1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Factors associated with willingness to participate in HIV vaccine trials among high-risk populations in South India. Author: Suhadev M; Nyamathi AM; Swaminathan S; Suresh A; Venkatesan P Source: AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 2009 Feb;25(2):217-24. Abstract: Abstract Successful conduct of any HIV vaccine trial (HIVVT) requires a high level of preparedness in the community. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Tamilnadu, India among 501 participants from six different risk groups to investigate their willingness to participate (WTP) in future preventive HIVVTs and to explore their knowledge and attitude toward preventive HIV vaccines. In total, 82% were willing to participate and the desire to be protected from HIV was the main reason for WTP. Perception of not being at risk was the major reason for refusal among married women. The knowledge scale showed a significant increase in scores after vaccine education. In all, 76% revealed the hope that there would be an effective vaccine in a few years and 71% hoped that the HIV vaccine would protect them from HIV infection. The main concern was the unknown efficacy of the vaccine (50%) and the effects of an HIV vaccine on participants' lives (51%). Overall, 76% agreed that sex without a condom would not be safe whether or not there was an HIV vaccine. To conclude, it is likely that high-risk volunteers will be willing to enroll in preventive HIVVTs. Addressing barriers and concerns by providing information through appropriate agencies will spell out success for preventive HIVVTs in India. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CLINICAL TRIALS | HIV PREVENTION | HUMAN VOLUNTEERS | POPULATION AT RISK | VACCINES | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Technology | Economic Factors Document Number: 330548 |
| 2. Title: High prevalence of undiagnosed chronic kidney disease among at-risk population in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo. Author: Sumaili EK; Cohen EP; Zinga CV; Krzesinski JM; Pakasa NM; Nseka NM Source: BMC Nephrology. 2009;10:18. Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is limited knowledge of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) among high risk populations, especially in the developing countries. We report our study of testing for CKD in at-risk subjects. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 527 people from primary and secondary health care areas in the city of Kinshasa were studied from a random sample of at-risk out-patients with hypertension, diabetes, obesity, or HIV+. We measured blood pressure (BP), blood glucose level, proteinuria, body mass index, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR by MDRD equation) using calibrated creatinine levels based on one random measurement. The associations between health characteristics, indicators of kidney damage (proteinuria) and kidney function (<60 ml/min/1.73 m2) were also examined. RESULTS: The prevalence of CKD in this study was 36%, but only 12% were aware of their condition. 4% of patients had stage 1 CKD, 6% stage 2, 18% stage 3, 2% stage 4, and 6% had stage 5. 24 hour quantitative proteinuria (>300 mg/day) was found in 19%. In those with the at-risk conditions, the % of CKD was: 44% in patients with hypertension, 39% in those with diabetes; 16% in the obese and 12% in those who were HIV+. 82% of those with a history of diabetes had elevated serum glucose levels at screening (>or= 126 mg/dl). Only 6% of individuals with hypertension having CKD had reduced BP to lower than 130/80 mmHg. In multivariate analysis, diabetes, proteinuria and hypertension were the strongest determinants of CKD 3+. CONCLUSION: It appears that one out of three people in this at-risk population has undiagnosed CKD and poorly controlled CKD risk factors. This growing problem poses clear challenges to this developing country. Therefore, CKD should be addressed through the development of multidisciplinary teams and improved communication between traditional health care givers and nephrology services. Attention to CKD risk factors must become a priority. Language: English Keywords: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | POPULATION AT RISK | RENAL EFFECTS | PREVALENCE | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Urogenital Effects | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Measurement | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 342965 |
3.  Title: WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2008. The MPOWER package. Author: World Health Organization [WHO] Source: Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, 2008. 329 p. Abstract: Tobacco is the single most preventable cause of death in the world today. This year, tobacco will kill more than five million people - more than tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and malaria combined. By 2030, the death toll will exceed eight million a year. Unless urgent action is taken tobacco could kill one billion people during this century. Tobacco is the only legal consumer product that can harm everyone exposed to it - and it kills up to half of those who use it as intended. Yet, tobacco use is common throughout the world due to low prices, aggressive and widespread marketing, lack of awareness about its dangers, and inconsistent public policies against its use. Most of tobacco's damage to health does not become evident until years or even decades after the onset of use. So, while tobacco use is rising globally, the epidemic of tobacco-related disease and death has just begun. But we can change the future. The tobacco epidemic is devastating - but preventable. The fight against tobacco must be engagedforcefully and quickly - with no less urgency than battles against life-threatening infectious diseases. We can halt the tobacco epidemic and move towards a tobacco-free world - but we must act now. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TEACHING MATERIALS | POPULATION AT RISK | TOBACCO USE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH POLICY | INDOOR AIR POLLUTION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | TAXATION | ADVERTISING | PROMOTION | Research Methodology | Behavior | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Environmental Pollution | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Diseases | Behavior Change | Communication Programs | Communication | Financial Activities | Marketing Document Number: 324513 |
| 4. Title: The meaning and consequences of tuberculosis for an at-risk urban group in Ecuador. Author: Armijos RX; Weigel MM; Qincha M; Ulloa B Source: Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública / Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2008 Mar 31;23(3):188-197. Abstract: The objective was to explore knowledge, beliefs, perceptions, and attitudes about tuberculosis (TB) in a high-risk group in Ecuador. This included signs and symptoms, causation, transmission, treatment, treatment adherence, impact on lifestyle and role functioning, and stigma. A convenience sample of 212 adults undergoing diagnostic TB testing at a public health facility in Quito, Ecuador, was recruited for the study. Data were collected from subjects during face-to-face interviews using a structured instrument containing closed and openended questions. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were used for quantitative analyses; content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. Most subjects were familiar with TB and some of its characteristics and treatment aspects. However, many also held misconceptions or lacked key knowledge which could adversely affect early diagnosis and treatment and adherence to treatment, and thereby allow the disease to spread. Subject education was the single most important predictor of knowledge, beliefs, perceptions, and attitudes followed by gender, age, and prior disease experience. The subjects linked TB to multiple adverse health, economic, psychological, and social consequences, including stigma. Although none knew if they had TB when interviewed, many reported feeling stigmatized just by being tested. The subjects identified a strong need for formal educational opportunities to learn about TB prevention and control but had little access to these. The study findings highlight a need for enhanced population access to TB education. Health education and social marketing directed toward increasing TB knowledge and changing perceptions and attitudes could ultimately contribute to improved early diagnosis, treatment adherence, prevention, and decreased stigma. This could be accomplished providing that the public health infrastructure is adequate to meet demands. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ECUADOR | RESEARCH REPORT | URBAN POPULATION | POPULATION AT RISK | TUBERCULOSIS | KNOWLEDGE | BELIEFS | PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | TRANSMISSION | STIGMA | USER COMPLIANCE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | PROMOTION | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Infections | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Culture | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Problems | Marketing | Economic Factors Document Number: 326162 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Optimizing resource allocation for HIV/AIDS prevention programmes: an analytical framework. Author: Bautista-Arredondo S; Gadsden P; Harris JE; Bertozzi SM Source: AIDS. 2008 Jul;22 Suppl 1:S67-74. Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Although investment in HIV/AIDS prevention has increased worldwide, it remains uncertain how the additional resources can be most efficiently allocated to maximize the number of infections averted, especially at the country, regional and local levels. METHODS: Data from developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America were reviewed on the allocation of HIV/AIDS prevention funds in relation to the prevalence of infection, as well as budgetary allocations for specific population groups at high risk of infection, such as sex workers, intravenous drug users and men who have sex with men. The variation in unit costs of voluntary counselling and testing in five countries was also examined. RESULTS: Evidence was found of three distinct sources of inefficiency in the allocation of HIV/AIDS prevention resources: inefficiency in the mix of interventions selected; inefficient targeting of key populations; and technical inefficiency in the production of HIV prevention services. CONCLUSION:A general conceptual framework for evaluating the efficiency of HIV/AIDS prevention programmes at the country, regional and local levels is proposed. This framework stresses three equally important components of programme efficiency: cost-effectiveness (the choice of the mix of interventions); targeting (the choice of the mix of target populations); and technical efficiency (the delivery of prevention services at least cost). Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | ASIA | LATIN AMERICA | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV PREVENTION | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRAM EVALUATION | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | HEALTH SERVICES | PREVENTIVE MEDICINE | FUNDS | POPULATION AT RISK | SEX WORKERS | IV DRUG USERS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | Americas | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medicine | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Drug Use and Abuse Document Number: 328239 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Short report: Miniaturization of a high-throughput pLDH-based Plasmodium falciparum growth inhibition assay for small volume samples from preclinical and clinical vaccine trials. Author: Bergmann-Leitner ES; Duncan EH; Burge JR; Spring M; Angov E Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2008 Mar;78(3):468-471. Abstract: To date, no immune correlates for blood stage-specific immunity against Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites have been identified. Growth and/or invasion inhibition assays using sera from Phase 2a/b trials will aid in determining whether correlations with protective immunity can be established for these assays. A major constraint in the ability to evaluate functional antibody activities from populations in endemic areas is the relatively limited availability of sufficient sample quantity. For this reason, we developed a miniaturized and high-throughput method to measure growth inhibitory activity by quantification of parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) in a 384-microtiter plate format. This culture method can be extended beyond the pLDH-based readout to other techniques commonly used to determine growth/invasion inhibition. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | POPULATION AT RISK | IMMUNIZATION | PARASITES | CLINICAL TRIALS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | VACCINES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Biology | Clinical Research | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 325282 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexual diversity, social inclusion and HIV / AIDS. Author: Caceres CF; Aggleton P; Galea JT Source: AIDS. 2008;22 Suppl 2:S45-S55. Abstract: Despite a number of programmes to prevent HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) and, more generally, sexually diverse populations, gay and other homosexually active men continue to be at heightened risk of HIV and its consequences. This paper analyses some of the reasons for this situation and offers policy and programmatic recommendations to contribute to a solution. The social exclusion of MSM and transgender individuals is an overwhelming reality in the majority of countries worldwide. Although progress has been achieved in some countries, in most of the world the situation remains problematic. Present challenges to equality and to the realization of health, include the membership of groups or subcultures with high HIV prevalence, lower quality and coverage of services and programmes and the impact of higher-level influences such as laws, public policies, social norms and culture, which together configure an environment that is hostile to the integration and needs of certain groups. A social inclusion perspective on HIV prevention and AIDS-related care implies the adoption of strategies to understand and confront social vulnerability. Sexual exclusion intensifies the burden of HIV transmission and morbidity. As part of a comprehensive response there is an urgent need to: (i) improve our understanding of the characteristics and HIV burden among sexually diverse populations; (ii) creatively confront legal, social and cultural factors enhancing sexual exclusion; (iii) ensure the provision of broad-based and effective HIV prevention; (iv) offer adequate care and treatment; and (v) confront special challenges that characterize work with these populations in lower and middle-income countries. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | CRITIQUE | HIV PREVENTION | POPULATION AT RISK | INEQUALITIES | PROGRAMS | POLICY | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | HOMOSEXUALS | BISEXUALS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | CARE AND SUPPORT | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Research Methodology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Social Problems | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 327862 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Use of time-location sampling for systematic behavioral surveillance of truck drivers in Brazil. Author: Cardoso Ferreira LO; de Oliveira ES; Raymond HF; Chen SY; McFarland W Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2008 Jul;12(4 Suppl 1):S32-S38. Abstract: The authors assessed HIV-related risk behavior in a time-location sampling (TLS) interviewer administered survey of male truck drivers at the crossroads of two of the major highways used for trucking in Northeast Brazil (N = 686). Overall, 21.3% had sex while on the road (2.8% unprotected); 12.3% had sex with commercial sex workers (1.4% unprotected); 1.8% had sex with hitch-hikers (0.3% unprotected). Unprotected sex with non-wife partners while on the road was independently associated with stimulant use, lack of religious affiliation and being separated or divorced. Stimulant use may be a particular occupational hazard associated with risk for HIV among truck drivers in Brazil and should be considered as a point of intervention. The TLS sampling approach can form the basis of systematic behavioral surveillance in this highly mobile population. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX WORKERS | TRUCK DRIVERS | EXTRAMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | RELIGION | POPULATION AT RISK | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Behavior | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Research Methodology | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 328477 |
| 9. Title: Development of influenza virosome-based synthetic malaria vaccines. Author: Daubenberger CA; Pluschke G; Zurbriggen R; Westerfeld N Source: Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery. 2008 Apr;3(4):415-423. Abstract: The development of a malaria vaccine represents one of the most important scientific public health challenges of our time. One possible approach is based on subunit vaccines that use distinct malarial antigens for which there is some evidence of protective immunity from epidemiological data in the field or animal challenge models. It is generally accepted that an effective malaria subunit vaccine will target antigens of several developmental stages of the parasite. At present, the development of peptide-based vaccines is hampered by their poor immunogenicity and lack of in vivo stability of synthetic peptides and suitable antigen delivery systems driving appropriate immune responses in humans. Most importantly, the synthetic structures delivered have to mimic closely the corresponding native malaria protein to induce effective antibody responses. Review of recent publications highlighting the design as well as preclinical and clinical development of conformationally constrained synthetic peptides of two malaria proteins delivered on the surface of influenza virosomes. The great potential of influenza virosomes as a flexible, human-compatible antigen delivery platform for the development of a multivalent malaria subunit vaccine is described. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SWITZERLAND | LITERATURE REVIEW | POPULATION AT RISK | MALARIA | INFLUENZA | ANTIGENS | VACCINES | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | PARASITES | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Technology | Economic Factors Document Number: 325703 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: The limits and intensity of Plasmodium falciparum transmission: Implications for malaria control and elimination worldwide. Author: Guerra CA; Gikandi PW; Tatem AJ; Noor AM; Smith DL Source: PLoS Medicine. 2008 Feb;5(2):300-311. Abstract: The efficient allocation of financial resources for malaria control using appropriate combinations of interventions requires accurate information on the geographic distribution of malaria risk. An evidence-based description of the global range of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and its endemicity has not been assembled in almost 40 y. This paper aims to define the global geographic distribution of P. falciparum malaria in 2007 and to provide a preliminary description of its transmission intensity within this range. The global spatial distribution of P. falciparum malaria was generated using nationally reported case-incidence data, medical intelligence, and biological rules of transmission exclusion, using temperature and aridity limits informed by the bionomics of dominant Anopheles vector species. A total of 4,278 spatially unique cross-sectional survey estimates of P. falciparum parasite rates were assembled. Extractions from a population surface showed that 2.37 billion people lived in areas at any risk of P. falciparum transmission in 2007. Globally, almost 1 billion people lived under unstable, or extremely low, malaria risk. Almost all P. falciparum parasite rates above 50% were reported in Africa in a latitude band consistent with the distribution of Anopheles gambiae s.s. Conditions of low parasite prevalence were also common in Africa, however. Outside of Africa, P. falciparum malaria prevalence is largely hypoendemic (less than 10%), with the median below 5% in the areas surveyed. This new map is a plausible representation of the current extent of P. falciparum risk and the most contemporary summary of the population at risk of P. falciparum malaria within these limits. For 1 billion people at risk of unstable malaria transmission, elimination is epidemiologically feasible, and large areas of Africa are more amenable to control than appreciated previously. The release of this information in the public domain will help focus future resources for P. falciparum malaria control and elimination. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION AT RISK | MALARIA | TRANSMISSION | EXPOSURE | PARASITES | RISK FACTORS | MALARIA PREVENTION | VECTOR CONTROL | Research Methodology | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Biology | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control Document Number: 325352 |
| 11. Title: Bangladesh HIV/AIDS communication challenges and strategies. Author: Haider M; Ahmed SN; Jaha NK Source: Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin. 2008 Aug;34(2):54-61. Abstract: Bangladesh is in a precarious position in relation to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Rates are currently low compared to the rest of the South Asian region, and the disease is relatively confined to small, high-risk populations--mainly injection drug users (IDUs) and commercial sex workers. Yet if steps are not taken quickly to keep the epidemic in check, it could easily spread to the general population as it has in other countries nearby. This would both increase the negative impact of HIV/AIDS and make it much harder to target for containment. It is therefore imperative that healthy behavior be promoted among IDUs and sex users, not only for their own health, but for the health of the country. Prevention will be the key to halting the spread of HIV infection through the implementation of communication and education programs aimed to change high-risk behavior. However, the disparate number of HIV/AIDS prevention programs independently operating in Bangladesh combined with the difficulty in adequately targeting this unique population of IDUs and sex workers establishes a complex situation where attaining behavior change is extremely difficult. This paper proposes adoption of the FOMENT model to design a health communication campaign targeting the high-risk populations in Bangladesh. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION AT RISK | IV DRUG USERS | SEX WORKERS | HIV PREVENTION | RISK BEHAVIOR | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Sex Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 329866 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Implementation challenges to using respondent-driven sampling methodology for HIV biological and behavioral surveillance: field experiences in international settings. Author: Johnston LG; Malekinejad M; Kendall C; Iuppa IM; Rutherford GW Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2008 Jul;12(4 Suppl 1):S131-S141. Abstract: Using respondent-driven sampling (RDS), we gathered data from 128 HIV surveillance studies conducted outside the United States through October 1, 2007. We examined predictors of poor study outcomes, reviewed operational, design and analytical challenges associated with conducting RDS in international settings and offer recommendations to improve HIV surveillance. We explored factors for poor study outcomes using differences in mean sample size ratios (recruited/calculated sample size) as the outcome variable. Ninety-two percent of studies reported both calculated and recruited sample sizes. Studies of injecting drug users had a higher sample size ratio compared with other risk groups. Study challenges included appropriately defining eligibility criteria, structuring social network size questions, selecting design effects and conducting statistical analysis. As RDS is increasingly used for HIV surveillance, it is important to learn from past practical, theoretical and analytical challenges to maximize the utility of this method. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | SAMPLING STUDIES | DATA COLLECTION | STUDY DESIGN | POPULATION AT RISK | SEX WORKERS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | IV DRUG USERS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Drug Use and Abuse Document Number: 328488 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: High-risk sexual behavior at social venues in Madagascar. Author: Khan MR; Rasolofomanana JR; McClamroch KJ; Ralisimalala A; Zafimanjaka MG; Behets F; Weir SS Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2008 Aug;35(8):738-45. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Persistent high levels of sexually transmitted infection (STI) in Madagascar indicate current prevention strategies are inadequate. STI/HIV prevention based in social venues may play an important role in reaching individuals at risk of infection. We identified venues where people meet sexual partners and measured the need and potential for venue-based prevention. METHODS: Interviews were conducted in 7 Madagascar towns with 1) community informants to identify social venues, 2) individuals socializing at a sample of venues to assess sexual behavior among venue patrons, and 3) venue representatives to assess the potential for venue-based intervention. RESULTS: Community informants identified numerous venues (range: 67-211 venues, depending on the town); streets, bars, and hotels were most commonly reported. Among 2982 individuals socializing at venues, 78% of men and 74% of women reported new sexual partnership or sex trade for money, goods, or services in the past 4 weeks and 19% of men and 18% of women reported symptoms suggestive of STI in the past 4 weeks. STI symptom levels were disproportionately high among respondents reporting either sex trade or new sexual partnership in the past 4 weeks. Twenty-eight percent of men and 41% of women reported condom use during the last sex act with a new partner. Although 24% to 45% of venues had hosted STI/HIV interventions, interventions were deemed possible at 73% to 90% venues according to 644 interviews with venue representatives. CONCLUSIONS: Venue-based intervention is possible and would reach a spectrum of populations vulnerable to STI/HIV including sex workers, their clients, and other high-risk populations. Language: English Keywords: MADAGASCAR | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION AT RISK | SEX BEHAVIOR | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | INTERVENTIONS | INTERVIEWS | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Programs | Organization and Administration | Data Collection Document Number: 341446 |
| 14. Title: Health of people working / living in the vicinity of an oil-polluted beach near Karachi, Pakistan. Author: Khurshid R; Sheikh MA; Iqbal S Source: Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2008;14(1):179-182. Abstract: A short-term study was conducted after the oil spillage from the tanker Tasman Spirit to analyse seawater and sand samples taken from Karachi beach for hydrocarbon/organic contents. Blood samples were collected from people who were working or living in the vicinity of the beach. Lymphocyte and eosinophil levels were slightly increased. About 11 people had raised serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, but this was not significant. Such steps are vital to ensure that there are no long-term hazardous effects of oil on human health. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | POPULATION AT RISK | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | SOIL QUALITY | WATER QUALITY | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Health | Water | Natural Resources | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 325103 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Using respondent-driven sampling methodology for HIV biological and behavioral surveillance in international settings: a systematic review. Author: Malekinejad M; Johnston LG; Kendall C; Kerr LR; Rifkin MR Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2008 Jul;12(4 Suppl 1):S105-S130. Abstract: To determine operational and analytical characteristics of respondent-driven sampling (RDS) in international settings and to explore factors that may affect recruitment of most-at-risk populations using RDS, we reviewed HIV biological and behavioral surveillance studies that used this method outside of the United States. We identified 123 eligible studies, 59 from Europe, 40 from Asia and the Pacific, 14 from Latin America, seven from Africa and three from Oceania. Studies collectively recruited 32,298 participants between 2003 and 2007; 53% of studies were conducted among injecting drug users, which generally had faster recruitment compared with studies among sex workers. All but 13 studies reached >=90% of their intended sample size, and six studies failed to reach equilibrium for key variables. This review has shown that RDS is an effective technique, when designed and implemented appropriately, to sample most-at-risk populations for HIV biological and behavioral surveys. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | SAMPLING STUDIES | HIV INFECTIONS | DATA COLLECTION | POPULATION AT RISK | RISK BEHAVIOR | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | IV DRUG USERS | SEX WORKERS | SURVEYS | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Sex Behavior | Drug Use and Abuse Document Number: 328487 |
| 16. Title: Vitamin D status of socio-economically deprived children in Kabul, Afghanistan. Author: Manaseki-Holland S; Zulf Mughal M; Bhutta Z; Qasem Shams M Source: International Journal For Vitamin and Nutrition Research. 2008 Jan;78(1):16-20. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Cultural, environmental, and diet-related factors were postulated to lead to a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Kabul's socioeconomically deprived children under 5 years of age. We investigated the prevalence of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) deficiency in such a group. METHODS: Children between 6 months and up to 5 years of age were randomly sampled in the Chindawal area of Kabul in January 2005. Plasma samples were frozen to below -20 degrees C and 25(OH)D3 concentrations estimated by high-pressure liquid chromatography. RESULTS: For all 107 children tested, the median plasma 25(OH)D concentration was 5 ng/mL with a range of 2-24 ng/mL; 73% had concentrations of < 8 ng/mL; 13 other samples were not analyzed due to insufficiency of plasma, staff, or technical problems. About 35 others approached either did not give consent or blood could not be obtained. CONCLUSIONS: This study was conducted in a high-risk population at a peak season for vitamin D deficiency. We conclude that this population of children living in Kabul to be at great risk of developing vitamin D deficiency, rickets, and other possible immunological effects of deficiency. Language: English Keywords: AFGHANISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | POPULATION AT RISK | VITAMIN D | DEFICIENCY DISEASES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases Document Number: 328665 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Antenatal clinic HIV data found to underestimate actual prevalence declines: Evidence from Zambia. Author: Michelo C; Sandoy I; Fylkesnes K Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008 Feb;13(2):171-179. Abstract: The objective was to determine to what extent antenatal clinic (ANC)-based estimates reflect HIV prevalence trends among men and women in a high prevalence urban population. Examination of data from serial population-based HIV surveys in 1995 (n = 2115), 1999 (n = 1962) and 2003 (n = 2692), and ANC-based surveillance in 1994 (n = 450), 1998 (n = 810) and 2002 (n = 786) in the same site in Lusaka, Zambia. The population-based surveys recorded refusal rates between 6% and 10% during the three rounds. Among ANC attendees, prevalence declined by 20% (25.0% to 19.9%; P = 0.101) in the age group 15-24 years and was stable overall. In the general population, the prevalence declined by 49% (P less than 0.001) and by 32% (P less than 0.001) in age group 15-24 and 15-49, respectively. Among women only, HIV prevalence declined by 44% (22.5% to 12.5%; P less than 0.001) and by 27% (29.6% to 21.7%; P less than 0.001) in age group 15-24 and 15-49 years, respectively. In addition, prevalence substantially declined in higher educated women aged 15-24 years (20.7% to 8.5%, P less than 0.001). ANC-based estimates substantially underestimated declines in HIV prevalence in the general population. This seemed to be partially explained by a combination of marked differentials in prevalence change by educational attainment and changes in fertility-related behaviours among young women. These results have important implications for the interpretation of ANC-based HIV estimates and underscore the importance of population-based surveys. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | POPULATION AT RISK | PREGNANT WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTENATAL CARE | CLINICS | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Facilities | Measurement Document Number: 325098 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Satisfaction with health services for STIs, HIV, AIDS among a high-risk population in West Africa. Author: Morin D; Godin G; Alary M; Sawadogo MR; Bernier M Source: AIDS Care. 2008 Mar;20(3):388-394. Abstract: The goal of this study was to develop an instrument and assess the degree of satisfaction regarding HIV/STIs services for women working in, associated with, or living in or nearby, prostitution environments. This study took place in seven West-African countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo) participating in the West Africa Aids Program (AIDS3). A validated six-dimension questionnaire was used to interview 698 women. The main inclusion criterion was having had recourse to adapted services offered through the AIDS3 program in the last six months. Results showed that women surveyed are satisfied overall. Two dimensions scored low: 'Technical skills perceived' and 'Accessibility'. Regression analyses showed that those most satisfied were women who had used the adapted services many times and women connected with community groups. Although these results are consistent with results published previously in other contexts, they now allow the AIDS3 program to consider the voices of women rarely listened to: West-African women living and working in prostitution environments. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, WESTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | WOMEN | CLIENTS | POPULATION AT RISK | HIV | AIDS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | TREATMENT | SATISFACTION | HEALTH SERVICES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation Document Number: 325532 |
| 19. Title: Life-threatening malaria in African children. A prospective study in a mesoendemic urban setting. Author: Ranque S; Poudiougou B; Traore A; Keita M; Oumar AA Source: Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2008 Feb;27(2):130-135. Abstract: The population exposed to malaria within African cities has steadily increased. However, comprehensive data on life-threatening malaria features and risk factors in children from urban areas with seasonal malaria transmission, such as in Bamako (Mali), are lacking. Children admitted to the Gabriel Toure Hospital in Bamako with severe malarial anemia (SMA) and/or cerebral malaria (CM) were prospectively included in the study. Indicators of either SMA or CM were analyzed using logistic regression; and death hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated through survival analysis. The study included 455 children: 66% presented with CM, 34% with SMA, 3% with hypoglycemia (HG); 5% with dehydration; 17% with respiratory distress (RD); 25% with splenomegaly; and 92% with hepatomegaly. The children with CM were older than those with SMA. CM was more often associated with dehydration, HG, and RD, whereas SMA was more often associated with splenomegaly. The overall case fatality rate was 16%, and 94% of the children who died had CM. HG [HR: 2.37; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04 -5.39; P = 0.040], RD (HR: 4.23; 95% CI: 2.46 -7.30; P less than 10/-6) and a deep coma with a Blantyre score of less than 3 (HR: 6.78, 95% CI: 2.43-18.91; P less than 10/-3, were all independent predictors of death. These findings delineate the patterns of severe malaria in children in a West African mesoendemic urban setting. They validate practicable prognostic indicators of life-threatening malaria for use in the limited facilities available in African health centers and provide a frame of reference for further research addressing life-threatening malaria in this setting. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | URBAN AREAS | CHILD | MALARIA | POPULATION AT RISK | ANEMIA | NEUROLOGIC EFFECTS | DEATH RATE | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Mortality | Population Dynamics Document Number: 324040 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Geographical distribution of amino acid mutations in Plasmodium vivax DHFR and DHPS from malaria endemic areas of Thailand. Author: Rungsihirunrat K; Sibley CH; Mungthin M; Na-Bangchang K Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2008;78(3):462-467. Abstract: Both malaria treatment and prophylaxis target the parasite dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) enzymes. Specific point mutations in these genes confer resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) in both Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. We used direct sequencing to examine the prevalence of point mutations in pvdhps and pvdhfr in 160 P. vivax isolates collected from areas along the international borders of Thailand. Results show that the majority of the isolates harbored a quadruple mutant allele of pvdhfr and a double mutant allele of pvdhps, but the distribution was not uniform. The highly mutant allele combination was especially prevalent along the Thai-Myanmar border, whereas the majority of the isolates from areas along the Thai-Cambodian and Thai-Malaysian borders carried double mutant alleles of pvdhfr and single mutant alleles of pvdhps. Novel mutations that have not been identified previously at codon 512 of pvdhps (K512M, K512E, K512T) were also found. (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | POPULATION AT RISK | PARASITES | MALARIA | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | DRUG RESISTANCE | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Research Methodology | Biology | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Population | Treatment Document Number: 325281 |
| 21. Title: Molecular evidence for polyphyletic origin of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C in Bangladesh. Author: Sarker MS; Rahman M; Yirrell D; Campbell E; Rahman AS Source: Virus Research. 2008 Jul;135(1):89-94. Abstract: HIV-1 positive blood samples were collected between 1999 and 2005 from population groups most at risk of HIV infection in Bangladesh through the national surveillance, from clients of the Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) Unit for HIV at ICDDR,B and a survey of HIV in patients with tuberculosis. Partial sequences of the gag gene were used for subtyping the HIV strains by nested PCR using selective primers. Of the 198 HIV strains tested, subtype C (41.4%) was the commonest strain identified. Phylogenetic analysis of Bangladeshi subtype C strains showed that they clustered in polyphyletic branches representing HIV strains from different parts of the world. Most of the strains from injecting drug users (IDU) clustered together and were similar to Indian strains. The VCT strains however were very heterogeneous and clustered with strains from India, Myanmar, Ethiopia and Zimbabwe. Data suggest that there have been few introductions into the IDU population where the epidemic is driven by indigenous transmission. On the other hand there have been many and regular introductions of subtype C viruses through migrant workers in the VCT group. Very little overlap was observed in the strains obtained from IDU and those from other population groups. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | IV DRUG USERS | MIGRANT WORKERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | POPULATION AT RISK | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | TUBERCULOSIS | HIV | HIV TESTING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Infections Document Number: 328382 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: A model for community representation and participation in HIV prevention trials among women who engage in transactional sex in Africa. Author: Shagi C; Vallely A; Kasindi S; Chiduo B; Desmond N; Soteli S; Kavit N; Vallely L; Lees S; Hayes R; Ross D Source: AIDS Care. 2008 Oct;20(9):1039-49. Abstract: Actively engaging communities in effective partnerships for the design and implementation of HIV prevention research is vital to the successful conduct of ethically robust, locally-appropriate clinical trials in developing countries. This is especially true in vulnerable at-risk sub-populations, where definitions of "community", "participation" and "representation" can be difficult to apply. This study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of a participatory model of community liaison among an occupational cohort of women at high-risk of HIV and sexually-transmitted infections in Mwanza City, northwest Tanzania in preparation for a Phase III vaginal microbicide trial. This approach was rooted in participatory action-orientated research and used tools adapted from participatory learning and action techniques. During the feasibility study, a mobile community-based sexual and reproductive health service for women working as informal food vendors or in traditional and modern bars, restaurants, hotels and guesthouses was established in 10 city wards. Participatory mapping was carried out by project fieldworkers and wards divided into 78 geographical clusters of facilities in consultation with community members and study participants. Representatives at cluster and ward level were elected in a process facilitated by the site Community Liaison Officer and a site-level Community Advisory Committee established. A logical framework was used to guide the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the community liaison system (CLS) within the broader feasibility study. The CLS was essential to the successful conduct of the feasibility study and has now been consolidated and expanded as part of the on-going MDP301 Phase III microbicide trial in Mwanza. The participatory model presented in this paper is likely to be generalisable to other vulnerable, stigmatised, at-risk study populations in resource-limited settings. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | POPULATION AT RISK | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | WOMEN | TRANSACTIONAL SEX | MICROBICIDES | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 329418 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Leadership development and HIV / AIDS. Author: Szekeres G; Coates TJ; Ehrhardt AA Source: AIDS. 2008;22 Suppl 2:S19-S26. Abstract: Leadership development among all sectors addressing HIV/AIDS has come to be recognized as a critically important endeavor as the HIV pandemic moves into its fourth decade. Globally, there is a tremendous need for well-trained leaders in healthcare, research, policy, programme management, activism and advocacy, especially in countries and settings with high HIV prevalence and limited human resource capacity. This article examines the growing need for HIV/AIDS leadership development, and describes and assesses a number of current initiatives that focus on leadership development in a variety of populations and settings. A series of recommendations are provided to expand the scope and impact of leadership development activities; recommendations are primarily targeted towards foundations and other funders and leadership development programme managers. (Author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | HIV INFECTIONS | LEADERSHIP | INTERVIEWS | TRAINING PROGRAMS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | PROGRAM EVALUATION | POPULATION AT RISK | GENDER ISSUES | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Organization and Administration | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Education | Programs | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 327860 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: 'Mobile men with money': the socio-cultural and politico-economic context of 'high-risk' behaviour among wealthy businessmen and government officials in urban China. Author: Uretsky E Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 Nov;10(8):801-14. Abstract: China's transition from an injection drug-driven HIV epidemic to one primarily transmitted through sexual contact has triggered concern over the potential for HIV to move into the non-drug-injecting population. Much discussion has focused on the migrant men of China's vast 'floating population' who are considered a high-risk group. As a result, many men who frequently engage in high-risk behaviour but are not included in this especially vulnerable group are evading HIV prevention messages. This paper highlights the socio-cultural and politico-economic factors that motivate many of China's wealthy businessmen and government officials, sometimes referred to as 'mobile men with money', to engage in such behaviour. Examination of the activities related to the work of these men reveals a situation where the confluence of a market-oriented economy operating within a socialist-style political system under the influence of traditional networking practices has engendered a unique mode of patron-clientelism that brings them together over shared social rituals including feasting, drinking and female-centered entertainment that is often coupled with sexual services. As a result, consideration of the socio-cultural factors influencing these men's sexual practices is important for responding to the newly emerging stage of China's HIV epidemic. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION AT RISK | MIGRANT WORKERS | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | HIV TRANSMISSION | HIV INFECTIONS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 329751 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Establishing a cohort at high risk of HIV infection in South Africa: Challenges and experiences of the CAPRISA 002 Acute Infection Study. Author: van Loggerenberg F; Mlisana K; Williamson C; Auld SC; Morris L Source: PLoS One. 2008 Apr;3(4):e1954. Abstract: The objectives were to describe the baseline demographic data, clinical characteristics and HIV-incidence rates of a cohort at high risk for HIV infection in South Africa as well as the challenges experienced in establishing and maintaining the cohort. Between August 2004 and May 2005 a cohort of HIV-uninfected women was established for the CAPRISA 002 Acute Infection Study, a natural history study of HIV-1 subtype C infection. Volunteers were identified through peer-outreach. The cohort was followed monthly to determine HIV infection rates and clinical presentation of early HIV infection. Risk reduction counselling and male and female condoms were provided. After screening 775 individuals, a cohort of 245 uninfected high-risk women was established. HIV-prevalence at screening was 59.6% (95% CI: 55.9% to 62.8%) posing a challenge in accruing HIV-uninfected women. The majority of women (78.8%) were self-identified as sex-workers with a median of 2 clients per day. Most women (95%) reported more than one casual sexual partner in the previous 3 months (excluding clients) and 58.8% reported condom use in their last sexual encounter. Based on laboratory testing, 62.0% had a sexually transmitted infection at baseline. During 390 person-years of follow-up, 28 infections occurred yielding seroincidence rate of 7.2 (95% CI: 4.5 to 9.8) per 100 person-years. Despite the high mobility of this sex worker cohort retention rate after 2 years was 86.1%. High co-morbidity created challenges for ancillary care provision, both in terms of human and financial resources. Challenges experienced were high baseline HIV-prevalence, lower than anticipated HIV-incidence and difficulties retaining participants. Despite challenges, we have successfully accrued this cohort of HIV-uninfected women with favourable retention, enabling us to study the natural history of HIV-1 during acute HIV-infection. Our experiences provide lessons for others establishing similar cohorts, which will be key for advancing the vaccine and prevention research agenda in resource-constrained settings. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | WOMEN | POPULATION AT RISK | SEX WORKERS | HIV INFECTIONS | SCREENING | COUNSELING | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 326227 |
| 26. Title: Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the world. Fourth global report. The WHO / IUATLD Global Project on Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance, 2002-2007. Author: Wright A; Zignol M Source: Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization [WHO], 2008. [140] p. (WHO/HTM/TB/2008.394) Abstract: This is the fourth report of the WHO/IUATLD Global Project on Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance. The three previous reports were published in 1997, 2000 and 2004 and included data from 35, 58 and 77 countries, respectively. This report includes drug susceptibility test (DST) results from 91,577 patients from 93 settings in 81 countries and 2 Special Administrative Regions (SARs) of China collected between 2002 and 2006, and representing over 35% of the global total of notified new smear-positive TB cases. It includes data from 33 countries that have never previously reported. New data are available from the following high TB burden countries: India, China, Russian Federation, Indonesia, Ethiopia, Philippines, Viet Nam, Tanzania, Thailand, and Myanmar. Between 1994 and 2007 a total of 138 settings in 114 countries and 2 SARs of China had reported data to the Global Project. Trend data (three or more data points) are available from 48 countries. The majority of trend data are reported from low TB prevalence settings; however this report includes data from three Baltic countries and 2 Russian Oblasts. Trend data were also available from 6 countries conducting periodic or sentinel surveys (Cuba, Republic of Korea, Nepal, Peru, Thailand, and Uruguay). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WHO | POPULATION AT RISK | TUBERCULOSIS | DRUG RESISTANCE | PREVALENCE | AGE FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | HIV INFECTIONS | Research Methodology | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Infections | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Measurement | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases Document Number: 326038 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: The environment's impact on health. Source: Lancet. 2007 Jun 23;369(9579):2052. Abstract: With its release of each country's profile of environmental factors and their impact on health last week, WHO has made a first, very important step towards facilitating more joined-up thinking by policymakers when planning interventions that have the greatest effect at a population level. The profiles make grim reading in some parts of the world and show stark inequalities. In Sierra Leone, one of the worst affected countries, an estimated 316 healthy years of life are lost per 1000 inhabitants due to preventable environmental factors compared with only 14 healthy years of life lost per 1000 in Iceland. Worldwide an estimated 13 million deaths could be prevented each year in a healthier environment. In 23 countries, more than 10% of these deaths are due to just two factors: lack of clean water and the effects of indoor air pollution caused by a high proportion of households that use solid fuel, such as wood, for cooking and heating. Many of these factors have the greatest effect on young children, and without tackling the most important environmental impacts on health, there is little hope of substantial progress towards Millennium Development Goal 4: reducing under-5 child mortality by two-thirds by 2015. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | POLICYMAKERS | POPULATION AT RISK | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | WATER SUPPLY | INDOOR AIR POLLUTION | EXCESS MORTALITY | PUBLIC HEALTH | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Research Methodology | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Natural Resources | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Document Number: 318051 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: "Homophobia is fuelling the AIDS epidemic in Africa." Source: CMAJ. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2007 Oct 23;177(9):1017. Abstract: Homosexuals are a key contributor to rising infection numbers in many African and Middle East countries, according to research findings presented at a June meeting in Rwanda of people who implement HIV prevention and care programs. Stigma and sex discrimination against gays are widespread and, with the exception of South Africa, homosexuality is criminalized in Africa. This means homosexuals are rarely reached by AIDS campaigns, while lubricants they use have often resulted in frequent breakage of condoms, said researchers. The annual meeting, organized by the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, was for the first time coorganized with WHO, UNAIDS, UNICEF and the Global Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS. The International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission's Cary Johnson said African lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender communities were being decimated with a speed and breadth reminiscent of the impact of the epidemic on gay men in New York, San Francisco and other North American and European cities in the 1980s. "Sero-prevalence rates among [homosexuals] are higher than in the general population.... Homophobia is fuelling the AIDS epidemic in Africa," said Johnson. Research by the Population Council at the Kenyan tourist city of Mombasa involving 425 male sex workers revealed that while 58% reported using a condom during anal sex with their last male client, only 36% consistently used condoms. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: RWANDA | INDIA | CAMBODIA | AFRICA, NORTH | MIDDLE EAST | LATIN AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | HOMOSEXUALS | POPULATION AT RISK | AIDS | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | HIV INFECTIONS | TRANSMISSION | HUMAN RIGHTS | CAMPAIGNS | CONDOM USE | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Asia, Southern | Asia | Asia, Southeastern | Americas | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Infections | Political Factors | Communication Programs | Communication | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 321638 |
| 29. Title: Is malaria eradication possible? [editorial] Source: Lancet. 2007 Oct 27;370(9597):1459. Abstract: In 1955, WHO set out to rid the world of malaria. The campaign, called the Global Malaria Eradication Programme, focused on vector control. The plan was to interrupt malaria transmission primarily by attacking the malaria's mosquito vector with the potent, new insecticide dicholoro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT). It was thought that if the parasite's cycle of transmission from human to mosquito and back again could be blocked for 3 years, the parasite, and with it the disease, would disappear. Scores of nations joined the programme. Poor nations shifted substantial portions of their health budgets to malaria eradication, and donor nations poured the equivalent in today's money of billions of dollars into the effort. Eradication teams spread out around the world; wetlands were drained; forests and fields were dusted; and millions of homes were sprayed. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | POPULATION AT RISK | MALARIA | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | MOSQUITO CONTROL | PESTICIDES | CAMPAIGNS | VACCINES | DRUGS | BED NETS | GOALS | Research Methodology | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Vector Control | Disease Transmission Control | Ingredients and Chemicals | Communication Programs | Communication | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Treatment | Parasite Control | Public Health | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 321887 |
| 30. Title: Pakistan HIV / AIDS Prevention and Care Project (PHAPCP). Annual Report No. 1: February 1, 2006 - January 31, 2007. Contract GHS-I-07-03-00028-00. Author: RTI International Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, RTI International, 2007 Mar 31. [21] p. (USAID Contract No. GHS-I-07-03-00028-00) Abstract: The USAID/Pakistan HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care Project (PHAPCP) is a three-year project supporting the expansion of HIV/AIDS prevention, care and support activities and capacity building in Pakistan. The project supports USAID's Strategic Objective 7 (SO 7) "to improve health in vulnerable populations in Pakistan," and more specifically contributes to Intermediate Result (IR) 7.3, "Improved use of proven interventions to prevent major infectious diseases." The project's objectives are to: increase the involvement of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other institutions in the provision of targeted HIV prevention interventions among most-at-risk populations (MARPs) and high-risk youth; increase the capacity of NGOs, the National AIDS Control Program (NACP) and Provincial AIDS Control Programs (PACPs) in implementing quality HIV/AIDS programming; strengthen the care and support activities for people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA). PHAPCP began in February 2006 and will end in January 2009,and is implemented by RTI International (RTI) in partnership with Family Health International (FHI). The PHAPCP task order agreement became effective on February 7, 2006. This annual report covers the period from February 7, 2006 to January 31, 2007. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | SUMMARY REPORT | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | POPULATION AT RISK | YOUTH | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | WORLD AIDS DAY | CAPACITY BUILDING | HEALTH SERVICES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | TREATMENT | IMPLEMENTATION | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | MANAGEMENT | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Programs | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Delivery of Health Care | Health | International Cooperation | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Sustainability | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Organizations Document Number: 324489 |
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