contraceptives. Author: Cronin M; Schellschmidt I; Dinger J Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Sep;114(3):616-22. Abstract: OBJECTIVES:: To determine whether prior oral-contraceptive use has a negative effect on the ability of women to conceive in both the short-term and long-term. METHODS:: The European Active Surveillance Study on Oral Contraceptives (EURAS-OC) was a controlled, prospective, noninterventional cohort study of 59,510 users of oral contraceptives containing drospirenone or other progestins in clinical practice in seven European countries. In a planned secondary analysis, pregnancy outcomes were investigated in 2,064 participants in EURAS-OC who stopped oral-contraceptive use after study entry because of planned pregnancy. The influence of age, parity, progestin type, ethinylestradiol dose, duration of oral-contraceptive use, and smoking status on the rate of pregnancy was assessed. RESULTS:: Overall, 21.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 19.4-23.0%) of the past oral-contraceptive users were pregnant one cycle after oral-contraceptive cessation. This rate increased to 79.4% (95% CI 77.6-81.1%) at 1 year (13 cycles). Progestin type, ethinylestradiol dose, duration of oral-contraceptive use, and parity had no major influence on the rate of pregnancy after oral-contraceptive cessation. Up to age 35 years, age had only a minor influence on the rate of pregnancy. Rates of pregnancy were reduced in women older than 35 years and in current smokers. CONCLUSION:: Previous oral-contraceptive use does not negatively affect initial and 1-year rates of pregnancy after oral-contraceptive cessation. A comparison of these data with data external to this study indicates that the negative effect of aging on fecundity is not amplified by oral-contraceptive use. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:: II. Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | LOW-DOSE PROGESTINS | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | PREGNANCY RATE | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 342570 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Intrauterine devices for adolescents: a systematic review. Author: Deans EI; Grimes DA Source: Contraception. 2009 Jun;79(6):418-23. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The appropriateness of IUDs for adolescents remains unsettled, as does the definition of the term adolescent. Unplanned pregnancy among teenagers remains epidemic, and long-acting methods, such as IUDs, offer the promise of top-tier effectiveness. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a systematic review of the literature concerning IUD use in adolescents using MEDLINE, Popline, EMBASE and CINAHL databases. RESULTS: Six cohort studies and seven case-series reports met our inclusion criteria; none included IUDs in current use in the United States. Overall, continuation rates were high and cumulative pregnancy rates low, ranging from 2% at 6 months to 11% at 48 months. Compared with combined oral contraceptives, IUDs had similar or better continuation rates; pregnancy rates were similar at 2 years. IUD expulsion rates may be inversely related to age. CONCLUSIONS: The literature on IUD use among adolescents is scanty and obsolete. Nevertheless, published reports were generally reassuring. Randomized controlled trials and cohort studies comparing contemporary IUDs with other methods are urgently needed. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | CONTRACEPTION | IUD | PREGNANCY RATE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Usage Document Number: 342601 |
| 4. Title: Studies of assisted reproduction techniques (ART) for HIV-1-discordant couples using washed sperm and the nested PCR method: a comparison of the pregnancy rates in HIV-1-discordant couples and control couples. Author: Kashima K; Takakuwa K; Suzuki M; Makino M; Kaneko S; Kato S; Hanabusa H; Tanaka K Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009 May;62(3):173-6. Abstract: In this study, the efficacy and safety of assisted reproduction techniques with the sperm-washing method and nested PCR assay were evaluated in HIV-1-discordant couples, as many HIV-1-positive people of reproductive age are getting married and wish to have children safely. Twenty-seven HIV-1-discordant couples (husband, positive; wife, negative) were enrolled in this study. The spermatozoa were separated from semen samples by density gradient centrifugation and the swim-up method. HIV-1 RNA and proviral DNA were checked using nested PCR with a detection limit of one copy before fertilization and before embryo transfer. Clinical outcomes were compared with those of matched control couples. Thirty-eight cycles of in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection were performed in HIV-1-discordant couples, where the pregnancy rates per embryo transfer and per couple were 60.6 and 63.0%, respectively. These rates were significantly higher than those in control couples (P<0.05). Furthermore, all of the females and babies remained HIV-1 negative throughout the study period. Our data strongly suggest that this technique will allow HIV-1-discordant couples to conceive more safely and effectively. Language: English Keywords: JAPAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | COUPLES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | SAFETY | HIV INFECTIONS | SPERMATOZOA | SEMEN | EMBRYO TRANSFER | IN VITRO | PREGNANCY RATE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproduction | Public Health | Health | Germ Cells | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Clinical Research | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 342657 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Rates of follow-up and repeat pregnancy in the 12 months after first-trimester induced abortion. Author: Madden T; Westhoff C Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Mar;113(3):663-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate the proportion of women who returned for a routine follow-up visit after elective abortion and to identify factors associated with repeat pregnancy in the subsequent year. METHODS: We performed a historical cohort study of 865 women who underwent first-trimester surgical abortion at a hospital-based family planning clinic between March 2003 and February 2004. We collected demographic and clinical data from procedure notes and a computerized hospital patient database. We used univariable and multivariable logistic regression to analyze associations between patient characteristics and repeat pregnancy within 1 year. RESULTS: There were a total of 865 women in our cohort. Of these, 753 (87%) returned to the medical center for care; 485 women returned on time, 268 women returned late, and 112 had no further visit. There were 161 repeat pregnancies; 87 (17.9%) in the on-time group and 74 (27.6%) in the late group (P<.001). There were 85 repeat abortions; 42 (8.7%) in the on-time group and 43 (16.0%) in the late group (P<.001). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that on-time follow-up was associated with a reduction in repeat pregnancy (odds ratio [OR] 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37-0.77) and repeat abortion (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.33-0.86). A total of 130 women received injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) at the time of abortion. The rates of repeat pregnancy and abortion in these women were 13.7% and 6.2%, respectively. Women who received DMPA had a decrease in rates of repeat pregnancy (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.23-0.73) and repeat abortion (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.20-0.99). CONCLUSION: Timely follow-up and immediate administration of DMPA are associated with a decrease in repeat pregnancy in the 12 months after first-trimester elective abortion. Language: English Keywords: NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COHORT ANALYSIS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | POSTABORTION CARE | TIME FACTORS | PREGNANCY RATE | DEPO-PROVERA | POSTABORTAL PROGRAMS | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Dynamics | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Planning Programs Document Number: 331068 |
| 6. Title: Fertility awareness-based methods: another option for family planning. Author: Pallone SR; Bergus GR Source: Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 2009 Mar-Apr;22(2):147-57. Abstract: Modern fertility awareness-based methods (FABMs) of family planning have been offered as alternative methods of family planning. Billings Ovulation Method, the Creighton Model, and the Symptothermal Method are the more widely used FABMs and can be more narrowly defined as natural family planning. The first 2 methods are based on the examination of cervical secretions to assess fertility. The Symptothermal Method combines characteristics of cervical secretions, basal body temperature, and historical cycle data to determine fertility. FABMs also include the more recently developed Standard Days Method and TwoDays Method. All are distinct from the more traditional rhythm and basal body temperature methods alone. Although these older methods are not highly effective, modern FABMs have typical-use unintended pregnancy rates of 1% to 3% in both industrialized and nonindustrialized nations. Studies suggest that in the United States physician knowledge of FABMs is frequently incomplete. We review the available evidence about the effectiveness for preventing unintended pregnancy, prognostic social demographics of users of the methods, and social outcomes related to FABMs, all of which suggest that family physicians can offer modern FABMs as effective means of family planning. We also provide suggestions about useful educational and instructional resources for family physicians and their patients. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | PREGNANCY RATE | FERTILITY | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | AWARENESS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Reproductive Behavior | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Measurements | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases Document Number: 330464 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: [Frequency and characteristics of induced abortion among married and single women in São Paulo, Brazil] Aborto provocado: sua dimensão e características entre mulheres solteiras e casadas da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Author: Silva RD; Vieira EM Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2009 Jan;25(1):179-187. Abstract: This article presents the results of a study in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, aimed at estimating the frequency of induced abortion among women 15 to 49 years of age. The objective was to characterize the occurrence of induced abortion by comparing the ideal number of children, age, and contraceptive use between married and single women. Based on random sampling, 1,749 interviews were held, including 764 married women, 658 single women, and 327 with other marital status. The analysis included: mean number of abortions per woman by analysis of variance and proportions of abortions and pregnancy, using the chi-square test. The mean abortion rate for married women (45 per thousand) did not differ statistically from that of single women. However, the pregnancy rate was much lower in single women, and when single women became pregnant they used abortion more frequently; while fewer than 2% of pregnancies in married women ended in induced abortions, among single women the abortion rate exceeded 18%. Therefore, the priority in the reproductive health field should be to invest in the supply and dissemination of appropriate contraceptive methods for women's early sexually active life. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | CURRENTLY MARRIED | ONE PARENT FAMILY | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | ABORTION | PREGNANCY RATE | NEEDS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors Document Number: 341873 Notification |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: [Objective and perceived knowledge of oral contraceptive methods among adolescent mothers] Conhecimento objetivo e percebido sobre contraceptivos hormonais orais entre Author: Sousa MC; Gomes KR Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2009 Mar;25(3):645-54. Abstract: The high rate of early pregnancy in Brazil and particularly in Teresina (21.5%), Piaui State, motivated the current study, the aim of which was to identify levels of objective and perceived knowledge on oral contraceptives, as well as predictive reproductive and socio-demographic variables for high knowledge. A cross-sectional study was performed including 278 teenage mothers (15-19 years), with their childbearing history, admitted to four maternity hospitals in Teresina in 2006. Logistic regression provided the basis for the statistical analysis. Nearly 98% of the adolescent mothers showed low objective and perceived knowledge of oral contraceptives. High parity was the only predictor of increased objective knowledge on oral contraceptives. The adolescents' low level of objective and perceived knowledge on use of oral contraceptives emphasized their susceptibility to risky sexual behavior. The findings emphasize the need for a more interactive approach with adolescents concerning their level of objective and perceived knowledge, to reduce the occurrence and repetition of unwanted teenage pregnancy and its negative consequences for the lives of these young mothers and their children. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MOTHERS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | PREGNANCY RATE | KNOWLEDGE | PARITY | PERCEPTION | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 330736 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Frequency and characteristics of induced abortion among married and single women in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Author: Souza e Silva R; Vieira EM Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica. 2009 Jan;25(1):179-87. Abstract: This article presents the results of a study in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil, aimed at estimating the frequency of induced abortion among women 15 to 49 years of age. The objective was to characterize the occurrence of induced abortion by comparing the ideal number of children, age, and contraceptive use between married and single women. Based on random sampling, 1,749 interviews were held, including 764 married women, 658 single women, and 327 with other marital status. The analysis included: mean number of abortions per woman by analysis of variance and proportions of abortions and pregnancy, using the chi-square test. The mean abortion rate for married women (45 per thousand) did not differ statistically from that of single women. However, the pregnancy rate was much lower in single women, and when single women became pregnant they used abortion more frequently; while fewer than 2% of pregnancies in married women ended in induced abortions, among single women the abortion rate exceeded 18%. Therefore, the priority in the reproductive health field should be to invest in the supply and dissemination of appropriate contraceptive methods for women's early sexually active life. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADULTS | WOMEN | ABORTION RATE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CONTRACEPTION | MARITAL STATUS | PREGNANCY RATE | NEEDS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Health | Nuptiality | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors Document Number: 342615 Notification |
| 10. Title: Contraceptive use among adolescent Latinas living in the United States: the impact of culture and acculturation. Author: Sterling SP; Sadler LS Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care. 2009 Jan-Feb;23(1):19-28. Abstract: Although adolescent pregnancies have declined steadily during the past decade, Latina adolescents continue to have disproportionately high pregnancy rates. For nurse practitioners to effectively counsel this group of women concerning contraceptive use and sexual health, a basic understanding of the unique sociocultural factors influencing Latina adolescents' sexual activity is important. This article reviews recent literature concerning the effects of culture, acculturation, language, and significant relationships on Latina sexual behavior to provide recommendations for clinicians working with Latina adolescents in the primary care setting. Areas in need of further research are identified. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | HISPANICS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY RATE | ACCULTURATION | CULTURE | ABORTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Measurements | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Behavior | Religion Document Number: 342626 Notification |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Attitude and behavior effects in a randomized trial of increased access to emergency contraception. Author: Weaver MA; Raymond EG; Baecher L Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jan;113(1):107-16. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of providing unrestricted access to emergency contraception in advance of need on various psychosocial outcomes and pregnancy. METHODS: In the trial, women were randomly assigned to either increased access to emergency contraception (two free packs at enrollment with unlimited free resupply) or standard access. Participants were evaluated for 1 year for pregnancy and other outcomes. Psychosocial data were collected at enrollment and at 6 and 12 months. We applied exploratory factor analysis for data reduction. We compared the resulting psychosocial factors (including factors related to "aversion to pregnancy" and to the perceived "relative benefit" and "accessibility" of emergency contraception), two items directly assessing substitution, and pregnancy between randomization groups over time. RESULTS: On average, women in the increased access group had significantly stronger perceptions of both the "relative benefit" and "accessibility" of emergency contraception (P<.001 for each). Women in the increased access group were significantly more likely to report that they had ever used emergency contraception because they did not want to use either condoms or another contraceptive method (P<.001). Regarding pregnancy, we noted a significant interaction between randomization group and "aversion to pregnancy" (P=.010): among the least "averse" women, increased access had a protective effect (hazard ratio 0.64, 95% confidence interval 0.39-1.04); among the most "averse" women, increased access had a deleterious effect (hazard ratio 1.73, 95% confidence interval 1.01-2.98). CONCLUSION: As a result of having unrestricted access, some women substituted emergency contraception for their usual contraceptive methods. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT00060463 LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: I. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CLINICAL TRIALS | FACTOR ANALYSIS | WOMEN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | PERCEPTION | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PREGNANCY RATE | ATTITUDES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 330375 |
12.  Title: Long-term use of Standard Days method: Experience of operations research study participants. Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Feb. [22] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00) Abstract: This long-term follow-up (LTFU) study sought to learn more about Standard Days Method® (SDM) use beyond the six or 12 month follow-up period of a series of 14 operations research (OR) studies in six countries. The LTFU study followed participants of OR studies in Benin, Ecuador, Honduras, and two sites in India for up to 24 additional months to determine long-term continuation and effectiveness patterns, reasons for discontinuation, and whether women use the SDM to achieve pregnancy if their fertility intentions change. The 1,183 participants represented wide variability in geographic location, service delivery mode, age, parity, education level and ever use of contraception. Significant loss to follow-up at the point of transition between the OR and LTFU studies and the retrospective nature of the LTFU questions were taken into consideration in data analysis. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BENIN | ECUADOR | HONDURAS | INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | PREGNANCY RATE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Central America | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Contraceptive Usage | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 327647 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: The Regai Dzive Shiri Project: a cluster randomised controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of a multi-component community-based HIV prevention intervention for rural youth in Zimbabwe--study design and baseline results. Author: Cowan FM; Pascoe SJ; Langhaug LF; Dirawo J; Chidiya S; Jaffar S; Mbizvo M; Stephenson JM; Johnson AM; Power RM; Woelk G; Hayes RJ Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008 Oct;13(10):1235-44. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of a community-based HIV prevention intervention for adolescents in terms of its impact on (1) HIV and Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) incidence and on rates of unintended pregnancy and (2) reported sexual behaviour, knowledge and attitudes. METHODS: Cluster randomised trial of a multi-component HIV prevention intervention for adolescents based in rural Zimbabwe. Thirty communities were selected and randomised in 2003 to early or deferred intervention implementation. A baseline bio-behavioural survey was conducted among 6791 secondary school pupils (86% of eligibles) prior to intervention implementation. RESULTS: Baseline prevalences were 0.8% (95% CI: 0.6-1.0) for HIV and 0.2% (95% CI: 0.1-0.3%) for HSV-2. Four girls (0.12%) were pregnant. There was excellent balance between study arms. Orphans who made up 35% of the cohort were at increased risk of HIV [age-sex adjusted odds ratio 3.4 (95% CI: 1.7-6.5)]. 11.9% of young men and 2.9% of young women reported that they were sexually active (P < 0.001); however, there were inconsistencies in the sexual behaviour data. Girls were less likely to know about reproductive health issues than boys (P < 0.001) and were less likely to have used and to be able to access condoms (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This is one of the first rigorous evaluations of a community-based HIV prevention intervention for young people in southern Africa. The low rates of HIV suggest that the intervention was started before this population became sexually active. Inconsistency and under-reporting of sexual behaviour re-emphasise the importance of using externally validated measures of sexual risk reduction in behavioural intervention studies. Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | BASELINE SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | RURAL POPULATION | HIV PREVENTION | STUDY DESIGN | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | HERPES GENITALIS | PREGNANCY RATE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Reproductive Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 329191 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Pregnancy after caesarean section: Fewer or later? Author: Eijsink JJ; van der Leeuw-Harmsen L; van der Linden PJ Source: Human Reproduction. 2008;23(3):543-547. Abstract: It is unclear whether having a Caesarean section results in fewer subsequent pregnancies with longer intervals between pregnancies, an effect which may impact on the reproductive performance of a population. Our aim was to determine the implications of a Caesarean section on the subsequent fecundity and interpregnancy interval. This is a cohort study. The obstetric follow-up of primiparous women who delivered by a Caesarean section of a singleton infant in breech presentation is compared with the follow-up of women who delivered vaginally of a singleton infant after a physiological, uncomplicated pregnancy. A total of 279 women delivered a singleton infant in breech presentation at term. From these women, 165 (59.1%) had a Caesarean section. In this group, 131 (79.4%) women had a subsequent pregnancy. In the reference group of 268 women who delivered vaginally, 208 (77.6%) became pregnant again. The median interval between birth of the first child and the beginning of the next pregnancy was 20 months for the Caesarean section group and 18 months for the reference group. No significant difference in interpregnancy interval between the different groups was found. Women who delivered by Caesarean section at term in their first pregnancy do not have fewer second pregnancies compared with women who delivered vaginally. The interpregnancy interval between first and second pregnancy was not prolonged. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | CESAREAN SECTION | PREGNANCY INTERVALS | FECUNDITY | PREGNANCY RATE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Obstetrical Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Reproduction Document Number: 324960 |
| 15. Title: Unintended pregnancies remain high in Jordan. Author: Jurdi R Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2008 Sep. 5 p. (MENA Working Paper Series) Abstract: Every pregnancy should be intended and wanted, according to the Jordanian government's policies and international agreements related to family planning and reproductive health. However, one in three pregnancies in Jordan is unintended--either mistimed or unwanted. Policies and programs that reduce unintended pregnancies are justified on health and human rights grounds, and they can help Jordan achieve its population and development goals. This research paper intends to help policymakers and program managers in Jordan understand the extent and nature of unintended pregnancies and their implications for women and their families. A better understanding of unintended pregnancies and their causes will enable decisionmakers to remove obstacles that prevent families from having their desired number of children. Language: English Keywords: JORDAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | RECOMMENDATIONS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | POPULATION POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | FERTILITY DECLINE | BIRTH SPACING | PREGNANCY RATE | Developing Countries | Middle East | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Fertility Changes | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 323151 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Maternal versus paternal orphans and HIV / STI risk among adolescent girls in Zimbabwe. Author: Kang M; Dunbar M; Laver S; Padian N Source: AIDS Care. 2008 Feb;20(2):221-224. Abstract: The AIDS epidemic has contributed to a drastic increase in the number of orphans in Zimbabwe. Orphans (whether orphaned by AIDS or other causes) have been shown to have economic and educational disadvantages as well as poor reproductive health outcomes. We recruited a convenience sample of 200 girls in a peri-urban area of Zimbabwe to examine the impact of orphan status (compared to non-orphans) on household composition, education, risk behaviour, pregnancy and prevalent HIV and HSV-2 infection. In our population, maternal orphans were more likely to be in households headed by themselves or a sibling, to be sexually active, to have had an STI, to have been pregnant and to be infected with HIV. Paternal orphans were more likely to have ever been homeless and to be out of school. Our findings suggest that maternal care and support is important for HIV prevention. This finding corroborates previous research in Zimbabwe and has implications for intervention strategies among orphan girls. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | HIV TRANSMISSION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | RISK BEHAVIOR | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | PREGNANCY RATE | SEX FACTORS | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Behavior | Family Characteristics | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Measurement Document Number: 324771 |
| 17. Title: Strategies for communicating contraceptive effectiveness. (Review) Author: Lopez LM; Steiner MJ; Grimes DA; Schulz KF Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008 Apr 23;(2):1-41. ID:CD006964 Abstract: Knowledge of contraceptive effectiveness is crucial to making an informed choice. The consumer has to comprehend the pros and cons of the contraceptive methods being considered. Choice may be influenced by understanding the likelihood of pregnancy with each method and factors that influence effectiveness. The objective of this study was to review all randomized controlled trials comparing strategies for communicating to consumers the effectiveness of contraceptives in preventing pregnancy. The authors searched the computerized databases MEDLINE, POPLINE, CENTRAL, PsycINFO, and EMBASE for studies of communicating contraceptive effectiveness. We also examined references lists of relevant articles, and wrote to known investigators for information about other published or unpublished trials. We included randomized controlled trials that compared methods for communicating contraceptive effectiveness to consumers. The comparison could be usual practice or an alternative to the experimental intervention. Data were abstracted by two authors and entered into RevMan. For dichotomous variables, the Peto odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated. For continuous variables, the weighted mean difference (WMD) was computed. Five trials met the inclusion criteria. In one study, knowledge gain favored a slide-and-sound presentation versus a physician's oral presentation (WMD -19.00; 95% CI -27.52 to -10.48). Another trial showed a table with effectiveness categories led to more correct answers than one based on numbers [ORs were 2.42 (95% CI 1.43 to 4.12) and 2.19 (95% CI 1.21 to 3.97)] or a table with categories and numbers [ORs were 2.58 (95% CI 1.5 to 4.42) and 2.03 (95% CI 1.13 to 3.64)]. One trial examined contraceptive choice: women in the expanded program were more likely to choose sterilization (OR 4.26; 95% CI 2.46 to 7.37) or use a modern contraceptive method (OR 2.35; 95% CI 1.82 to 3.03). No trial had an explicit theoretical base, but each used concepts from common theories or models.We have limited evidence about what works to help consumers choose an appropriate contraceptive method. For presenting pregnancy risk data, one trial showed that categories were better than numbers. In another trial, audiovisual aids worked better than the usual oral presentation. Strategies for communicating information should be examined in clinical settings and assessed for effect on contraceptive choice and retention of knowledge. To expand the knowledge base of what works in contraceptive counseling, randomized trials could intentionally use and test theories or models. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL TRIALS | THEORETICAL MODELS | COUPLES | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | DECISION MAKING | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | PREGNANCY RATE | AUDIOVISUAL AIDS | CLINIC VISITS | KNOWLEDGE | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Educational Methods | Educational Activities | Education | Service Statistics | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 323111 |
| 18. Title: Abortion costs, sexual behavior, and pregnancy rates. Author: Medoff MH Source: Social Science Journal. 2008;:[17] p. Abstract: This paper empirically examines the question: Do the direct (price) and indirect (restrictive abortion laws) costs of obtaining an abortion have an impact on the likelihood of women becoming pregnant? Using the economic model of fertility control, the empirical results find that increases in the real price of obtaining an abortion cause a statistically and numerically significant decrease in the pregnancy rate of all women of childbearing age (15-44 years) and teens (ages 15-19). A state parental involvement law is also found to decrease the pregnancy rate of all women of childbearing age and an even numerically larger decrease for teens. A state Medicaid funding restriction of abortion, waiting period law, and mandatory counseling law do not have a statistically significant impact on the pregnancy rate of either group. Taken together the empirical results are consistent with the hypothesis that women's sexual behavior is influenced by the direct and indirect cost of obtaining an abortion. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ABORTION | ABORTION LAW | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | PREGNANCY RATE | SEX BEHAVIOR | FEES | IMPACT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Measurements | Behavior | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Communication Document Number: 324825 Notification |
| 19. Title: Preventing repeat pregnancy in adolescents. Author: Milne D; Glasier A Source: Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2008 Oct;20(5):442-6. Abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Teenage pregnancy is on a decline, but there are wide inequalities in those who are still becoming pregnant at an early age. Teenage pregnancy remains a public health concern. Numbers of repeat pregnancy in adolescence are small but contribute to poor health outcomes for young women and their children. RECENT FINDINGS: A number of studies have demonstrated the impact that low levels of educational attainment, lack of aspiration, low socioeconomic status, dislike of school, lack of family connectedness and poor parental monitoring can have on early sexual activity and, in some cases, pregnancy among adolescents. Risks for repeat pregnancy in adolescence would appear to be linked to whether the pregnancy was intended or not, and what incentives or motivations, if any, existed to prevent subsequent early pregnancies. SUMMARY: There would appear to be two options available to those who wish to reduce the negative health outcomes associated with repeat pregnancy in adolescence. First, to increase the life choices available to young women, which improve their social and economic circumstances. Secondly, to develop a clear understanding of pregnancy intentions within this group to ensure the provision of appropriate services which deliver the best possible outcomes for them and their child. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | PREGNANCY RATE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Measurements | Diseases Document Number: 329706 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Tailored intervention to increase dual-contraceptive method use: a randomized trial to reduce unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. Author: Peipert JF; Redding CA; Blume JD; Allsworth JE; Matteson KA Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2008 Jun;198(6):630.e1-630.e8. Abstract: The objective of the study was to determine whether a transtheoretical model-tailored expert system intervention increases dual-method contraceptive use, compared with a nontailored educational intervention. We performed a randomized clinical trial of 542 women at high risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancy. The intervention group received computer-based tailored feedback using a multimedia program. The control group received general contraceptive information and nontailored advice. Participants in the intervention group were more likely to report use of dual contraceptive methods during follow-up (adjusted hazard rate ratio 1.70, 95% confidence interval 1.09, 2.66), compared with controls. However, there were no differences in the rates of incident STI or unintended pregnancy between the 2 groups. The computer-based transtheoretical model-tailored intervention resulted in a 70% increase in reported dual-method contraceptive use in a group of women at high risk for STIs and unintended pregnancy. Inconsistent use of dual methods may explain the lack of effect on unintended pregnancy rates and incident STIs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | CLINICAL TRIALS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | SEX EDUCATION | DUAL PROTECTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREGNANCY RATE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Information Processing | Information | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 308643 |
| 21. Title: Laparoscopic surgery in polycystic ovary syndrome: Reproductive and metabolic effects. Author: Seow KM; Juan CC; Hwang JL; Ho LT Source: Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 2008 Jan;26(1):101-. Abstract: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of chronic anovulation. Clomiphene citrate (CC) is the first-line treatment for ovulation induction for infertile women with PCOS. In CC-resistant women, a particular surgical method, laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD), has been proposed in recent years as an alternative treatment. LOD produces overall spontaneous ovulation and pregnancy rates of 30 to 90% and 13 to 88%, respectively, for CC-resistant PCOS women. The mechanism of LOD is still unknown. The reduction of serum androgen level is believed to be the possible mechanism of LOD to improve spontaneous ovulation and promote fertility in women with PCOS. In addition, LOD may cause a significant reduction in serum luteinizing hormone and insulin levels. However, it should be kept in mind that postoperative adhesion is the most common adverse effect of LOD, and more punctures may be responsible for premature ovarian failure. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | ANOVULATION | OVARIAN CYSTS | SURGERY | TREATMENT | OVULATION | PREGNANCY RATE | METABOLIC EFFECTS | HORMONES | DRUG RESISTANCE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Ovarian Effects | Ovary | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproduction | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Endocrine System Document Number: 323540 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Early pregnancy loss in women stimulated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist protocols according to oral contraceptive pill pretreatment. Author: Bellver J; Albert C; Labarta E; Pellicer A Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2007 May;87(5):1098-1101. Abstract: The objective was to evaluate and compare the risk of early pregnancy loss in patients stimulated with GnRH antagonist protocols according to oral contraceptive pill (OCP) pretreatment. The design of the study was a Retrospective case-control study. The study took place at the Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad. University of Valencia. Spain. The patient(s) used in the study were one thousand five hundred thirty-nine patients, aged less than 36, stimulated with GnRH antagonists for IVF between January 1, 2000 and November 1, 2005. Reproductive outcome was compared based on the application (or not) of OCP pretreatment: 944 women were included in the OCP group and 595 in the non-OCP group. The Student's t test was used for statistics. Main Outcome Measure(s): Pregnancy, biochemical pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, early clinical pregnancy loss, early pregnancy loss, and ongoing pregnancy rates. No significant differences were observed in any of the outcome parameters. Early pregnancy loss rates were similar: 23% in the OCP pretreatment group versus 19.2% in the non-OCP pretreatment group. However, longer periods of ovarian stimulation and higher doses of gonadotropins needed to be employed in the OCP group. There is not sufficient evidence to confirm OCP pretreatment as a risk factor for miscarriage in patients stimulated with GnRH antagonist protocols. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | PREGNANCY | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | RISK FACTORS | TREATMENT | PREGNANCY RATE | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproduction | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 313483 |
| 23. Title: Pregnancy and coerced drug treatment services: A cause for concern? Author: Bloor R; Okolo D; Watts D Source: Journal of Community and Criminal Justice. 2007;54(3):263-270. Abstract: This article considers the results of a retrospective study comparing pregnancy rates in one Drug Testing and Treatment Order (DTTO) service in the United Kingdom with pregnancy rates in a generic substance misuse service and national conception rates. Conception rates were found to be six times higher in the coerced drug treatment group compared to the general population and generic drug services over the same period. These higher pregnancy rates may possibly be accounted for by an interplay of several factors including improved physical health, improvements in menstrual cycle regularity, better social interactions or intrinsic nature of the treatment regime in the clinics. The results of the study have implications for the criminal justice, health and other services involved in the care of these patients. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | TREATMENT | PREGNANCY RATE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 322210 |
| 24. Title: Uterine cavity-shaped device used in China. Author: Che Y; Fang KJ; Zhou WJ; Ding YG; Sun YL Source: Journal of Reproduction and Contraception. 2007 Jun;18(2):72-85. Abstract: The objective was to assess the effectiveness, side effects, and acceptability of copper uterine cavity - shaped intrauterine devices (UCD) with and without indomethacin. We used electronic search and hand search to identify relevant literatures. Included papers were systematically reviewed according to previous established guidelines. A total of 39 related papers were identified. Of them, 9 papers were included in this review: 4 associated with medicated or non-medicated UCD200 (containing copper 200 mm/2) and 5 associated with medicated or non-medicated UCD300 (containing copper 300 mm/2). The contraceptive effectiveness, cumulative one-year and two-year continuation rates were similar between medicated UCD200, non-medicated UCD200 and TCu220C. The effectiveness of non-medicated UCD300 was similar to that of TCu220C and TCu200. The effectiveness of medicated UCD300 was similar to that of MLCu375 and TCu220C but lower than that of TCu380A. The cumulative one-year, three-year and five-year continuation rates were similar between medicated, non-medicated UCD300 and TCu380A or MLCu375. The problem of bleeding was less common among medicated UCD users than among non-medicated devices. Uterine cavity-shaped devices should continue to be used in the National Family Planning Proramme. However, priority should be given to the 300 mm"' copper containing device. A large multicenter randomized comparative trial of UCD300 and TCu380A is needed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | PREGNANCY RATE | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | SIDE EFFECTS | BLEEDING | PAIN | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases Document Number: 308492 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Effects of ovarian high response on implantation and pregnancy outcome during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (with GnRH agonist and rFSH). Author: Chen QJ; Sun XX; Li L; Gao XH; Wu Y Source: Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2007;88(7):849-854. Abstract: The study was aimed at investigating the effects of ovarian high response during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) on implantation and pregnancy outcome in fresh IVF/ICSI cycles, and subsequent frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles. An analysis of 1,196 cycles using a long protocol with GnRHa and rFSH was performed. A serum oestrial level (peak E2) was obtained on the day of hCG administration, and patients were grouped by peak E2 percentile distribution into 3 groups. Normal responder was set as cut-off concentrations between percentile (P)25 and P75 (Group A: 1,199-3,047 pg/ml, 595 cycles). Moderate high responders were classified as peak E2 between P75-P90 (Group B: 3,048-4,127 pg/ml, 180 cycles). For the high response group, the E2 cut-off concentration was set as P90 and above (Group C: >/= 4,128 pg/ml, 119 cycles). Oocyte/embryo parameters and clinical outcomes were compared among the 3 groups in fresh cycles and subsequent FET cycles. Comparisons between groups revealed no difference in the quality of oocyte retrieved and in fertilisation rates. Group C showed decreased trends in implantation and pregnancy rates compared with Group A, but statistical significance was reached only for the difference in implantation rates. Implantation and pregnancy rates in FET cycles were similar among the 3 groups. High serum estrogen levels were detrimental to implantation, but not to the quality of oocytes, which may be due to an adverse effect on endometrial receptivity in COH cycles. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | OVULATION | GONADOTROPINS | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | IN VITRO | FERTILIZATION | IMPLANTATION | PREGNANCY RATE | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Pregnancy, First Trimester | Pregnancy | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 317961 |
| 26. Title: Effectiveness of secondary pregnancy prevention programs: A meta-analysis. Author: Corcoran J; Pillai VK Source: Research on Social Work Practice. 2007 Jan;17(1):5-18. Abstract: Because subsequent pregnancy in teen parents often worsens the impact of adolescent parenting; therefore, a common goal of teenage parent programs has been to reduce repeat pregnancy. To examine the impact of this goal, a meta-analysis was conducted on 16 control-comparison group studies that evaluated the effect of teenage pregnancy and parenting programs on pregnancy rates. At the first follow-up period at which programs assessed outcome (average 19.13 months), interventions produced a 50% reduction in the odds of pregnancy compared to comparison-control conditions, but by second follow-up (average 31 mos.), the effect had dissipated. Moderator analyses were also performed. Implications are that secondary pregnancy prevention programs are effective in reducing teenage pregnancy-at least at 19 months following the intervention-although there is little to recommend "comprehensive" approaches to programming over others. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PARENTS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY RATE | PARENTING EDUCATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Measurements | Education Document Number: 322734 |
| 27. Title: Quantitative assessment of postovulatory effects of levonorgestrel emergency contraception [letter] [reply] Author: Croxatto H Source: Contraception. 2007 May;75(5):402. Abstract: I have several objections to the conclusions presented in the letter to the editor entitled Postovulatory effects of levonorgestrel in emergency contraception (LNG EC), signed by Dr. Carlos Valenzuela. The first objection is to the first sentence that cites as evidence of postovulatory action of LNG three efficacy studies (references 2-4 in his letter) that have no built-in mechanism of action studies. It is a sound and rigorous practice in science today that the only valid method for testing a hypothesis or answering a defined question based on scientific evidence requires an appropriate specific experimental design. Neither one of those studies comes close to meet even at a minimal level a specific design to test mechanism of action hypotheses. The second objection is to a serious misuse of Wilcox et al. data, which becomes obvious upon examination of the second column headed OP Wil in Table 1. The figures quoted there correspond to probabilities of conception, which result from detection of hCG in urine and not to probabilities of clinical pregnancy, which are much lower. As a consequence, the expected pregnancy rate in his calculations has no relevance to the clinically observed pregnancies reported in efficacy studies reported in references 2 to 4 in his letter, which are used in Table 2. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHILE | CRITIQUE | RELIABILITY | DATA QUALITY | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | LEVONORGESTREL | PREGNANCY RATE | MEASUREMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Effectiveness Document Number: 315411 |
| 28. Title: [Characteristics related to the first and last cesarean delivery among women from a Campinas University Hospital] Caracteristicas relacionadas ao primeiro e ultimo parto por cesarea. Author: dos Santos Fernandes AM; Bedone AJ; Capochin Paes Leme L; Fonsechi-Carvasan GA Source: Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira. 2007 Jan-Feb;53(1):53-58. Abstract: The objective was to study the association between first and last caesarian sections with tubal sterilization; to determine length of reproductive life after the first delivery. From February to October 2001 in a university hospital, interviews were carried out with 653 women having had at least two pregnancies. Of these women, 172 had a first caesarian section; 294 had a last caesarian section. Variables were social demographic characteristics, obstetric history and characteristics of the first and last deliveries and tubal sterilization. Bivariate analysis was performed, followed by multiple regression analysis calculating the adjusted odds ratio. Women who had undergone tubal sterilization were divided into age groups of 25 to 44 and >45 years in a percentile distribution. The Wilcoxon test was used to analyze age at tubal sterilization and length of reproductive life after the last delivery. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee. Of these women, 89% completed <8 years of school education and 78% were Caucasian. On multiple regression analysis, there was an association between the first and last caesarian section (OR=15.28, 95%CI 8.54 to 27.36), having a partner (OR=3.87, CI 95% 1.63 to 9.17) and giving birth in the '70s, '80s or '90s (OR=4.43, 95%CI 1.37 to 14.27), (OR=6.11, 95%CI 1.47 to 25.47) and (OR=6.67, 95%CI 1.21 to 40.26), respectively. The last caesarian section was associated with intrapartum tubal sterilization (OR=14.09, 95%CI 7.37 to 26.97), giving birth in the '70s, '80s or '90s (OR=1.81, 95%CI 1.06 to 3.09), (OR=5.53, 95%CI 3.18 to 9.61) and (OR=5.90, 95%CI 3.03 to 11.48), respectively, family income of >5 minimum wages (OR=2.41, 95%CI 1.42 to 4.08) and age at first delivery >25 years (OR=1.80, 95%CI 1.01 to 3.22). Mean age at sterilization was 29.0 and 33.2 years in women aged 25 to 44 years and >45 years, respectively (p<0.001). The duration of the reproductive period after the first delivery was 9.0 and 11.4 years for the same groups (p<0.001). The first caesarian section was associated with the last caesarian section. The last caesarian section was associated with intrapartum tubal sterilization. Age at sterilization was lower and the reproductive period was shorter among younger women. (author's) Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | FEMALE STERILIZATION | CESAREAN SECTION | CHILDBIRTH | TIME FACTORS | INCOME | AGE FACTORS | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | PREGNANCY RATE | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Obstetrical Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Fertility Measurements | Fertility Document Number: 316271 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Pregnancy among sex workers participating in a condom intervention trial highlights the need for dual protection. Author: Feldblum PJ; Nasution MD; Hoke TH; Damme KV; Turner AN Source: Contraception. 2007 Aug;76(2):105-110. Abstract: Little is known about pregnancy rates among sex workers (SWs) or the factors that predispose SWs to this risk. We aimed to estimate the pregnancy incidence rate among Madagascar SWs participating in an intervention trial promoting use of male and female condoms and assess the influence of various predictive factors on pregnancy risk. SWs from two study clinics in Madagascar participated in a randomized trial to assess the effect of peer education and clinic-based counseling on use of male and female condoms and prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Women were seen every 2 months for up to 18 months; they received structured interviews at every visit, and physical exams at baseline and every 6 months thereafter. Site staff recorded information on pregnancies during interviews; pregnancy data were then merged with trial data for this analysis. Of 935 SWs in the analysis population, 250 became pregnant during follow-up. The cumulative probability of pregnancy was 0.149 at 6 months and0.227 at 12 months. Comparable proportions of nonpregnant and pregnant SWs reported using highly effective contraception at baseline (~16%); these users were younger and were more consistent condom users. Method switching and discontinuation were frequent. In multivariate analysis, nonuse of effective contraceptives and any self-reported unprotected sex were associated with higher incidence of pregnancy. Approximately 51% of women delivered, 13% reported a spontaneous abortion, 13% reported an induced abortion and 23% had missing pregnancy outcomes. Women traditionally targeted for STI/HIV preventive interventions need more comprehensive reproductive health services. In particular, SWs could benefit from targeted family planning counseling and services. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MADAGASCAR | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN | PREGNANCY RATE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 313743 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: The effectiveness of a fertility awareness based method to avoid pregnancy in relation to a couple's sexual behaviour during the fertile time: A prospective longitudinal study. Author: Frank-Herrmann P; Heil J; Gnoth C; Toledo E; Baur S Source: Human Reproduction. 2007 May;22(5):1210-1319. Abstract: The efficacy of fertility awareness based (FAB) methods of family planning is critically reviewed. The objective was to investigate the efficacy and the acceptability of the symptothermal method (STM), an FAB method that uses two indicators of fertility, temperature and cervical secretions observation. This paper will recommend a more suitable approach to measure the efficacy. Since 1985, an ongoing prospective observational longitudinal cohort study has been conducted in Germany. Women are asked to submit their menstrual cycle charts that record daily basal body temperature, cervical secretion observations and sexual behaviour. A cohort of 900 women contributed 17 638 cycles that met the inclusion criteria for the effectiveness study. The overall rates of unintended pregnancies and dropout rates have been estimated with survival curves according to the Kaplan-Meier method. In order to estimate the true method effectiveness, the pregnancy rates have been calculated in relation to sexual behaviour using the 'perfect/imperfect-use' model of Trussell and Grummer-Strawn. After 13 cycles, 1.8 per 100 women of the cohort experienced an unintended pregnancy; 9.2 per 100 women dropped out because of dissatisfaction with the method; the pregnancy rate was 0.6 per 100 women and per 13 cycles when there was no unprotected intercourse in the fertile time. The STM is a highly effective family planning method, provided the appropriate guidelines are consistently adhered to. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GERMANY | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | WOMEN | SYMPTO-THERMAL METHOD | SEX BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY AWARENESS | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | DROPOUTS | PREGNANCY RATE | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Natural Family Planning | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Programs | Organization and Administration | Fertility Measurements | Contraception Document Number: 315509 |
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