1.  Peer Reviewed Title: DOES FAMINE HAVE A LONG-TERM EFFECT ON COHORT MORTALITY? EVIDENCE FROM THE 1959-1961 GREAT LEAP FORWARD FAMINE IN CHINA. Author: Song S Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Mar 23;41:469-491. Abstract: SummaryUsing retrospective individual mortality records of three cohorts of newborns (1954-1958, 1959-1962 and 1963-1967) from a large national fertility survey conducted in 1988 in China, this paper examines the effect of being conceived or born during the 1959-1961 Great Leap Forward Famine on postnatal mortality. The results show strong evidence of a short-term (period) effect of the famine, caused directly by starvation or severe malnutrition during the period of the famine. After controlling for period mortality fluctuation, however, the famine-born cohort does not show higher mortality than either the pre-famine or the post-famine cohort. Aggregate-level cross-temporal comparisons using published cohort population counts from China's 1982 Census, 1990 Census, 1995 micro-Census, 2000 Census and 2005 micro-Census lead to the same conclusion. The relevance of these new findings for the 'fetal origins' hypothesis and the selection effect hypothesis is discussed. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | FERTILITY SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | POPULATION | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | FAMINE | LONGTERM EFFECTS | MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | CENSUS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Time Factors | Population Statistics Document Number: 341482 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Demography, culture, and policy: Understanding Japan's low fertility. Author: Boling P Source: Population and Development Review. 2008 Jun;34(2):307-326. Abstract: Insights into the causes of Japan's prolonged and sharp fall in total fertility rate come from comparing Japan with France. The two countries share dirigiste administrative approaches, family policy reform undertaken under the auspices of pragmatic right wing parties and justified on pronatalist grounds, and involvement of demographic experts in crafting and shepherding such policies. But the countries differ with respect to their total fertility rates (France 1.98, Japan 1.29) and the effectiveness of their family policies. Thus comparing them can help identify areas of divergence that might explain these differences and assist in the project of theory building. Several salient explanations are rooted in Japan's labor market: it exacts high opportunity costs from parents who interrupt their careers to raise children, keeps ideal workers from having much time for their families, assumes and reinforces a traditional gender ideology, and hires few young workers into good jobs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: JAPAN | FRANCE | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | FERTILITY DECLINE | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | FAMILY POLICY | POPULATION POLICY | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | LABOR FORCE | GENDER ISSUES | PRONATALIST POLICY | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | CHILD CARE | FEMALE ROLE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Social Behavior Document Number: 327375 |
| 3. Title: Gender balance and the meanings of women in governance in post-genocide Rwanda. Author: Burnet JE Source: African Affairs. 2008;107(428):361-386. Abstract: Across Africa, many countries have taken initiatives to increase the participation and representation of women in governance. Yet it is unclear what meaning these initiatives have in authoritarian, single-party states like Rwanda. Since seizing power in 1994, the Rwandan Patriotic Front has taken many steps to increase the participation of women in politics such as creating a Ministry of Gender, organizing women's councils at all levels of government, and instituting an electoral system with reserved seats for women in the national parliament. This article explores the dramatic increase in women's participation in public life and representation in governance and the increasing authoritarianism of the Rwandan state under the guise of 'democratization'. The increased political participation of women in Rwanda represents a paradox in the short term: as their participation has increased, women's ability to influence policy making has decreased. In the long term, however, increased female representation in government could prepare the path for their meaningful participation in a genuine democracy because of a transformation in political subjectivity. (author's) Language: English Keywords: RWANDA | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | PARTICIPATION | WOMEN | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | DECISION MAKING | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 327344 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Policies around sexual and reproductive health and rights in Peru: Conflict, biases and silence. Author: Caceres C; Cueto M; Palomino N Source: Global Public Health. 2008;3(S2):39-57. Abstract: This study is aimed at examining how subsequent Peruvian governments, since 1990, have addressed reproductive rights, HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment, and sexual diversity rights, as well as the drastic policy shifts and its many contradictions. Abortion and contraception consistently generated the deepest public controversies and debates, which made progress in reproductive rights difficult. HIV/AIDS was often portrayed as having the potential to affect everyone, which allowed advocates and activists to achieve some success in advancing HIV/AIDS-related rights. Sexual diversity rights, perceived as a demand made by "others", were generally trivialised and disdained by politicians, officials, and the general population. Positive changes occurred as long as the issue was given a low political and institutional profile. The analysis of policy-making and programme implementation in these three areas reveals that: (1) Weaknesses in national institutional frameworks concerning reproductive health made it possible for governments to adopt two very different (even contradictory) approaches to the issue within the past 15 years; (2) Policies were presented as rights-based in order to garner political legitimacy when, in fact, they evidenced a clear disregard for the rights of individual citizens; and (3) By favouring low-profile "public health" discourses, and marginalising "the sexual" in official policies related to sexuality, advocacy groups sometimes created opportunities for legal changes but failed to challenge conservative powers opposing the recognition of sexual and reproductive rights and the full citizenship of women and sexual minorities. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PERU | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | ADVOCACY | BIAS | PUBLIC OPINION | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Health | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Organizations | Communication | Error Sources | Measurement | Research Methodology | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 327684 |
| 5. Title: The political context of AIDS-related stigma and knowledge in a South African township community. Author: Forsyth B; Vandormael A; Kershaw T; Grobbelaar J Source: SAHARA J. 2008 Jul;5(2):74-82. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the presentation of AIDS-related stigma and knowledge within the political context of the South African government's response to the AIDS epidemic. It was during the 2000 - 2004 period that key government officials publicly challenged the orthodox views of HIV/AIDS, with the South African president, Thabo Mbeki, actively positing the primary role of poverty and other socio-economic stressors in the progression of the AIDS epidemic. This discursive position had real-time effects for AIDS policy-making and ultimately delayed the implementation of a national antiretroviral (ARV) rollout programme. Consequently this position was criticised by commentators in the media and elsewhere for contributing to an already widespread climate of AIDS stigmatization and misinformation. To shed more light on these claims we conducted a survey in 2005 in Atteridgeville, a South African township, and compared results with those of a similar survey conducted shortly after ARV medications became available in 2004. Results indicated a reduction in AIDS stigma levels across the 1-year period, and that those participants who endorsed contentious political views (such as those expressed by key government officials) were more likely to have a higher level of AIDS-related stigma than those who disagreed. Nevertheless, this study cautions against drawing a causal relationship between the South African government's position and IDS-stigmatizing attitudes, and suggests that further political and social factors be accounted for in an attempt to gain a fuller understanding of this seemingly complex relationship. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | GOVERNMENT | STIGMA | AIDS | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | KNOWLEDGE | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | POVERTY | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Policy | Economic Factors | HIV Document Number: 329227 |
| 6. Title: Political representation and gender in Brazil: Quotas for women and their impact. Author: Miguel LF Source: Bulletin of Latin American Research. 2008 Apr;27(2):197-214. Abstract: In the 1990s, Brazilian Congress approved an electoral quota for female candidates in parliamentary competition (with exception of the Senate). The reticence of the law and the peculiarities of the Brazilian open lists electoral system have given rise to concern that the quotas will fail. In fact, there has been no great increase in the number of women in Brazilian legislatives - there has been some change in the municipalities, a little less in the states and almost nothing at the federal level. Analysing in detail the results of four elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies, two before and two after the quotas, it becomes apparent that, in Brazil, the impact of quotas is mediated far more than in other countries. Quotas provide, above all, an incentive to party elites to support an increase in the number of female political leaders, and the results may appear only at mid term. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | POLITICAL FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | PARTICIPATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 325307 |
| 7. Title: The (political) economics of antiretroviral treatment in developing countries. Author: Nattrass NJ Source: Trends In Microbiology. 2008 Dec;16(12):574-9. Abstract: Despite unprecedented international mobilisation to support universal provision of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), national governments continue to play the key role in determining access to treatment. Whereas some AIDS-affected countries have performed as well as or better than expected given their level of development, institutional characteristics and demographic challenges (e.g. Thailand and Brazil), others (notably South Africa) have not. This article argues that the 'economics' of antiretroviral drug delivery is at heart a political-economy of access to treatment. It depends on commitment on the part of national governments to negotiate with pharmaceutical companies over patented antiretroviral drug prices, on their policy towards compulsory licensing, and on the approach they adopt to delivering HAART. Civil society has an important role to play in encouraging governments to become, and remain, committed to taking action to ensure sustainable and widespread access to HAART. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | GOVERNMENT | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | DEMOCRACY | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | HEALTH POLICY | ECONOMIC POLICY | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | Sociocultural Factors | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy Document Number: 330286 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: The political economy of AIDS leadership in developing countries: An exploratory analysis. Author: Bor J Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2007 Apr;64(8):1585-1599. Abstract: The commitment of high-level government leaders is widely recognized as a key factor in curbing national AIDS epidemics. But where does such leadership come from? This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the determinants of AIDS leadership in 54 developing countries, using the 2003 AIDS Program Effort Index "political support" score as an indicator of political commitment. Explanatory variables include measures of political institutions as well as economic development and integration. Models developed in the analysis explain over half of the variation in commitment across the countries in the sample. In particular, press freedoms, income equality, and HIV prevalence stand out as determinants of political commitment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION INDEXES | FORMATIVE RESEARCH | THEORETICAL MODELS | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | LEADERSHIP | POLITICAL FACTORS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | INSTITUTION BUILDING | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Program Sustainability | Economic Factors Document Number: 313303 |
9.  Peer Reviewed Title: Feminist democracy? Interview with Helen O'Connell. Author: Harcourt W Source: Development. 2007 Mar;50(1):14-16. Abstract: WH:When we spoke about putting the journal issue on Democracy, together we spoke about visions as well as practical issues. As both of us have been working in the feminist movement for many years, I would be very interested to know what is your vision for a feminist democracy. HO'C: My vision of a feminist democracy is a system of politics and governance that enables women, and men and children, to enjoy and exercise their full human rights. A feminist democracy would have the elimination of the oppression of women, all gender-based inequalities and other forms of social, economic and cultural inequalities as its central goal, and would have a strategy and an action plan to remove patriarchal structures. It would end violence against women and guarantee that women have control over their own bodies. It would develop and install economic and social policies which furthered economic and social justice. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | INTERVIEWS | DEMOCRACY | FEMINISM | HUMAN RIGHTS | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | POLITICAL FACTORS | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 319938 |
| 10. Title: Is there a deadline for parenthood? An example from Poland. Author: Mynarska M Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 28 p. Abstract: The postponement of childbearing is occurring across Europe and the USA, but the paths of this trend differ profoundly from country to country. In Poland, as in other Central and Eastern European countries, most women have their first child at a relatively young age. This paper asks about the role of age norms in sustaining the pattern of early motherhood. We investigate young adults' perceptions of age in relation to their fertility choices. We find that age is indeed a salient dimension that structures and regulates individual childbearing plans. The qualitative approach of our study allows for gaining insights into how age norms are explained, argued about and sanctioned. We also reconstruct the mechanisms of the normative influence of age limits (deadlines) on fertility behavior. Thus, the study not only improves our understanding of the timing of childbearing but also contributes to the general discussion on age norms. (author's) Language: English Keywords: POLAND | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | FERTILITY SURVEYS | WOMEN | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | MATERNAL AGE | VALUE ORIENTATION | DECISION MAKING | PREGNANCY HISTORY | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 317362 |
| 11. Title: Becoming a parent in a post-Communist society: an analysis of ideational factors. Author: Speder Z; Kapitany B Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 31 p. Abstract: The move from an early fertility to a "new", late fertility model is characteristic for each postcommunist societies including the Hungarian one, and is the basic reason for low period fertility. The offered approaches explaining the changes, such as the second demographic transition theory, the economic crisis hypothesis, the disorderliness approach, can be located in a space stretching between structural and cultural explanations. Using two waves of an ongoing follow-up survey, we will be able to show "selection" effects of cultural factors on childbearing behaviour and at the same time control for some structural factors. The effects of religiosity, child related norms (ideal age and ideal number of children), individualism- and anomie-scale, and optimism are analysed in our models. Using parallel logistic regression models for male and female on the one side, and first and further births on the other side, we could show and compare influences of ideational factors. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HUNGARY | RESEARCH REPORT | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | FERTILITY SURVEYS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | THEORETICAL MODELS | PARENTS | LOW FERTILITY POPULATION | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | CULTURE | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | VALUE ORIENTATION | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Political Factors | Religion | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Size Document Number: 317363 |
| 12. Title: The spread of HIV in Africa: an epidemic of epic proportions. Author: Brown LR Source: Washington, D.C., Earth Policy Institute, 2006 Feb 23. 3 p. (Earth Policy News) Abstract: There is no precedent for the number of lives affected by the HIV epidemic. To find anything similar to such a potentially devastating loss of life, we have to go back to the smallpox decimation of Native American communities in the sixteenth century or to the bubonic plague that took roughly a fourth of Europe’s population during the fourteenth century. HIV should be seen for what it is—an epidemic of epic proportions that, if not checked soon, could take more lives during this century than were claimed by all the wars of the last century. Since the human immunodeficiency virus was identified in 1981, this infection has spread worldwide. By 1990, an estimated 10 million people were infected with the virus. By the end of 2004, the number who had been infected climbed to 78 million. Of this total, 38 million have died; 39 million are living with the virus. Twenty-five million HIV-positive people today live in sub-Saharan Africa, but only 500,000 or so are being treated with anti-retroviral drugs. Seven million live in South and Southeast Asia, with over 5 million of them in India alone. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | PROGRESS REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | EPIDEMICS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 300205 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Fighting the white plague. Author: Kmietowicz Z Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2006 Jun 10;332(7554):1354. Abstract: Jana is 19 years old, but looks closer to 12. She has just had three quarters of her right lung removed after it was almost completely destroyed by tuberculosis. Aivar Strelis, the head of tuberculosis treatment at Tomsk Hospital in Siberia, where Jana is being treated, hopes that Jana will be able to go home soon and that another 12-14 months on a combination of antibiotics will rid her of the infection in her left lung and that she will be able to pursue her ambition to study medicine. Jana is among the estimated 15% of Russians who have multidrug resistant tuberculosis. They might be resistant to just one or two of the standard first line treatments, or six or even seven drugs, including those used as second line treatments. It is these patients who are the most difficult to treat, says Dr Strelis. They are confined to long stretches in hospital and make up the lion’s share of those who need surgery (85%). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: RUSSIA | CRITIQUE | CLIENTS | PRISONERS | TUBERCULOSIS | PREVALENCE | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | CHANGES | TREATMENT | DRUG RESISTANCE | FUNDS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | Asia, Northern | Asia | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Political Factors | Social Change | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 301353 |
| 14. Title: Performances of resistance: women's struggle for political power in Cambodia. Author: Lilja M Source: [Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic], United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women [INSTRAW], 2006 Mar. [44] p. (New Voices, Perspectives) Abstract: This article focuses on the contending claims to political power in Cambodia. In particular, it discusses how politically involved women outline strategies and perform various types of resistance against the male domination of demographic arenas. Two different processes will primarily be addressed. First the issue of networking will be focused on as a factor enabling women's political participation. Secondly, the paper engages in a discussion regarding how the resistance of female Cambodian politicians involves the elaboration of new identities. Today, few Cambodian women hold high-ranking public positions involving decision-making. The lack of female reps is largely due to the fact that women and men are expected to enact different gender roles. These roles are not only stereotypically divided into a political vs apolitical identity, but the role assigned to men (political) is given more value. The social perception of women as non-political explains, to some extent, women's lack of access to political power. While this implies that women's political participation is influenced by gendered relations of power, the response to this relationship of domination not only takes form of subordination, but also of resistance. This analysis is based on interviews with sixty-nine Cambodian women who have taken a step toward political involvement. The agenda of these women often embraces a desire to change the power relationships which hinder women from obtaining political positions. These women are thus prime movers in processes of transformation and potential agents of change. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CAMBODIA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | POLITICAL FACTORS | ADVOCACY | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | WOMEN'S STATUS | GENDER ISSUES | SOCIAL CHANGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 316487 |
| 15. Title: Arrested development in fragile states: opportunities and guidance for USAID health programming. Author: Newbrander W Source: Arlington, Virginia, Partnership for Child Health Care, Basic Support for Institutionalizing Child Survival [BASICS], 2006 Jun. 18 p. (USAID Contract No. GHA-I-00-04-00002-00) Abstract: This paper will focus on states whose development is considered to be stalled. Arrested development may refer to a country that has had high capacity or effectiveness in the past but whose development has stagnated for some time. Or it may be a country that has experienced a recent setback or major reversal due to political change or some other shock. A shock could be economic, such as a change in the demand for or prices of commodities that are exported and represent the major source of income for a country. Or a shock could occur where an authoritarian government stops political or economic reforms and development in its drive to consolidate power and eliminate any threats to its control. This could be a country that is politically isolated internationally, such as North Korea. The two arrested development countries considered in this paper are Myanmar (Burma) and Guinea. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GUINEA | MYANMAR | SUMMARY REPORT | USAID | DEMOCRACY | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | ECONOMIC FACTORS | PUBLIC HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Policy Document Number: 318558 |
| 16. Title: Health in fragile states. Country case study: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Author: Waldman R Source: Arlington, Virginia, Partnership for Child Health Care, Basic Support for Institutionalizing Child Survival [BASICS], 2006 Jun. [37] p. (USAID Contract No. GHA-I-00-04-00002-00) Abstract: Since 1994, conflict in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has created a major humanitarian crisis that significantly colors the way in which donor programs are conceived, developed, and implemented. Although a peace accord was signed, a transitional government put into place, and a constitution ratified, the central government's stability remains tenuous. Violence continues to have a major impact on mortality rates in the eastern part of the country, creating a mixed scenario in which humanitarian interventions and development programs must coexist. In addition to political instability, which has been driven at various times by neighboring states and even rogue militias, other important drivers of fragility will have to be addressed if short-term gains in the social sector are to be sustained. Above all, these include abject poverty-it is estimated that up to 80 percent of the Congolese population lives on less than $1 per day and parts of the country are essentially demonetized. Attention to jobs creation and income generation is essential. Moreover, the education system is in greater disrepair than the health system, creating a real risk that the next generation of Congolese will be illiterate. Finally, a culture of predation and corruption prevails in the public and private commercial sectors. Progress in social sectors will be seriously impeded unless steps can be taken to heighten the level of confidence of both foreign investors and the Congolese population. Establishing the government's legitimacy first and then its effectiveness depend on demonstrating commitment and resolve to overcome these cultural factors. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | USAID | DEMOCRACY | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | HEALTH SERVICES | ECONOMIC FACTORS | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | RECOMMENDATIONS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Policy | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 318559 |
| 17. Title: Decentralisation and TB control in Nepal: understanding the views of TB control staff. Author: Newell JN; Collins CD; Baral SC; Omar MA; Pande SB Source: Health Policy. 2005 Aug;73(2):212-227. Abstract: Experience shows that planners need to consider the effect of the process of decentralisation on national health programmes. The aim of this article is to explore the relationship between decentralisation and a national disease control programme by seeking to understand the views and attitudes of staff working in a national TB control programme on the process of change and their involvement in that change. The study to which this paper refers was performed in Nepal, where, in common with several low- and middle-income countries, a Local Self Governance Act has been passed and decentralisation is in the process of being introduced in the health sector. The aim of the study was to develop a process of initial dialogue among programme staff with a view to exemplifying those enabling and disabling factors which could influence the process and content of health systems development and its impact on health and health care. The study used individual interviews and group discussions to increase our understanding of the experience of different stakeholders at both national and district levels. Important problems identified include: confused lines of authority, difficulties of integrated supervision, poor career paths and promotion possibilities, unclear performance management, lack of priority to be given to health and TB control, lack of local accountability, lack of capacity and the risk to the drug supply. The study highlights the need to (a) develop consensus techniques, achieve a balanced appreciation and include all stakeholders in the process of change and (b) define central and local responsibilities, limiting political bias, maintaining quality control, organising different lines of authority, maintaining priorities and programme integration. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | TUBERCULOSIS | DISEASE TRANSMISSION CONTROL | NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES | DECENTRALIZATION | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | HEALTH FACILITY PLANNING | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH POLICY | MONITORING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Health Services | Health | Infections | Diseases | Prevention and Control | Health Services Administration | Management | Organization and Administration | Policy | Evaluation Document Number: 288751 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: The scandal of manhood: "Baby rape" and the politicization of sexual violence in post-apartheid South Africa. Author: Posel D Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2005 May-Jun;7(3):239-252. Abstract: This paper traces the genealogy of sexual violence as a public and political issue in South Africa, from its initial marginalization and minimization during the apartheid era, through to the explosion of anguish and anger which marked the post-apartheid moment, and most dramatically the years 2001 and 2002. Of particular interest is the question of how and why the problem of sexual violence came to be seen as a scandal of manhood, putting male sexuality under critical public scrutiny. The paper argues that the sudden, intense eruption of public anxiety and argument about sexual violence which marked the post-apartheid period had relatively little to do with feminist analysis and politics (influential though this has been in some other respects). Rather, the key to understanding this politicization of sexual violence lies with its resonances with wider political and ideological anxieties about the manner of the national subject and the moral community of the country?s fledgling democracy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | MEN | INFANT | RAPE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | SEXUALITY | POLITICAL FACTORS | SOCIAL CHANGE | VALUE ORIENTATION | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | MASS MEDIA | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication Document Number: 315453 |
| 19. Title: How much should countries spend on health? Author: Savedoff W Source: Health for the Millions. 2005 Apr-May;:5-10. Abstract: The range in per capita health spending across countries is larger than 100 to 1, and this translates into spending of anywhere between 1 percent to well over 10 percent of national income. Yet health outcomes across countries are not strongly related with the level of spending on health services once other factors and other kinds of expenditure are accounted for. It may not be surprising, then, to find many people asking "what is the right amount for a country to spend on health?" The attractiveness of such a question is clear from the numerous times that references are made to it in national health policy debates. It is also apparent from frequent references to an alleged WHO "recommendation" that countries should spend 5 percent of GDP on health, a recommendation which was never formally approved and which has little basis in fact [see Appendix A]. Addressing such a question with solid evidence is in great demand. However, the question itself is quite deceptive because it appears to be complete, when in fact it is not. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | POLICYMAKERS | EXPENDITURES | HEALTH SERVICES | PUBLIC HEALTH | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | PRODUCTION | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Programs Document Number: 285110 |
| 20. Title: Parliamentary representation of women in Indonesia: the struggle for a quota. Author: Siregar WZ Source: Asian Journal of Women's Studies. 2005 Sep 30;11(3):[21] p.. Abstract: The right to vote and stand for parliament has existed since the first Indonesian elections in 1955, but has not resulted in significant numbers of women MPs (members of parliament). This low representation has been challenged by women activists, who have undertaken a long struggle. They were finally able to obtain a 30 percent non-compulsory quota, which was included in the law on general elections (Indonesian Law No. 12 on General Elections, 2003). In the 2004 elections, the success in getting the quota enacted seemed likely to provide momentum for Indonesian women activists to win 30 percent of the parliamentary seats. However, only a small proportion of the seats were won by women in the national, provincial and local parliaments in 2004 (for the 2004-2009 period). Poor participation by women in political parties, which have been dominated by men, and the nature of the electoral system appear to be factors underlying the failure of women in gaining greater representation in the Indonesian parliaments. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | POLICYMAKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | LEGISLATION | PARTICIPATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 301440 |
| 21. Title: Tropical medicine: a brittle tool of the new imperialism [editorial] Source: Lancet. 2004 Apr 3;363(9415):1087. Abstract: Tropical medicine is changing. At last week’s launch of the spectacular third edition of Principles of Medicine in Africa (Cambridge University Press), Professor Eldryd Parry, the book’s chief editor, spoke movingly and passionately about Africa’s new landscape of danger. Human displacement, an emerging epidemic of non-communicable disease, collapsing health systems, the desperate need for palliative care as the tidal wave of HIV-AIDS continues, and a callous denial of access to vital medicines. These are some of the fresh challenges that Africa and many other continents face today. This pattern of risks to human health operates on an unusually discordant background of globalisation and terrorism. Few serious observers would contest the proposition that globalisation has been mismanaged. Its rules were established by undemocratic supranational agencies—the World Trade Organization and the International Monetary Fund. These agencies have, in turn, been influenced by similarly undemocratic transnational corporations. Nowhere in this panoply of capitalist excess are the interests of the subsistence farmer, the widowed village worker, or the orphaned child represented. The impoverished majority in the world are simply pushed to one side, sometimes with the connivance of a medicine that prefers to look the other way. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | MEDICINE | HEALTH POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy | Planning | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors Document Number: 191589 |
| 22. Title: The unmentioned AIDS policy. Source: Washington Post. 2004 Jan 22;:A24. Abstract: The international fight against AIDS, which was featured prominently in President Bush's State of the Union speech last year, went unmentioned Tuesday night. But the administration is nonetheless ramping up its effort in a serious way: The omnibus spending bill completing its passage through Congress has $2.4 billion for AIDS in 2004, a fivefold increase since Mr. Bush took office. And the administration's budget request for 2005 is expected to be even bigger. Of the four criticisms often directed against the administration's efforts, two are misconceived, one is premature and only one is really telling. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | AIDS PREVENTION | DISEASE TRANSMISSION CONTROL | HEALTH POLICY | FUNDS | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | LEGISLATION | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | ABSTINENCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Prevention and Control | Policy | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Treatment | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning Document Number: 190352 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: United we stand: labour unions and human rights NGOs in the democratisation process in Nigeria. Author: Aiyede ER Source: Development in Practice. 2004 Feb;14(1-2):224-233. Abstract: Human rights NGOs were the vanguard of the struggle for democratisation in Nigeria, but they had to forge alliances with labour unions and other groups to galvanise this process effectively. This paper explores the alliances between labour unions and NGOs in the struggle against military dictatorship in Nigeria to analyse how horizontal relationships have fared in exchanges within civil society. It argues that the exigencies of sustained political struggle throw up conflicts over issues of participation, accountability, and egalitarianism that in turn promote social capital within civil society by mitigating hierarchically structured and asymmetrical patterns of exchange among its members. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | CRITIQUE | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | LABOR UNIONS | HUMAN RIGHTS | DEMOCRACY | POLITICAL FACTORS | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | SOCIAL CHANGE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Organizations Document Number: 187048 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Is "3 by 5" enough? Recalculating the global need for antiretroviral treatment. Author: Anema A; Chan K; McGuire A; Barer JM; Hogg RS Source: Lancet. 2004 Sep 18;364:1034-1035. Abstract: Epidemiological figures presented at the XV International Conference on HIV/AIDS in Bangkok in July, 2004, raised a disturbing irony—there are more people being infected and dying of HIV/AIDS than being treated. Since the WHO and United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) launched the “3 by 5” initiative in December, 2003, millions of people have become infected and died of HIV/AIDS. Of the estimated 35–42 million people with HIV/AIDS, only 440 000 of those living in middleincome and low-income countries are on antiretroviral therapy. This number is substantially lower than the 3 million people targeted to be on therapy in these countries by 2005. There is increasing concern that the “3 by 5” target will not be met and that the number targeted by WHO and UNAIDS to be treated by 2005 is too low. Our objective was to estimate the actual need for antiretrovirals among HIV-positive adults outside of Canada, the USA, and western Europe. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | UNAIDS | WHO | HIV PREVENTION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | FUNDS | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | MIDDLE INCOME POPULATION | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | HIV | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 274461 |
| 25. Title: Health for all: Alma Ata Declaration and after. Author: Antia NH Source: Health for the Millions. 2004 Jan;30(4-5):12-14. Abstract: The United Nations (UN) was established following World War II (1939-45)to avoid the recurrence of economic and social disruptions, which followed World War I. Institutions like the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nation's Children's Fund (UNICEF) were created as part of the UN to ensure health and education for all not only because of their intrinsic values but also because of their providing the basis for overall development of these nations. Like most other UN agencies, WHO was established in Switzerland, a neutral country. Under the dynamic leadership of stalwarts like Dr Halfdan Mahler, it catalyzed marked improvements in the health status of many countries that had started from a low base, as indicated by parameters such as infant mortality rate and lifespan. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH FACILITIES | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | POVERTY | DISEASES | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | TECHNOLOGY | KNOWLEDGE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 186033 |
| 26. Title: Ecology and status of women among tribals of India. Author: Bhasin V Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2004;15(4):237-249. Abstract: India as a whole is characterized by sharp gender disparities, although women's status varies considerably by region. The family structure in the country is patriarchal, patrilocal and patrilineal. Consequently a boy is looked upon as the perpetuator of the family line, and a girl 'a bird of passage'. The Indian family organization makes discrimination between the sexes. With a secondary status, women play but a submissive role in social life. Despite several economic, political and social changes, women, are still far behind. One of the most unflattering statistics concerning India's girl child shows that the preference for a son runs across rich as well as poor households, educated as well as illiterate families. Widespread use of modern technology, a joint failure of medical ethics and failure to shed concept of a male heir has pushed female foeticide to high proportions. Female foeticide is just one side of the vast anti-women behavioural range in India. The tragedy is that even women, who have the choice, opt for a male child. They feel that only with a birth of a son, they will achieve higher status. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | CHILD, FEMALE | DIVORCED | WIDOWED | WOMEN'S STATUS | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | FEMALE ROLE | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | RELIGION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Economic Development | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Factors | Marriage | Social Behavior | Behavior | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 304606 |
| 27. Title: Controversial images of women during the last Argentinian military dictatorship (1976-83). [Imágenes polémicas de mujeres durante la última dictadura militar argentina (1976-83)] Author: D'Antonio DC Source: Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies. 2004 Dec;13(3):375-396. Abstract: A reading of a range of materials relating to the most recent military dictatorship in Argentina has led me to consider a number of absences and concerns. In this text I analyse one of them, that of the role played by certain women who exhibited a degree of complicity with the practices of the terrorist state. During discussions with colleagues with whom in many cases I share a critical vision in relation to the androcentrism and heterosexism dominant in our culture, I have come up against opposition to the choice of this subject of study, since giving these figures space in a historical account is considered to be somewhat unethical. It is thus worthwhile clarifying certain points. To start with, I do not believe that it is immoral to study any aspect of history. Perhaps whether something is ethical or not depends more on theories and approaches than on the object of analysis. Furthermore, a gender-based perspective should not lead us to either protect or punish anyone but rather to loosen the stranglehold of the old story according to which women and their agencies are understood only in terms of their subservience to male power. How can we make this meaningful? (author's) Spanish Abstract: La lectura de una amplia variedad de materiales relacionados con la dictadura militar más reciente en Argentina me indujo la consideración de una serie de ausencias e inquietudes. En el presente texto analizo una de ellas, la del papel desempeñado por ciertas mujeres que mostraron un grado de complicidad con las prácticas del estado terrorista. Durante conversaciones con colegas con quienes, en muchos casos, comparto una visión crítica en relación con el androcentrismo y el heterosexismo dominantes en nuestra cultura, he encontrado oposición a la elección de este tema de estudio, ya que conceder espacio a esta cifras en una narración histórica se considera, en cierta forma, falto de ética. Vale la pena, en consecuencia, esclarecer ciertos puntos. Para comenzar, no creo que sea inmoral estudiar ningún aspecto de la historia. Quizás, que un tema sea ético o no depende más de las teorías y los enfoques que del objeto de análisis. Además, una perspectiva basada en el género no debe conducirnos a proteger ni a castigar a alguien sino a debilitar el dominio de la antigua versión según la cual las mujeres y sus organismos se comprenden solamente en términos de su sumisión ciega al poder masculino. ¿Cómo darle sentido a este tema? (del autor) Language: English Keywords: ARGENTINA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | WOMEN | GOVERNMENT | MILITARY PERSONNEL | PRISONERS | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | POLITICAL FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | VIOLENCE | ETHICS | FEMALE ROLE | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Behavior | Social Behavior Document Number: 299467 |
| 28. Title: Gender and citizenship: overview report. Author: Meer S; Sever C Source: [Brighton, England], University of Sussex, Institute of Development Studies, BRIDGE, 2004 Jan. [52] p. Abstract: For women and other marginalised groups inequality and exclusion have, on the whole, increased over the past decade. There is a growing realisation amongst those working in development that strategies based on economic models have, for many people, failed to bring about genuine, positive change. This has led to the search for new ways of constructing programmes and approaches that look beyond economics, and into the political, social and cultural world. Looking at citizenship means looking at the people who make up a group, community or nation, and how they work within the group to guide the way it functions. Taking people’s activities, roles and responsibilities as a starting point opens up new possibilities for addressing, and indeed redressing, the marginalisation of groups such as women. Citizenship is about membership of a group or community that confers rights and responsibilities as a result of such membership. It is both a status – or an identity - and a practice or process of relating to the social world through the exercise of rights/protections and the fulfillment of obligations. Citizenship theory has its roots in western political thought and is based on the “universal citizen” – an individual, with rights, who engages with governance institutions or the state in the public arena of political debate. However, the forms of citizenship change according to historical and cultural context. People define their citizenship in many different ways - in relation to the local, national or a global community. Rights and responsibilities, construed in western thought as referring to the individual can, in other societies, be based on family or community needs. One important way in which citizenship has been re-framed has been the introduction of a gender perspective by feminists and gender equality activists. This has led to distinct shifts in many interpretations of both the status and the practice of citizenship. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INEQUALITIES | GENDER ISSUES | SOCIAL POLICY | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | CAMPAIGNS | ADVOCACY | SOCIAL CHANGE | VOTING | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Policy | Communication Programs | Communication | Political Factors Document Number: 278457 |
| 29. Title: Women break into African politics. Quota systems allow more women to gain elected office. Author: Mutume G Source: Africa Recovery. 2004 Apr;18(1):[7] p.. Abstract: Women in Rwanda now top the world rankings of women in national parliaments, with 49 per cent of representation compared to a world average of 15.1 per cent. This year the country commemorates the genocide of 1994, when Rwandan women suffered death, humiliation, persecution and sexual abuse during a 100-day massacre that left more than 800,000 people dead. As the country undergoes a period of reconstruction, women are taking an active role. They not only head about a third of all households, but have also taken up many jobs that were formerly the preserve of men, as in construction and mechanics. However, their most notable achievement has been in politics. Thanks to a new constitution, 24 out of 80 seats in the lower house of parliament are reserved for women. During the country's September 2003 general election, the first after the genocide, an additional 15 women were voted into non-reserved seats, bringing 39 into the lower house. In the upper house, 6 out of 20 seats are reserved for women. To attain this, Rwandan women lobbied heavily, helped to draft the new constitution and developed voting guidelines that guaranteed seats for women candidates. They were also able to push for the creation of a government ministry of women's affairs to promote policies in favour of women's interests. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: RWANDA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POLICYMAKERS | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | POLITICAL FACTORS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | CONSTITUTION | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 279264 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Trade unions and women's NGOs: diverse civil society organisations in Iran. Author: Povey ER Source: Development in Practice. 2004 Feb;14(1-2):254-266. Abstract: A comparison of trade unions and NGOs in Iran demonstrates the diverse nature of their activities. Over the last 90 years, trade unions have played important roles in changing the political system in that country. However, unions are largely male-dominated organisations, which explains why some women have begun to organise women's trade unions. This article focuses, however, on the activities of women's NGOs, which are engaged in improving the socio-economic conditions of the most marginalised sectors of society. Their activities are limited and they are not engaged in structural change. However, they are challenging gender specific access and influence over institutional power, matters that are crucial to the process of democratisation. It is argued that, since many trade unions and NGOs in Iran are strengthening community-based institutions in different ways, their collaboration would have a mutually transformational impact which would turn these organisations into more powerful forces in the process of democratisation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | CRITIQUE | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | LABOR UNIONS | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | GENDER ISSUES | DEMOCRACY | WOMEN'S GROUPS | Developing Countries | Middle East | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Organizations | Interest Groups | Political Factors Document Number: 187050 |
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