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1.    Title: Breaking down barriers to high-quality health care for the world's most vulnerable populations. Author: JHPIEGO Source: [Baltimore, Maryland], JHPIEGO, [2009]. [2] p. Abstract: Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | VOLUNTARY HEALTH AGENCIES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | OBSTACLES | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | ADVOCACY | EVALUATION | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | FUNDS | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Communication | Planning | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 331765

2.          Peer Reviewed Title: Political feasibility of scaling-up five evidence-informed HIV interventions in Pakistan: a policy analysis. Author: Buse K; Lalji N; Mayhew SH; Imran M; Hawkes SJ Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 2):ii37-ii42. Abstract: Background: Drawing on policy theories, an assessment was made of the perceived political feasibility of scaling-up five evidence-based interventions to curb Pakistan's HIV epidemic: needle and syringe exchange programmes; targeted behaviour change communication; sexual health care for male and transgender sex workers; sexual and reproductive health care for female sex workers; and promoting and protecting the rights of those at greatest risk. Method: A questionnaire was emailed to 40 stakeholders and completed by 22. They expressed their level of agreement with 15 statements for each intervention (related to variables associated with policy success). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 respondents. Results: The interventions represent considerable change from the status quo, but are perceived to respond to widely acknowledged problems. These perceptions, held by the HIV policy elite, need to be set in the context of the prevailing view that the AIDS response is not warranted given the small and concentrated nature of the epidemic and that the interventions do not resonate closely with values held by society. The interventions were perceived to be evidence-based, supported by at least one donor and subject to little resistance from frontline staff as they will be implemented by contracted non-government organisations. The results were mixed in terms of other factors determining political feasibility, including the extent to which interventions are easy to explain, exhibit simple technical features, require few additional funds, are supported and not opposed by powerful stakeholders. Conclusion: The interventions stand a good chance of being implemented although they depend on donor support. The prospects for scaling them would be improved by ongoing policy analysis and strengthening of domestic constituencies among the target groups. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | KAP SURVEYS | POLICYMAKERS | IV DRUG USERS | SEX WORKERS | HIV PREVENTION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH POLICY | INTERVENTIONS | CAPACITY BUILDING | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | SYRINGE | NEEDLE SHARING | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Sex Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Planning | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Program Sustainability | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Equipment and Supplies | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Risk Behavior Document Number: 340114

3.    Title: Advocacy to improve global health: Strategies and stories from the field. Author: Cokelet E; Wilson R Source: Washington, D.C., Program for Appropriate Technology in Health [PATH], 2009 Mar. 11 p. Abstract: By influencing the priorities and actions of those in power, PATH works to create a policy environment that supports good health. This workbook provides examples of how PATH uses ten key steps for strategic advocacy to achieve lasting policy change. The collection of stories are intended to serve as a resource to help global health implementers and advocates more deliberately develop strategies to achieve policy goals. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION RESEARCH | CASE STUDIES | TARGET POPULATION | INFLUENTIALS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADVOCACY | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | DECISION MAKING | SOCIAL CHANGE | Studies | Research Methodology | Evaluation Methodology | Evaluation | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Behavior Document Number: 331353

4.          Peer Reviewed Title: Towards a sexual ethics of rights and responsibilities. Author: Dixon-Mueller R; Germain A; Fredrick B; Bourne K Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2009 May;17(33):111-119. Abstract: Sexual rights as human rights encompass individual freedoms and social entitlements. Both depend for their realisation on equally important social responsibilities on the part of individuals, couples, families, other social institutions, and the State. The principle that all persons must understand their own sexual rights and responsibilities and respect the equal rights of others - particularly those of their sexual partners - informs our interpretation of the ethical basis of sexual behaviours. We propose a conceptual framework for defining a sexual ethics of equal rights and responsibilities pertaining to five dimensions of sexual behaviour: 1) sexual relationships and the right to choose one’s partner; 2) sexual expression and the right to seek pleasure; 3) sexual consequences and the right to cooperation from one’s partner; 4) sexual harm and the right to protection; and 5) sexual health and the right to information, education and health services. We suggest that the ethical principles presented here pertaining to sexual partnerships should be incorporated into sexuality education, sexual and reproductive health services, and social policies aimed at promoting the health and rights of all persons regardless of gender, marital status, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity and other personal or group identities. Spanish Abstract: Los derechos sexuales como derechos humanos abarcan libertades individuales y derechos sociales. La realización de ambos depende de responsabilidades sociales de igual importancia por parte de particulares, parejas, familias, otras instituciones sociales y el Estado. El principio de que todas las personas deben comprender sus propios derechos y responsabilidades sexuales y respetar la igualdad de derechos de los demás, particularmente de las parejas sexuales, influye en nuestra interpretación de la base ética de los comportamientos sexuales. Proponemos un marco conceptual para definir la ética sexual de la igualdad de derechos y responsabilidades concernientes a cinco dimensiones del comportamiento sexual: 1) relaciones sexuales y el derecho de escoger su pareja; 2) expresión sexual y el derecho de buscar placer; 3) consecuencias sexuales y el derecho a la cooperación de la pareja; 4) daño sexual y el derecho a la protección; y 5) salud sexual y el derecho a la información, educación y servicios de salud. Sugerimos que los principios éticos aquí presentados concernientes a las parejas sexuales se incorporen en la educación sexual, los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva y las políticas sociales destinadas a promover la salud y los derechos de cada persona independientemente de su sexo, estado civil, orientación sexual, religión, etnia y otras identidades personales o de grupo. French Abstract: Les droits sexuels en tant que droits de l’homme englobent les libertés individuelles et les prestations sociales. La réalisation de ces deux types de droits dépend de responsabilités sociales aussi importantes de la part des individus, des couples, des familles, d’autres institutions sociales et de l’État. Notre interprétation du fondement éthique des comportements sexuels est basée sur le principe selon lequel tous les individus doivent comprendre leurs responsabilités et leurs droits sexuels, et respecter l’égalité des droits de l’autre, en particulier leurs partenaires sexuels. Nous proposons un cadre conceptuel pour définir une éthique sexuelle d’égalité des droits et des responsabilités touchant cinq dimensions du comportement sexuel : 1) les relations sexuelles et le droit de choisir son partenaire ; 2) l’expression sexuelle et le droit de rechercher le plaisir ; 3) les conséquences sexuelles et le droit à la coopération du partenaire ; 4) les atteintes sexuelles et le droit à la protection ; et 5) la santé sexuelle et le droit à des services d’information, d’éducation et de santé. Nous recommandons que les principes éthiques présentés ici sur les partenariats sexuels soient intégrés dans l’éducation sexuelle, les services de santé génésique et les politiques sociales de promotion de la santé et des droits de toutes les personnes, quels que soient leur sexe, leur état civil, leur orientation sexuelle, leur religion, leur origine ethnique et autres identités personnelles ou collectives. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | SEXUAL PARTNERS | HUMAN RIGHTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUAL RESPONSIBILITY | ETHICS | SEXUALITY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEX EDUCATION | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | Behavior | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Health | Education | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342020

5.    Title: Intimate relations: Sex, lives and poverty. A resource for policy makers and programmers working in population and development. Author: Asia-Pacific Alliance Source: [Bangkok, Thailand], Asia-Pacific Alliance, 2008. [47] p. Abstract: The New Zealand Coalition of the Asia Pacific Alliance, advancing the ICPD agenda proudly presents a new resource: Intimate Relations: Sex, Lives and Poverty. This resource has been created as a tool to highlight how sexual and reproductive health is crucial to achieve quality development (or more specifically, the MDGs). With a Pacific flavour, the resource highlights the issues and provides a set of questions to guide policy-makers and programmers in thinking about sexual and reproductive health in all that they do. Language: English Keywords: OCEANIA | RECOMMENDATIONS | POLICYMAKERS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | POVERTY | GOALS | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | FOREIGN AID | EDUCATION | FAMILY PLANNING | ENVIRONMENT | Developing Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Health | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Planning | Programs | Financial Activities Document Number: 331849

6.    Title: Jhpiego in Africa: Continuing a tradition of excellence and innovation. Author: JHPIEGO Source: [Baltimore, Maryland], JHPIEGO, [2008]. [4] p. Abstract: Currently, Jhpiego has programs in 20 African countries, maintains two subregional offices in Burkina Faso and Kenya, and field offices or representatives in Côte d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Madagascar, Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda and Zambia. In some countries, we are building on past successes, while in others, we are moving into exciting new directions. For example, in Malawi, under the auspices of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Jhpiego is partnering with Howard University in Washington, D.C., to develop a laboratory technician curriculum that focuses on HIV testing. Jhpiego is also working through the CDC in Ethiopia to support public sector efforts to implement services for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | VOLUNTARY HEALTH AGENCIES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | OBSTACLES | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | HIV/FP INTEGRATION | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | TRAINING PROGRAMS | HEALTH EDUCATION | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | MALARIA PREVENTION | INFECTION PREVENTION | Developing Countries | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Planning | Education | Health | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Infections Document Number: 331767

7.    Title: Jhpiego’s response to Africa’s malaria epidemic. Author: JHPIEGO Source: [Baltimore, Maryland], JHPIEGO, [2008]. [2] p. Abstract: hpiego and the ACCESS Program, implemented by Jhpiego in partnership with Save the Children, Constella Futures, Academy for Educational Development, American College of Nurse-Midwives and IMA World Health, promote an approach recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the prevention and control of malaria. This comprehensive approach includes intermittent preventive treatment with an anti-malarial during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy; the use of insecticide-treated bed nets; education and counseling; and rapid treatment for pregnant women showing signs of malaria. Because the majority of pregnant women receive antenatal care at least once during pregnancy, linking prevention and treatment of malaria with antenatal care represents an ideal opportunity to effect change. For example, in three districts of Tanzania where Jhpiego first introduced focused antenatal care, uptake of the first dose of intermittent preventive treatment was 74% among antenatal care clients on average,1 compared with 52% nationally, as documented in the most recent Demographic and Health Survey.2 Furthermore, 52% of antenatal care clients in these districts received at least two doses of the treatment,1 compared with 22% of pregnant women nationally. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | VOLUNTARY HEALTH AGENCIES | MALARIA PREVENTION | EPIDEMICS | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | ANEMIA | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | BED NETS | ANTENATAL CARE | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Programs | Organization and Administration | Planning Document Number: 331768

8.          Peer Reviewed Title: Population policy implementation in Nigeria, 1988-2003. Author: Adegbola O Source: Population Review. 2008;47(1):[48] p. Abstract: The first Nigerian Population Policy was written in 1988 to reduce population growth as a collaboration between the Federal Ministry of Health and the World Bank. Whether this policy was successful is in contention. Some schools of thought argue that it was unsuccessful due to cultural, religious and financial factors in play. However, a positive demographic change was noticed statistically after the policy was implemented. Achievement of policy goals was limited due to flaws in the implementation strategy adopted for the National Population Program as well as due to a cultural aversion to family planning in Northern Nigeria, among other factors. The success of the policy was greatest in Southern Nigeria where social advancement also played an integral role. This paper shows that the attitudes towards population growth differ between these two very important regions of one country. This paper also addresses, in great detail, the obstacles to the implementation of the 1988 policy, and analyzes why the policy was successful in a part of the country, but not in another. With a new Population Policy having been implemented in 2006, identifying the problems of the 1988 program implementation has limited value unless the learned lessons result in a greater determination by the upper echelons of government, the bureaucracy and the political class in the nation to reprogram efforts for the future. While the Federal Government has recently instituted reform agenda that cover economic, social and administrative reforms, the population sector, together with the political governance that will address the role of population size in allocation of resources and power, needs to be included in the reform agenda. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | CRITIQUE | POPULATION POLICY | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | POPULATION GROWTH | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | IMPLEMENTATION | OBSTACLES | FAMILY PLANNING | ATTITUDES | FERTILITY CHANGES | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Fertility Document Number: 327571

9.          Title: Wellness programme and health policy development at a large faith-based organisation in Khayelitsha, South Africa. Author: Arend ED Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2008 Nov;7(3):259-270. Abstract: This paper presents a case study of wellness programme and health policy development based on an HIV/AIDS organisation's Khayelitsha site in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. The study examines the different challenges that the organisation faces in relation to its predominantly low-income staff, donor-driven structure, its limited resources and organisational capacity, and the highly stressful and demanding nature of HIV-related treatment and care. This case study also examines the significant and contentious challenges lying in the organisation's faith-based identity. Research began with a review of civil society organisations' responses to HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as related topics, such as South Africa's public health system, and health-seeking attitudes, beliefs and behaviours in high-risk South African communities. The organisation's health policy was analysed and 'workshopped' with multiple employees. Focus groups were conducted with mid-management and fieldwork staff in the Khayelitsha office, while a comprehensive, anonymous, wellness questionnaire was distributed in order to collect quantitative data. Data acquired from the questionnaire responses and the focus group discussions indicated that wellness programme and health policy development faces its greatest challenges on two fronts, namely due to a critical lack of organisational development and capacity, and a host of practical, social and cultural challenges among the most vulnerable people whom the NGO intends to serve. The study's primary recommendations include: taking its employees' cultural and social norms into consideration; addressing issues related to capacity and organisational development with the major donors; broadening the scope of its health policy to extend beyond issues related to HIV; and examining and clarifying expectations of employee behaviour in light of its identity as a faith-based organisation. The study also issues a secondary list of recommendations for other resource-constrained NGOs that also wish to develop and implement wellness programmes and health policies in their workplace. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATION | HIV PREVENTION | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | EMPLOYMENT-BASED SERVICES | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | CAPACITY BUILDING | HUMAN RESOURCES | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Organizations | Political Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Planning | Programs | Program Sustainability | Economic Factors Document Number: 341270

10.          Title: Women and fish-for-sex: Transactional sex, HIV / AIDS and gender in African fisheries. Author: Bene C; Merten S Source: World Development. 2008 May;36(5):875-899. Abstract: This paper analyzes the phenomenon of fish-for-sex in small-scale fisheries and discusses its apparent links to HIV/AIDS and transactional sex practices. The research reveals that fish-for-sex is not an anecdotal phenomenon but a practice increasingly reported in many different developing countries, with the largest number of cases observed in Sub-Saharan African inland fisheries. An overview of the main narratives that attempt to explain the occurrence of FFS practices is presented, along with other discourses and preconceptions, and their limits discussed. The analysis outlines the many different and complex dimensions of fish-for-sex transactions. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | FISHING | TRANSACTIONAL SEX | POVERTY | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | GENDER ISSUES | SEX FACTORS | INEQUALITIES | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Occupations | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 326093

11.    Title: International violence against women: U.S. response and policy issues. Author: Blanchfield L; Margesson R; Seelke CR; Salaam-Blyther T; Serafino NM Source: [Washington, D.C.], Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, 2008 Mar 31. 44 p. (CRS Report for Congress Order Code RL34438) Abstract: Some experts have suggested that the U.S. government should re-examine, and perhaps enhance, current U.S. anti-VAW activities. They argue that VAW should not only be treated as a stand-alone human right issue, but also be integrated into U.S. assistance and foreign policy mechanisms. Some observers are also concerned with a perceived lack of coordination among U.S. government agencies and departments that address international violence against women. This report addresses causes, prevalence, and consequences of violence against women. It provides examples of U.S. activities that address VAW directly or include anti-VAW components. It also outlines possible policy considerations for the 110th Congress, including the scope and effectiveness of current U.S. programs; further integrating anti-VAW programs into U.S. assistance and foreign policy mechanisms; strengthening U.S. government coordination of international anti-VAW activities; and collaborating with international organizations such as the United Nations on anti-VAW efforts. This report will be updated as events warrant. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL POLICY | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | WAR | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | VIOLENCE | FOREIGN AID | COORDINATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Planning | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Behavior | Financial Activities Document Number: 326333

12.          Peer Reviewed Title: Current issues in adolescent immunization. Author: Brabin L; Greenberg DP; Hessel L; Hyer R; Ivanoff B Source: Vaccine. 2008 Aug;26(33):4120-4134. Abstract: Based on the December 2006 Fondation Merieux International Scientific Symposium, the current state of adolescent immunization is reviewed with a focus on the policy and programmatic issues that impact the acceptability, initiation, and successful implementation. Key questions are identified with proposed strategies to help achieve successful adolescent immunization programs. The role of current vaccines targeted to adolescents, such as those directed against invasive meningitis, pertussis, and the human papillomavirus, is reviewed as well as their role in rejuvenating interest in adolescent immunization, and more importantly, adolescent health as a whole. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | ADOLESCENTS | IMMUNIZATION | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | ADOLESCENT HEALTH SERVICES | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | CULTURE | HEALTH POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | HPV | VACCINES | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Planning | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 327592

13.          Title: Tackling HIV in India: Evidence-based priority setting and programming. Author: Claeson M; Alexander A Source: Health Affairs. 2008;27(4):1091-1102. Abstract: In the wake of a downward revision of the number of HIV-infected people, India is launching an ambitious US$2.5 billion, five-year HIV plan. Responding to new data on HIV prevalence and risk behavior, India has earmarked almost 70 percent of the budget for prevention; one-third focuses on prevention activities for those at highest risk of HIV, and the remainder addresses HIV testing expansion and services for pregnant women. About 20 percent of the total budget is for care and treatment. Although the size and scope of the proposed HIV response pose challenges, the world has much to learn from India's data-informed approach to policy and priority setting. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | HIV | PREVALENCE | HIV PREVENTION | CARE AND SUPPORT | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Programs | Organization and Administration | Planning Document Number: 327565

14.    Title: Step by Step: a guide to HIV and AIDS policy development for the education sector. Caribbean Education Sector HIV and AIDS Capacity Building Programme. Author: Clarke D; Constantine C; Oommen M; Ross V; Whitman CV Source: Newton, Massachusetts, Education Development Center, [2008]. 58 p. Abstract: Caribbean and UNESCO's 2006 series, Good Policy and Practice in HIV and AIDS Education. Further, the Mobile Task Team on the Impact of HIV/AIDS on Education (MTT) in South Africa had developed the rapid policy development process. Used in a number of African countries, this approach involves bringing together a multi-sectoral group to develop an initial draft policy. This process reverses the traditional approach, in which a first draft may only emerge after long consultation, review, and deliberation. This interactive, consensus-building process concentrates on getting 80% of the drafting accomplished during a four-day workshop. EDC partnered with MTT in piloting this approach in the Caribbean and based these tools on that Caribbean experience. The division of Health and Human Development Programs at EDC designed this toolkit as part of the CARICOM-funded project Caribbean Education Sector HIV/AIDS Capacity Building Programme. This toolkit was developed to guide Ministries of Education, particularly in the Caribbean region, through the rapid policy development process towards a specific outcome: an effective HIV and AIDS policy for the education sector that is linked with an achievable implementation plan. Ten tools are provided to assist education sector leaders and staff in the policy cycle process, from planning to evaluation. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CARIBBEAN | MANUAL | HIV | AIDS | HEALTH EDUCATION | HEALTH POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | IMPLEMENTATION | MONITORING | EVALUATION | Americas | Developing Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Education | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Programs Document Number: 308674

15.          Title: The violence against women campaigns in Latin America: new feminist alliances. Author: Cole S; Phillips L Source: Feminist Criminology. 2008 Apr;3(2):145-168. Abstract: This article urges caution in reading the backlash against gender-sensitive policies as a global phenomenon. Drawing inspiration from Latin America, the authors consider how international agreements for nation-states to adopt measures to prevent violence against women have been taken up in proactive ways through the collaboration of international organizations, national governments, and expanding and evolving women's movements. The push for the development of democratic citizenship in Latin America has opened up possibilities for bringing awareness of violence against women to a public that is in the process of engaging with a range of social justice issues and collaborating on multiple fronts. The authors argue that strategic coalitions across difference have been central to the success of the efforts to combat violence against women. They show how new feminist alliances have not only helped denormalize and deprivatize gender violence but revitalized feminist issues as part of a broad front to build progressive societies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | BRAZIL | ECUADOR | CRITIQUE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | WOMEN'S GROUPS | GENDER ISSUES | FEMINISM | SOCIAL CHANGE | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | Americas | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | South America, Western | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Programs | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Interest Groups Document Number: 307972

16.          Peer Reviewed Title: Changing fortunes: Analysis of fluctuating policy space for family planning in Kenya. Author: Crichton J Source: Health Policy and Planning. 2008;23:339-350. Abstract: Policies relating to contraceptive services (population, family planning and reproductive health policies) often receive weak or fluctuating levels of commitment from national policy elites in Southern countries, leading to slow policy evolution and undermining implementation. This is true of Kenya, despite the government's early progress in committing to population and reproductive health policies, and its success in implementing them during the 1980s. This key informant study on family planning policy in Kenya found that policy space contracted, and then began to expand, because of shifts in contextual factors, and because of the actions of different actors. Policy space contracted during the mid-1990s in the context of weakening prioritization of reproductive health in national and international policy agendas, undermining access to contraceptive services and contributing to the stalling of the country's fertility rates. However, during the mid-2000s, champions of family planning within the Kenyan Government bureaucracy played an important role in expanding the policy space through both public and hidden advocacy activities. The case study demonstrates that policy space analysis can provide useful insights into the dynamics of routine policy and programme evolution and the challenge of sustaining support for issues even after they have reached the policy agenda. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | HEALTH POLICY | GOVERNMENT | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | POLITICAL FACTORS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 327983

17.          Title: Translating research into maternal health care policy: a qualitative case study of the use of evidence in policies for the treatment of eclampsia and pre-eclampsia in South Africa. Author: Daniels K; Lewin S Source: Health Research Policy and Systems. 2008 Dec 17;6(12):1-13. Abstract: Background: Few empirical studies of research utilisation have been conducted in low and middle income countries. This paper explores how research information, in particular findings from randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews, informed policy making and clinical guideline development for the use of magnesium sulphate in the treatment of eclampsia and pre-eclampsia in South Africa. Methods: A qualitative case-study approach was used to examine the policy process. This included a literature review, a policy document review, a timeline of key events and the collection and analysis of 15 interviews with policy makers and academic clinicians involved in these policy processes and sampled using a purposive approach. The data was analysed thematically and explored theoretically through the literature on agenda setting and the policy making process. Results: Prior to 1994 there was no national maternal care policy in South Africa. Consequently each tertiary level institution developed its own care guidelines and these recommended a range of approaches to the management of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. The subsequent emergence of new national policies for maternal care, including for the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, was informed by evidence from randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews. This outcome was influenced by a number of factors. The change to a democratic government in the mid 1990s, and the health reforms that followed, created opportunities for maternal health care policy development. The new government was open to academic involvement in policy making and recruited academics from local networks into key policy making positions in the National Department of Health. The local academic obstetric network, which placed high value on evidence-based practice, brought these values into the policy process and was also linked strongly to international evidence based medicine networks. Within this context of openness to policy development, local researchers acted as policyentrepreneurs, bringing attention to priority health issues, and to the use of research evidence in addressing these. This resulted in the new national maternity care guidelines being informed by evidence from randomised controlled trials and recommending explicitly the use of magnesium sulphate for the management of eclampsia. Conclusion: Networks of researchers were important not only in using research information to shape policy but also in placing issues on the policy agenda. A policy context which created a window of opportunity for new research-informed policy development was also crucial. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | CASE STUDIES | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | HEALTH POLICY | ECLAMPSIA | PREECLAMPSIA | DRUGS | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | POLITICAL FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Studies | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy | Sociocultural Factors | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 340224

18.    Title: Voices from the field. The role of integrated reproductive health and HIV / AIDS programs in strengthening U.S. policy. A report of the CSIS Task Force on HIV / AIDS. Author: Fleischman J Source: Washington, D.C., Center for Strategic and International Studies [CSIS], 2008 Feb. 32 p. Abstract: The HIV/AIDS Task Force of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) hosted a major conference on October 30, 2007, titled, "Integrating Reproductive Health and HIV/AIDS Services: Lessons from the Field for PEPFAR Reauthorization." In the context of reauthorization of the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), and looking ahead to the strategy that will be developed by the next U.S. administration, the conference sought to focus high-level attention on the opportunities and challenges of integrating reproductive health (RH) and HIV/AIDS programs. The proceedings demonstrated that substantial ingenuity and innovation is under way in integrating these services, and highlighted the importance of ensuring that the emerging lessons from the field inform decisions about the next phase of U.S. AIDS policy. By bringing together a distinguished group of speakers and experts, the conference highlighted new dimensions of the HIV/AIDS epidemic that should be addressed by the reauthorization process and distilled concrete options that the U.S. Congress and the Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator (OGAC) should act upon. CSIS was honored to have such innovative and committed individuals participate in the conference. The event provided a unique opportunity to listen and learn from their range of experiences in integrating reproductive health and HIV/AIDS services for women, and it led to a clear sense of how such integration can contribute to more effective HIV/AIDS outcomes. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | CASE STUDIES | POLICYMAKERS | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HIV PREVENTION | HEALTH POLICY | LEGISLATION | FOREIGN AID | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Programs | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Planning Document Number: 326318

19.    Title: Africa's future, Africa's challenge. Early childhood care and development in sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Garcia M; Pence A; Evans JL Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2008. [550] p. (Directions in Development. Human Development) Abstract: Much is written about Africa today, and much of it is not hopeful. Daily, the world hears stories of disease, despair, and death. Such a litany of misery is not unfounded-but there are also stories of hope, promise, and potential. They too are a critically important part of the complex story of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in the first years of the 21st century. Just as multiple stories exist, so are multiple perspectives needed to understand, envision, and plan a hopeful future for Africa's children. This book seeks to achieve a balance, describing challenges that are being faced as well as developments that are underway. It seeks a balance in terms of the voices heard, including not just voices of the North commenting on the South, but voices from the South, and in concert with the North. It seeks to provide the voices of specialists and generalists, of those from international and local organizations, from academia and the field. It seeks a diversity of views and values. Such diversity and complexity are the reality of Sub-Saharan Africa today. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION INDEXES | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | CHILD CARE | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | CHILD HEALTH | EDUCATION | HEALTH POLICY | HIV INFECTIONS | Developing Countries | Africa | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Biology | Child Rearing | Behavior | Planning | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 326321

20.          Peer Reviewed Title: 'New bottle, but old wine': From family planning to HIV / AIDS in post-Doi Moi Vietnam. Author: Giang LM; Huong NT Source: Global Public Health. 2008;3(S2):76-91. Abstract: This paper begins with an observation that during the past two decades HIV/AIDS has emerged as a new public health priority in Vietnam and has commanded increasing attention and resources from both the government and the donor community. By juxtaposing HIV/AIDS with family planning, another social and health priority that preceded, and overlapped with, HIV/AIDS for a large part of the 1990s, we show two major gaps that have undermined both programmes. One is the lack of a strong civil society, that could have served as advocates for change, especially outside the government and the donor community. The other is the desire for control of women's bodies and sexuality that has been driven by the ever shifting project of nation building. We argue that these two major gaps represent more continuity than discontinuity in the way sexual and reproductive health issues are approached in Vietnam despite the seeming shift in priority that the emergence of HIV/AIDS suggests. (author's) Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | BIRTH LIMITING | HIV | AIDS | PUBLIC HEALTH | HEALTH POLICY | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | CIVIL SOCIETY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Planning Document Number: 327575

21.          Peer Reviewed Title: China: Policy and practice of MCH since the early 1990s. Author: Guo Y; Zakus D; Liang H Source: Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2008 Mar;12(2):139-148. Abstract: Since the socioeconomic reforms in China in the late 1970s the improvement of maternal and child health (MCH), which was once considered one of the great achievements of China after 1949, has slowed and some indicators show that the situation in some regions, especially in rural areas, is getting worse instead of better. This article will focus on policy and policy-related issues in the delivery of MCH services. It will cover historical changes in policy and their effects, especially in the financing of MCH. In addition, it will also touch upon new practices of MCH in the new cooperative medical scheme (NCMS) in present-day rural China. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | CRITIQUE | HISTORICAL REVIEW | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | GOVERNMENT | HEALTH POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Health | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Policy | Planning | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 324355

22.    Title: The graying of the great powers: Demography and geopolitics in the 21st century. Author: Jackson R; Howe N; Strauss R; Nakashima K Source: Washington, D.C., Center for Strategic and International Studies [CSIS], 2008. 184 p. (Advance Proofs) Abstract: This report explores the geopolitical implications of "global aging"-the dramatic demographic transformation in population age structures and growth rates being brought about by falling fertility and rising longevity worldwide. Its viewpoint is that of the United States in particular and today's developed countries in general. Its timeframe is roughly the next half-century, from today through 2050. The report assesses how population aging and population decline in the developed world may affect the ability of the United States and its traditional allies to maintain national and global security. The analysis not only considers the impact of the demographic trends on population numbers, wealth, and defense capability, it also explores how they could change the temperament of society (by affecting risk tolerance, voter behavior, job mobility, religious extremism, and family structure) - and thus change national goals themselves. The report also looks closely at how demographic trends in the developing world will shape the future global security environment-and the threats and opportunities they pose for today's graying great powers. This overview summarizes the report's main findings under two headings: findings about the demographic transformation and findings about its geopolitical implications. It also lays out the organization of the report and summarizes the ground covered in the different chapters. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | TECHNICAL REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | POPULATION DECREASE | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | NATIONAL SECURITY | SOCIAL CHANGE | POLITICAL FACTORS | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | North America | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 326609

23.          Title: Transdisciplinary breastfeeding support: Creating program and policy synergy across the reproductive continuum. Author: Labbok MH Source: International Breastfeeding Journal. 2008 Aug 4;3(16):[21] p. Abstract: This paper was presented at the symposium on Breastfeeding and Feminism: A Focus on Reproductive Health, Rights and Justice. It underscores the power and potential of synergy between and among organizations and individuals supporting breastfeeding, the mother-child dyad, and reproductive health to increase sustainable breastfeeding support. These concepts were brought together to lay the groundwork for working group discussions of synergy in program and policy actions. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | BREASTFEEDING | LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | RECOMMENDATIONS | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Family Planning | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 327971

24.    Title: Migration from Zimbabwe: Numbers, needs, and policy options. Author: Leslie R Source: Johannesburg, South Africa, Centre for Development and Enterprise, 2008 Apr. [40] p. Abstract: On 13 November 2007 CDE hosted a workshop on the migration of Zimbabweans to South Africa. CDE took this initiative because it had become clear from media reports that increased migration flows from Zimbabwe were exacerbating and dramatising already existing inadequacies of regional migration management. By staging the workshop, and distributing this publication based on its proceedings, CDE hopes to broaden and inform the policy debate not only on the short-term pressures of crisis-driven movement of people out of Zimbabwe, but on the wider and longer-term issues of immigration policy in South Africa. Political instability and economic decline in Zimbabwe are driving migration to South Africa at an accelerating rate. This movement of people in unprecedented numbers is also fuelled by South Africa's skills shortages and comparatively robust - in regional terms at least - economic performance. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | SOUTH AFRICA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | RECOMMENDATIONS | MIGRATION | LABOR MIGRATION | BRAIN DRAIN | BORDER CROSSING | MIGRATION POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | REFUGEES | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | International Migration | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Migrants Document Number: 325841

25.          Peer Reviewed Title: From evaluating a Skilled Care Initiative in rural Burkina Faso to policy implications for safe motherhood in Africa. Author: Meda N; Hounton S; De Brouwere V; Sombie I; Byass P Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008 Jul;13 Suppl 1:68-72. Abstract: Evaluation findings from a particular setting need to be generalized into policy implications if they are to find widespread use. Skilled attendance at delivery is widely regarded as one of the most important intervention strategies for safe motherhood in low-resource settings, particularly in Africa, but implementations of such strategies are often not rigorously evaluated or interpreted into future policy. Initiative for Maternal Mortality Programme Assessment (Immpact) has applied a package of research-based monitoring and evaluation tools to assess the Family Care International Skilled Care Initiative in Ouargaye District, Burkina Faso. This evaluation research aimed to generate reliable, evidence-based policies for accelerating safe motherhood programmes in Burkina Faso and elsewhere in Africa. Five policy priorities were identified as representing real chances of improving the safety of motherhood: (1) enhancing national coverage of delivery by professionally skilled attendants; (2) to provide a network of 24-h basic emergency obstetric care within 5 km; (3) to have an effective referral system, equipped and resourced to undertake a reasonable number of Caesarean sections; (4) to promote community mobilization activities as a lever to increasing delivery care utilization; and (5) to implement strategies to remove financial barriers to delivery care. To meet Millennium Development Goal five by 2015, both supply and demand side constraints on the provision of quality maternity care have to be addressed, which in turn need greater political commitment and funding. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BURKINA FASO | CRITIQUE | PREGNANT WOMEN | POLICYMAKERS | SAFE MOTHERHOOD | PROGRAM EVALUATION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | MATERNAL HEALTH | MATERNAL MORTALITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Health | Programs | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Mortality | Population Dynamics Document Number: 327432

26.    Title: Poor knowledge on new malaria treatment guidelines among drug dispensers in private pharmacies in Tanzania: the need for involving the private sector in policy preparations and implementation. Author: Minzi OM; Haule AF Source: East African Journal of Public Health. 2008 Aug;5(2):117-121. Abstract: Objective: To assess the knowledge of dispensers in private pharmacies on new malaria treatment guidelines which involved switching from chloroquine (CQ) to sulfadoxine pyrimethamine (SP) and from SP to artemether-lumefantrine. Methods: A structured questionnaire was used for data collection and the questions focused on whether the subjects were involved in the preparation or implementation of the guidelines or had undertaken any training on how to dispense new antimalarial medicines as recommended in the introduced new treatment guidelines. Results: The study revealed that none of the participants had been involved in the preparation of the treatment guidelines, nor had they undertaken any training on their implementation. As many as 49% of the visited private pharmacies were found to continue stocking and selling CQ tablets and injections. Only 30% and 7% knew the correct dose regimen of SP and ALU respectively and none of them knew the condition of taking ALU with a fatty meal for improved absorption. Conclusion: Lack of involvement of the pharmaceutical personnel working in the private pharmacies, from the preparation of new malaria treatment guidelines to their implementation, contributed to their poor knowledge and skill on how to correctly dispense the medicines. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PHARMACISTS | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | PRIVATE SECTOR | KNOWLEDGE | HEALTH POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Planning | Training Programs | Education | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services Document Number: 323084

27.    Title: U.S. policy options for strengthening coordination between global HIV / AIDS and TB programs. A report of the CSIS Task Force on HIV / AIDS. Author: Nieburg P; Ramachandran S; Hofler K Source: Washington, D.C., Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2008 Feb. 6 p. Abstract: Although some efforts are underway to increase coordination between TB and HIV programs globally, there remains a persistent tendency to view TB and HIV as separate pandemics, leading to a single-disease approach for each one rather than an integrated strategy for both. With only a small number of exceptions, present global control efforts for TB and HIV/AIDS are largely managed in separate silos financially, programmatically, and administratively. This arrangement, if allowed to persist, will implicitly invite higher program costs and lower program efficiencies. Continuing a fragmented approach to global TB and HIV will lead to missed opportunities for program synergy and will undermine past and current investments in both these diseases. In short, the severity and increasing frequency of TB-HIV coinfection, together with the rising global caseload of drug-resistant TB, argues for this issue to become a more urgent U.S. policy priority and for new policy approaches to be pursued. Fortunately, congressional reauthorization of U.S. global HIV/AIDS programs in 2008 provides a good opportunity for the United States to exercise leadership in supporting the development of a comprehensive strategy for addressing TB-HIV coinfection. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | TUBERCULOSIS | COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL | COMPLICATIONS | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | HIV INFECTIONS | COORDINATION | HEALTH POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Planning Document Number: 326317

28.    Peer Reviewed Title: Slovakia: Fertility between tradition and modernity. Author: Potancokova M; Vano B; Pilinska V; Jurcova D Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(25):973-1018. Abstract: In the last 60 years, Slovakia has experienced comparatively high and most recently very low fertility, long periods of stable fertility alternating with periods of changes, periods of substantial as well as lesser state interventions. Fertility was above replacement in 1990 and declined to the lowest-low levels during the period of transformation. Postponement of life course transitions -leaving the parental home, marrying and becoming a parent -became widespread among younger cohorts after 1990. High unemployment of young adults, increasing economy-driven migration and problems to gain a stable job contribute to this phenomenon. Reproductive behavior is changing, yet Slovak society remains culturally conservative. The dominant form of partnership is marriage, although extra-marital childbearing is rising. Cohabitation is spreading mainly as a prelude to marriage but is not widely approved. Population measures have a long tradition, although 15 years after regime change their nature is very different than that of the state socialist era. Considerable attention was and is being paid to population problems, however, the government has not designed and implemented a comprehensive system of family and population policies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SLOVAKIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | FERTILITY CHANGES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY SIZE | SOCIAL CHANGE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FAMILY POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 327550

29.    Title: Advancing research to inform reproductive health policies: the Middle East and North Africa. Author: Roudi-Fahimi F; Ashford L; Khalil K Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2008 Jul. 8 p. (Policy Brief: Middle East and North Africa Program (MENA)) Abstract: Sexuality and reproduction are among the most fundamental aspects of life. Yet they often receive little attention in public policy discussions because of cultural and political sensitivities, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa. As the capacity to conduct research on the social and medical aspects of sexual and reproductive health expands in the region, researchers have a greater opportunity to address current policy questions. Decisionmakers in the MENA region need accurate and comprehensive information on who suffers from sexual and reproductive health problems, the nature and extent of these problems, and what works best to address them. When researchers present their findings in a timely and accessible manner, decisionmakers can better use the information for policy change and program improvements. This policy brief discusses current research needs in the MENA region, drawing in part from a 2007 report produced by the Global Forum for Health Research and the World Health Organization, Research Issues in Sexual and Reproductive Health for Low- and Middle-Income Countries. It also presents a framework that illustrates how scientific evidence can be used in the policymaking process to change policies and improve programs that will ultimately improve people's sexual and reproductive health. Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | RECOMMENDATIONS | RESEARCH PROPOSAL | INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES | HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | WOMEN'S HEALTH | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | Africa | Developing Countries | Health | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Programs Document Number: 323118

30.    Title: Demographic change in the Arab countries: prospects for the future. Summary of social policies. No. 1. Author: Shakour B Source: Beirut, Lebanon, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia [ESCWA], 2008 Dec 16. 11 p. (E/ESCWA/SDD/2008/Technical Paper.4) Workshop on Reinforcing National Capacities in Responding to the World Programme of Action on Youth: National reports and systematic documentation of accomplishments, Beirut, 17 December 2008. Abstract: Demographic analysis indicates that in the near future the Arab countries will fall into two groups. The first group will consist of those countries enjoying a demographic return from the increased supply of jobs, the fall in the dependency ratio and the resultant increase in savings: Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, the Syrian Arab Republic and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The second group will comprise those countries enjoying a demographic return but one whose onset was too late to fall within the time frame set by the programme of work of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development and the United Nations? Millennium Declaration of 2000. Both groups will face major challenges and both need to formulate appropriate policies. The first group could face multiple challenges, so it must not miss this opportunity and must make an effort to seize it, especially as it will help these countries carry out their commitments to eradicate poverty and improve the quality of human life. The countries in the second group need to work to accelerate the onset of the demographic dividend by developing population policies that will accelerate fertility reduction and develop human capital. These countries may not manage to halve the material poverty rate by 2015, but they may be able to reduce human poverty. They could do this by directing their policies towards human welfare, especially in the countries that suffer from human poverty in addition to the poverty of income. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | YOUTH | POLICYMAKERS | WORKSHOPS | CAPACITY BUILDING | SOCIAL POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | POPULATION POLICY | POPULATION PROJECTION | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | AGE DISTRIBUTION CHANGES | POLITICAL FACTORS | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Education | Program Sustainability | Programs | Policy | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Estimation Techniques | Planning | Age Distribution Document Number: 331362

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