1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Prevalence of child marriage and its effect on fertility and fertility-control outcomes of young women in India: a cross-sectional, observational study. Author: Raj A; Saggurti N; Balaiah D; Silverman JG Source: Lancet. 2009 May 30;373(9678):1883-9. Abstract: The authors assessed the prevalence of child marriage-i.e., before 18 years of age-in young adult women in India, and the associations between child marriage and women's fertility and fertility-control outcomes. Data from the National Family Health Survey-3 (2005-06) were limited to a sample of Indian women aged 20-24 years (n=22,807), of whom 14,813 had been or were presently married (ever-married). Prevalence of child marriage was estimated for the whole sample. They used regression models adjusted for demographics, and models adjusted for demographics and duration of marriage to estimate odds ratios for the associations between child marriage and both fertility and fertility-control outcomes, in the ever-married subsample. About 45% of women aged 20-24 years were married before age 18 years, 22.6% were married before age 16 years, and 2.6% were married before age 13 years. Child marriage was significantly associated with no contraceptive use before first childbirth, high fertility (three or more births), a repeat childbirth in less than 24 months, multiple unwanted pregnancies, pregnancy termination, and female sterilization. The association between child marriage and high fertility, a repeat childbirth in less than 24 months, multiple unwanted pregnancies, pregnancy termination, and sterilization all remained significant after controlling for duration of marriage. The authors conclude that increased enforcement of existing policies is crucial for preventing child marriage. Improved family-planning education, access, and support are urgently needed for women married as children, their husbands, and their families. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREVALENCE | WOMEN | YOUTH | CHILD MARRIAGE | FERTILITY | POPULATION CONTROL | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | HEALTH POLICY | NEEDS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Measurement | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Population Dynamics | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | Economic Factors Document Number: 341631 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Child marriage in India: a tradition with alarming implications. Author: Salvi V Source: Lancet. 2009 May 30;373(9678):1826-7. Abstract: The earth is now inhabited by about 6.7 billion people. The population has grown nearly ten-fold in the past three centuries and has increased four-fold in the past century. Between 2005 and 2050, eight countries, including India, are expected to contribute to half of the world's projected population increase. China and India will most likely remain the only countries with populations over 1 billion, and probably no others will come close to this level. India's population is a staggering 1.15 billion at present. This population explosion is detrimental not only for India but also for the entire world. It is important therefore to evaluate the various factors that have caused the increase, if one is to arrive at any long-term solutions. The study by Anita Raj and colleagues, in The Lancet today, on the prevalence of child marriage in young women in India and its effect on fertility and fertility control, assesses one such important factor. Even today, 44.5% of marriages in India occur before the wife is aged 18 years, and are associated with high fertility and other disadvantages, such as multiple unwanted pregnancies. Marriage at such ages has enormous adverse implications, not just for women's health and empowerment in general, but also for humankind in the long term. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | PREVALENCE | CHILD MARRIAGE | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | FERTILITY | POPULATION CONTROL | IMPACT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Communication Document Number: 341630 |
3.  Title: Looking to the future: Improving family planning access and quality in Rwanda. Author: IntraHealth International. Capacity Project Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, IntraHealth International, Capacity Project, 2008 Feb. [2] p. (Voices No. 16) Abstract: In geographically small and densely populated Rwanda, "there's an imbalance between population growth and economic development," says Dr. Camille Munyangabe. As the national representative for family planning on the Maternal and Child Health Task Force at the Ministry of Health, he is dedicated to meeting this challenge. "The population is far too numerous for the country's capacity to sustain them geographically-not enough land-and economically-the level of poverty is unacceptable," he explains. "That's why the State puts such an emphasis on family planning," Dr. Munyangabe continues. Rwanda's population policy calls for an increase in modern contraceptive prevalence from 7% in 2003 to 60% in 2015 and 80% in 2020. "To this end, we formed a special partnership with USAID and IntraHealth International, which implements the Capacity Project as lead partner and covers 11 districts out of 30." (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: RWANDA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | TRAINING OF TRAINERS | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | POPULATION CONTROL | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Family Planning | Management | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Programs | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Training Programs | Education | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 326283 |
| 4. Title: Research subsidies, population control policies, and growth. Author: Alexandrakis C Source: Review of Development Economics. 2008 Feb;12(1):106-123. Abstract: Several R&D-based growth models without scale effects claim that subsidies to R&D are not conductive for economic growth while a faster growing population is. Yet, in an effort to maintain high growth rates, most OECD countries continue to subsidize R&D, while several developing countries are trying to control the size of their population. Are these countries misguided? This study introduces an R&D-based growth model that is characterized by complementarities between technology and human capital. The model is free of scale effects and consistent with the above-mentioned policies. By applying the model to US data the study uncovers a possible explanation for the productivity slowdown. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | POPULATION | POLICYMAKERS | POPULATION CONTROL | POPULATION POLICY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION GROWTH | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | GRANTS | TECHNOLOGY | HUMAN CAPITAL | PRODUCTIVITY | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Financial Activities | Human Resources Document Number: 324779 |
| 5. Title: Fatal misconception: the struggle to control world population. Author: Connelly M Source: Cambridge, Massachusetts, Belknap Press, 2008. xiv, 521 p. Abstract: Rather than a conspiracy theory, this book presents a cautionary tale. It is a story about the future, and not just the past. It therefore takes the form of a narrative unfolding over time, including very recent times. It describes the rise of a movement that sought to remake humanity, the reaction of those who fought to preserve patriarchy, and the victory won for the reproductive rights of both women and men -- a victory, alas, Pyrrhic and incomplete, after so many compromises, and too many sacrifices. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | HISTORICAL REVIEW | LITERATURE REVIEW | CRITIQUE | POPULATION CONTROL | FAMILY PLANNING | INTERVENTIONS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | POPULATION POLICY | POPULATION PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | FOREIGN AID | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Human Rights | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Organizations Document Number: 328182 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Men gone wild? The politics of population control. [Book review of "Fatal MisConception: The Struggle to Control World Population" by Matthew Connelly]. Author: Gillespie D Source: Lancet. 2008 Aug 2;372:363-364. Abstract: Matthew Connelly considers his book the first "global history of population control", which, at various times and places, encompasses eugenics, infanticide, pronatalist schemes, restrictive immigration policies, genocide, and family planning. His archival research exhaustively spans the late 1800s through to the mid-1980s, after which his research becomes a bit thin. He includes a numbing number of cameo appearances by the famous, the infamous, and the unknown. Although an occasional nugget of interest can be found in the first part of the book, most readers will find Connelly's attention to minutiae a powerful narcotic. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | POPULATION CONTROL | POPULATION POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE HISTORY | USAID | Social Policy | Policy | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Government Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 327942 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Population control and uncertainty -- a doctor's role. Author: Godlee F Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2008 Aug 2;337(7664):a1076. Abstract: Several readers have pointed out that the BMJ's recent coverage of climate change has ignored a key issue-the need for population control. John Guillebaud and Pip Hayes give the same rebuke in their editorial this week. They may be right that "population" and "family planning" are taboo words. The BMJ hasn't actively avoided these issues, but we could do more to highlight them. As Guillebaud and Hayes portray it, every week an extra 1.5 million people need food and somewhere to live, amounting to "a huge new city each week, somewhere, which destroys wildlife habitats and augments world fossil fuel consumption." Population control need not be coercive, they say. Half of pregnancies worldwide are unplanned. Simply by meeting women's unmet contraceptive needs, several developing countries have halved their fertility rates. Clear evidence points to the demand for contraception increasing when it is available, accessible, and properly marketed. Guillebaud and Hayes call on doctors to take an active role in overcoming barriers to the universal availability of contraception and ensuring that patients and the public understand the environmental consequences of population growth. Controversially, as evidenced by the responses to the editorial since it was published online on 24 July, they say that doctors should advise patients on limiting family size for environmental reasons and should set their own example. Not everyone will agree that this is a doctor's role. Most will agree, however, that it is the role of doctors to deal with uncertainty. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | PHYSICIANS | POPULATION CONTROL | POPULATION GROWTH | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | CONTRACEPTIVE SECURITY | FAMILY SIZE | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Environment | Natural Resources | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 327974 |
| 8. Title: From family planning to HIV / AIDS in Vietnam: Shifting priorities, remaining gaps. Author: Le Minh Giang; Nguyen Thi Mai Huong Source: In: SexPolitics: Reports from the front lines, edited by Richard Parker, Rosalind Petchesky and Robert Sember. [Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Associacao Brasileira Interdisciplinar de AIDS (ABIA), Sexuality Policy Watch, 2008]. :277-309. Abstract: Globally, both the disjunction between sexual and reproductive health and HIV/AIDS, and the fact that HIV/AIDS has taken over the political and funding agenda, are well noted. A recent editorial in the journal, Reproductive Health Matters, summed up this trend, noting that although HIV/AIDS has been with us for more than two decades, "now, suddenly, following rapid shifts in political leadership, priority setting, power brokering, and funding policies in international health and development circles, it is widely considered an unassailable fact that in the global 'competition' for resources and attention, sexual and reproductive health has less priority and has lost out to AIDS, as if addressing the one had no connection with addressing the other". Has this trend been realized in Vietnam? If so, what are some of the factors that have shaped this trend and which of its characteristics should Vietnam take into account moving forward? (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | HIV PREVENTION | BILLBOARDS AND SIGNS | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | NEWSPAPERS | FUNDS | POPULATION CONTROL | LEGISLATION | UNFPA | FOREIGN AID | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Programs | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Mass Media | Communication | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Printed Media | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | UN | International Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 326774 |
| 9. Title: Only poverty reduction will curtail population growth [editorial] Author: Nuwagaba N Source: African Health Sciences. 2008 Mar;8(1):4-5. Abstract: Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | FERTILITY SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | POPULATION | POVERTY | POPULATION CONTROL | POPULATION POLICY | PREVALENCE | HOME ECONOMICS | CHILD SURVIVAL | TRAINING PROGRAMS | ADVOCACY | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Measurement | Research Methodology | Microeconomic Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Education | Communication | Women's Status Document Number: 323092 |
| 10. Title: Fertility and fertility control in pre-revolutionary China. Author: Wolf AP; Engelen T Source: Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 2008 Winter;38(3):345-375. Abstract: The argument of Malthus' First Essay on Population is largely developed on the basis of a comparison between three countries-Britain, the United States, and China. England is presented as an example of an "old state" in which population growth has been considerable in the past but is slow at present. The reason is that "a foresight of the difficulties attending the rearing of a family acts as a preventative check, and the actual distress of some of the lower classes, by which they are disabled from giving the proper food and attention to their children, acts as a positive check." This observation holds for all old states because they lack the resources necessary to support further growth. Malthus offers the United States as an example of a new state in a "healthy country . . . with plenty of food and room" and institutions that made good land affordable and agriculture a good investment. The result was that, as in new colonies generally, the population grew "with astonishing rapidity." Malthus underlines the point by asking why an equal number of people did not "produce an equal increase in the same time in Great Britain." His answer is, "The great and obvious cause . . . is the want of food and room, or in other words, misery." China was known to Malthus as "one of the most fertile, best cultivated, most industrious, and most populous countries in the world," but Smith characterized it as a country in which "the poverty of the lowest ranks of people . . . far surpasses that of the most beggarly nations in Europe." Quesnay summed up the prevailing view: "In spite of . . . the abundance that reigns, there are few countries that have so much poverty among the humbler classes. However great the empire may be, it is too crowded for the multitude that inhabit it." (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | UNITED KINGDOM | LITERATURE REVIEW | FERTILITY | POPULATION CONTROL | MALTHUSIANISM | POPULATION THEORY | POVERTY | FERTILITY RATE | MARITAL FERTILITY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 325519 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Humans -- a threat to humanity [letter] Author: Zaaijman Jdu T Source: South African Medical Journal. 2008 May;98(5):330. Abstract: At last an editorial on the much-neglected topic of the sustainability limits of our globe. Thank you, Mr. Editor, for your most informative, readable, and politically elegant essay. The bottom line is that if we don't do something about the overpopulation of our globe, we will reach the 9 billion mark possibly even before 2050, as predicted in your editorial. The earth is groaning, it is indeed gasping, probably already on a death bed of sorts. Agreed, it is not rocket science to figure out that too many people are being born. Something somehow will have to be done to popularise both male and female voluntary sterilisation once again. Certainly in the rural areas it seems to have been forgotten about. Small families must become the fashion. This is in keeping with World Health Organization recommendations and standards. I know of one heavyweight South African politician who already has 19 children and nevertheless recently got himself tied up in wedlock, for the umpteenth time, no doubt so as to have more babies with the lovely new young bride. So it would appear that (at least some) politicians need to be educated on the sustainability thing. It is also almost unbelievable that any government today can still encourage single-parent families by providing inappropriate social grants for babies born out of wedlock. The leaders of at least some groups in the religion industry also need to be educated. Surely they cannot forever continue to protect their selfish, in-group taboos on basic contraception? What if we should all decide to take that sort of line? As far as clean water, fresh air, open space, energy resources, food for the masses, etc. are concerned, it is obvious that we are facing an escalating crisis, basically because too many people are being born. I can only hope that every editor of every publication will do his or her educational bit, at every 'conceivable occasion'. Many thanks, Mr. Editor, for your bit so far. (full-text) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | CRITIQUE | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION CONTROL | POPULATION PRESSURE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Environment | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources Document Number: 328757 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Contraception: A social revolution. Author: Benagiano G; Bastianelli C; Farris M Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2007 Mar;12(1):3-12. Abstract: Modern contraceptive technology is more than a technical advance: it has brought about a true social revolution, the 'first reproductive revolution' in the history of mankind. This latter was followed in rapid succession by other major changes in human reproductive strategies. In the human species, sexual activity began to lose its exclusive reproductive meaning at an early stage of its evolution. Human beings must have practiced non-conceptive sex from the outset and therefore must have had a need to avoid, rather than to seek conception during intercourse from time immemorial. The search for methods to control fertility went on for millennia, but a valid solution was only found during the twentieth century, when the population explosion had forever changed the shape of humanity: in only one century the total population of the planet had grown from some 1.6 billion to more than 6 billion. That increase will remain unique in the history of Homo sapiens. At the global level, contraception provided a tool to deal with overpopulation and, in only 50 years, went a long way towards its resolution. However, to solve the problem, national and international family planning initiatives were required. For individuals, contraception also meant a revolution. It allowed sexual intercourse without reproduction. Only 25 years later, in vitro fertilisation permitted childbearing without sexual intercourse. Other advances followed and now cloning, that is, reproduction without the two gametes, looms on the horizon. Such a series of rapid, major changes in human reproductive strategies has confused many. For this reason, a constructive dialogue between sociology and biology is mandatory. Contraception is a powerful tool to promote equity between sexes; it improves women's status in the family and in the community. Avoiding pregnancy during the teens increases opportunities for a young woman's education, training and employment. By controlling their fertility, women get a chance to contribute economically to their household, which in turn may give them a greater share in decision-making. There are other specific areas in which contraception has produced beneficial social effects, first and foremost in reducing the need for induced abortion. It has also helped avoiding sexually-transmitted infections and is a very useful tool for educating youngsters to adopt more responsible sexual behaviors. Interventions in the field of family planning are among the most cost-effective health interventions. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | EVALUATION | WOMEN | SOCIAL CHANGE | CONTRACEPTION | POPULATION CONTROL | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | COST EFFECTIVENESS | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Reproduction | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation Document Number: 313267 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Taiwan's population and family planning efforts: An historical perspective. Author: Cernada G; Sun TH; Chang MC; Tsai JF Source: International Quarterly of Community Health Education. 2007;27(2):99-120. Abstract: The unprecedented decline of Taiwan's natural population increase rate from 3% in 1963 to 1.9% in 1973, attributed primarily to an increasing use of contraception, brought universal attention to one of the first and most successful national family planning programs, at a time when successes were few. Taiwan met its goal of decreasing its natural increase rate despite its young population, increasing numbers of women of childbearing ages, a strong preference for sons and a per capita income at the outset in 1963 of less than U.S.$200. Recognition of this achievement brought thousands of professionals, particularly from developing countries, to study the program firsthand: more than 3,000 during 1970-73 alone. This was matched by an avalanche of publications about the program that appeared around the world, written by practitioners, academics and others. This article tells the story of this success. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | HISTORICAL REVIEW | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | POPULATION | POPULATION CONTROL | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | POPULATION POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | SEX PREFERENCE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Programs | Organization and Administration | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Planning Programs Document Number: 325587 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: China's local and national fertility policies at the end of the twentieth century. Author: Gu B; Wang F; Guo Z; Zhang E Source: Population and Development Review. 2007 Mar;33(1):129-147. Abstract: In this article we survey variations in China's fertility policy as of the late 1990s, in an attempt to describe local policy and the implications of the aggregation of local policies for national policy. Following a brief discussion of the politics of population policymaking in contemporary China, we summarize fertility policy regulations within China's provinces. Our survey illustrates the intricacies and complexities of the population control process in China and serves as a background for our detailed analysis of the policy-stipulated fertility level in China based on local fertility policies. Using data collected on fertility policy for 420 prefecture-level units in China, the administrative level below the province, we estimate fertility levels that would obtain locally if all married couples had births at the levels permitted by local policy. Chinese birth control officials term this fertility level as "policy fertility" (zhengce shengyulu). We compute the average provincial and national policy fertility levels implied by policy fertility at the prefecture level and map the geographic and demographic distributions of policy fertility in China. This policy fertility level is a quantitative summary of China's current fertility policy, informing what is pursued in terms of population control nationally, on the basis of diverse local policies. Policy fertility serves as a reference for evaluating China's fertility policy implementation, and as a starting point in evaluating the necessity and feasibility of continuing China's current fertility policy. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | POPULATION | POLICYMAKERS | FERTILITY DECLINE | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | ONE CHILD POLICY | POPULATION CONTROL | POPULATION POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | ANTINATALIST POLICY | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Planning | Geographic Factors | Geography | Social Sciences | Science Document Number: 308468 |
| 15. Title: Family planning and the World Bank in Jamaica. Author: King T Source: In: The global family planning revolution: three decades of population policies and programs, edited by Warren C. Robinson and John A. Ross. Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2007. :155-174. Abstract: In Jamaica, as in many countries, the pioneers of family planning were men and women who sought to improve the well-being of their impoverished women compatriots, and who perhaps were also conscious of the social threats of rapid population growth. When, eventually, population control became national policy, the relationship between the initial private programs and the national effort did not always evolve smoothly, as the Jamaican experience shows (see box 10.1 for a timeline of the main events in relation to family planning in Jamaica). A related question was whether the family planning program should be a vertical one, that is, with a staff directed toward a sole objective, or whether it should be integrated within the public health service. These issues were not unique to Jamaica, but in one respect Jamaica was distinctive: it was the setting for the World Bank's first loan for family planning activities. Family planning programs entailed public expenditures that were quite different from the infrastructure investments for which almost all Bank loans had been made, and the design and appraisal of a loan for family planning that did not violate the principles that governed Bank lending at the time required a series of decisions at the highest levels of the Bank. These decisions shaped World Bank population lending for several years and subjected the Bank to a good deal of external criticism. For that reason, this chapter focuses on the process of making this loan. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: JAMAICA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CASE STUDIES | POLICYMAKERS | FAMILY PLANNING ORGANIZATIONS | GOVERNMENT | WORLD BANK | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | PRIVATE SECTOR | POPULATION POLICY | POPULATION CONTROL | Caribbean | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | International Agencies | Family Planning | Social Policy | Policy | Planning | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 321945 |
| 16. Title: Constructing population control: Social and material factors in norm emergence and diffusion. Author: Landolt LK Source: Global Society. 2007 Jul;21(3):393-414. Abstract: To demonstrate that norms have independent causal power, constructivists de-emphasise material factors related to state interests and highlight social factors. Similarly, they conceptualise international organisations as autonomous from state influence, and focus on cases featuring non-state actors that stimulate a "tipping point" of norm diffusion among states in advance of state sponsorship. By contrast, this article utilises an historical materialist approach that admits both social and material data to examine the contrasting case of population control. It finds that US corporate foundations, eugenist demographers, feminist birth control activists and related NGOs conceptualised and promoted population control in the United States, at the United Nations, and across developing countries. However, the tipping point of norm diffusion occurred only after the United States publicly advocated population control. Indeed, material and social factors were inextricably bound together. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | THEORETICAL STUDIES | POPULATION CONTROL | POPULATION POLICY | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | CORPORATE SPONSORSHIP | POVERTY | HUMAN RIGHTS | FAMILY PLANNING | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | ADVOCACY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Organizations | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Communication Document Number: 320602 |
| 17. Title: "Let's become fewer": Soap operas, contraception, and nationalizing the Mexican family in an overpopulated world. Author: Laveaga GS Source: Journal of NSRC. 2007 Sep;4(3):19-33. Abstract: This article explores the emergence of Mexico's campaigns in the 1970s and 1980s to reduce population increase. Using primarily archival material from the National Population Council in Mexico City, the author argues that federal health organizations, in particular the Population Council, embraced the use of oral contraception and family planning as the means to introduce modern role models for a forward-looking Mexico. The majority of billboards, soap operas, and radio spots that aired the message focused on dissuading Mexicans from falling into stereotypical behaviors, among them having too many children. In the attempt to reshape traditional attitudes and link a so-called foreign pill to everyday Mexican actions, however, the campaigns reinforced racial and class divisions while encouraging new gender roles. Although they were successful in reducing the rate of population increase, the campaigns failed to address more pressing issues such as poverty, unemployment, and migration. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SOAP OPERA | CAMPAIGNS | POPULATION CONTROL | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | FAMILY PLANNING | ROLE MODELS | BILLBOARDS AND SIGNS | RADIO | RACE RELATIONS | SOCIAL CLASS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Communication Programs | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Interpersonal Relations | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 324445 |
| 18. Title: Family planning in Iran, 1960-79. Author: Moore R Source: In: The global family planning revolution: three decades of population policies and programs, edited by Warren C. Robinson and John A. Ross. Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2007. :33-57. Abstract: In the early to mid-1960s, Iran was among the first wave of developing countries to initiate a national population and family planning program. In doing so, it became a pioneer in a historic and enormously complex undertaking for which relatively little experience, few lessons learned, or tools and methods on which to rely were available. Most developing countries viewed family planning as a culturally and politically sensitive initiative, especially traditional Muslim countries. From 1967 to 1979, through major efforts and the provision of adequate resources, international assistance, and strong political support, Iran's program developed quickly, learned rapidly, and had many promising attributes and achievements. That period is the focus of this chapter and is referred throughout as the first stage of the program. However, when the Islamic Revolution swept Iran in early 1979, it quickly became evident that the shah's family planning program and his social modernization initiatives had few supporters among religious groups and also among many lay groups. Furthermore, at that time the leaders of the Islamic Revolution were essentially pro-natalist. This period, 1979-88, is referred to as the second stage of the program. However, in an about-face in 1989, these same leaders reversed themselves and produced remarkable and ongoing achievements in family planning. This period, 1988 to the present, is referred to as the third stage of the program. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CASE STUDIES | GOVERNMENT | POLICYMAKERS | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | POPULATION POLICY | POPULATION CONTROL | ISLAM | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | PRIVATE SECTOR | CONTRACEPTION | Developing Countries | Middle East | Studies | Research Methodology | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Planning | Social Policy | Policy | Religion | Education | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 321938 |
| 19. Title: Integrating population, health, and environment in Ethiopia. Author: Patterson KP Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], BRinging Information to Decisionmakers for Global Effectiveness [BRIDGE], 2007 Nov. 12 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00004-00) Abstract: Ethiopia's diverse cultural, religious, and linguistic heritage reflects its location at the crossroads of Africa and the Middle East. Some of the first human settlements arose in this region, which means that Ethiopians have interacted with their natural environment for millennia. The ox-plow system-the dominant form of agriculture in Ethiopia-arose in the highlands more than 2,000 years ago. The highlands are also home to moorland, grassland, and woodland habitat, which contain considerable biodiversity. Despite some species loss, Ethiopia still claims a wealth of natural resources, though it is increasingly under threat. In recent decades, this ancient center of more than 100 ethnic groups has been known for recurrent famines, epidemics, and conflicts. However, policymakers within and outside Ethiopia are determined to break the cycle of food insecurity and poverty through sustained economic growth, while preserving the country's unique natural heritage. A development model that integrates population, health, and environment factors may be the best way to achieve these goals. A versatile development model that strives to integrate population and environment has been implemented in countries similar to Ethiopia in recent years, with encouraging results. Known as cross-sectoral or integrated population, health, and environment (PHE), this holistic approach has potential for application in Ethiopia and is compatible with the government's new poverty reduction strategy. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | PROGRESS REPORT | POLICYMAKERS | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | CULTURE | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH | POPULATION CONTROL | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Environment | Rural Development | Population Policy | Social Policy | Programs | Planning Document Number: 322357 |
| 20. Title: The evolution of population policies and programs in the Arab Republic of Egypt. Author: Robinson WC; El-Zanaty FH Source: In: The global family planning revolution: three decades of population policies and programs, edited by Warren C. Robinson and John A. Ross. Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2007. :15-31. Abstract: At the beginning of the 20th century, neither the ruling Egyptian elite nor the elite's numerous foreign experts and advisers seem to have been worried about the Arab Republic of Egypt having too many people. Lord Cromer, the British consul general in Egypt from 1883 to 1907 and the effective ruler of country wrote, "One great advantage of Egypt's situation is that no hidden economic problem lurked between the pages of the budget. The Finance Minister had not to deal, as in India, with a congested population, of whom a large percentage were in normal times living on the edge of starvation. He never had to refer to the pages of Malthus". This began to change, however, not long after the beginning of the 20th century. A series of modern population censuses began in 1897 and, over time, these decennial counts revealed a steady increase in population. Articles were written in the press and awareness of the longer-run implications of such growth began to dawn on some academics and the medical profession. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CASE STUDIES | POLICYMAKERS | GOVERNMENT | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | POPULATION POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | LEADERSHIP | POPULATION CONTROL | ISLAM | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Social Policy | Policy | Planning | Religion Document Number: 321937 |
| 21. Title: Convergence of a discrete-time age-structured population toward a given steady state through controlled immigration. Author: Xu L; Zhang Q; Xiao X Source: Mathematical Population Studies. 2007 Jul;14(3):192-201. Abstract: To explore the concept of stability in an age-structured population with migration, a Markov transition matrix model is built, where age classes can be of different length, and the time step is not necessarily equal to the length of the age class. The conditions under which a vector of the model has a steady population structure are identified, as well as those under which the age structure converges to a given steady state, through a series of decisions or controls of letting immigrants in or forbidding them entry into the country. The decisions are expressed as vectors of proportions of immigrants. In the steady state, when the increment of population is proportional to its size, the age- or stage-structure remains unchanged between transitions. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | POPULATION | POPULATION STABILIZATION | POPULATION CONTROL | IMMIGRANTS | AGE DISTRIBUTION | POPULATION POLICY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Size | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Migrants | Migration | Age Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 318927 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Fertility control in wildlife: humans as a model. Author: Barfield JP; Nieschlag E; Cooper TG Source: Contraception. 2006;73:6-22. Abstract: In a time of accelerated extinction rates and biodiversity loss, it may seem illogical to be concerned with methods limiting the reproduction of wild populations; however, there is an urgent need to inhibit the proliferation of a wide variety of species. The range of animals for which fertility control is desired makes the development of a single method impossible. The various reproductive strategies used by individual species, the desired outcome of contraceptive programs (reversible or irreversible; male or female directed) and our ignorance of the reproductive biology of many endangered species necessitate thorough species-specific investigations. As fertility control in humans is a reality and research into methods of fertility control is more advanced, humans serve as a model for developing contraceptive approaches for wild species. Population control by traditional methods (indirect or direct intervention by culling, poisoning, translocation, etc.) is increasingly unacceptable to the public, making human studies even more valuable for finding solutions to overabundant wild populations. This review compares and contrasts the range of contraceptive methods used in both wildlife and humans. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RECOMMENDATIONS | LITERATURE REVIEW | THEORETICAL MODELS | ANIMALS | WILDLIFE | ECOLOGY | POPULATION CONTROL | FERTILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | Research Methodology | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 293354 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Population control in India: Prologue to the emergency period. Author: Connelly M Source: Population and Development Review. 2006 Dec;32(4):629-667. Abstract: Some 30 years after the event, the Emergency Period remains the one episode in the history of family planning in India that would appear to require no introduction. It has become emblematic of everything that can go wrong in a program premised on "population control" rather than on reproductive rights and health. This included time-bound performance targets; a preference for methods that minimized the need for sustained motivation; disregard for basic medical standards; incentive payments that, for the very poorest, constituted a form of coercion; disincentives that punished nonparticipation; and official consideration of compulsory sterilization, which, even if never enacted into law, signaled that achieving national population targets might override individual dignity and welfare. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | HIGH FERTILITY POPULATION | GOVERNMENT | POPULATION CONTROL | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | POPULATION POLICY | MALTHUSIANISM | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | INCENTIVES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Family Planning | Population Theory Document Number: 310806 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Reproductive and sexual rights: history and contemporary challenges. Author: Das A Source: Journal of Family Welfare. 2006;52 Spec No:19-24. Abstract: Control over women's reproductive abilities and functions have been one of the key aspects of the domination over women and their secondary status in society. It is, therefore, not surprising that from the earliest times, movements for women's rights have included reproductive and sexual rights as some of their key concerns. This may sound surprising to many who consider reproductive rights as a modernday struggle, a struggle that has intensified only after the International Conference for Population and Development in 1994. This is not so. The earliest demands of women's movements in the West included demands for the right to vote, equal pay for equal work, the right to property, the right to education, as well as the right to initiate divorce, obtain and use contraceptives, have abortions and decide whether or not to go through pregnancy. In India too, the work on women's upliftment done by the great social reformers of the nineteenth century like Pandit Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar in Bengal or Mahatma Jyotiba Phule in Maharashtra included issues like widow remarriage, polygamy, and child marriage which are clearly within the realm of reproductive rights. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | INDIA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTION | MALTHUSIANISM | EUGENICS | POPULATION CONTROL | POPULATION POLICY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Theory | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Genetics | Biology | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 305290 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Reaching the MDGs: Why population, reproductive health and gender matter. Author: Obaid TA Source: Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 2006;21(2-3):9-20. Abstract: The 2005 World Summit was an important event for those of us working to realize commitments made at the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) held in Cairo over ten years ago to improve the lives of poor women and men in the developing world. At the United Nations Headquarters in New York, the largest ever gathering of world leaders in history convened in September 2005 resolved to achieve universal access to reproductive health by 2015, promote gender equality and end discrimination against women - the pillars of the ICPD Programme of Action. The World Summit's success does not mean the challenges to achieve the goals contained in the ICPD Programme of Action have ended. Ideological and conservative opposition remains. In some countries where the right policies and effective models are in place, resource and capacity constraints make it difficult to scale-up, monitor and coordinate development programmes. In addition, in places where development programmes have shown demonstrable results, the development community has had limited success in reaching and transforming the lives and futures of the poorest and most disadvantaged. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA | OCEANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | HOUSEHOLDS | YOUTH | GOALS | UN | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | GENDER ISSUES | POPULATION CONTROL | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | POVERTY | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Planning | Organization and Administration | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Health | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 315594 |
| 26. Title: Another look at the impact of Nigeria's growing population on the country's development. Author: Onwuka EC Source: African Population Studies/Etude de la Population Africaine. 2006;21(1):1-18. Abstract: This paper is a contribution to the debate about the impact of Nigeria's growing population on the country's development. With a population that already exceeds 130 million people and growing at roughly 3 per cent annually, a considerable proportion of the nation's resources are consumed instead of accumulated for development purposes. In effect, the paper empirically tests the association between population growth and economic development in Nigeria between 1980 and 2003 and found that growth in population outweighs that of output and this has hindered the capacity of successive governments to efficiently provide social services to the people, thereby negatively affecting development. Our contention, therefore, is that curbs on population growth through appropriate policies that would integrate the country's population programmers into the mainstream development efforts are necessary. That way, higher per capita consumption of social services by the citizens would be facilitated and which ultimately would boost their access to the benefits of development. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | POPULATION | POPULATION GROWTH | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION POLICY | POPULATION CONTROL | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 319515 |
| 27. Title: Suzhou Declaration. Investing in population and reproductive health programmes for the well-being of all. Suzhou, China, 27 October 2005. Author: International Symposium on Official Development Assistance for Population and Development (2005: Suzhou) Source: [New York, New York, UNFPA], 2005. 7 p. Also available in French. Abstract: As participants in the International Symposium on Official Development Assistance for Population and Development, held in Suzhou, China, from 26 to 28 October 2005, we have exchanged experiences and best practices in implementing assistance programmes and explored strategies for achieving by 2015 the goals of the 1994 International Conference on Population Development (ICPD) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). We come from governments, intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Reaffirm our strong commitment to the full implementation of the ICPD Programme of Action and the MDGs. We applaud the 2005 World Summit Outcome, which endorsed the ICPD goal of universal access to reproductive health by 2015 and called for its integration into strategies to meet the MDGs. Without meeting these ICPD objectives, the MDGs cannot be achieved nor can extreme poverty be eliminated. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CHINA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | POLICYMAKERS | POPULATION CONTROL | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | POVERTY | GOALS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | HEALTH POLICY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Planning Document Number: 314607 |
| 28. Title: Annual report 2004. Author: United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA] Source: New York, New York, UNFPA, 2005. [35] p. Also available in French and Spanish. Abstract: As of 2004, progress in reproductive health is evident in many countries, where family planning is the norm and fewer women are dying in childbirth. But much more needs to be done, especially in those countries with far to go in meeting development goals. Three actions are central to saving women's lives: family planning, skilled attendance at birth, and access to emergency obstetric care. Ten years after the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo, more than half a million women still die each year from complications of pregnancy and childbirth. Lack of care heightens the risk to mothers and babies: one third of all pregnant women worldwide receive no health care during pregnancy, and 60 per cent of all deliveries take place outside of health facilities. Poverty makes the dangers even greater: the lifetime risk of a woman dying in pregnancy or childbirth in sub-Saharan Africa is 1 in 16, compared to 1 in 2,800 in developed countries. The Cairo conference called for universal access to reproductive health care by 2015. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | ANNUAL REPORT | WOMEN | CHILDREN | POPULATION CONTROL | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SAFE MOTHERHOOD | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | POVERTY | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | GOALS | UNFPA | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Maternal Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Planning | Organization and Administration | UN | International Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 314601 |
| 29. Title: Achieving the ICPD goals: reproductive health commodity requirements, 2000-2015. Author: Bulatao R Source: New York, New York, United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA], 2005. [80] p. Abstract: Contraceptives, drugs, and medical supplies required for reproductive health services in developing regions cost US$1.84 billion in 2000, will cost $2.34 billion in 2005, and will rise in cost to $3.43 billion by 2015. Annual costs will be 86 per cent higher, in constant dollars, in 2015 than in 2000 (Figure 1). These estimates cover contraceptives for family planning, condoms for protection against HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, and drugs and medical supplies for safe deliveries and other reproductive health services. Drugs and medical supplies make up over half the total cost, contraceptives around one-third, and condoms for protection the remaining one-eighth or so. The estimates are detailed in this report, which attempts to assess the overall costs of reproductive health commodities, which UNFPA has traditionally had a major role in helping provide for developing regions. These commodities are essential to achieve the goal of providing universal access to reproductive health care, as mandated in 1994 by the International Conference on Population and Development. The report is not intended to specify the quantities and cost of commodities needed in particular countries but rather tries to arrive at estimates of global requirements. Nevertheless, the calculations are based on detailed consideration of regional and even country data where they are available. The report assesses the number of cases in developing regions of each relevant reproductive health condition, projects these numbers over 15 years, determines the commodities required as part of appropriate treatment, estimates the proportion of cases that do receive such treatment, specifies how coverage should rise in the future, and calculates the commodity costs for all the cases to be covered. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | POLICYMAKERS | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | POPULATION CONTROL | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | MANAGEMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | CONDOMS | DRUGS | GOALS | UNFPA | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Contraception | Family Planning | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Treatment | Planning | UN | International Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 314608 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Doctors' group proposes one-child policy for India. Author: Chatterjee P Source: Lancet. 2005 May 7;365:1609. Abstract: India’s soaring population—which the UN Population Fund estimates will overtake China’s before 2030—will push the country into a state of “total anarchy” unless a one-child policy is implemented, Indian Medical Association (IMA) president Sudipto Roy has claimed. These remarks put the spotlight on a prickly issue for India, which pursued a policy of coercive population control, including forced sterilisation, during the Emergency era of 1975–76. Roy’s controversial call for a one-child limit has been accompanied by a heated debate over whether the statement was a formal policy endorsement by the IMA, or the personal view of some members. “Several IMA members had recently gone to China. They were very impressed by China’s achievements in slowing population growth, and expressed deep concern about our population explosion. They felt only strict measures would curb the population boom in India”, Roy explained to The Lancet. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | ONE CHILD POLICY | POPULATION PRESSURE | POPULATION CONTROL | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Antinatalist Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 286469 |
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