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Title: Expert Group Meeting to Assess the Progress in the Implementation of the Plan of Action on Population and Poverty Adopted at the Fifth Asian and Pacific Population Conference, 3-5 February 2009, Bangkok. Report.
Author: United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific [ESCAP]; United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA]
Source: Bangkok, Thailand, ESCAP, 2009. 38 p.
Abstract: The Expert Group Meeting to Assess the Progress in the implementation of the Plan of Action on Population and Poverty adopted at the Fifth Asian and Pacific Population Conference was held at the United Nations Conference Centre, Bangkok from 3 to 5 February 2009. The Expert Group Meeting was organized by the Social Policy and Population Section, Social Development Division, ESCAP in collaboration with the UNFPA Asia and the Pacific Regional Office. The meeting benefited from background papers and country reports prepared by resource persons and representatives of governments.
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA | OCEANIA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | ESCAP | POPULATION | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | POVERTY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | GENDER ISSUES | MIGRATION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | IMPLEMENTATION | Developing Countries | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331854

Title: Ratio of males to females in China is still high, but only partly because of the one child policy [editorial]
Author: Liu T; Zhang XY
Source: BMJ. 2009;338:b483.
Abstract: China's high ratio of males to females would have persisted if attitudes towards female offspring had not changed. Encouragingly, it seems that the tradition of preferring sons is shifting with the socioeconomic changes that come with urbanisation and industrialisation. For example, more and more young women in the cities claim to prefer a small family, and-more importantly- they have no preference for one sex over the other. Indeed, Zhu and colleagues report a decrease in the male to female ratio for the 2005 cohort, which may indicate the beginning of a reduction in the male to female sex ratio for the future. China can learn much from its neighbouring countries about reversing the worsening sex ratio. Korea was the first country to report very high male to female ratios at birth because of the preference for sons and the widespread use of sex selective technology. In 1992, the male to female ratio for fourth births in South Korea was an astounding 229:100, in sharp contrast to the overall ratio of 114:100. From the mid- 1990s, however, a public awareness campaign warning of the dangers of such distortion, combined with strictly enforced laws forbidding sex selection technology, has led to a decline in the male to female ratio from 116:100 in 1998 to 110:100 in 2004. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POPULATION | ONE CHILD POLICY | SEX RATIO | AGE FACTORS | ABORTION | SEX PREFERENCE | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Antinatalist Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Reproduction
Document Number: 331269 Notification

Title: Blind optimism: Challenging the myths about private health care in poor countries.
Author: Marriott A
Source: Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxfam International, 2009 Feb. 55 p. (Oxfam Briefing Paper No. 125)
Abstract: 'The realization of the right to health for millions of people in poor countries depends upon a massive increase in health services to achieve universal and equitable access. A growing number of international donors are promoting an expansion of private-sector health-care delivery to fulfil this goal. The private sector can play a role in health care. But this paper shows there is an urgent need to reassess the arguments used in favor of scaling-up private-sector provision in poor countries. The evidence shows that prioritizing this approach is extremely unlikely to deliver health for poor people. Governments and rich country donors must strengthen state capacities to regulate and focus on the rapid expansion of free publicly provided health care, a proven way to save millions of lives worldwide. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POPULATION | PRIVATE SECTOR | HEALTH SERVICES EVALUATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | INEQUALITIES | CAPACITY BUILDING | WORLD BANK | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Program Sustainability | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health
Document Number: 331349

Peer Reviewed

Title: WEALTH, INTELLIGENCE, POLITICS AND GLOBAL FERTILITY DIFFERENTIALS.
Author: Meisenberg G
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Mar 27;41:519-535.
Abstract: SummaryDemographic trends in today's world are dominated by large fertility differentials between nations, with 'less developed' nations having higher fertility than the more advanced nations. The present study investigates whether these fertility differences are related primarily to indicators of economic development, the intellectual level of the population, or political modernity in the form of liberal democracy. Results obtained with multiple regression, path models and latent variable models are compared. Both log-transformed GDP and measures of intelligence independently reduce fertility across all methods, whereas the effects of liberal democracy are weak and inconsistent. At present rates of fertility and mortality and in the absence of changes within countries, the average IQ of the young world population would decline by 1.34 points per decade and the average per capita income would decline by 0.79% per year.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | POPULATION | FERTILITY RATE | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | DEMOCRACY | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | DEATH RATE | INTELLIGENCE | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Political Systems | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Mortality | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 341480

Peer Reviewed

Title: Trends in age at first sex in Uganda: Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey data and longitudinal cohorts in Masaka and Rakai.
Author: Slaymaker E; Bwanika JB; Kasamba I; Lutalo T; Maher D; Todd J
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 1):i12-i19.
Abstract: This study sought to derive the best possible estimates of trends in age at first sex (AFS) among successive cohorts of Ugandan men and women based on all the data available from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and cohort studies in Masaka and Rakai districts. The authors analyzed the datasets from the DHS, Masaka cohort, and Rakai cohort separately. Survival analysis methods were used to estimate median AFS for men and women born in the 1950s�1980s and to compute hazard ratios for first sex, comparing later cohorts with earlier cohorts. The DHS and Masaka data showed an increase in age at first sex (AFS) in women in the more recent birth cohorts compared with those born before 1970, but this was less apparent in the Rakai data. Successive male cohorts in Masaka appeared first to have an increased AFS which subsequently decreased, a trend that was also apparent (but not significant) in the DHS data. Younger men in Rakai had an earlier AFS than those born before 1980. Women in Uganda who were born after 1970 have, on average, had sex at a later age than those born earlier. For men, AFS has not changed consistently over the period in question. Differences between Masaka and Rakai may reflect socioeconomic differences. Most of the change in AFS occurred too late to have contributed to the initial decline in the incidence of HIV.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | POPULATION | AGE FACTORS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | SEX FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | HIV INFECTIONS | INCIDENCE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Characteristics | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement
Document Number: 340102

Peer Reviewed

Title: DOES FAMINE HAVE A LONG-TERM EFFECT ON COHORT MORTALITY? EVIDENCE FROM THE 1959-1961 GREAT LEAP FORWARD FAMINE IN CHINA.
Author: Song S
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Mar 23;41:469-491.
Abstract: SummaryUsing retrospective individual mortality records of three cohorts of newborns (1954-1958, 1959-1962 and 1963-1967) from a large national fertility survey conducted in 1988 in China, this paper examines the effect of being conceived or born during the 1959-1961 Great Leap Forward Famine on postnatal mortality. The results show strong evidence of a short-term (period) effect of the famine, caused directly by starvation or severe malnutrition during the period of the famine. After controlling for period mortality fluctuation, however, the famine-born cohort does not show higher mortality than either the pre-famine or the post-famine cohort. Aggregate-level cross-temporal comparisons using published cohort population counts from China's 1982 Census, 1990 Census, 1995 micro-Census, 2000 Census and 2005 micro-Census lead to the same conclusion. The relevance of these new findings for the 'fetal origins' hypothesis and the selection effect hypothesis is discussed.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | FERTILITY SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | POPULATION | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | FAMINE | LONGTERM EFFECTS | MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | CENSUS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Time Factors | Population Statistics
Document Number: 341482

10.

11.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Report of the Intergovernmental Conference of Far-Eastern Countries on Rural Hygiene.
Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2008 Jan;98(1):40-42.
Abstract: While it is obvious that attention to the problem of rural populations has been an important consideration of Governments for many years, it is evident that, since the Great War. the people of many countries and their Governments realize more strongly than ever that that part of the population living on the land and producing the essential foodstuffs for all has been too often neglected. Governments are realizing more and more their obligations in this matter, and programs working toward the bettering of the social, economic, health and cultural conditions of the country-dwellers are becoming more general and more comprehensive. This present Conference had brought together Governmental representatives from the important countries of the East. The group includes: medical men concerned with curative and preventive medical services, educators, agronomists, specialists in rural reconstruction, sanitary engineers, experts in nutrition, and investigators who are devoting their attention to specific diseases. Statesmen and members of the legal profession who are concerned primarily with administrative duties are also to be found in the group. The development of rural programs reveals, in many instances, that the best results are to be obtained when the different welfare activities are planned and executed simultaneously by a trained staff. The interrelations of the work of the various groups have become more patent, and success in its broad lines rests on a realization of the interdependence of the work of all concerned. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA | SUMMARY REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | POPULATION | RURAL AREAS | GOVERNMENT | HEALTH SERVICES | EDUCATION | MALARIA PREVENTION | PUBLIC HEALTH | NUTRITION | HYGIENE | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 323107

12.

13.

14.

Title: 2008 Africa population data sheet.
Author: African Population and Health Research Center; Population Reference Bureau [PRB]
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2008. 11 p.
Abstract: Even as African women use family planning more and bear fewer children, the continent's youthful population will fuel the continent's growth for many decades to come. Africa's population of 967 million is projected to grow to 1.9 billion by 2050, according to the 2008 Africa Population Data Sheet, produced by the Population Reference Bureau (PRB) and the African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC). The report highlights the regional differences within Africa, especially between sub-Saharan and Northern Africa. Contraceptive use has increased fastest in Northern and Southern Africa, and as a result, the number of children the average woman in those regions has during her lifetime has dropped from nearly six children in the early 1980s to around three in 2005. This has slowed population growth in those regions. In most Eastern, Western, and Middle African countries, however, use of family planning remains low, and fertility rates have dropped little, with women averaging between five and six children. Educational attainment, considered an important element in reducing poverty, has increased in many countries, especially at the primary level. But fewer than 75 percent of primary school-age children were enrolled in primary school in Chad, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and several other countries. African countries have made less progress getting children to advance to secondary school. For all of sub-Saharan Africa, the average net enrollment for secondary school is 28 percent. The 2008 Africa Population Data Sheet also includes a series of indicators on population growth, urbanization, family planning use, teenage motherhood, HIV/AIDS, and gross national income per capita for African countries.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | TABLES AND CHARTS | POPULATION STATISTICS | POPULATION | AGE DISTRIBUTION | FERTILITY DECLINE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | INFANT MORTALITY | HIV INFECTIONS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | CHILD HEALTH | MATERNAL HEALTH | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Mortality | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Health
Document Number: 328222

15.

Title: Population and the food supply.
Author: Population Council
Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2008. [2] p.
Abstract: This fact sheet contains a bulleted list of the information presented in the Bongaarts' essay "Food and population: The return of Malthus?". Some of the issues commented on are: 1) The connection between population and food supply; 2) Reducing unnecessary consumption could improve worldwide access to food; and 3) Practical solutions for the poorest countries.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POPULATION | FOOD SUPPLY | POPULATION GROWTH | PRICES | CONSUMPTION | ENERGY SUPPLY | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development
Document Number: 327695

16.

Title: World contraceptive use 2007. [Wallchart].
Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division
Source: New York, New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2008 Jan. [2] p. (ST/ESA/SER.A/273)
Abstract: At the 2005 World Summit, Governments committed themselves to "achieving universal access to reproductive health by 2015, as set out at the International Conference on Population and Development" (A/RES/60/1). This wall chart presents the latest data available on key dimensions of reproductive health, including two of the indicators for the Millennium Development Goals, namely, contraceptive prevalence relative to the use of any method (indicator 5.3) and unmet need for family planning (indicator 5.6). The wall chart shows that universal access to reproductive health is still far from being attained since, at least in terms of unmet need for family planning, in at least 43 countries over 20 per cent of the women of reproductive age who are married or in union have not met their need for contraception. Nevertheless, contraceptive use continues to increase. At the world level, 63 per cent of women of reproductive age who are married or in union are currently using a contraceptive method for a total of 716 million worldwide. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | TABLES AND CHARTS | STATISTICAL STUDIES | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | POPULATION | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | Studies | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception
Document Number: 326747

17.

Title: The effectiveness of mass communication to change public behavior.
Author: Abroms LC; Maibach EW
Source: Annual Review of Public Health. 2008;29:219-234.
Abstract: This article provides an overview of the ways in which mass communication has been used-or can be used-to promote beneficial changes in behavior among members of populations. We use an ecological perspective to examine the ways in which mass media interventions can be used to influence public behavior both directly and indirectly. Mass media interventions that seek to influence people directly-by directly targeting the people burdened by the public health problem of concern and/or the people who influence them - have a long basis in public health history, and recent reviews have clarified our expectations about what can be expected from such approaches. Mass media interventions that seek to influence people indirectly-by creating beneficial changes in the places (or environments) in which people live and work-have equal if not greater potential to promote beneficial changes in population health behaviors, but these are currently less explored options. To have the greatest possible beneficial influence on public behavior with the public health resources available, we recommend that public health program planners assess their opportunities to use media to target both people and places in a manner that complements and extends other investments being made in population health enhancement. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION | PUBLIC HEALTH | MASS MEDIA | INTERVENTIONS | IMPACT | BEHAVIOR | COMMUNICATION | SOCIAL NETWORKS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 326628

18.

Title: Research subsidies, population control policies, and growth.
Author: Alexandrakis C
Source: Review of Development Economics. 2008 Feb;12(1):106-123.
Abstract: Several R&D-based growth models without scale effects claim that subsidies to R&D are not conductive for economic growth while a faster growing population is. Yet, in an effort to maintain high growth rates, most OECD countries continue to subsidize R&D, while several developing countries are trying to control the size of their population. Are these countries misguided? This study introduces an R&D-based growth model that is characterized by complementarities between technology and human capital. The model is free of scale effects and consistent with the above-mentioned policies. By applying the model to US data the study uncovers a possible explanation for the productivity slowdown. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | POPULATION | POLICYMAKERS | POPULATION CONTROL | POPULATION POLICY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION GROWTH | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | GRANTS | TECHNOLOGY | HUMAN CAPITAL | PRODUCTIVITY | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Financial Activities | Human Resources
Document Number: 324779

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Assessment of human health risk from organochlorine pesticide residues in Cidade dos Meninos, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Author: Asmus CI; Alonzo HG; Palacios M; Silva AP; Filhote MI
Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2008 Apr;24(4):755-766.
Abstract: This article presents the results of a heath risk assessment in Cidade dos Meninos, an area contaminated with organochlorine pesticide residues located in the county (municipality) of Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) risk assessment methodology was applied. The following organochlorine compounds exceeded the established limits and were considered target pollutants: HCH and its isomers (in eggs, milk, and soil); DDT and its metabolites; trichlorobenzenes; trichlorophenols; dioxins and furans (eggs and soil). For all the substances studied (with the exception of trichlorophenols), the estimated doses exceeded the minimum risk levels for chronically exposed children and adults. According to the ATSDR classification, the area was considered an "urgent public health hazard" because of its high and serious exposure to substances that are dangerous to human health. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION | PESTICIDES | EXPOSURE | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | RISK ASSESSMENT | HEALTH | TOXICITY | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Ingredients and Chemicals | Risk Factors | Biology | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Evaluation | Physiology
Document Number: 326494

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Income inequality and population health: Correlation and causality.
Author: Babones SJ
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 Apr;66(7):1614-1626.
Abstract: A large literature now exists on the cross-national correlation between income inequality and population health, but existing studies suffer from sparse data, poor operationalization of income inequality, and the use of low-power statistical models. This paper sets out to estimate the ecological correlation between income inequality and indicators of population health in a very broad panel of countries, to demonstrate that this relationship is largely non-artifactual, and to test whether this relationship might be causal. Gini coefficients of national income inequality in 1970 and 1995 are correlated with life expectancy, infant mortality rates, and murder rates, controlling for national income per capita. In cross-sectional analyses, inequality is significantly correlated with life expectancy, infant mortality, and (inconsistently) the murder rate. The health correlations are shown to be not primarily due to the "convexity effect" of the non-linear relationship between individual income and individual health, which seems to account for no more than one-third of the relationship between inequality and health, and likely much less. Change in inequality 1970-1995 is significantly related to change in life expectancy and infant mortality, suggesting a causal relationship, but these correlations are not robust with respect to sample or controls. It can be concluded that there is a strong, consistent, statistically significant, nonartifactual correlation between national income inequality and population health, but though there is some evidence that this relationship is causal, the relative stability of income inequality over time in most countries makes causality difficult to test. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | POPULATION | HEALTH | INEQUALITIES | INCOME DISTRIBUTION | LIFE EXPECTANCY | INFANT MORTALITY | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Income | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors
Document Number: 324204

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22.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Revising antimalarial drug policy in Central America: experience in Panama.
Author: Calzada JE; Samudio F; Bayard V; Obaldia N 3rd; de Mosca IB
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2008 Jul;102(7):694-8.
Abstract: Panama is the first country in the Central American region that has officially discarded chloroquine as a first-line drug to treat Plasmodium falciparum cases. Here we describe the clinical and molecular findings from autochthonous P. falciparum fatal cases, and the epidemiological situation that led to a change in the national antimalarial drug policy. Our results illustrate the potential pathogenicity of the strain of P. falciparum circulating in the country and provide molecular evidence of parasite resistance to chloroquine and antifolate drugs. The public health threats of these findings for the Central American region are discussed.
Language: English
Keywords:
PANAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | POPULATION | HEALTH POLICY | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | DEATH | DRUG RESISTANCE | PUBLIC HEALTH | PREVALENCE | MALARIA | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Measurement
Document Number: 329057

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated in 2004-2006 in Bangui, Central African Republic; Yaounde, Cameroon; Antananarivo, Madagascar; and Ho Chi Minh Ville and Nha Trang, Vietnam.
Author: Cao V; Ratsima E; Van Tri D; Bercion R; Fonkoua MC; Richard V; Talarmin A
Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2008 Nov;35(11):941-945.
Abstract: The goal of the study was to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated in 2004 and 2005 in Bangui, Central African Republic; Yaounde, Cameroon; Antananarivo, Madagascar; and Ho Chi Minh Ville and Nha Trang, Vietnam. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by both disk diffusion and agar dilution methods according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommendations. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to 5 antimicrobials (penicillin G, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, spectinomycin, and tetracycline) were determined when feasible. Penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG) was analyzed by the paper acidometric method (nitrocefin test). Thirty N. gonorrhoeae isolates from Bangui could be studied, 79 from Yaounde, 126 from Antananarivo, 56 from Nha Trang, and 126 from Ho Chi Minh Ville in 2004 and 2005. Unfortunately, because of problems of electricity supply, no strains could be recovered for the determination of MICs in Yaounde, and only 68 strains could be tested in Antananarivo and 121 in Ho Chi Minh Ville. Patterns of resistance were similar in Antananarivo, Bangui, and Yaounde but different from those observed in Vietnam. Ciprofloxacin was highly effective in Africa, but nearly all strains in Vietnam were resistant to this drug. Overall, ceftriaxon and spectinomycin were the best antibiotics, with one strain resistant to spectinomycin in Antananrivo and one strain resistant to ceftriaxon in Ho Chi Minh Ville. Ciprofloxacin remains highly efficient in Madagascar and Central Africa, ceftriaxone and spectinomycin should be used as the first-line antimicrobial agents in treating gonorrhea in Vietnam.
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | MADAGASCAR | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | POPULATION | GONORRHEA | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | MICROBICIDES | ANTIBIOTICS | DRUG RESISTANCE | Developing Countries | Africa | Africa, Southern | Research Methodology | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Drugs | Treatment
Document Number: 322818

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Perturbation analysis of nonlinear matrix population models.
Author: Caswell H
Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Mar;18(3):59-116.
Abstract: Perturbation analysis examines the response of a model to changes in its parameters. It is commonly applied to population growth rates calculated from linear models, but there has been no general approach to the analysis of nonlinear models. Nonlinearities in demographic models may arise due to density-dependence, frequency-dependence (in 2-sex models), feedback through the environment or the economy, and recruitment subsidy due to immigration, or from the scaling inherent in calculations of proportional population structure. This paper uses matrix calculus to derive the sensitivity and elasticity of equilibria, cycles, ratios (e.g., dependency ratios), age averages and variances, temporal averages and variances, life expectancies, and population growth rates, for both age-classified and stage-classified models. Examples are presented, applying the results to both human and non-human populations. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
MASSACHUSETTS | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | THEORETICAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | POPULATION THEORY | POPULATION GROWTH ESTIMATION | ENVIRONMENT | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | TIME FACTORS | LIFE EXPECTANCY | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Estimation Techniques | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Dynamics | Length of Life | Mortality
Document Number: 325250

25.

Title: On the contribution of sectoral natural population growth to the aggregate poverty change.
Author: Chatti R; El Lahga A
Source: Journal of Population Economics. 2008 Jan;21(1):183-190.
Abstract: This note extends the Ravallion and Huppi aggregate poverty change decomposition to account for the distinct contribution of migration and differential natural population growth between sectors to the aggregate poverty change. We apply our decomposition to three Least Developing countries. We find that accounting for sectoral difference in natural population growth has a considerable impact on national poverty change. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | ECONOMIC MODEL | MIGRANTS | POPULATION | MIGRATION | POVERTY | POPULATION GROWTH | LABOR MIGRATION | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 322761

26.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in humans is widely distributed and potentially life threatening.
Author: Cox-Singh J; Davis TM; Lee KS; Shamsul SS; Matusop A
Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2008 Jan 15;46:165-171.
Abstract: Until recently, Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in humans was misdiagnosed as Plasmodium malariae malaria. The objectives of the present study were to determine the geographic distribution of P. knowlesi malaria in the human population in Malaysia and to investigate 4 suspected fatal cases. Sensitive and specific nested polymerase chain reaction was used to identify all Plasmodium species present in (1) blood samples obtained from 960 patients with malaria who were hospitalized in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, during 2001-2006; (2) 54 P. malariae archival blood films from 15 districts in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo (during 2003-2005), and 4 districts in Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia (during 2004-2005); and (3) 4 patients whose suspected cause of death was P. knowlesi malaria. For the 4 latter cases, available clinical and laboratory data were reviewed. P. knowlesi DNA was detected in 266 (27.7%) of 960 of the samples from Sarawak hospitals, 41 (83.7%) of 49 from Sabah, and all 5 from Pahang. Only P. knowlesi DNA was detected in archival blood films from the 4 patients who died. All were hyperparasitemic and developed marked hepatorenal dysfunction. Human infection with P. knowlesi, commonly misidentified as the more benign P. malariae, are widely distributed across Malaysian Borneo and extend to Peninsular Malaysia. Because P. knowlesi replicates every 24 h, rapid diagnosis and prompt effective treatment are essential. In the absence of a specific routine diagnostic test for P. knowlesi malaria, we recommend that patients who reside in or have traveled to Southeast Asia and who have received a "P. malariae" hyperparasitemia diagnosis by microscopy receive intensive management as appropriate for severe falciparum malaria. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAYSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | POPULATION | MALARIA | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | PARASITES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Biology
Document Number: 325618

27.

Title: Population, health, and environment issues in the Philippines. A profile of Calabarzon (Region 4-A).
Author: De La Paz MC; Colson L
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], Population, Health, and Environment Program, 2008 Oct. 6 p.
Abstract: Linking population, health, and environment (PHE) issues is becoming increasingly important for the Philippines, where natural resources and public health and well-being are often negatively affected by factors such as population pressures and poverty. Understanding these connections--including the economic and social context in which they occur--and addressing PHE issues in an integrated manner is critical for achieving sustainable development. This regional PHE profile highlights key population, health, and environment indicators and important development challenges for the Calabarzon Region (Region 4-A). The profile is designed to help educators, policymakers, and community leaders identify key threats to sustainable development and explore possible approaches to addressing them. This profile is part of a series covering select regions of the Philippines, and is intended as a companion publication to the Population Reference Bureau's 2006 data sheet, Making the Link in the Philippines: Population, Health, and the Environment.
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | EVALUATION INDEXES | POPULATION | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | POPULATION DYNAMICS | POPULATION SIZE | URBANIZATION | FAMILY PLANNING | NATURAL RESOURCES | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | POPULATION PROJECTION | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Environment | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Estimation Techniques | Health
Document Number: 323137

28.

Title: Population, health, and environment issues in the Philippines. A profile of Central Visayas (Region 7).
Author: De La Paz MC; Colson L
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], Population, Health, and Environment Program, 2008 Feb. 6 p.
Abstract: Linking population, health, and environment (PHE) issues is becoming increasingly important for the Philippines, where natural resources and public health and well-being are often negatively affected by factors such as population pressures and poverty. Understanding these connections-including the economic and social context in which they occur-and addressing PHE issues in an integrated manner is critical for achieving sustainable development. This regional PHE profile highlights key population, health, and environment indicators and important development challenges for the Central Visayas Region (Region 7). The profile is designed to help educators, policymakers, and community leaders identify key threats to sustainable development and explore possible approaches to addressing them. This profile is part of a series covering select regions of the Philippines, and is intended as a companion publication to the Population Reference Bureau's 2006 data sheet, Making the Link in the Philippines: Population, Health, and the Environment. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | TECHNICAL REPORT | POPULATION | POPULATION DENSITY | POPULATION PRESSURE | PUBLIC HEALTH | INFANT MORTALITY | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | NATURAL RESOURCES | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors
Document Number: 327394

29.

Title: Population, health, and environment issues in the Philippines. A profile of the National Capital Region (NCR).
Author: De La Paz MC; Colson L
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], Population, Health, and Environment Program, 2008 Feb. 6 p.
Abstract: Linking population, health, and environment (PHE) issues is becoming increasingly important for the Philippines, where natural resources and public health and well-being are often negatively affected by factors such as population pressures and poverty. Understanding these connections-including the economic and social context in which they occur-and addressing PHE issues in an integrated manner is critical for achieving sustainable development. This regional PHE profile highlights key population, health, and environment indicators and important development challenges for the National Capital Region (NCR). The profile is designed to help educators, policymakers, and community leaders identify key threats to sustainable development and explore possible approaches to addressing them. This profile is part of a series covering select regions of the Philippines, and is intended as a companion publication to the Population Reference Bureau's 2006 data sheet, Making the Link in the Philippines: Population,Health, and the Environment. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | TECHNICAL REPORT | POPULATION | POPULATION DENSITY | POPULATION PRESSURE | PUBLIC HEALTH | INFANT MORTALITY | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | NATURAL RESOURCES | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors
Document Number: 327395

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Differences in transmission seasons as an epidemiological tool for characterization of anthroponotic and zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in northern Afghanistan.
Author: Faulde M; Schrader J; Heyl G; Amirih M
Source: Acta Tropica. 2008 Feb;105(2):131-138.
Abstract: Regional epidemiological data, when available from Afghan or international health authorities, usually include cutaneous leishmaniasis cases without further elaboration. Scientific reports from Afghanistan mainly focus on the current status of war and refugee-related anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL), but little is known about zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL), its regional and seasonal distribution, or other disease characteristics. Multiple field investigations revealed that both ACL and ZCL are widespread in Afghanistan and may show sharp differences in specific epidemiology and incubation periods. The previously unknown transmission dynamics and differing seasonality of ZCL, with maximum clinical cases in September and October, as opposed to the ACL peak in March and April, are here described, thus permitting for the first time prediction of the causative Leishmania species in undiscriminated CL reports. Results show that epidemiological differences may serve as a convenient tool for discriminating between ACL and ZCL, at least in northern and central Afghanistan, which can be important because specific treatment and control measures may be different. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFGHANISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION | LEISHMANIASIS | TRANSMISSION | SEASONAL VARIATION | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | PARASITE CONTROL | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Public Health | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 324402


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