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Peer Reviewed

Title: Like parent, like child: Intergenerational transmission of partner violence in Cebu, the Philippines.
Author: Fehringer JA; Hindin MJ
Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2009 Apr;44(4):363-371.
Abstract: Purpose: This study investigates the prevalence of partner violence perpetration and receipt among a sample of young men and women in the Philippines, as well as the relationship between witnessing interparental violence during childhood and current violence in partnerships. Methods: We used 1994, 2002, and 2005 data from 472 married or cohabiting young adults from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey in Cebu, the Philippines. This is a longitudinal data set following more than 2000 Filipino women and their index children since the child's birth in 1983-1984. Results: Prevalence of partner violence perpetration was 55.8% for female and 25.1% for male respondents. Prevalence of victimization was 27.7% for females and 30.5% for males. In all, 45% of females and 50% of males reported having witnessed their parents/caretakers physically hurt one another during childhood. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that witnessing interparental violence significantly predicted report of violent act victimization and reciprocal violent acts. Greater parental joint decision making and being male were independently associated with a lower risk of report of both reciprocal violent acts and violent act victimization. Duration of marriage or cohabition was associated with report of violent act victimization and reciprocal violent acts. There were gender interaction effects for several factors, including mother's church attendance and household purchase of alcohol at age 11 years. Conclusions: Implications for further research and violence prevention programs include early intervention with adolescents and focus on gender differences in violence determinants.
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILDREN | PARENTS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PREVALENCE | SEX FACTORS | RELIGION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Measurement
Document Number: 341085

Title: People's initiative to counteract misinformation and marketing practices: the Pembo, Philippines, breastfeeding experience, 2006.
Author: Salud MA; Gallardo JI; Dineros JA; Gammad AF; Basilio J; Borja V; Iellamo A; Worobec L; Sobel H; Olive JM
Source: Journal of Human Lactation. 2009 Aug;25(3):341-9; quiz 362-5.
Abstract: The Philippines is among 42 countries accounting for 90% of under 5-year-old deaths. Only 16% of 4 to 5 month old Filipinos exclusively breastfeed. In 2006, almost $100 million was spent advertising formula in the Philippines. To counter widespread misinformation and improve breastfeeding a peer counseling intervention was developed to target mothers with infants less than 2 months of age who were not exclusively breastfeeding or had difficulty breastfeeding. Participants received 3 peer counseling visits. At baseline and 3 weeks later, 24-hour food recalls for infants were collected. The number of exclusively formula-fed infants decreased seven-fold (P < .001). Mixed-fed infants decreased 37% (P < .001). Overall, of the 148 nonexclusively breastfeeding infants, 69.5% had changed feeding methods after 3 home visits, 76% of whom to exclusive breastfeeding. Community-based peer counseling was associated with a drastic improvement of exclusive breastfeeding practices. This intervention evolved and became sustainable by engaging political figures, cities, and communities throughout the process. In 2 years, the Department of Health, World Health Organization (WHO) program has scaled up to improve health service delivery for 161,612 persons in depressed urban communities in the Philippines.
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | COUNSELING | MISINFORMATION | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | INTERVENTIONS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Breastfeeding | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Communication
Document Number: 342912

Title: Private Sector Mobilization for Family Health (PRISM). Year 4 annual report, 1 October 2007 to 30 September 2008. Contract No. 492-C-00-04-0036-00.
Author: Chemonics International
Source: [Manila], Philippines, Chemonics International, 2008 Nov 15. 81 p. (USAID Contract No. 492-C-00-04-0036-00)
Abstract: The Private Sector Mobilization for Family Health (PRISM) project successfully completed the fourth of its five years with most targets accomplished and many activities yielding valuable lessons and new capacities for increasing private sector responses to meeting family health needs of Filipinos. PRISM has generated results from engaging the private sector to take advantage of commercial opportunities in providing family health goods and services to the market through the following: Workplace-based family health services at 500 companies and cooperatives, 365 of which have signed letters of commitment; Commercial sales of four low-priced contraceptives by pharmaceutical companies; Community-based health services of 213 private-practice midwives; Synergistic combinations of these three elements (workplace programs, commercial pharmaceutical market, midwives in private practice (PPMs)) in 33 provinces and cities. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | ANNUAL REPORT | USAID | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | PRIVATE SECTOR | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | NEEDS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | COUNSELING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | WORKPLACE | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | CHILD HEALTH | FUNDS | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Change | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Employment | Financial Activities
Document Number: 331438

Title: AWARENESS Project. Philippines country report, 2002-2007.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Jan. [17] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: The Philippines has one of the highest birth rates in Asia, with the population-currently more than 88 million-potentially doubling within three decades. The Philippines Commission on Population has expanded policies in recent years to help couples achieve their fertility goals in the context of responsible parenthood. The total fertility rate of 3.5 is still relatively high for Southeast Asia. Contraceptive use is increasing, but at 49% is low for the region, with an unmet need of 19% (about three million women). Some 16% of married women report using a "natural method" (predominantly calendar rhythm) to avoid pregnancy, yet many who claim to use natural methods are doing so incorrectly. From 1999 to 2002, the AWARENESS Project collaborated with the Department of Health (DOH) and selected non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and faith-based organizations (FBOs) to develop and test fertility awareness-based methods (FAM). The Philippines was a site for the multicountry efficacy trials of both theStandard Days Method� (SDM) and the TwoDay Method� (TDM). From 2002 to 2005, IRH/Philippines, a local NGO, continued to provide SDM training to public- and NGO-sector organizations, primarily with local funds. Although IRH's in-country work was suspended, we continued to share with IRH/Philippines materials and lessons learned from experience in other countries. In 2005, the AWARENESS Project reinitiated activities, focusing on assessing the status of SDM services and building capacity of IRH/Philippines to strengthen other organizations' ability to offer the SDM. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | SUMMARY REPORT | FERTILITY AWARENESS | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | PROGRAM DESIGN | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | IMPLEMENTATION | CAPACITY BUILDING | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | AWARENESS | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | PUBLIC SECTOR | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Training Programs | Education | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health
Document Number: 327642

Peer Reviewed

Title: Use of evidence-based practices in pregnancy and childbirth: South East Asia Optimising Reproductive and Child Health in Developing Countries project.
Author: South East Asia Optimising Reproductive and Child Health in Developing Countries [SEA-ORCHID]. Study Group
Source: PLoS One. 2008 Jul;3(7):[7] p.
Abstract: The burden of mortality and morbidity related to pregnancy and childbirth remains concentrated in developing countries. SEA-ORCHID (South East Asia Optimising Reproductive and Child Health In Developing countries) is evaluating whether a multifaceted intervention to strengthen capacity for research synthesis, evidence-based care and knowledge implementation improves adoption of best clinical practice recommendations leading to better health for mothers and babies. In this study we assessed current practices in perinatal health care in four South East Asian countries and determined whether they were aligned with best practice recommendations. We completed an audit of 9550 medical records of women and their 9665 infants at nine hospitals; two in each of Indonesia, Malaysia and The Philippines, and three in Thailand between January- December 2005. We compared actual clinical practices with best practice recommendations selected from the Cochrane Library and the World Health Organization Reproductive Health Library. Evidence-based components of the active management of the third stage of labour and appropriately treating eclampsia with magnesium sulphate were universally practiced in all hospitals. Appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis for caesarean section, a beneficial form of care, was practiced in less than 5% of cases in most hospitals. Use of the unnecessary practices of enema in labour ranged from 1% to 61% and rates of episiotomy for vaginal birth ranged from 31% to 95%. Other appropriate practices were commonly performed to varying degrees between countries and also between hospitals within the same country. Whilst some perinatal health care practices audited were consistent with best available evidence, several were not. We conclude that recording of clinical practices should be an essential step to improve quality of care. Based on these findings, the SEA-ORCHID project team has been developing and implementing interventions aimed at increasing compliance with evidence-based clinical practice recommendations to improve perinatal practice in South East Asia. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDONESIA | MALAYSIA | PHILIPPINES | THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION REPORT | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | CHILDBIRTH | INTERVENTIONS | CAPACITY BUILDING | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | BEST PRACTICES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Evaluation | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Health | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Sustainability | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 327570

Title: Perpetration of intimate partner aggression by men and women in the Philippines. Prevalence and associated factors.
Author: Ansara DL; Hindin MJ
Source: Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2008 Sep 3;:[12] p.
Abstract: This study uses data from the 2002 Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey to examine the prevalence of and factors associated with intimate partner violence perpetration by husbands and wives in Cebu, Philippines. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify the factors associated with wife-only, husband-only, and reciprocal perpetration. About 26% of women reported that either they or their partner perpetrated at least one physically aggressive act during the past year, whereas 22% reported sexual coercion by their husband during their relationship. The most common reason cited for hurting the partner was his or her alcohol use, partner nagging, the wife fighting back, and jealousy. In the regression analysis, the wife's alcohol use and violence between the wife's parents were predictors of all three perpetrator groups. The importance of regular church attendance and husband control and dominance varied for the groups. Research and prevention implications are discussed. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | COUPLES | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | PREVALENCE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Health | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Measurement | Research Methodology | Behavior | Biology
Document Number: 328159

Title: Fishing for families: Reproductive health and integrated coastal management in the Philippines.
Author: Castro J; D'Agnes L
Source: Washington, D.C., Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Environmental Change and Security Program, 2008 Apr. 11 p. (Focus on Population, Environment, and Security No. 15)
Abstract: Life in the Philippines-a nation of more than 7,000 islands-is never far from the sea. Every Filipino lives within 45 miles of the coast, and every day, more than 4,500 new residents are born. The rapidly rising population has overwhelmed the fisheries that have traditionally supported the country, bringing grinding poverty and malnutrition to many coastal communities. But a new approach to conservation may save families along with the fish and their habitats. The Integrated Population and Coastal Resource Management (IPOPCORM) project seeks to improve life in communities dependent on the sea for their livelihoods, while conserving biodiversity and productivity in high-priority marine corridors. By integrating the delivery of family planning and conservation services, IPOPCORM found that it could improve reproductive health and coastal resource management more than programs that focused exclusively on reproductive health or the environment-and at a lower total cost. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | PROGRESS REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | FISHING | LIVELIHOOD | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | NATURAL RESOURCES | INTERVENTIONS | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Occupations | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Resources | Organization and Administration | Health | Family Planning | Environment | Programs
Document Number: 326393

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The effect of income and occupation on body mass index among women in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Surveys (1983 - 2002).
Author: Colchero MA; Caballero B; Bishai D
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 May;66(9):1967-1978.
Abstract: We assessed the effects of changes in income and occupational activities on changes in body weight among 2952 non-pregnant women enrolled in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Surveys between 1983 and 2002. On average, body mass index (BMI) among women occupied in low activities was 0.29 kg/m/2 (standard error 0.11) larger compared to women occupied in heavy activities. BMI among women involved in medium activities was on average 0.12 kg/m/2 (standard error 0.05) larger compared to women occupied in heavy activities. A one-unit increase in log household income in the previous survey was associated with a small and positive change in BMI of 0.006 kg/m/2 (standard error 0.02) but the effect was not significant. The trend of increasing body mass was higher in the late 1980s than during the 1990s. These period effects were stronger for the women who were younger at baseline and for women with low or medium activity levels. Our analysis suggests a trend in the environment over the last 20 yearsthat has increased the susceptibility of Filipino women to larger body mass. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | BODY WEIGHT | INCOME | OCCUPATIONS | FITNESS | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 325891

11.

Title: Population, health, and environment issues in the Philippines. A profile of Calabarzon (Region 4-A).
Author: De La Paz MC; Colson L
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], Population, Health, and Environment Program, 2008 Oct. 6 p.
Abstract: Linking population, health, and environment (PHE) issues is becoming increasingly important for the Philippines, where natural resources and public health and well-being are often negatively affected by factors such as population pressures and poverty. Understanding these connections--including the economic and social context in which they occur--and addressing PHE issues in an integrated manner is critical for achieving sustainable development. This regional PHE profile highlights key population, health, and environment indicators and important development challenges for the Calabarzon Region (Region 4-A). The profile is designed to help educators, policymakers, and community leaders identify key threats to sustainable development and explore possible approaches to addressing them. This profile is part of a series covering select regions of the Philippines, and is intended as a companion publication to the Population Reference Bureau's 2006 data sheet, Making the Link in the Philippines: Population, Health, and the Environment.
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | EVALUATION INDEXES | POPULATION | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | POPULATION DYNAMICS | POPULATION SIZE | URBANIZATION | FAMILY PLANNING | NATURAL RESOURCES | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | POPULATION PROJECTION | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Environment | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Estimation Techniques | Health
Document Number: 323137

12.

Title: Population, health, and environment issues in the Philippines. A profile of Central Visayas (Region 7).
Author: De La Paz MC; Colson L
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], Population, Health, and Environment Program, 2008 Feb. 6 p.
Abstract: Linking population, health, and environment (PHE) issues is becoming increasingly important for the Philippines, where natural resources and public health and well-being are often negatively affected by factors such as population pressures and poverty. Understanding these connections-including the economic and social context in which they occur-and addressing PHE issues in an integrated manner is critical for achieving sustainable development. This regional PHE profile highlights key population, health, and environment indicators and important development challenges for the Central Visayas Region (Region 7). The profile is designed to help educators, policymakers, and community leaders identify key threats to sustainable development and explore possible approaches to addressing them. This profile is part of a series covering select regions of the Philippines, and is intended as a companion publication to the Population Reference Bureau's 2006 data sheet, Making the Link in the Philippines: Population, Health, and the Environment. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | TECHNICAL REPORT | POPULATION | POPULATION DENSITY | POPULATION PRESSURE | PUBLIC HEALTH | INFANT MORTALITY | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | NATURAL RESOURCES | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors
Document Number: 327394

13.

Title: Population, health, and environment issues in the Philippines. A profile of the National Capital Region (NCR).
Author: De La Paz MC; Colson L
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], Population, Health, and Environment Program, 2008 Feb. 6 p.
Abstract: Linking population, health, and environment (PHE) issues is becoming increasingly important for the Philippines, where natural resources and public health and well-being are often negatively affected by factors such as population pressures and poverty. Understanding these connections-including the economic and social context in which they occur-and addressing PHE issues in an integrated manner is critical for achieving sustainable development. This regional PHE profile highlights key population, health, and environment indicators and important development challenges for the National Capital Region (NCR). The profile is designed to help educators, policymakers, and community leaders identify key threats to sustainable development and explore possible approaches to addressing them. This profile is part of a series covering select regions of the Philippines, and is intended as a companion publication to the Population Reference Bureau's 2006 data sheet, Making the Link in the Philippines: Population,Health, and the Environment. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | TECHNICAL REPORT | POPULATION | POPULATION DENSITY | POPULATION PRESSURE | PUBLIC HEALTH | INFANT MORTALITY | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | NATURAL RESOURCES | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors
Document Number: 327395

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The Cebu longitudinal health and nutrition survey: two decades later.
Author: Feranil AB; Gultiano SA; Adair LS
Source: Asia Pacific Population Journal. Dec;23(3):39-54.
Abstract: This article discusses the 23-year history of the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (CLHNS), which was started in 1983 in collaboration with the Carolina Population Center of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (CPC-UNC), the Office of Population Studies of the University of San Carlos (OPS-USC) and the Nutrition Center of the Philippines (NCP). After briefly presenting information on its origins and development in this introductory section, the methodologies and strategies used in the research and some of its major findings and contributions are discussed, before analyzing the challenges and lessons learned from the study. The article ends by identifying some best practices and offering some recommendations for other longitudinal studies.
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | NUTRITION SURVEYS | PREGNANT WOMEN | CHILD NUTRITION | INFANT NUTRITION | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | CHILD MORTALITY | MORBIDITY | BEHAVIOR | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Nutrition | Health | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Diseases
Document Number: 331321

15.

Title: Self-reported illness and birth weight in the Philippines: implications for hypotheses of adaptive fetal plasticity.
Author: Heinke D; Kuzawa CW
Source: American Journal of Human Biology. 2008 Sep-Oct;20(5):538-44.
Abstract: It has been proposed that prenatal nutrition provides the fetus with a cue allowing it to adjust biological settings in anticipation of postnatal nutrition. To evaluate the reliability of fetal growth rate as a nutritional cue, this study assesses the extent to which a nonnutritional factor-maternal illness symptoms during pregnancy-predicts birth outcomes in a large, population-based sample of Filipino women and their newborns (n = 2,887). Self-reported illness symptoms were collected during pregnancy and used to predict weight, length, BMI, and gestational age at birth. Independent of potential confounders, number of reported symptoms predicted a significant dose-response decrease in birth weight and BMI, but not length that reflected a combination of reduced fetal growth rate and reduced duration of gestation. These effects were comparable in male and female offspring, but tended to be stronger when reported closer to term. Among women interviewed at 32 weeks gestation or later, multiple symptoms predicted a 144 g birth weight reduction compared with no symptoms. These findings suggest an acute effect of maternal illness on fetal nutrition late in gestation when growth rate and fat deposition are most rapid. Although modest, the effect was larger than that of most pregnancy macronutrient supplementation trials. These findings using crosssectional, self-reported illness symptoms highlight a nonnutritional maternal influence on fetal nutrition, which could attenuate its value as a cue of postnatal ecology.
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREGNANCY | INFANT | MATERNAL NUTRITION | BIRTH WEIGHT | GESTATIONAL AGE | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Youth | Age Factors | Nutrition | Health | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Fetus | Diseases
Document Number: 328654

16.

Title: Racialised sexualities: the case of Filipina migrant workers in East Malaysia.
Author: Hilsdon AM; Giridharan B
Source: Gender, Place and Culture. 2008 Dec;15(6):611-628.
Abstract: In national narratives of 'Malayness', a specific language (Malay) and religion (Islam) have become key aspects of an identity that excludes migrants and those of 'questionable' sexualities. Consequently Filipina migrants working in the nightlife industries in East Malaysia have been subjected to disciplinary discourses of ethnicity and sexuality that underpin these national narratives. Attempts to tighten migration laws and curb nightlife activities have resulted in a racialisation of Filipina migrant sexualities. Using ethnographic methods, this article explains the impacts of dominant state and public discourses of migration, ethnicity and gender, which Filipinas encounter in their everyday lives in their destination country. In the process the article also reveals how Filipinas resist these discourses and hence participate in the formation of their subjectivity.
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAYSIA | PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | MIGRANTS | HETEROSEXUALS | WOMEN | SEX WORKERS | LABOR MIGRATION | GENDER ISSUES | POWER | INTERVIEWS | MIGRATION POLICY | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Political Factors | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy
Document Number: 341979

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Delivering maternal health care services in an internal conflict setting in Maguidanao, Philippines.
Author: Lee RB
Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2008 May;16(31):65-74.
Abstract: To improve access to maternal health care and family planning services in conflict-stricken Maguindanao province, southern Philippines, several non-governmental organisations have begun collaborating with local public health services. This exploratory study describes the experiences of local government service providers and two NGOs in a context of long-standing internal armed conflict, how and to what extent provision has been affected by the conflict and what has been done to overcome its effects. It is based on interviews with six health service coordinators and providers. Local government-NGO partnership takes the form of giving NGOs space in government health care facilities and receiving from them critical supplies, personnel and contraceptives. Service delivery structures have generally been spared from direct attacks by the parties involved locally in armed conflict due to the perceived benefits of their services, including for rebels and their families, their neutral stance and willingness to treat everyone. However, they do suffer from occasional disruption and kidnappings and need to seek protection from local leaders. When mass evacuation is required providers follow displaced families to evacuation points to ensure they continue to get services. Collaboration for maternal health care provision is recent, but the planned expansion of NGO projects will help it to evolve. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | WAR | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | INTERVIEWS | COORDINATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Health | Family Planning | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 327191

18.

Title: Population, health, and environment issues in the Philippines. A profile of Cagayan Valley (Region 2).
Author: Lusterio-Berja C; Colson L
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], Population, Health, and Environment Program, 2008 Feb. 6 p.
Abstract: Linking population, health, and environment (PHE) issues is becoming increasingly important for the Philippines, where natural resources and public health and well-being are often negatively affected by factors such as population pressures and poverty. Understanding these connections-including the economic and social context in which they occur-and addressing PHE issues in an integrated manner is critical for achieving sustainable development. This regional PHE profile highlights key population, health, and environment indicators and important development challenges for the Cagayan Valley Region (Region 2). The profile is designed to help educators, policymakers, and community leaders identify key threats to sustainable development and explore possible approaches to addressing them. This profile is part of a series covering select regions of the Philippines, and is intended as a companion publication to the Population Reference Bureau's 2006 data sheet, Making the Link in the Philippines: Population, Health, and the Environment. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | TECHNICAL REPORT | POPULATION | POPULATION DENSITY | POPULATION PRESSURE | PUBLIC HEALTH | INFANT MORTALITY | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | NATURAL RESOURCES | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors
Document Number: 327393

19.

Title: The Quality Improvement Demonstration Study: An example of evidence-based policy-making in practice.
Author: Shimkhada R; Peabody JW; Quimbo SA; Solon O
Source: Health Research Policy and Systems. 2008 Mar 25;6:5.
Abstract: Randomized trials have long been the gold-standard for evaluating clinical practice. There is growing recognition that rigorous studies are similarly needed to assess the effects of policy. However, these studies are rarely conducted. We report on the Quality Improvement Demonstration Study (QIDS), an example of a large randomized policy experiment, introduced and conducted in a scientific manner to evaluate the impact of large-scale governmental policy interventions. In 1999 the Philippine government proposed sweeping reforms in the National Health Sector Reform Agenda. We recognized the unique opportunity to conduct a social experiment. Our ongoing goal has been to generate results that inform health policy. Early on we concentrated on developing a multi-institutional collaborative effort. The QIDS team then developed hypotheses that specifically evaluated the impact of two policy reforms on both the delivery of care and long-term health status in children. We formed an experimental design byrandomizing matched blocks of three communities into one of the two policy interventions plus a control group. Based on the reform agenda, one arm of the experiment provided expanded insurance coverage for children; the other introduced performance-based payments to hospitals and physicians. Data were collected in household, hospital-based patient exit, and facility surveys, as well as clinical vignettes, which were used to assess physician practice. Delivery of services and health status were evaluated at baseline and after the interventions were put in place using difference-in-difference estimation. We found and addressed numerous challenges conducting this study, namely: formalizing the experimental design using the existing health infrastructure; securing funding to do research coincident with the policy reforms; recognizing biases and designing the study to account for these; putting in place a broad data collection effort to account for unanticipated findings; introducing sustainable policy interventions based on the reform agenda; and providing results in real-time to policy makers through a combination of venues. QIDS demonstrates that a large, prospective, randomized controlled policy experiment can be successfully implemented at a national level as part of sectoral reform. While we believe policy experiments should be used to generate evidence-based health policy, to do this requires opportunity and trust, strong collaborative relationships, and timing. This study nurtures the growing attitude that translation of scientific findings from the bedside to the community can be done successfully and that we should raise the bar on project evaluation and the policy-making process. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | ACTION RESEARCH | PILOT PROJECTS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | HEALTH SURVEYS | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | POLICYMAKERS | HOUSEHOLDS | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH POLICY | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Studies | Health | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Management | Planning | Policy | Political Factors
Document Number: 325586

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Does son preference influence children's growth in height? A comparative study of Chinese and Filipino children.
Author: Song S; Burgard SA
Source: Population Studies. 2008 Nov;62(3):305-20.
Abstract: Research has demonstrated that son preference has a serious impact on the survival and well-being of female infants and children in some parts of South and East Asia, but little is known about the consequences of son preference in later childhood and adolescence. We compare children's growth trajectories in height over childhood and adolescence in China, where the level of son preference is relatively high, and the Philippines, where it is relatively low. Children's height reflects long-term nutritional status and exposure to infectious diseases, both influenced by household decision-making and, presumably, by a preference for sons. Using data from two high-quality longitudinal studies and multilevel growth models, we find that male children in China show an additional height advantage relative to their female counterparts, when compared to the sex difference in growth trajectories in the Philippines. Further analysis reveals that the additional advantage of males in China is stronger in rural areas.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | SONS | SEX PREFERENCE | INEQUALITIES | BODY HEIGHT | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | CHILD NUTRITION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition | Health
Document Number: 330034

21.

Title: Philippine women on the move: marriage across borders.
Author: Stewart M; Anderson J; Beiser M; Mwakarimba E; Neufeld A
Source: International Migration. 2008 Oct;46(4):85-110.
Abstract: This paper discusses how Philippine transnational marriage migration is intertwined in complex and paradoxical ways with global, local and personal matters. My argument will blur the artificial and still dominant analytical division between marriage migrants (wives or "mail order" brides) and labour migrants (workers -mainly domestic workers). Focusing on the life histories of different Filipina women, the paper illustrates the intersections and multiplicity of their roles as wives, mistresses, workers, mothers, daughters and citizens in a transnational migratory space. Furthermore, I go along with those scholars who argue that women do not only marry in order to migrate, but that they also migrate in order to marry, as marriage is seen as an important aspect of social fulfillment. By carefully investigating these emerging transnational or even global marriage-scapes, I analyze the different motives, logics and desires that come into play. While women from the Philippines may look for "modern husbands" and "modern marriages" because of local constraints on their marriage opportunities, many western men turn to Asia and the Philippines for "traditional" wives whom they imagine to be more "conservative" and "less demanding." Both often discover that their gender stereotypes are more imagined than real. The stories illustrate how Filipina migrants use different socio-cultural and socio-economic situations across transnational space -and at times against local gender constructions -in order to renegotiate and reclaim a respectable and desired marital status. On the one hand, these women are subject to manifold localised, legal and religious-moral definitions as women and wives. On the other hand, they creatively and actively utilise structural differences and new opportunities across transnational space to redefine themselves. The stories thus show both the women's agency and the importance of structural factors. We [Filipinos] are now a quasi-wandering people, pilgrims or prospectors staking our lives and futures all over the world -in the Middle East, Africa, Europe, North and South America, Australia and all of Asia; in every nook and cranny of this seemingly godforsaken earth.
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | FOREIGNERS | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | MARRIAGE | DOMESTIC WORKERS | CULTURE | LIFE STYLE | FEMALE ROLE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Nationality | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Nuptiality | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Social Behavior
Document Number: 329505

22.

Title: Efficacy and tolerability of vardenafil in Asian men with erectile dysfunction.
Author: Tan HM; Chin CM; Chua CB; Gatchalian E; Kongkanand A
Source: Asian Journal of Andrology. 2008 May;10(3):495-502.
Abstract: The aim was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of vardenafil, a phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor, in men of Asian ethnicity with erectile dysfunction (ED). In this prospective, double-blind, multinational study, Asian men were randomized to receive vardenafil (10 mg) or placebo (4:1 ratio) for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy variables were the International Index of Erectile Function erectile function domain (IIEF-EF), and Sexual Encounter Profile (SEP) questions related to penetration and intercourse completion. Significant mean improvements were required in all three measures to show positive benefits of vardenafil treatment. Secondary efficacy variables included the Global Assessment Question (GAQ) on erection improvement. Least-squares mean baseline IIEF-EF domain scores (vardenafil 14.6, placebo 13.4) were consistent with moderate ED. After 12 weeks, vardenafil treatment was associated with significant increases from the baseline in IIEF-EF domain scores compared with the placebo (22.4 vs. 14.3; P less than 0.001). Vardenafil was associated with significant improvements from baseline in least squares (LS) mean success rates for SEP-2 (vardenafil 82.2 vs. placebo 43.6; P less than 0.001) and SEP-3 (vardenafil 66.1 vs. placebo 24.0; P less than 0.001). Positive GAQ responses were reported by 81.8% of vardenafil recipients vs. 24.3% of placebo recipients. Adverse events were reported by 25.4% of the vardenafil group, the majority mild and transient. Vardenafil (10 mg) is a highly effective and well-tolerated treatment for moderate ED in Asian men. These results add to the increasing amount of data demonstrating the safety and efficacy of vardenafil for the treatment of ED in a range of patient populations. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAYSIA | SINGAPORE | THAILAND | PHILIPPINES | HONG KONG | CHINA | INDONESIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | DOUBLE-BLIND STUDIES | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | MEN | IMPOTENCE | DRUGS | SAFETY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Genital Effects, Male | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Public Health
Document Number: 326378

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Prevalence of tuberculous infection and incidence of tuberculosis; a re-assessment of the Styblo rule.
Author: van Leth F; van der Werf MJ; Borgdorff MW
Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2008 Jan;86(1):20-26.
Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the validity of the fixed mathematical relationship between the annual risk of tuberculous infection (ARTI), the prevalence of smear-positive tuberculosis (TB) and the incidence of smear-positive TB specified as the Styblo rule, which TB control programmes use to estimate the incidence of TB disease at a population level and the case detection rate. Population-based tuberculin surveys and surveys on prevalence of smear-positive TB since 1975 were identified through a literature search. For these surveys, the ratio between the number of tuberculous infections (based on ARTI estimates) and the number of smear-positive TB cases was calculated and compared to the ratio of 8 to 12 tuberculous infections per prevalent smear-positive TB case as part of the Styblo rule. Three countries had national population-based data on both ARTI and prevalence of smear-positive TB for more than one point in time. In China the ratio ranged from 3.4 to 5.8, in the Philippines from 2.6 to 4.4, and in the Republic of Korea, from 3.2 to 4.7. All ratios were markedly lower than the ratio that is part of the Styblo rule. According to recent country data, there are typically fewer than 8 to 12 tuberculous infections per prevalent smear-positive TB case, and it remains unclear whether this ratio varies significantly among countries. The decrease in the ratio compared to the Styblo rule probably relates to improvements in the prompt treatment of TB disease (by national TB programmes). A change in the number of tuberculous infections per prevalent smear-positive TB case in population-based surveys makes the assumed fixed mathematical relationship between ARTI and incidence of smear-positive TB no longer valid. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | PHILIPPINES | REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | PREVALENCE | INCIDENCE | VALIDITY | SCREENING | TUBERCULOSIS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Developed Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Infections | Diseases
Document Number: 323380

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Maternal and child undernutrition: Consequences for adult health and human capital.
Author: Victora CG; Adair L; Fall C; Hallal PC; Martorell R
Source: Lancet. 2008 Jan 26;371(9609):340-357.
Abstract: In this paper we review the associations between maternal and child undernutrition with human capital and risk of adult diseases in low-income and middle-income countries. We analysed data from five long-standing prospective cohort studies from Brazil, Guatemala, India, the Philippines, and South Africa and noted that indices of maternal and child undernutrition (maternal height, birthweight, intrauterine growth restriction, and weight, height, and body-mass index at 2 years according to the new WHO growth standards) were related to adult outcomes (height, schooling, income or assets, off spring birthweight, body-mass index, glucose concentrations, blood pressure). We undertook systematic reviews of studies from low-income and middle-income countries for these outcomes and for indicators related to blood lipids, cardiovascular disease, lung and immune function, cancers, osteoporosis, and mental illness. Undernutrition was strongly associated, both in the review of published work and in new analyses, with shorter adult height, less schooling, reduced economic productivity, and-for women-lower off spring birthweight. Associations with adult disease indicators were not so clear-cut. Increased size at birth and in childhood were positively associated with adult body-mass index and to a lesser extent with blood pressure values, but not with blood glucose concentrations. In our new analyses and in published work, lower birthweight and undernutrition in childhood were risk factors for high glucose concentrations, blood pressure, and harmful lipid profiles once adult body-mass index and height were adjusted for, suggesting that rapid postnatal weight gain - especially after infancy - is linked to these conditions. The review of published works indicates that there is insufficient information about long-term changes in immune function, blood lipids, or osteoporosis indicators. Birthweight is positively associated with lung function and with the incidence of some cancers, and undernutrition could be associated with mental illness. We noted that height-for-age at 2 years was the best predictor of human capital and that undernutrition is associated with lower human capital. We conclude that damage suffered in early life leads to permanent impairment, and might also affect future generations. Its prevention will probably bring about important health, educational, and economic benefits. Chronic diseases are especially common in undernourished children who experience rapid weight gain after infancy. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | GUATEMALA | INDIA | PHILIPPINES | SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | MATERNAL NUTRITION | CHILD NUTRITION | MALNUTRITION | LONGTERM EFFECTS | RISK FACTORS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Central America | Asia, Southern | Asia | Asia, Southeastern | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Nutrition | Health | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Time Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology
Document Number: 323980

25.

Title: Married to the military: Filipinas negotiating transnational families.
Author: Yea S
Source: International Migration. 2008 Aug;46(4):111-144.
Abstract: Women migrating transnationally as "entertainers" within Asia are particularly exposed to the possibility of forming relationships in these transnational sites. This is because the nature of their work, which entails chatting and dancing with customers and various forms of sexual labour, including fondling, kissing and sometimes sex, often leads to romantic liaisons with customers in the clubs where they are deployed. This possibility is even more pronounced for women who are trafficked (that is, deceptively recruited and employed) as entertainers, as they often counter the severe vulnerabilities associated with their positions by relying on customers-cum-boyfriends for support and assistance. Marriage is one common result of these liaisons. This paper considers the multiple impacts of such marriages for foreign female entertainers on family. I focus particularly on the ways such marriages can both constrain existing family responsibilities and facilitate new ones. The paper draws on the case of Filipinas married to American soldiers in Korea as a case study for discussion. I suggest that migrant women who become involved in such marriages are often pulled between the potentially conflicting demands of old (within their home countries) and new (with their American soldier husbands) family ties and responsibilities. I also suggest that these women's new families, whilst outwardly displaying elements of traditional gendered household roles and structures, are often characterised by long absences of the husband (to other countries or within the country of residence) and long-term patterns of transnational migration that can have a highly disruptive impact on family arrangements.
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | MIGRANT WORKERS | SEX WORKERS | MILITARY PERSONNEL | DANCING | MUSIC | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | MARRIAGE | CHILD CARE | FAMILY LIFE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Government | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Culture | Crime | Social Problems | Nuptiality | Child Rearing | Family and Household
Document Number: 329502

26.

Title: Enhanced and Rapid Improvement of Community Health in Mindanao (EnRICH) program. Final report.
Author: ACDI / VOCA. Enhanced and Rapid Improvement of Community Health in Mindanao [EnRICH]
Source: Quezon City, Philippines, ACDI / VOCA, 2007 Feb 28. 25 p. (USAID Award No. CA 492-A-00-02-00025-00)
Abstract: The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) is one of the six administrative regions of Mindanao. It is composed of five provinces: Basilan, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi; and one city, Marawi. It has a population of more than 2 million, 98 percent of the population predominantly are Muslims. It is populated by five major ethnolinguistic groups, namely Yakan in Basilan, Maranao in Lanao del Sur and Marawi City, Maguindanaon in Maguindanao, Tausug in Sulu and Sama in Tawi-Tawi. With poverty incidence of 71.3 percent and a population growth of 3.86 percent (compared with the national average of 2.36 percent), the five provinces and one city are included in the most depressed provinces in the Philippines. The region regularly reports the lowest health and family planning (FP) statistics. According to the National Demographic and Health Survey, fully immunized child (FIC) coverage is at 44 percent (the national mark is 73 percent) while infant mortality rate is at 55/1000 live births (the national record is 35/1000 live births). Women using modern FP methods account for only 11.6 percent as compared to the national figure of 33.4 percent. Political instability, weak leadership, frequent armed conflicts and the geographic inaccessibility of many areas have made the delivery of health services difficult and unstable. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | YOUTH | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | COORDINATION | BEST PRACTICES | CAPACITY BUILDING | TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANTS | IEC | INFORMATION | EDUCATION | COMMUNICATION | HEALTH SERVICES | INTERVENTIONS | RECOMMENDATIONS | USAID | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Management | Organization and Administration | Programs | Program Sustainability | Health Personnel | Program Activities | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 324272

27.

Title: Final report for the Implementing AIDS Prevention and Care (IMPACT) project in the Philippines, October 1997 to June 2007.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]. Implementing AIDS Prevention and Care Project [IMPACT]
Source: Arlington, Virginia, FHI, IMPACT, 2007 Jun. [40] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00017-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PD-ACJ-743)
Abstract: IMPACT/Philippines' collaboration with the Department of Health's National Epidemiology Center in HIV second-generation surveillance resulted in the current paradigm for STI surveillance, consisting of universal STI reporting, the Sentinel STI Etiologic Surveillance System (SSESS), and periodic population-based surveys. Triangulation of results from these data sources provided stakeholders with a clearer description of the burden of STI in the country. The assessment by IMPACT/Philippines of the decade-old HIV biologic and behavioral surveillance system provided the impetus for major innovations to the system-foremost of which was the change in sampling methodology. While previous HIV surveillance results are nongeneralizable to the MARPs under study because of the inherent limitation of convenience sampling, current probability sampling techniques-in use and recommended by the assessment-allowed such generalizations. More importantly, the new system allowed the DOH and local government units (LGUs) to track HIV prevalence and HIV risk behaviors over time. Likewise, the strengthened system enabled program planners to measure the impact of interventions. IMPACT/Philippines supported the identification of occupational cohorts of men who were frequent clients of sex workers through rapid assessment studies and advocated that they be included in the active surveillance. This undertaking enabled the DOH to identify potential niches for HIV. Likewise, the project provided inputs for crafting behavior change interventions directed to the men. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | SUMMARY REPORT | USAID | MANUAL | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | RISK BEHAVIOR | SCREENING | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | POVERTY | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | IMPLEMENTATION | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | CAPACITY BUILDING | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sex Behavior | Behavior | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication | Program Sustainability
Document Number: 318675

28.

Title: Philippines: final country report.
Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER
Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2007 Mar. [60] p. (USAID Contract No. HRN-C-00-00-00010-00)
Abstract: The Philippines is working to sustain recent gains in access to and use of family planning services through a Contraceptive Self-Reliance (CSR) strategy that must adjust for the impending phaseout of USAID's contraceptive donations. DELIVER, working through the Local Enhancement and Development (LEAD) for Health project, has helped local government units (LGUs) at the provincial and city levels - where responsibility rests for providing health services - to prepare CSR plans that consider the growth in demand for contraceptives, the impact of donor phaseout, and the resources needed to meet demand. In addition, DELIVER has adapted the national Contraceptive Distribution and Logistics Management Information System (CDLMIS) to allow the Department of Health to allocate the remaining donated supplies based on new poverty criteria, and to monitor new LGU contraceptive procurements. DELIVER has also provided training to national and LGU staff in how to use the CDLMIS to manage, monitor, and procure contraceptive supplies. Because the public sector provides more than two-thirds of the contraceptives used in the county, the sustainability of the family planning program in the Philippines will be heavily dependent on the success of the CSR strategy at the local level. The national government has decided not to procure contraceptives, so all financing and procurement decisions will be made by provincial, city, and municipal authorities, whose commitment to family planning services varies widely. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | SUMMARY REPORT | LOGISTICS | CONTRACEPTION | CONDOMS | MONITORING | MANAGEMENT | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | GOALS | CONTRACEPTIVE SECURITY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | USAID | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Evaluation | Training Programs | Education | Planning | Contraceptive Availability | Programs | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 324269

29.

Title: Serious community-acquired paediatric infections in rural Asia (Bohol Island, Philippines): Bacterial meningitis in children less than 5 years of age.
Author: Abucejo-Ladesma E; Simoes EA; Lupisan SP; Sombrero LT; Quiambao BP
Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2007;39(11-12):983-989.
Abstract: This paper describes the clinical profile and aetiology of bacterial meningitis in infants and children less than 5 y old admitted to a rural general hospital in the Philippines. A total of 989 infants and children 0-59 months old with suspected meningitis using a standardized guideline based on clinical signs and symptoms were prospectively enrolled from April 1994 to May 2000. Blood and CSF were drawn on admission for culture, antigen testing and cell count. All had blood cultures and 623 (63%) had CSF samples. Bacterial aetiology was found in 54 (5%). The most common bacterial pathogens were H. influenzae type b (Hib) (20, 37%) and S. pneumoniae (Pnc) (10, 18%). All of the Hib infections and 8 (80%) Pnc infections were in infants less than 1 y old. 12 (22%) of the subjects with bacterial meningitis died. All strains of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae were sensitive to chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole and ampicillin. In conclusion, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae type b are the most common aetiological agents of bacterial meningitis in a rural area in the Philippines, and occur especially in infants less than 1 y old. Aetiological agents were susceptible to the currently recommended antimicrobial agents. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CHILD | RURAL AREAS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | MENINGITIS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | ANTIBIOTICS | AGE DISTRIBUTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Central Nervous System Effects | Central Nervous System | Physiology | Biology | Infections | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Drugs | Treatment
Document Number: 322932

30.

Title: Clean water makes you dirty: Water supply and sanitation behavior in Metro Cebu, the Philippines.
Author: Bennett D
Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [46] p.
Abstract: Water supply improvements are a frequent policy response to endemic diarrhea in developing countries. However, these interventions may unintentionally cause community sanitation worsen. Such a response could occur because improved water supplies desensitize the community to the consequences of poor sanitation. Since sanitary behaviors have large externalities, the health impact of this endogenous response may overwhelm the direct benefit of clean water. This paper shows how the expansion of municipal piped water in Metro Cebu, the Philippines has exacerbated public defecation, garbage disposal, and diarrhea. I rely on instrumental variables and household fixed effects to rule out non-causal explanations for these results, and find that a neighborhood's complete adoption of piped water increases the likelihood of observing excrement or garbage by 15-30 percent. Such a change increases diarrhea incidence by at least 3 cases per household per year. Based on these findings, I develop a model in which sanitation is a privately-provided local public good. Empirical tests support this framework, highlighting the importance of community dynamics for sanitation and health. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | COMMUNITY | SANITATION | WATER SUPPLY | HYGIENE | DIARRHEA | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Public Health | Health | Natural Resources | Environment | Diseases
Document Number: 318289


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