1.  Peer Reviewed Title: A new agenda for children affected by HIV/AIDS [editorial] Source: Lancet. 2009 Feb 14;373(9663):517. Abstract: As is so often the case in the provision of health care and deciding research agendas, children have been sidelined in the fight against HIV/AIDS. According to the latest UNAIDS figures, nearly 2 million children live with HIV worldwide, two-thirds in sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, 12 million children in sub-Saharan Africa have lost one or two parents due to HIV/AIDS. Many more live with a parent or carer with HIV. A very small proportion of infected children receive antiretroviral treatment, and prevention of mother-to-child transmission is only given to a third of women. Diagnosis in infancy is difficult and therefore often delayed. Child-friendly medication is lacking. 60% of children in southern Africa live in poverty. Now that HIV/AIDS is evolving from an acute emergency into a chronic epidemic, the way to deliver treatment and achieve prevention needs to change radically from an individualistic approach to a broader strategic one. Children and families need to take centre stage. In an excellent report, based on 2 years of research and analyses, the Joint Learning Initiative on Children and HIV/AIDS-an independent alliance of researchers, implementers, activists, policy makers, and people living with HIV-has presented recommendations for such a change in direction. Home Truths: Facing the Facts on Children, AIDS, and Poverty, released on Feb 10, points out three broad policies that will make an immediate and long lasting difference to children: support children through immediate or extended families and deliver integrated family-centred services; strengthen community action to support families; and address family poverty through national social protection. Such policies are AIDS-sensitive but not AIDS-directed. The family is the most important support structure for children. The report argues that the way orphans have been defined (as having lost one or both parents) and have become the centre of attention for many HIV/AIDS policies has been unhelpful, if not damaging. 88% of children labelled as orphans have a surviving parent and overall 95% continue to live with extended families. Additionally, children who live with HIV-positive parents have needs long before their parents die. Children need to stay within a family or kinship structure. Infected children usually live with others who are infected with the virus. The whole family, not the individual, needs to become the unit for support and treatment. The report advocates home health visiting and early childhood development interventions together with strategies to encourage children's education. The use of schools as intervention platforms misses the opportunity to reach children early and to reach those who are not in education-the majority in some countries. Economic strengthening of families has to be the basis to allow many of these programmes to fully succeed. The best immediate support for families is given by com munity groups. International donors need to work with these groups in partnership to avoid duplication, confusion, and waste of time and money. The authors suggest that coordination could be strengthened with a district committee that maintains an active register of community activities and devises a system of accountability that is understood by all and serves the com munity. All activities should be delivered within a framework that is based on best practice. Communities also have a crucial role to act as a backstop when families break down or when children live in an abusive environment. Family poverty and undernutrition can be addressed through income-transfer programmes, such as Mexico's Oportunidades programme or South Africa's child support grants. These projects are efficient and simple, empower women, and can act as a springboard for other more complex schemes, such as microfinance loans. Such economic support increases school attendance, reduces illnesses, improves growth, and encourages uptake of health services. The largest portion of money is usually used to purchase food. Extreme poverty, rather than HIV infection, should be used as a criterion to avoid stigma and resentment. The report argues that "any developing country, no matter how poor, can afford social protection packages for children". The positive effect of this policy is now established beyond doubt and no further pilot studies are needed. To integrate all these strategies, governments need to take the lead with national plans and frameworks to scale-up programmes for children and families. With this approach, society as a whole will be strengthened with intergenerational effects that will go a long way towards, but also go well beyond, tackling the effects of HIV/AIDS. Putting children and families at the centre will show long-term vision with guaranteed future benefits. (fulll-text) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILDREN | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | POVERTY | MALNUTRITION | CHILD HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | TREATMENT | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 341049 |
2.  Title: Family planning and the MDGs: Saving lives, saving resources. Author: Futures Group International. Health Policy Initiative Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, 2009 Jun. 8 p. Abstract: The USAID | Health Policy Initiative, Task Order 1, has completed and updated analyses for more than 30 countries that demonstrate the significant contribution of family planning (FP) to achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Family planning helps to improve health outcomes (e.g., fewer maternal and child deaths) and reduce costs for meeting the MDGs (by reducing the size of the target populations in need of services). This case study describes the FP-MDG analysis methodology and provides examples of how the findings have been used to support advocacy and policy change. Briefs on country-specific findings are also available online. The FP-MDG analyses and briefs are flexible, evidenced-based tools that help make the case that family planning is a strong complement to -- rather than a trade-off with -- other health, development, and poverty-reduction efforts. By showing the economic benefits of investing in family planning, the FP-MDG analyses and briefs can also reach diverse audiences that might not traditionally champion FP issues. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING | NEEDS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | HEALTH SERVICES | POVERTY | MALARIA | DISEASE PREVENTION | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Prevention and Control Document Number: 331540 |
| 3. Title: Expert Group Meeting to Assess the Progress in the Implementation of the Plan of Action on Population and Poverty Adopted at the Fifth Asian and Pacific Population Conference, 3-5 February 2009, Bangkok. Report. Author: United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific [ESCAP]; United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA] Source: Bangkok, Thailand, ESCAP, 2009. 38 p. Abstract: The Expert Group Meeting to Assess the Progress in the implementation of the Plan of Action on Population and Poverty adopted at the Fifth Asian and Pacific Population Conference was held at the United Nations Conference Centre, Bangkok from 3 to 5 February 2009. The Expert Group Meeting was organized by the Social Policy and Population Section, Social Development Division, ESCAP in collaboration with the UNFPA Asia and the Pacific Regional Office. The meeting benefited from background papers and country reports prepared by resource persons and representatives of governments. Language: English Keywords: ASIA | OCEANIA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | ESCAP | POPULATION | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | POVERTY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | GENDER ISSUES | MIGRATION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | IMPLEMENTATION | Developing Countries | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331854 |
| 4. Title: Preventing HIV with young people: The key to tackling the epidemic. Author: Abbasi S Source: London, United Kingdom, UNICEF UK, [2009]. [32] p. Abstract: This report describes the current state of the HIV epidemic, the key challenges faced by adolescents and young people, and UNICEF's response in each region. The following recommendations are made: 1. Combine prevention strategies; 2. Prioritize high-quality data; 3. Make prevention programs more relevant to young people; 4. Strengthen links between treatment and prevention; 5. Nurture a 'prevention movement'. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | PREVALENCE | YOUTH | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV PREVENTION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX EDUCATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | UNEMPLOYMENT | INCOME | POVERTY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | YOUTH PROGRAMS | Measurement | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Education | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331377 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Unmet need for contraception among HIV-positive women in Lesotho and implications for mother-to-child transmission. Author: Adair T Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Mar;41(2):269-78. Abstract: In Lesotho, the risk of mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) of HIV is substantial; women of childbearing age have a high HIV prevalence rate (26.4%), low knowledge of HIV status and a total fertility rate of 3.5 births per woman. An effective means of preventing MTCT is to reduce unwanted fertility. This paper examines the unmet need for contraception to limit and space births among HIV-positive women in Lesotho aged 15-49 years, using the 2004 Lesotho Demographic and Health Survey. HIV-positive women have their need for contraception unmet in almost one-third of cases, and multivariate analysis reveals this unmet need is most likely amongst the poor and amongst those not approving of family planning. Urgent action is needed to lower the level of unmet need and reduce MTCT. A constructive strategy is to improve access to family planning for all women in Lesotho, irrespective of HIV status, and, more specifically, integrate family planning with MTCT prevention and voluntary counselling and testing services. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | URBAN POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | BIRTH SPACING | POVERTY | ATTITUDES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Population Characteristics | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Evaluation | Socioeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331114 |
| 6. Title: The economic burden of HIV and AIDS on households in Nigeria. Author: Adedigba MA; Naidoo S; Abegunde A; Olagundoye O; Adejuyigbe E; Fakande I Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009 Apr;8(1):107-114. Abstract: The study estimates the economic burden of HIV and AIDS on households in a Nigerian population. The data derive from a cross-sectional survey of households affected by HIV or AIDS in Ife-Ijesa Zone, Osun State, Nigeria. The sample consisted of 117 purposively selected, consenting adult HIV patients attending a general and teaching hospital. Participants were asked to self-report monetary expenses for HIV-related care, loss of savings, and funeral costs. The data show a significantly sharp drop in the participants' household income as a result of care for HIV-related illnesses, from the time of knowing one's HIV status to the time of illness, among three occupational categories (artisans, civil servants and unemployed; p = 0.02). Mean income among those in the unemployed category fell by 84.1%, income among artisans dropped by 72.6%, and income among civil servants decreased by 44.4%. The monetary loss during the course of HIV-related illnesses was heaviest for the artisan group, followed by the unemployed and the civil servants. Those who had lost a substantial part of their savings to HIV-related care were most numerous among the unemployed, followed by artisans and civil servants. Out of 16 households, 11 (42.3%) had received support from relatives during a funeral ceremony. There was a significant association between the occupational group and working for more hours after illness ( 2 = 9.28, df = 4; p = 0.05). Nearly all orphaned children were distributed to the extended family following the AIDS death of a parent. Among all the occupational groups, borrowing from a cooperative society during the course of HIV-related sickness was the commonest form. The findings add to data showing that despite the extended family support system, adult deaths due to AIDS continue to undermine the viability of sub-Saharan African households. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | HOUSEHOLDS | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | EXPENDITURES | INCOME | POVERTY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Financial Activities | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 341292 |
| 7. Title: Wealth Index association with gender issues and the reproductive health of Egyptian women. Author: Afifi M Source: Nursing and Health Sciences. 2009 Mar;11(1):29-36. Abstract: This study investigated the association of the Wealth Index of married women in Egypt with a number of gender and reproductive health issues found in the 2005 Egypt Demographic Health Survey. The data from a subsample of 5249 currently married women from a total of 19,474 was examined using logistic regression analysis. The women's lowest wealth quintile predicted the intention to continue female genital cutting for their daughters, exposure to physical and sexual marital violence, not being empowered in household decisions, having a higher number of children, having an unintended last child, mothers' maltreatment of their children, the perception of a lack of health-care providers or drugs as an obstacle to receiving care, and not being covered by health insurance. The association of poverty with the aforementioned adverse health outcomes are discussed. Physicians should understand the effect of poverty on health and endeavour to influence policy-makers to reduce the poverty burden on health. Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | GENDER ISSUES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | POVERTY | ANTENATAL CARE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | HEALTH POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Economic Factors | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 342089 |
| 8. Title: The conceptions of care among family caregivers of persons living with HIV/AIDS in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Author: Aga F; Kylma J; Nikkonen M Source: Journal of Transcultural Nursing. 2009 Jan;20(1):37-50. Abstract: This focused ethnographic study explores and describes the conceptions of care among family caregivers of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWAs) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Leininger's theory of culture care diversity and universality is the conceptual anchor of this ethnographic study. Using semistructured interviews and participant observation, 6 key informants and 12 general informants were interviewed in their home in Amharic language. Data were analyzed in Amharic using Leininger's phases of ethnonursing analysis for qualitative data and then translated to English. Four major themes representing family caregivers' conceptions of care were identified: nourishing the PLWA while struggling with poverty, maintenance of cleanliness and hygiene of the person and surroundings, comforting the PLWA, and sacrificing self to sustain the PLWA. Valuable data were gathered about the family caregivers' conceptions of care. Nurses can use this knowledge to design and provide culturally congruent care to family caregivers and PLWAs in the community. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | PERCEPTION | CARE AND SUPPORT | TREATMENT | HYGIENE | POVERTY | SANITATION | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | HOME CARE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Public Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 330218 |
| 9. Title: Eliminating world poverty: Building our common future. Author: Akkerhuys Z; Allan T; Andreyeva R; Arthy B; Chalinder P Source: Norwich, United Kingdom, The Stationery Office, 2009 Jul. 154 p. Abstract: The White Paper represents a fundamental shift in the way the UK delivers development aid, refocusing resources onto fragile countries and for the first time treating security and justice as a basic service alongside health, education, water and sanitation. Fifty per cent of new bilateral funding will be committed to fragile countries. Key announcements in Building our Common Future include: A renewed commitment to 0.7 per cent of UK Gross National Income (GNI) for international development, meaning a contribution of £9bn per year by 2013; Measures to reduce maternal mortality rates and potentially save the lives of six million mothers and babies by 2015; Plans to support over eight million more children in Africa to go to school; Doubling of funding to £1bn for African infrastructure including transport, energy and trade in the region; A tripling of funding to support developing countries to recover stolen assets, and new resources to Interpol, as part of a major effort to stamp out corruption; Increased investment in the Central Emergency Response Fund for humanitarian aid at the UN. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | SUMMARY REPORT | POVERTY | ECONOMIC FACTORS | CHILD HEALTH | EDUCATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Socioeconomic Factors | Health Document Number: 331494 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexual risk behaviour of the first cohort undergoing screening for enrollment into Phase I/II HIV vaccine trials in South Africa. Author: Andersson KM; Van Niekerk RM; Niccolai LM; Mlungwana ON; Holdsworth IM; Bogoshi M; McIntyre JA; Gray GE; Vardas E Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Feb;20(2):95-101. Abstract: We assessed risk behaviour in a heterosexual cohort undergoing prescreening for the first Phase I/II HIV vaccine trials in Soweto. We developed a survey and collected self-reported data from HIV-negative potential volunteers. Of 488 participants, most were single and approximately half were from households with incomes below the poverty level. Males reported higher rates of heavy alcohol use (P < 0.001), marijuana use (P < 0.001) and other recreational drug use (P < 0.01). Males reported more sex partners than females in the previous six months (P < 0.001), as well as more casual/anonymous partners (P < 0.001) and one-night stands (P < 0.001). Multivariate analyses revealed substance use and male gender predicted higher risk behaviours, including <100% condom use with known/suspected HIV-positive partners, having casual/anonymous partners and having more than two partners. For this population, male volunteers may need increased risk-reduction counselling during Phase I/II trials and additional recruitment methods may be necessary to identify high-risk female volunteers for Phase III efficacy trials. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CLINICAL TRIALS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | HETEROSEXUALS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | VACCINES | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | SCREENING | POVERTY | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | SEX FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Data Analysis | Behavior | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Examinations and Diagnoses | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 331093 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Improved sanitation and income are associated with decreased rates of hospitalization for diarrhoea in Brazilian infants. Author: Andrade IG; Queiroz JW; Cabral AP; Lieberman JA; Jeronimo SM Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 May;103(5):506-11. Abstract: Diarrhoeal diseases remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Brazilian children. However, from 1992 to 2001 there was a significant decline in hospitalizations for acute diarrhoea in children below 1 year of age in Brazil. A significant improvement in child health was also observed in the state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), with a decrease in child mortality from 70 to 40 deaths per 1000. Using distributed lag analysis we analysed a number of factors possibly connected with decreased hospitalization in RN and found that hospitalization was correlated up to lag 3 with poverty (P<0.001) and inflation (P<0.001). Improvements in public health infrastructure such as better waste collection, presence of city water supply and increased sanitation, socio-economic variables such as education and literacy, and increased investment in health services were all important in reducing severe early childhood diarrhoeas and thus directly associated with the decrease in hospitalization. We also observed a positive seasonal correlation between rainfall and hospitalizations with an increased in rainfall impacting positively on hospitalization in all lags. The data suggests that increased buying power and reductions in poverty played a crucial role in reducing hospitalizations for acute diarrhoea in infants in RN. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | INFANT | DIARRHEA, INFANTILE | POVERTY | INFANT MORTALITY | SANITATION | HOSPITALS | PUBLIC HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diarrhea | Diseases | Economic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Health | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 342512 |
| 12. Title: Philani program: a case study of an integrative approach of empowerment and social and economic development. Author: Austin SA; Mbewu N Source: Social Work In Public Health. 2009 Jan-Apr;24(1-2):148-60. Abstract: This article reports a case study of a South African nongovernmental organization's role in implementing maternal and child health care services for families in Khayelitsha, an informal township in the Western Cape. The township is an extremely poor community with high unemployment and many other social indicators of high need. The case study explores how services were enhanced to respond to the service needs of children and families. The role of economic development as a means of empowering the mothers is examined within the context of nongovernmental organization services. The implications of developing services that integrate social and economic development are discussed as a model for social work practice in the United States. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | NEEDS | POVERTY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Women's Status | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy Document Number: 341952 |
| 13. Title: Demographic data for development in sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Baldwin W; Diers J Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2009. 15 p. (Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper No. 13) Abstract: More demographic data are being collected throughout the developing world than ever before, but the effective use of that data to further development goals is often lacking. This paper summarizes case studies on the demand for data in four sub-Saharan African countries, namely Ethiopia, Ghana, Senegal, and Uganda. The project's objective was to create a detailed portrait of access and demand at the country level, and to determine whether policymakers are getting the data they need to develop sound policies. Common findings across the four countries include an increased external demand from international initiatives that has not necessarily translated into internal demand for data; a missing link between producers and users of data; and a need for data to be presented in user-friendly formats. One driver of internal demand for data is the decentralization and democratization process that is underway in all four countries; this demand highlighted the paucity of available data that can be disaggregated at the level to which policies were being devolved. Next steps are to support initiatives to establish data access as a right, encourage a culture of data-sharing among funders and producers of data, strengthen intermediaries between policymakers and data collectors, display data in accessible formats such as maps, and disaggregate available data to the most useful levels. (Author's abstract) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | GHANA | SENEGAL | UGANDA | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | DATA COLLECTION | CASE STUDIES | DATA QUALITY | NEEDS | DECENTRALIZATION | DEMOCRACY | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | POVERTY | GENDER ISSUES | YOUTH | POLICY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Research Methodology | Studies | Data Analysis | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Political Systems | Communication | Socioeconomic Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331433 |
| 14. Title: A response to critics of family planning programs. Author: Bongaarts J; Sinding SW Source: International Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;35(1):39-44. Abstract: This article presents critiques of family planning programs and then provides rebuttals. Critiques addressed are as follows: family planning programs have little or no effect on fertility; fertility declines are under way everywhere, so the population problem has largely been solved and family planning programs are no longer needed; the death toll of the AIDS epidemic makes family planning undesirable and unnecessary; family planning programs are not cost-effective; family planning programs at best have made women the instruments of population control policies and, at worst, have been coercive. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | POPULATION GROWTH | FAMILY PLANNING | POVERTY | FERTILITY DECLINE | AIDS | DEATH RATE | NEEDS | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Mortality Document Number: 341315 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Putting mental health on the agenda for HIV+ women: a review of evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Brandt R Source: Women and Health. 2009 Mar-May;49(2-3):215-28. Abstract: This article reviews the scientific literature regarding mental health services for poor HIV-infected women in sub-Saharan Africa and argues that they should constitute part of the healthcare agenda for these women. Key evidence points to the growing feminization of the HIV epidemic, as well as the differential social and economic impact of HIV on women. Further, HIV and poverty, both disproportionately affecting women, contribute independently and cumulatively to the risk for poor mental health. The limited empirical evidence regarding the mental health of this population is discussed. Multi-level psychosocial services, integrated within general health provision, are required to ensure long-term psychological benefits for HIV-infected women in the region. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | LOW INCOME POPULATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MENTAL HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | POVERTY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342427 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Project AID Khmer: addressing the health impact of HIV/AIDS on Cambodia through rural capacity building. Author: Chang M; Kong NB; Phal V; Pugatch D; Allen S Source: Global Public Health. 2009 May 27;:1-12. Abstract: HIV/AIDS prevention efforts in Cambodia have largely focussed on urban populations. This focus, however, has diverted attention from the impact of the disease on rural communities, where poverty and a lack of basic infrastructure forced many to migrate to urban areas. Rural communities thus play a crucial part in the understanding of HIV/AIDS transmission dynamics in Cambodia. This paper will provide an analysis of socio-economic and health-related needs of rural communities in Cambodia, giving a different context for understanding the national burden of HIV/AIDS. These concepts will be illustrated with experiences from Project AID Khmer, a Cambodian non-governmental organisation that is working to improve Cambodian health through education programmes and community capacity building in rural Takeo province. Language: English Keywords: CAMBODIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | RURAL POPULATION | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | CAPACITY BUILDING | HIV PREVENTION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | POVERTY | AGRICULTURE | LAND TENURE | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | HIV TRANSMISSION | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Health Document Number: 341470 |
| 17. Title: The impact of socioeconomic and demographic variables on poverty: a village study. Author: Chaudhry IS; Malik S; ul Hassan A Source: Lahore Journal of Economics. 2009 Summer;14(1):39-68. Abstract: Poverty is a complex phenomenon based on a network of interlocking economic, social, political, and demographic factors. An understanding of the extent, nature, and determinants of rural poverty is a precondition for effective public policy to reduce poverty in rural Pakistan. The present study attempts to analyze the impact of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of households on poverty, using primary data collected in the village ofBetti Nala in Tehsil Jatoi, district MuzaJfargarh in southern Punjab. We have used two distinct approaches: (i) a poverty profile, and (ii) an econometric approach in our empirical analysis. The results show that household size, dependency on household, participation, landholdings, and number oflivestock have a Significant impact on poverty incidence. Our final conclusion is that efforts should be made to improve socioeconomic foctors in general and demographic foctors in particular to alleviate rural poverty in remote areas of Pakistan, while land should beallotted to landless households. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | RURAL POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | POVERTY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | NEEDS | IMPACT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Communication Document Number: 340236 |
| 18. Title: Measuring progress towards millennium development goals by province in populous countries [editorial] Author: Clements AJ; Clements CJ Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 2009 Feb;27(1):1-3. Abstract: Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | GOALS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | POVERTY | CHILD MORTALITY | MATERNAL HEALTH | AIDS PREVENTION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | FOOD SECURITY | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | Planning | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Women's Status | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 331130 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS among women of reproductive age in the slums of Delhi and Hyderabad, India. Author: Ghosh J; Wadhwa V; Kalipeni E Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Feb;68(4):638-42. Abstract: This report explores how vulnerability to HIV/AIDS applies to women in the reproductive age range living in the slum areas of Delhi and Hyderabad. The paper is based on a qualitative study of AIDS awareness levels conducted during the summer of 2006. It offers insightful narratives from a sample of 32 women, providing an in depth view of their vulnerability to HIV/AIDS due to their precarious socioeconomic conditions and low AIDS awareness. The women cited lack of education, low empowerment in expressing and accessing information related to sexual matters, and poverty as key factors to vulnerability. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN | SLUMS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | AWARENESS | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | RISK FACTORS | POVERTY | INFORMATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341554 |
| 20. Title: Latin America: Cash transfers to support better household decisions. Author: Glassman A; Todd J; Gaarder M Source: In: Performance incentives for global health: potential and pitfalls, [by] Rena Eichler, Ruth Levine and the Performance-Based Incentives Working Group. Washington, D.C., Center for Global Development, 2009. :89-121. Abstract: Conditional cash transfers (CCTs) in Latin America have been effective at increasing the use of preventive health services, increasing knowledge, improving attitudes and practices, enhancing nutritional status, and reducing morbidity, mortality, and fertility. Rigorous impact evaluations suggest that improved health results can be attributed to demand-side performance incentives. Better choice of health conditionalities in future CCT programs could strengthen the impact on health. Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | EVALUATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | POVERTY | HEALTH EDUCATION | HEALTH SERVICES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | VACCINES | CHILD HEALTH | MATERNAL HEALTH | MORBIDITY | MORTALITY | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | BEHAVIOR | PREVENTIVE MEDICINE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Americas | Developing Countries | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Education | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors Document Number: 331454 |
| 21. Title: Letter to the editor of AIDS based on a recent paper by Rollins et al. 'there is no evidence for any specific age at which HIV-positive mothers in Africa should be advised to stop breastfeeding' [letter] Author: Greiner T Source: AIDS. 2009 Feb 20;23(4):547-8. Abstract: The authors attempted to convince sample mothers that they should stop breastfeeding at 6 months, implying that all had access to nutritious foods for their infants. The assumption that doing so would lead to increased rates of HIV-free survival seems to be justified by their data. However, if poorer mothers are the ones who opt to breastfeed longer, wemust be very careful in assuming that their infants will have the same outcomes as those who opt to breastfeed for shorter periods. This is especially true in South Africa where fears of stigma may be less of a factor explaining the continuation of breastfeeding beyond 6 months than poverty, at least compared with other African countries. Thus, WHO no longer recommends attempting to convince all HIVþ mothers to stop breastfeeding at 6months: 'At 6months, if replacement feeding is still not acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe, continuation of breastfeeding with additional complementary foods is recommended, while the mother and baby continue to be regularly assessed (http://whqlibdoc. who.int/publications/2007/9789241595964_eng.pdf). Finally, while both the article and editorial mention, respectively, that HAART treatment of eligible mothers and antiretroviral therapy (ART) prophylaxis are likely to reduce postnatal HIV transmission, the former is now increasingly available in Africa, making generalization from this study even more difficult. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | CRITIQUE | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MOTHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | BREASTFEEDING | TIME FACTORS | HIV PREVENTION | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | RISK ASSESSMENT | COUNSELING | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | POVERTY | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Evaluation | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 341158 |
| 22. Title: Family planning and economic well-being: new evidence from Bangladesh. Author: Gribble J; Maj-Lis V Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau, 2009 May. 4 p. Abstract: A new policy brief from the Population Reference Bureau looks at the effects of long-term investment in an integrated family planning and maternal and child health program. Drawing on research and data that spans more than 30 years, the evidence reinforces the importance of sustained investment in reproductive health programs, showing that families in communities where the program was implemented became wealthier and healthier than families who lived in other, similar communities. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | SUMMARY REPORT | GOALS | HOUSEHOLDS | MATERNAL HEALTH | CHILD HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | POVERTY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DEVELOPMENT PLANS | INCOME | EDUCATION | WOMEN'S HEALTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Planning | Organization and Administration | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Diseases Document Number: 328046 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Climate change and population growth. Author: Guzman JM Source: Lancet. 2009 Aug 8;374(9688):450. Abstract: This letter agrees with the views expressed in the article, "Managing the health effects of climate change" by Anthony Costello. It discusses how population growth can affect climate change and states that data collection instruments must be adapted for environmental and climate change analysis. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | URBAN AREAS | POPULATION GROWTH | CLIMATE | CHANGES | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | POVERTY | FAMILY PLANNING | NEEDS | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Environment | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 342522 |
| 24. Title: Poverty, bridging between injecting drug users and the general population, and "interiorization" may explain the spread of HIV in southern Brazil. Author: Hacker MA; Leite I; Friedman SR; Carrijo RG; Bastos FI Source: Health and Place. 2009 Jun;15(2):514-9. Abstract: The aim of this paper is to study how structural determinants and the role of injecting drug users (IDUs) as a bridging population to the general population affected the AIDS subepidemic in southern Brazil during 1986-2000. Data from 288 southernmost Brazilian municipalities were analyzed. Using hierarchical modeling and inputs from a Geographic Information System, a multilevel model was constructed. The dependent variable was the logged AIDS standardized incidence rate (among the heterosexual population aged 15-69-years-old); independent variables included indicators for education, water provision, sewage, and garbage collection, per capita income, Gini coefficient (on income), Human Development Index, indicators of accessibility, and AIDS rate among IDUs. Significant predictors included AIDS rate among IDUs, distance from/to highways/railways, the Human Development Index and the ratio of residents who have access to sanitary installations. Poverty (as measured by socioeconomic indicators) and bridging from IDUs contribute to the spread of HIV/AIDS in Brazilian southern municipalities. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | IV DRUG USERS | HIV TRANSMISSION | POVERTY | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | PREVALENCE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | DISTANCE | SANITATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Factors | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Geographic Factors | Population | Public Health | Health Document Number: 330964 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Fragile, threatened, and still urgently needed: family planning programs in Sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Jacobstein R; Bakamjian L; Pile JM; Wickstrom J Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Jun;40(2):147-154. Abstract: Many family planning (FP) programs in sub-Saharan Africa are fragile; recent performance has fallen off and future performance is challenged. Yet robust and wellfunctioning FP programs are still urgently needed if countries are to meet their health, equity, poverty-alleviation, and economic development goals. In support of these observations, we present data on FP parameters in sub- Saharan Africa overall and in eight of its countries, including Nigeria, the most populous African country; Kenya, a long-time leader in FP in the region; and Uganda, with fertility among the highest in Africa and a population projected to more than triple in the next 40 years to become sub-Saharan Africa's fourth-most-populous country. We also draw upon findings of individual case studies of the contraceptive programs of Ghana (Solo et al. 2005c), Malawi (Solo et al. 2005a), Senegal (Wickstrom et al. 2006), Tanzania (Pile and Simbakalia 2006), and Zambia (Solo et al. 2005b), as well as a synthesis of some of these case studies (ACQUIRE Project 2005). All eight of these countries, which together comprise 40 percent of the population of sub-Saharan Africa, are facing the same difficult dynamics in terms of threat and need. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | NEEDS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | DECENTRALIZATION | FUNDS | URBANIZATION | POVERTY | FOOD SECURITY | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Contraception | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 341898 |
| 26. Title: Mama Jaja: the stresses and strengths of HIV-affected Ugandan grandmothers. Author: Kamya H; Poindexter CC Source: Social Work In Public Health. 2009 Jan-Apr;24(1-2):4-21. Abstract: This paper reports an exploratory qualitative project in the Entebbe-Kampala area of Uganda with 11 grandmothers who are raising orphans because of a parent's death from HIV infection. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the highest HIV infection and mortality rates are among women, especially in their childbearing years, leading to a tremendous number of orphaned HIV-infected and -affected children. Uganda has the world's highest rate of HIV-affected orphans. In Uganda, extended family members, especially grandmothers, provide general orphan care, AIDS care, and care for HIV-affected orphans. If orphans have places to stay, they are most often with grandparents and other elderly relatives in rudimentary village dwellings. Many of these elders are in poor health, recovering from nursing their adult children as they died of AIDS, and suffering from an extreme lack of financial resources. The burden of HIV-affected orphan care is enormously heavy. Services are not being provided adequately to custodial grandparents who are enormously challenged spiritually, socially, emotionally, financially, physically, and mentally. The following themes emerged from the interviews: experiencing extreme economic deprivation; feeling physically challenged with caregiving; being concerned for the children under their care; and struggling to cope through action, resilience, and relationships. Recommendations for research, practice, and policy are offered. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | GRANDPARENTS | WOMEN | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | CHILD REARING | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | INTERVIEWS | POVERTY | STRESS | NEEDS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors Document Number: 341957 |
| 27. Title: Challenges impacting on the quality of care to persons living with HIV/AIDS and other terminal illnesses with reference to Kanye community home-based care programme. Author: Kang'ethe SM Source: SAHARA J. 2009 Mar;6(1):24-32. Abstract: HIV/AIDS has been found to be a challenging disease to humanity, its challenge spin-offs falling especially on to the caregivers of those infected and affected by the virus. This paper aims to discuss the challenges influencing the state of caregiving in the Kanye community home-based care (CHBC) programme in Botswana. The study was qualitative in design and explorative in nature, involving 82 primary caregivers in focus group discussions, and 5 CHBC nurses in individual interviews. Caregivers were found challenged by lack of community networks support, inadequate sanitary and care packages, poor shelter compromising privacy, inadequate income and food for their clients, inadequate care motivation as their volunteerism does not attract any payment, inadequate health personnel to offer psychosocial support like counselling, and an unconducive caring environment generally. Putting in place policies to redress caregivers' poverty, helping caregivers start income-generating projects, increasing community assistance and caregiving facilities are recommended as factors to address caregiver challenges. Language: English Keywords: BOTSWANA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | COMMUNITY WORKERS | HOME CARE | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | POVERTY | INCOME GENERATION PROGRAMS | INCENTIVES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Care and Support | Health Services | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341415 |
| 28. Title: Stigma reported by people living with HIV in south central China. Author: Li X; Wang H; Williams A; He G Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2009 Jan-Feb;20(1):22-30. Abstract: This cross-sectional study described the level of stigma reported by people living with HIV (PLWH) in south central China and identified factors associated with the individuals' perceptions of stigma. The authors carried out face-to-face interviews among 322 PLWH. Over half (51%) reported experiencing stigma, 78% reported feelings of negative self-worth, 75% reported interpersonal insecurity, 84% experienced financial problems, and 58% worried about disclosure of their disease. High levels of self-perceived stigma were associated with subjects who were injection drug users (p = .001), who were less satisfied with responses from family members (p = .001), who had disclosed their HIV status widely (p = .001), and who reported poorer health status (p = .001). Nurses working with PLWH should carry out psychological assessments and care without judgmental attitudes and help PLWH disclose their HIV status to family members, which could reduce HIV-related stigma in the context of Chinese culture. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | STIGMA | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | POVERTY | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | TREATMENT | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | HIV | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 330879 |
| 29. Title: Educational inequalities in the midst of persistent poverty: diversity across Africa in educational outcomes. Author: Lloyd CB; Hewett PC Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2009. 27 p. (Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper No. 14) Abstract: This paper explores inequalities in education across sub-Saharan Africa. Although we mainly focus on primary school completion rates, attention is also given to literacy as a more proximate indicator of human capital acquisition. Using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys and UNICEF's Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, we explore cross-country variations in primary school completion rates, gender and wealth gaps in education, and literacy rates in relation to one another and in relation to cross-country variations in national income per capita. While these data paint a picture of overall educational progress, particularly for girls, this general picture is juxtaposed against an extremely diverse landscape across Africa with respect to primary school completion rates and retained literacy. Although cross-country variation in primary school completion rates can be partially explained by variation in national per capita income, the same cannot be said for literacy rates. Even the poorest countries have significant variation in achieved literacy, suggesting that learning can occur even in resource-poor environments. At the same time, our findings are sobering: in many countries, international educational goals are unlikely to be reached by 2015, and poor learning outcomes are frequently widespread. (Author's abstract) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | INEQUALITIES | POVERTY | EDUCATION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | LITERACY | GOALS | INCOME | Developing Countries | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Schools | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331434 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Women, economic hardship and the path of survival: HIV/AIDS risk behavior among women receiving HIV/AIDS treatment in Uganda. Author: MacLachlan E; Neema S; Luyirika E; Ssali F; Juncker M; Rwabukwali C; Harvey M; Duncan T Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Mar;21(3):355-67. Abstract: The results are presented from a 2005 survey of 377 women in four HIV/AIDS treatment programs in Uganda. The aim of the study was to explore women's economic hardships and the association with four sexual risk behaviors: whether a woman was sexually active in the last 12 months, whether a condom was used during the last sex act, whether she reported having had a sexual partner in the last six months who she suspected had multiple partners and report of forced, coercive or survival sex in the last six months. Few women were sexually active (34%), likely due to the high proportion of widows (49%). Married women were likely to report forced, coercive or survival sex (35%). Eighty-four percent of women reported condom used at last sex act. Forced, coercive or survival sex was associated with number of meals missed per week (AOR=1.125, 95% CI 1.11, 1.587, p<0.05). Sex with a partner in the last six months who a woman suspected had multiple partners was also associated with number of missed meals per week (AOR=2.080, 95% CI 1.084, 3.992). Currently women in Ugandan antiretroviral therapy programs are not likely to be sexually active, except for married women. Many women need to find food and other support, which may put them at risk of forced, coercive or survival sex due to dependency on men. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | POVERTY | HIV PREVENTION | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | INTERVIEWS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Data Collection | Research Methodology Document Number: 341829 |
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