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Title: A response to critics of family planning programs.
Author: Bongaarts J; Sinding SW
Source: International Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;35(1):39-44.
Abstract: This article presents critiques of family planning programs and then provides rebuttals. Critiques addressed are as follows: family planning programs have little or no effect on fertility; fertility declines are under way everywhere, so the population problem has largely been solved and family planning programs are no longer needed; the death toll of the AIDS epidemic makes family planning undesirable and unnecessary; family planning programs are not cost-effective; family planning programs at best have made women the instruments of population control policies and, at worst, have been coercive.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | POPULATION GROWTH | FAMILY PLANNING | POVERTY | FERTILITY DECLINE | AIDS | DEATH RATE | NEEDS | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Mortality
Document Number: 341315

Peer Reviewed

Title: Contraception in historical and global perspective.
Author: Cleland J
Source: Best Practice and Research. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2009 Apr;23(2):165-176.
Abstract: This chapter describes the rise in contraceptive practice and fall in fertility from around 1880 to the present day. Two main phases are identified: the first confined to European populations and involving methods of low efficacy, and the second embracing the whole planet involving modern methods. Today, sub-Saharan Africa is the only region where low levels of contraceptive use and high fertility persist. Nevertheless, nearly half of pregnancies worldwide are still unintended, and much scope remains for improvement in contraceptive protection. The main international priority is Africa, where demographic factors jeopardize the goals of reducing poverty and hunger.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | SOCIAL MARKETING | POPULATION GROWTH | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Contraceptive Usage | Family Planning | Marketing | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 329659

Peer Reviewed

Title: On population growth near protected areas.
Author: Joppa LN; Loarie SR; Pimm SL
Source: PLoS One. 2009;4(1):e4279.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Protected areas are the first, and often only, line of defense in efforts to conserve biodiversity. They might be detrimental or beneficial to rural communities depending on how they alter economic opportunities and access to natural resources. As such, protected areas may attract or repel human settlement. Disproportionate increases in population growth near protected area boundaries may threaten their ability to conserve biodiversity. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using decadal population datasets, we analyze population growth across 45 countries and 304 protected areas. We find no evidence for population growth near protected areas to be greater than growth of rural areas in the same country. Furthermore, we argue that what growth does occur near protected areas likely results from a general expansion of nearby population centers. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results contradict those from a recent study by Wittemyer et al., who claim overwhelming evidence for increased human population growth near protected areas. To understand the disagreement, we re-analyzed the protected areas in Wittemyer et al.'s paper. Their results are simply artifacts of mixing two incompatible datasets. Protected areas may experience unusual population pressures near their edges; indeed, individual case studies provide examples. There is no evidence, however, of a general pattern of disproportionate population growth near protected areas.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION GROWTH | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | NATURAL RESOURCES | URBANIZATION | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Environment | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors
Document Number: 331218

Title: Making family planning accessible in resource-poor settings.
Author: Prata N
Source: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 2009 Oct 27;364(1532):3093-9.
Abstract: It is imperative to make family planning more accessible in low resource settings. The poorest couples have the highest fertility, the lowest contraceptive use and the highest unmet need for contraception. It is also in the low resource settings where maternal and child mortality is the highest. Family planning can contribute to improvements in maternal and child health, especially in low resource settings where overall access to health services is limited. Four critical steps should be taken to increase access to family planning in resource-poor settings: (i) increase knowledge about the safety of family planning methods; (ii) ensure contraception is genuinely affordable to the poorest families; (iii) ensure supply of contraceptives by making family planning a permanent line item in healthcare system's budgets and (iv) take immediate action to remove barriers hindering access to family planning methods. In Africa, there are more women with an unmet need for family planning than women currently using modern methods. Making family planning accessible in low resource settings will help decrease the existing inequities in achieving desired fertility at individual and country level. In addition, it could help slow population growth within a human rights framework. The United Nations Population Division projections for the year 2050 vary between a high of 10.6 and a low of 7.4 billion. Given that most of the growth is expected to come from today's resource-poor settings, easy access to family planning could make a difference of billions in the world in 2050.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | NEEDS | OBSTACLES | POVERTY | INEQUALITIES | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | POPULATION GROWTH | MATERNAL MORTALITY | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality
Document Number: 342846

Title: Human population growth and temperature increase along with the increase in urbanisation, motor vehicle numbers and green area amount in the sample of Erzurum city, Turkey.
Author: Yilmaz S; Toy S; Demircioglu Yildiz N; Yilmaz H
Source: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2009 Jan;148(1-4):205-13.
Abstract: In the study, main purpose was to determine the effect of population growth along with the increase in urbanisation, motor vehicle use and green area amount on the temperature values using a 55-year data set in Erzurum, which is hardly industrialised, and one of the coldest cities with highest elevation in Turkey. Although the semi-decadal increases, means of which are 0.1 degrees C for mean, minimum and maximum temperatures, are not clear enough to make a strong comment even in the lights of figures or tables, it was found as the result of the statistical analysis that population growth and increases in the number of vehicles, the number of buildings and the green area amount in the city have no significant effect on mean temperatures. However, the relationships between population growth and maximum temperature; and the number of vehicles and minimum temperature were found to be statistically significant.
Language: English
Keywords:
TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | URBANIZATION | POPULATION GROWTH | TRANSPORTATION | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 330493

Title: The art of coalition building: A population, health, and environment consortium in Ethiopia.
Author: Zuehlke E; Bremner J
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2009 Apr. [1] p.
Abstract: For more than a decade, PRB has nurtured national and international coalitions that address population, maternal and child health, global health priorities, and the environment. Sharing the successes and challenges of coalitions in similar contexts can motivate and instigate new coalitions. This article captures the experiences from a newly formed but rapidly advancing coalition focused on population, health, and environment issues in Ethiopia, with the hope that their experience will be valuable to similar nascent groups in sub-Saharan Africa and beyond. (Excerpt).
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | SUMMARY REPORT | POPULATION GROWTH | PUBLIC HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | CAPACITY BUILDING | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Natural Resources | Environment | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Communication
Document Number: 331348

Title: Changes in fertility rates among Muslims in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.
Author: Zuehlke E
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2009 Apr. [1] p.
Abstract: The number of Muslims worldwide is projected to grow over the next decade to reach one-quarter of the world's population, largely because of higher fertility among Muslim populations. Yet, it is simplistic to argue that there is a specifically Islamic pattern of fertility due solely to religious influence, says Mehtab Karim, a senior research adviser and senior fellow at the Pew Forum on Religion and World Affairs. Karim visited PRB as part of its ongoing Policy Seminar series and presented findings based on the latest Demographic and Health Survey data from India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | INDIA | PAKISTAN | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | RELIGION | ISLAM | FERTILITY | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | CULTURE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | POPULATION GROWTH | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | FAMILY PLANNING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Economic Factors | Contraception | Socioeconomic Status
Document Number: 331347

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Ronald Freedman on American population growth: A view from 1957.
Source: Population and Development Review. 2008 Mar;34(1):155-167.
Abstract: Half a century ago, in 1957, the American baby boom reached its peak. The period total fertility rate (TFR) had climbed to 3.76-a level wholly unexpected even in the immediate postwar years. In combination with the then prevailing pattern of early childbearing and already fairly low mortality, this yielded an intrinsic rate of natural increase slightly above 2 percent per year. Such a rate implied, even without immigration, a long-run population growth potential unprecedented in US history. How should this demographic upsurge be interpreted? And what was the likely future demographic course of the United States? These were questions of manifest public interest. From the vantage point of the crest of the baby boom, Ronald Freedman addressed them in an essay titled "The planned family and American population growth," which appeared in the March 1957 issue of The Antioch Review. At the time Freedman was already a well-known social demographer, director of the first national fertility survey in the US(Growth of American Families); he was to become a leader in worldwide research on fertility and family planning. His 1957 essay is reproduced below in full. Written in nontechnical language but reflecting the best understanding of the factors underlying US fertility trends, Freedman's commentary provides a compelling narrative for today's readers. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHERS | POPULATION GROWTH | BIRTH RATE | BABY BOOM | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY SIZE | FAMILY PLANNING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Contraception | Family Characteristics | Family and Household
Document Number: 325567

11.

Title: Rapid youth assessment in the Eastern Caribbean.
Author: Educational Development Center [EDC]
Source: Newton, Massachusetts, EDC, 2008 Aug. [84] p.
Abstract: The Education Development Center conducted a rapid youth assessment to glean information and strategic ideas from a diverse range of stakeholders about the lives of 15- to 20-year-olds in Antigua, Grenada, St. Kitts, and St. Lucia in July 2008. Across the four islands, researchers interviewed 211 key informants from the private sector, government, nongovernmental organizations, community colleges, and international donor organizations. This report describes regional and country-specific youth programs, and it organizes the assessment's findings into three major sections: (1) a multisectoral analysis of key issues surrounding young people; (2) a supply (youth assets) and demand (key industries and emerging markets) analysis across the four countries; and (3) recommendations for youth strategy development.
Language: English
Keywords:
CARIBBEAN | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | EDUCATION | HEALTH | POPULATION GROWTH | POVERTY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Americas | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342034

12.

Title: Has the HIV epidemic peaked?
Author: Population Council
Source: Population Briefs. 2008 Dec;14(2):[2] p.
Abstract: The HIV epidemic appears to have stabilized around the world, according to a Population Council Distinguished Scholar and his colleagues. Although the rate of new infections has probably peaked in all world regions, the absolute number of HIV-positive individuals is expected to remain near current levels worldwide, with slower growth in sub-Saharan Africa and declines elsewhere. The epidemic still poses a daunting challenge to public health programs. As a result of continued high rates of population growth and only moderate success of HIV prevention programs, large numbers of adolescents and adults are still likely to become infected.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | SUMMARY REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | PREVALENCE | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ADOLESCENTS | OLDER ADULTS | HIV TRANSMISSION | HIV INFECTIONS | CHANGES | POPULATION GROWTH | Africa | Developing Countries | Public Health | Health | Measurement | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 331489

13.

Title: Population and the food supply.
Author: Population Council
Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2008. [2] p.
Abstract: This fact sheet contains a bulleted list of the information presented in the Bongaarts' essay "Food and population: The return of Malthus?". Some of the issues commented on are: 1) The connection between population and food supply; 2) Reducing unnecessary consumption could improve worldwide access to food; and 3) Practical solutions for the poorest countries.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POPULATION | FOOD SUPPLY | POPULATION GROWTH | PRICES | CONSUMPTION | ENERGY SUPPLY | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development
Document Number: 327695

14.

Title: 2008 world population data sheet.
Author: Population Reference Bureau [PRB]
Source: Washington, D.C., PRB, 2008. 16 p.
Abstract: This wall chart, the 2008 World Population Data Sheet of the Population Reference Bureau, includes demographic data and estimates for the countries and regions of the world. In addition, it summarizes and compares the latest population estimates, projections, and other key indicators for all geopolitical entities with populations of 150,00 or more. As world population has risen from 2.5 billion in 1950 to 6.7 billion in 2008, the proportion living in the developing countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean has expanded from 68 percent to more than 80 percent. India and China, with a billion-plus each in 2008, make up about 37 percent of the total. Projections for 2050 show this shift to developing countries continuing. Highlighted in this wall chart is naternal mortality in developing countries, the shift in population density from rural to urban areas, and mother's education and children's nutritional status. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | TABLES AND CHARTS | POPULATION DYNAMICS | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | POPULATION STATISTICS | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION SIZE | MATERNAL MORTALITY | FERTILITY RATE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | CHILD NUTRITION | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Research Methodology | Mortality | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nutrition | Health
Document Number: 328154

15.

16.

Title: World urbanization prospects: the 2007 revision. Highlights.
Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs
Source: New York, New York, United Nations, 2008 Feb 26. [19] p.
Abstract: Since 1988 the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations has been issuing every two years revised and updated estimates and projections of the urban and rural populations of all countries in the world and of their major urban agglomerations. This note presents the main findings of the 2007 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects which are consistent with the size of the total population of each country as estimated or projected in the 2006 Revision of World Population Prospects. The 2007 Revision presents estimates and projections of the total, urban and rural populations of the world for the period 1950-2050. The results are shown for development groups, six major areas (i.e., Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, Northern America and Oceania) and 21 regions. Data are further disaggregated for the 229 countries or areas of the world. The 2007 Revision also provides estimates and projections of the population of urban agglomerations with 750,000 inhabitants or more in 2007 for the period 1950-2025. Estimates of the proportion of the population living in urban areas and the population of cities are derived on the basis of national statistics. The most common source of data on the proportion urban and the population of cities and urban agglomerations is the population census. For some countries, the basic data are obtained from population registers or administrative statistics. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | URBAN AREAS | RURAL AREAS | POPULATION PROJECTION | URBANIZATION | POPULATION GROWTH | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | URBAN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | RURAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | Geographic Factors | Population | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology | Population Distribution | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors
Document Number: 324699

17.

Title: Rural population, development and the environment 2007. [Wallchart].
Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division
Source: New York, New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2008 Mar. [2] p. (ST/ESA/SER.A/275)
Abstract: The wall chart on Rural Population, Development and the Environment 2007 displays information on various aspects of population, environment and development, including changes in rural populations and their relationship with development and the environment. The wall chart include information for 228 countries or areas as well as data at the regional and sub-regional levels. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | TABLES AND CHARTS | UN | RURAL POPULATION | RURAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION GROWTH | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | AGRICULTURE | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Macroeconomic Factors
Document Number: 325833

18.

Title: Urban population, development and the environment 2007 [Wallchart].
Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division
Source: New York, New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2008 Mar. [2] p. (ST/ESA/SER.A/274)
Abstract: The wall chart on Urban Population, Development and the Environment 2007 displays information on various aspects of population, environment and development, including changes in urban populations and their relationship with development and the environment. The wall chart include information for 228 countries or areas as well as data at the regional and sub-regional levels. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | TABLES AND CHARTS | UN | URBAN POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | URBANIZATION | POPULATION GROWTH | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENERGY SUPPLY | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population Dynamics | Natural Resources | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 325831

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Population policy implementation in Nigeria, 1988-2003.
Author: Adegbola O
Source: Population Review. 2008;47(1):[48] p.
Abstract: The first Nigerian Population Policy was written in 1988 to reduce population growth as a collaboration between the Federal Ministry of Health and the World Bank. Whether this policy was successful is in contention. Some schools of thought argue that it was unsuccessful due to cultural, religious and financial factors in play. However, a positive demographic change was noticed statistically after the policy was implemented. Achievement of policy goals was limited due to flaws in the implementation strategy adopted for the National Population Program as well as due to a cultural aversion to family planning in Northern Nigeria, among other factors. The success of the policy was greatest in Southern Nigeria where social advancement also played an integral role. This paper shows that the attitudes towards population growth differ between these two very important regions of one country. This paper also addresses, in great detail, the obstacles to the implementation of the 1988 policy, and analyzes why the policy was successful in a part of the country, but not in another. With a new Population Policy having been implemented in 2006, identifying the problems of the 1988 program implementation has limited value unless the learned lessons result in a greater determination by the upper echelons of government, the bureaucracy and the political class in the nation to reprogram efforts for the future. While the Federal Government has recently instituted reform agenda that cover economic, social and administrative reforms, the population sector, together with the political governance that will address the role of population size in allocation of resources and power, needs to be included in the reform agenda. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | CRITIQUE | POPULATION POLICY | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | POPULATION GROWTH | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | IMPLEMENTATION | OBSTACLES | FAMILY PLANNING | ATTITUDES | FERTILITY CHANGES | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Fertility
Document Number: 327571

20.

Title: Research subsidies, population control policies, and growth.
Author: Alexandrakis C
Source: Review of Development Economics. 2008 Feb;12(1):106-123.
Abstract: Several R&D-based growth models without scale effects claim that subsidies to R&D are not conductive for economic growth while a faster growing population is. Yet, in an effort to maintain high growth rates, most OECD countries continue to subsidize R&D, while several developing countries are trying to control the size of their population. Are these countries misguided? This study introduces an R&D-based growth model that is characterized by complementarities between technology and human capital. The model is free of scale effects and consistent with the above-mentioned policies. By applying the model to US data the study uncovers a possible explanation for the productivity slowdown. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | POPULATION | POLICYMAKERS | POPULATION CONTROL | POPULATION POLICY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION GROWTH | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | GRANTS | TECHNOLOGY | HUMAN CAPITAL | PRODUCTIVITY | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Financial Activities | Human Resources
Document Number: 324779

21.

22.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Migration to the Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala: Why place matters.
Author: Carr DL
Source: Human Organization. 2008 Spr;67(1):37-48.
Abstract: Most migration research examines international migration or urbanization. Yet understudied rural migrants are of critical concern for environmental conservation and rural sustainable development. Despite the fact that a relatively small number of all migrants settle remote rural frontiers, these are the agents responsible for perhaps most of the tropical deforestation on the planet. Further, rural migrants are among the most destitute people worldwide in terms of economic and human development. While some research has investigated deforestation resulting from frontier migration and frontier development, this article explores the necessary antecedent to tropical deforestation and poverty in agricultural frontiers: emigration from origin areas. The data come from a 2000 survey with community leaders and key informants in 16 municipios (municipalities) of migrant origin to the Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR), Peten, Guatemala. A common denominator among communities of migration origin to the Peten frontier was unequal resource access, usually land. Nevertheless, factors driving resource scarcity were widely variable. Land degradation, land consolidation, and population growth prevailed in some communities but not in others. Despite similar exposure to community and regional level push factors, most people in the sampled communities did not emigrate, suggesting that any one or combination of factors is not necessarily sufficient for emigration. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GUATEMALA | LATIN AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | RURAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | MIGRANT WORKERS | MIGRATION | NATURAL RESOURCES | POPULATION GROWTH | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | Central America | Americas | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Environment
Document Number: 326533

23.

Title: On the contribution of sectoral natural population growth to the aggregate poverty change.
Author: Chatti R; El Lahga A
Source: Journal of Population Economics. 2008 Jan;21(1):183-190.
Abstract: This note extends the Ravallion and Huppi aggregate poverty change decomposition to account for the distinct contribution of migration and differential natural population growth between sectors to the aggregate poverty change. We apply our decomposition to three Least Developing countries. We find that accounting for sectoral difference in natural population growth has a considerable impact on national poverty change. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | ECONOMIC MODEL | MIGRANTS | POPULATION | MIGRATION | POVERTY | POPULATION GROWTH | LABOR MIGRATION | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 322761

24.

Title: An introduction to evidence-informed public health and a compendium of critical appraisal tools for public health practice.
Author: Ciliska D; Thomas H; Buffett C
Source: Hamilton, Canada, McMaster University, School of Nursing, National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools [NCCMT], 2008 Feb. [24] p.
Abstract: This background paper defines and summarizes the concept of evidence-informed public health (EIPH), recognizing that to use evidence in public health practice and policy development one must first critically appraise the available research that provides the basis for that evidence. This paper addresses the need for critical appraisal of primary research studies and systematic reviews to inform effective public health practice. It also outlines a hierarchy of quality of research evidence that can be used to inform public health policy and program delivery. For that reason, this paper presents some of the more commonly used critical appraisal tools. These tools provide basic guidelines and checklists for public health professionals to evaluate the quality of research when reading the literature. Web links in the compendium that accompanies this paper will direct users to some of the most current and usable tools. The highest quality evidence available is vital to the interactive process of moving knowledge into practice in the complex world of public health; however, the time constraints typically faced by public health practitioners can preclude a consistent implementation of the principles of evidence-informed decision-making. Critical appraisal provides an efficient method of reviewing evidence for its quality, and is an important part of the process of evidence-informed practice and policy development. The use of quality checklists and other tools can provide a systematic and effective means to help identify rigorous studies with valid conclusions for potential implementation and assessment. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | PUBLIC HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | POPULATION GROWTH | EVALUATION | INTERVENTIONS | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | RECOMMENDATIONS | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration | Technology | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331384

25.

Title: Population growth and its spatial distribution as factors in the deforestation of Nang Rong, Thailand.
Author: Entwisle B; Rindfuss RR; Walsh SJ; Page PH
Source: Geoforum. 2008 Mar;39(2):879-897.
Abstract: Frontiers constitute a major source of global land cover change hot spots, with forests and grasslands being converted into agricultural uses. As such, frontiers provide an opportunity to see how people manipulate the land and their lives in the context of social, cultural and environmental constraints. This paper examines frontier settlement and land cover change in Nang Rong district, Northeast Thailand for the last half century. It uses a Cellular Automata (CA) model to explore the land cover consequences of alternative patterns of settlement in a setting where people establish dwelling units in nucleated villages and work agricultural plots that surround villages. Forested land around the center of a village is converted into agricultural uses in an inverse relationship to the distance from the village center, but frequently modified by biophysical conditions. Land at the center of the village may be reforested after the village is established as a source of shade as well as fruit and other products. Model variation in land cover change is more sensitive to the spatial reach of village households than their temporal reach, suggesting the important role that technology plays in how villagers travel to their Welds (walking versus motorized transit). (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | LAND SUPPLY | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | POPULATION GROWTH | DEFORESTATION | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | FORESTS | SETTLEMENT AND RESETTLEMENT | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Natural Resources | Environment | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Environmental Degradation | Migration
Document Number: 325391

26.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Population control and uncertainty -- a doctor's role.
Author: Godlee F
Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2008 Aug 2;337(7664):a1076.
Abstract: Several readers have pointed out that the BMJ's recent coverage of climate change has ignored a key issue-the need for population control. John Guillebaud and Pip Hayes give the same rebuke in their editorial this week. They may be right that "population" and "family planning" are taboo words. The BMJ hasn't actively avoided these issues, but we could do more to highlight them. As Guillebaud and Hayes portray it, every week an extra 1.5 million people need food and somewhere to live, amounting to "a huge new city each week, somewhere, which destroys wildlife habitats and augments world fossil fuel consumption." Population control need not be coercive, they say. Half of pregnancies worldwide are unplanned. Simply by meeting women's unmet contraceptive needs, several developing countries have halved their fertility rates. Clear evidence points to the demand for contraception increasing when it is available, accessible, and properly marketed. Guillebaud and Hayes call on doctors to take an active role in overcoming barriers to the universal availability of contraception and ensuring that patients and the public understand the environmental consequences of population growth. Controversially, as evidenced by the responses to the editorial since it was published online on 24 July, they say that doctors should advise patients on limiting family size for environmental reasons and should set their own example. Not everyone will agree that this is a doctor's role. Most will agree, however, that it is the role of doctors to deal with uncertainty. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | PHYSICIANS | POPULATION CONTROL | POPULATION GROWTH | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | CONTRACEPTIVE SECURITY | FAMILY SIZE | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Environment | Natural Resources | Family Characteristics | Family and Household
Document Number: 327974

27.

Title: The importance of being mature: The effect of demographic maturation on global per capita GDP.
Author: Gomez R; de Cos PH
Source: Journal of Population Economics. 2008 Jul;21(3):589-608.
Abstract: Given that savings behavior and worker productivity have strong life-cycle components and given that demographic profiles vary across countries, population age structure should be linked to differences in levels of economic development. In this paper, we measure the economic importance of age structure variation for the global economy. We find that demographic maturation has been associated with neatly half of the evolution of global per capita GDP since 1960. We also find that age structure differences can account for just over half of the variation in worldwide per capita GDP (i.e. the lack of sigma convergence) observed since 1960. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY LIFE CYCLE | AGE FACTORS | POPULATION GROWTH | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SAVINGS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Family Research | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Macroeconomic Factors
Document Number: 326923

28.

Title: Population growth and climate change. Universal access to family planning should be the priority [editorial]
Author: Guillebaud J; Hayes P
Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2008 Aug 2;337(7664):247-248.
Abstract: The world's population now exceeds 6700 million, and humankind's consumption of fossil fuels, fresh water, crops, fish, and forests exceeds supply. These facts are connected. The annual increase in population of about 79 million means that every week an extra 1.5 million people need food and somewhere to live. Every person born adds to greenhouse gas emissions, and escaping poverty is impossible without these emissions increasing. Resourcing contraception therefore helps to combat climate change, although it is not a substitute for high emitters reducing their per capita emissions. As doctors, we must help to eradicate the many myths and non-evidence based medical rules that often deny women access to family planning. We should advocate for it to be supplied only wisely and compassionately, and for increased investment, which is currently just 10% of that recommended at the UN's Population Conference in Cairo. We must not put pressure on people, but by providing information on population and the environment, and appropriate contraception for everyone (and by their own example), doctors should help to bring family size into the arena of environmental ethics, analogous to avoiding patio heaters and high carbon cars. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | POPULATION GROWTH | CLIMATE | ENVIRONMENT | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 327946

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The demographic impact of Partition in the Punjab in 1947.
Author: Hill K; Selzer W; Leaning J; Malik SJ; Russell SS
Source: Population Studies. 2008;62(2):155-170.
Abstract: We use data from the 1931, 1941, and 1951 censuses of India and the 1951 census of Pakistan to examine the demographic consequences of Partition in the Punjab in 1947. Had growth rates for the period 1931-41 for the Punjab as a whole continued to 1951, the population of the Punjab would have been 2.9 million larger than that recorded in 1951. Population losses from migration and mortality above age 20 were approximately 2.7 million greater between 1941 and 1951 than would have been predicted by loss rates between 1931 and 1941. We estimate a net Partition-related population movement out of the combined Punjab of about 400,000. We conclude from several lines of analysis that Partition-related population losses in the Punjab, either from deaths or unrecorded migration, were in the range 2.3-3.2 million. Partition was also marked by a dramatic religious homogenization at the district level.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS METHODS | POPULATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | MIGRANTS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | COLONIALISM | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | CENSUS | POPULATION GROWTH | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | POPULATION DECREASE | RELIGION | ISLAM | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Political Systems | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Science
Document Number: 327733

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Natural increase: a new source of population growth in emerging Hispanic destinations in the United States.
Author: Johnson KM; Lichter DT
Source: Population and Development Review. 2008 Jun;34(2):327-346.
Abstract: Updated US Census Bureau estimates and race/ethnic-specific birth and death data for the post-2000 period are used to highlight the increasing role of natural increase as an engine of population growth in emerging Hispanic destinations. Newly emerging Hispanic growth areas are distinguished from established and high-growth areas from the 1990s. The findings document that recent Hispanic population gains have been generated increasingly by natural increase -- the excess of Hispanic births over deaths. Hispanics accounted for 46 percent of the population gain and 53 percent of the natural increase in nonmetro America in 2000-2005. Yet, Hispanics represented only 5.4 percent of the nonmetro population in 2000. In metro areas, they accounted for 50 percent of the population gain and 47 percent of the natural increase, although they comprised only 14 percent of the metro population. Current trends suggest that the ascendancy of the US Hispanic population is likely to continue unabated, whether restrictive immigration legislation is enacted or not. The growth of the Hispanic population, caused increasingly by natural increase, has taken on a demographic momentum of its own. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | HISPANICS | IMMIGRANTS | RURAL POPULATION | NATURAL INCREASE | POPULATION GROWTH | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 327376


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