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1.
Title: HIV-infected African parents living in Stockholm, Sweden: disclosure and planning for their children's future.
Author: Asander AS; Bjorkman A; Belfrage E; Faxelid E
Source: Health and Social Work. 2009 May;34(2):107-15.
Abstract: In Sweden, most HIV-infected parents are of African origin. The present study explored the frequency of HIV-infected African parents' disclosure of their status to their children and custody planning for their children's future to identify support needs among these families. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 47 parents (41 families). The study population included first-generation immigrants, with a total of 87 children less than 18 years of age. Only women had disclosed their HIV status, and only to eight of 59 children older than six. Half of the parents had talked to someone about future custody arrangements. These parents had more contact with a social worker at the social welfare office and with a medical social worker at the HIV clinic. Most parents (30) wanted their children to be cared for by a relative in Sweden or by their HIV-negative partner. Neither disclosure nor custody planning was associated with clinical status or antiretroviral treatment. This study highlights the low HIV-disclosure rate to children of HIV-infected African immigrant parents and the importance of support from social workers.
Language: English
Keywords:
SWEDEN | AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PARENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | IMMIGRANTS | CHILD CUSTODY | PLANNING | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | INTERVIEWS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developing Countries | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Organization and Administration | Communication | Data Collection | Research Methodology
Document Number: 341675

2.
Title: Parental communication as a protective factor in increasing condom use among minority adolescents.
Author: Buzi RS; Smith PB; Weinman ML
Source: International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health. 2009 Jan-Mar;21(1):51-9.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine ethnic differences in risk behaviors among adolescents who attended family planning clinics and to evaluate the impact of parental communication regarding sexual topics on adolescent condom use. The sample for this study included 697 black and Hispanic female adolescents ranging in age from 13-22 years. Ethnic differences were found in sexually transmitted infection rates, number of sexual partners, and condom use. Although black adolescents were more likely than Hispanic adolescents to report recent condom use, Black adolescents reported higher rates of sexually transmitted infections and more sexual partners. Black adolescents reported more parental communication about sexual topics than Hispanic adolescents. Parental communication was associated with increased condom use. The results of this study emphasize the importance of parental communication in risk reduction among adolescents. As ethnicity emerged in the study as a significant factor, interventions aimed at increasing parent-adolescent communication will have to be tailored to address the needs of specific ethnic groups.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | ETHNIC GROUPS | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTS | CONDOM USE | COMMUNICATION | RISK BEHAVIOR | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Child Rearing
Document Number: 341666

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Peer Reviewed

Title: Longitudinal antiretroviral adherence in HIV+ Ugandan parents and their children initiating HAART in the MTCT-plus family treatment model: role of depression in declining adherence over time.
Author: Byakika-Tusiime J; Crane J; Oyugi JH; Ragland K; Kawuma A; Musoke P; Bangsberg DR
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(Suppl 1):S82-S91.
Abstract: The authors conducted a study to assess the effect of family-based treatment on adherence amongst HIV-infected parents and their HIV-infected children attending the Mother-To-Child-Transmission Plus program in Kampala, Uganda. Adherence was assessed using home-based pill counts and self-report. Mean adherence was over 94%. Depression was associated with incomplete adherence on multivariable analysis. Adherence declined over time. Qualitative interviews revealed lack of transportation money, stigma, clinical response to therapy, drug packaging, and cost of therapy may impact adherence. Our results indicate that providing ART to all eligible HIV-infected members in a household is associated with excellent adherence in both parents and children. Adherence to ART among new parents declines over time, even when patients receive treatment at no cost. Depression should be addressed as a potential barrier to adherence. Further study is necessary to assess the long-term impact of this family treatment model on adherence to ART in resource-limited settings.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | PARENTS | CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | USER COMPLIANCE | QUESTIONNAIRES | DEPRESSION | PACKAGING | STIGMA | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Marketing | Economic Factors | Social Problems
Document Number: 341904

Title: Condom provision and education in Minnesota public schools: a telephone survey of parents.
Author: Eisenberg ME; Bernat DH; Bearinger LH; Resnick MD
Source: Journal of School Health. 2009 Sep;79(9):416-24; quiz 438-9.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Increasing correct and consistent condom use among sexually active adolescents continues to be a critical public health goal, with schools serving as key agents for achieving this goal through sexuality education and condom use provision. This research aims to describe the views of parents regarding school-based condom distribution and education programs, and examines how these views differ across demographic groups. METHODS: Parents of school-age children in Minnesota were surveyed in telephone interviews (N = 1605; 63% participation) regarding their beliefs about condom availability and education. Chi-square tests of significance were used to detect differences in agreement with each statement for 10 demographic and personal characteristics. RESULTS: A majority of respondents held supportive views about condom availability and education programs. Strongest support centered on statements in the survey about teenagers needing information about condoms (86%) and showing actual condoms during classroom lessons (77%). Approximately two thirds of the parents agreed that school-based instruction about condoms should be "allowed" at the high school level (65%), and one fifth (21%) believed that this type of education should be "required." Support for condom availability and education programs differed significantly according to certain personal characteristics, with less supportive views from self-identified Born Again Christians and politically conservative parents. CONCLUSIONS: Public discourse regarding school-based sexuality education should include the viewpoints of parents of school-aged children as key stakeholders. Parents' perspectives provide unique and critical insights that school administrators and educators should consider as they develop educational and programmatic offerings regarding condoms.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MINNESOTA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | PARENTS | BELIEFS | SEX EDUCATION | CONDOMS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Culture | Education | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342559

Peer Reviewed

Title: Like parent, like child: Intergenerational transmission of partner violence in Cebu, the Philippines.
Author: Fehringer JA; Hindin MJ
Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2009 Apr;44(4):363-371.
Abstract: Purpose: This study investigates the prevalence of partner violence perpetration and receipt among a sample of young men and women in the Philippines, as well as the relationship between witnessing interparental violence during childhood and current violence in partnerships. Methods: We used 1994, 2002, and 2005 data from 472 married or cohabiting young adults from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey in Cebu, the Philippines. This is a longitudinal data set following more than 2000 Filipino women and their index children since the child's birth in 1983-1984. Results: Prevalence of partner violence perpetration was 55.8% for female and 25.1% for male respondents. Prevalence of victimization was 27.7% for females and 30.5% for males. In all, 45% of females and 50% of males reported having witnessed their parents/caretakers physically hurt one another during childhood. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that witnessing interparental violence significantly predicted report of violent act victimization and reciprocal violent acts. Greater parental joint decision making and being male were independently associated with a lower risk of report of both reciprocal violent acts and violent act victimization. Duration of marriage or cohabition was associated with report of violent act victimization and reciprocal violent acts. There were gender interaction effects for several factors, including mother's church attendance and household purchase of alcohol at age 11 years. Conclusions: Implications for further research and violence prevention programs include early intervention with adolescents and focus on gender differences in violence determinants.
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILDREN | PARENTS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PREVALENCE | SEX FACTORS | RELIGION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Measurement
Document Number: 341085

Peer Reviewed

Title: Change and stability in parent-child contact in five western countries.
Author: Kalmijn M; de Vries J
Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Aug;25(3):257-276.
Abstract: Although much is known about changes in the conjugal family, little is known about trends in contact between parents and adult (independently living) children. Using unique survey data, we study changes in contact with the mother and the father in five western countries over a 15-year period (Austria, West Germany, Great Britain, the United States, and Italy). We describe changes and we examine the role of compositional changes in the trend. We find no evidence for a decline in intergenerational contact, in contrast to notions of individualism. In two countries, there has been an increase in contact with the mother and in three countries no net trend is observed. Contact with the father has not changed. Other forms of contact (e.g., telephone contact) have increased. Some compositional changes have had a downward pressure on the trend, leading to a decline in contact (i.e., rising education, declining church attendance), but these pressures have been compensated by counteracing compositional changes (declining sibsize) and by behavioral changes.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GERMANY | AUSTRIA | ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | PARENTS | CHILDREN | FAMILY LIFE | BONDING | CHANGES | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | North America | Americas | Europe, Central | Europe, Southern | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Social Change
Document Number: 339897

7.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Dreams of tigers and flowers: child gender predictions and preference in an urban mainland Chinese sample during pregnancy.
Author: Loo KK; Luo X; Su H; Presson A; Li Y
Source: Women and Health. 2009 Jan-Feb;49(1):50-65.
Abstract: In an urban, mainland Chinese sample, we investigated expectant mothers' stated gender preference for a boy or girl child, their conjectures on the fetal gender, the culture-specific beliefs for making their predictions, and their relations to sociodemographic variables. A total of 174 women were interviewed at 12-19 weeks gestation. Among 84 women who made a prediction on gender, 56 (67%) thought they were carrying a boy, and 28 (33%) expected a girl. The most frequent reasons cited for their speculation were personal feelings (36%), food/taste preference (13%), feedback from others (13%), somatic responses (13%), and dreams (7%). Out of 63 women who stated a wish for a boy or girl child, 45 (71%) wished for a girl and 18 (29%) wished for a boy. Women with undergraduate or graduate degrees were more likely to indicate a preference for boys. Older expectant mothers were more likely to report that they thought they were carrying boys. In conclusion, the majority of the women did not state a distinct choice for gender of the child. When they expressed a gender preference, more mothers expressed a desire to have a girl. However, boy child conjectures were more frequent than girl child conjectures. Greater boy child preference and prediction among the most highly educated and older expectant mothers might be reflective of implicit social status in having sons in urban China.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | URBAN POPULATION | PARENTS | CULTURE | PREGNANCY | BELIEFS | FOLKLORE | ONE CHILD POLICY | FAMILY LIFE | SEX PREFERENCE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Antinatalist Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 341756

9.
Title: Setting up a nurse-led contraceptive clinic for young parents.
Author: Mansey J
Source: Nursing Times. 2009 Mar 24-30;105(11):12-4.
Abstract: This article describes the development of a nurse-led contraceptive and sexual health drop-in clinic, which runs alongside an existing young parents' drop-in service provided by a charity called Key to the Door. The clinic provides young parents, whose average age is 16-25, with access to a variety of first-issue contraceptive methods and screening for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The article explains how the service was developed and provides information from an audit, which shows the clinic's effectiveness and positive outcomes for service users.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PARENTS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEXUALITY | CONTRACEPTION | HEALTH EDUCATION | PROMOTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Planning | Education | Marketing | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331148

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Discussing matters of sexual health with children: what issues relating to disclosure of parental HIV status reveal.
Author: Nam SL; Fielding K; Avalos A; Gaolathe T; Dickinson D; Geissler PW
Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Mar;21(3):389-95.
Abstract: Little is published about the disclosure of parents' own HIV status to their children in Africa. Research shows that keeping family secrets from children, including those related to a parent's HIV status, can be detrimental to their psychological well-being and to the structure of the family. Further, children with HIV-positive parents have been shown to be more vulnerable to poorer reproductive health outcomes. This qualitative study in Botswana conducted in-depth interviews among 21 HIV-positive parents on antiretroviral therapy. The data revealed that parents found discussing the issue of HIV with children difficult, including disclosing their own HIV status to them. Reasons for disclosing included: children being HIV positive, the rest of the family knowing, or the parent becoming very sick. Reasons for not disclosing included: believing the child to be too young, not knowing how to address the issue of HIV, that it would be "too painful" for the child/ren. Concern that other people might find out about their status or fear of children experiencing stigmatising behaviour. Interviews elucidated the difficulty that parents have in discussing their own HIV status and more general sexual health issues with their children. Parents and other guardians require support in managing age-appropriate disclosure to their children. This may further enable access to forums that can help children cope with their fears about the future and develop life skills in preparation for dealing with relationships of a sexual nature and sexual health as children move into adulthood. In developing such support mechanisms, changing family roles in Botswana need to be taken into consideration and the role of other family members in the upbringing of children in Tswana society need to be recognised and utilised.
Language: English
Keywords:
BOTSWANA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PARENTS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | NOTIFICATION | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | INTERVIEWS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | FEAR | STIGMA | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV | Political Factors | Communication | Data Collection | Behavior | Emotions | Social Problems
Document Number: 341827

11.

Title: Facilitating health-enabling social contexts for youth: qualitative evaluation of a family-based HIV-prevention pilot programme.
Author: Paruk Z; Petersen I; Bhana A
Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009 Apr;8(1):61-68.
Abstract: This paper reports on a post-intervention qualitative evaluation of the pilot intervention of the AmaQhawe Family Project, in South Africa, which is a cartoon-based, manualised intervention delivered to multiple family groups over 10 sessions, aimed at preventing HIV in adolescents through strengthening the adult protective shield. Semi-structured interviews with nine women who had participated in the pilot intervention were used to understand participants' perceptions of how the family-based HIV-prevention programme had assisted in addressing the issues identified in a pre-intervention exploratory study. Analysis of the data was informed by community health psychology and social capital theory. The findings indicate that at an individual level, the women interviewed had experienced an improved sense of empowerment, both as parents and as women. They also reported increased social support for effective parenting. At a collective level, the women reported that the programme had helped them to exert better informal social controls within the community, as well as to increase their social leverage and participation in community organisations. The findings suggest that HIV interventions involving families can strengthen the adult protective shield to facilitate health-enabling social contexts for youth.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE EVALUATION | PILOT PROJECTS | PARENTS | YOUTH PROGRAMS | HIV PREVENTION | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | COMIC BOOKS | INTERVIEWS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Evaluation | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Child Rearing | Printed Media | Mass Media | Communication | Data Collection
Document Number: 341288

12.

Title: Community education and sensitization as an OVC care and support strategy: evaluation of the Integrated AIDS Program-Thika in Kenya.
Author: Thurman TR; Hutchinson P; Ikamari L; Gichuhi W; Murungaru K
Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center [CPC], MEASURE Evaluation, 2009 Mar. 31 p. (SR-09-49USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00)
Abstract: This paper presents the findings from the evaluation of the Integrated AIDS Program-Thika (IAP) operating within Kenya. IAP is a community and faith-based organization that receives technical and financial support from Pathfinder International. This evaluation explores the impact of IAP's community education and sensitization efforts focusing on care and support for orphans and vulnerable children (OVC). These efforts aim to enhance child protection and reduce stigma concerning OVC and people living with AIDS, and these outcomes are examined with a post-test study design. The indirect influence of living in high acceptance or high stigma communities on the level of community support provided to OVC is also explored. This paper further provides a profile of the characteristics and needs of OVC relative to other children. The programmatic implications of these findings are discussed.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | SUMMARY REPORT | EVALUATION | DATA COLLECTION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | YOUTH | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PARENTS | AIDS | POVERTY | FOOD SECURITY | STIGMA | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | IMPACT | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Status | Communication
Document Number: 339998

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Title: AIDS orphanages in China: reality and challenges.
Author: Zhao Q; Li X; Kaljee LM; Fang X; Stanton B; Zhang L
Source: AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2009 Apr;23(4):297-303.
Abstract: With the increasing number of AIDS orphans in China, the government has been building AIDS orphanages since 2004 to accommodate some of those children who have lost both parents to AIDS. However, no data are available regarding the quality of this model of institutional care of AIDS orphans in China. This study, based on qualitative data from children and workers in AIDS orphanages, examines the daily lives, needs, and feelings of orphans and explores the advantages and disadvantages of institutionalized care of AIDS orphans in China. The current study was conducted in 2006-2007 in two rural counties of central China. Data in the current study included individual in-depth interviews with 23 children who lost both of their parents to HIV/AIDS (ages 8 to 17 years) living in AIDS orphanages and 5 AIDS orphanage workers. Findings in this study reveal that children living in orphanages mostly felt that the living conditions were better than the families they lived with after the death of their parents. However, according to the children and orphanage workers, the institutional care has some disadvantages, such as administrative restraints, limited psychological guidance, stigma, lack of education on AIDS, and financial burdens of the operation. Implications for intervention programs include continuing support from the government and nongovernmental organizations, improvements in administrative styles, and the need of incorporating psychological support within the institutions.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PARENTS | AIDS | CAUSES OF DEATH | QUALITY OF LIFE | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341352

17.
Title: Parental influence on reproductive health behaviour of youths in Ibadan, Nigeria.
Author: Amoran OE; Fawole O
Source: African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2008 Mar;37(1):21-7.
Abstract: The study was carried out to document parental influence on the reproductive health behaviour of youths in Ibadan, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey of 274 youths from Idikan community was carried out. Information on the socio-demographic characteristics, parental communication, parental monitoring and sexual practices of respondents were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. A total of 274 youths were interviewed, 111 (40.5%) were sexually active. The overall mean age at first sexual exposure was 15.2 +/- 3.0 yrs (males = 15.4 +/- 3.5 yrs, females 14.90 +/- 2.6 yrs). Fifty-two (19.0%) respondents used condom regularly. More out of school youths (42.2%) were more sexually active than those in school (38.7%) (chi2 = 0.32 p = 0.573). Youths (50.8%) with secondary school education used condom regularly than those with primary education 40.4% (p > 0.05). Mothers were more involved in family life education than fathers (40.9% vs. 16.8% p < 0.05) and family life education was found to promote condom use (p < 0.001). Predictors of regular condom use among the youths were comprehensive family life education by mothers (OR = 6.24, C.I = 2.47-15.75, p = 0.001), respondents' level of education (OR = 0.415, C.I = 0.211-0.814 p = 0.011) and occupation (OR = 0.48, C.I = 0.24-0.95 p = 0.034). While comprehensive family life education by mothers (OR = 2.11, C.I = 1.04-4.28, p = 0.038), female sex (OR = 2.2, C.I = 1.28-3.83 p = 0.005) and liberal monitoring pattern by mother (OR = 2.16, C.I = 1.03-4.53 p = 0.04) were predictors of increased sexual activity. Parents particularly mothers can promote safe sexual practices by giving information and education on reproductive health matters.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | YOUTH | PARENTS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | BEHAVIOR | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CONDOM USE | FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing | Health | Risk Reduction Behavior | Education
Document Number: 329818

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Beyond symptom recognition: Care-seeking for ill newborns in rural Ghana.
Author: Bazzano AN; Kirkwood BR; Tawiah-Agyemang C; Owusu-Agyei S; Adongo PB
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008 Jan;13(1):123-128.
Abstract: The objectives were to assess newborn care-seeking practices in a rural area of Ghana where most births take place at home in order to inform potential strategies for reducing newborn mortality. Qualitative, ethnographic study with quantitative data from a birth cohort collected as part of the surveillance system of an ongoing randomized controlled trial. Data collected comprised 84 h of participant observation (including following an ill newborn through a hospital visit), 14 in-depth interviews with key informants (older mothers and grandmothers), 45 semistructured interviews with mothers, 28 case histories from women who had recently given birth and 32 expert interviews with local health providers. Thirteen focus groups were held with men and women, and narrative histories of newborn deaths were taken from eight women. Birth cohort data came from 2878 singletons born alive in the study district within the year July 2003-June 2004. Significant delays in care seeking for ill newborns occur in Kintampo District, Ghana. 2.1% of 2878 newborns in the birth cohort had a serious illness during the first 4 weeks of life, but care was only sought outside the home for 61% of those and from a doctor or hospital for 39%. Barriers to prompt allopathic care seeking include sequential care-seeking practices, with often exclusive use of traditional medicine as first-line treatment for 7 days, previous negative experiences with health service facilities, financial constraints and remoteness from health facilities. Improvements in care seeking are urgently needed. Families should be urged to seek medical care for any symptom of illness in a newborn; financial and socio-cultural barriers to care seeking for newborns must be addressed in order to improve neonatal survival. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | FOCUS GROUPS | RURAL POPULATION | MOTHERS | PARENTS | GRANDPARENTS | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | HOME ECONOMICS | NEONATAL DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Data Collection | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Culture | Medicine | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Diseases
Document Number: 324759

19.

Title: Parenting practices and adolescent sexual behavior: A longitudinal study.
Author: Bersamin M; todd M; Fisher DA; Hill DL; Grube JW
Source: Journal of Marriage and Family. 2008 Feb;70(1):97-112.
Abstract: The effects of parental attitudes, practices, and television mediation on adolescent sexual behaviors were investigated in a study of adolescent sexuality and media (N = 887). Confirmatory factor analyses supported an eight-factor parenting model with television mediation factors as constructs distinct from general parenting practices. Logistic regressions indicated that adolescents reporting greater parental disapproval and limits on viewing at Wave 1 were less likely to initiate oral sex between Waves 1 and 2. Adolescents who reported more sexual communication with parents were more likely to initiate oral sex. Results for vaginal intercourse were similar to those for oral sex. Coviewing was a significant negative predictor of initiation of sexual behavior. Parental attitudes and television mediation can delay potentially risky adolescent sexual behaviors. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTS | CHILD REARING | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | SEX BEHAVIOR | COMMUNICATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 324035

20.

Title: Discourses of childhood innocence in primary school HIV / AIDS education in South Africa.
Author: Bhana D
Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2008 May;7(1):149-158.
Abstract: This article draws from interview data to examine the meanings that teachers in two race and class-specific contexts in greater Durban, South Africa, may give to children's right to sexual health information as a part of HIV/ AIDS education. The article focuses on the regulation and production of childhood innocence by means of the ways the primary school teachers talked about sex in their HIV/AIDS education lessons to grade-four students. I argue that discourses of childhood innocence regulate and limit the possibilities of conversing about sex in such a context. The dominant discourses construct children as 'too young to know' and displace children's right to sexual health information to older children, while stressing anxieties about parent hostility to sex education, which precludes effective coverage of sexual topics in HIV/AIDS education. Showing how race, class and culture are deployed in upholding innocence, I contend that the notion of childhood innocence is embedded within the varying social contexts that make up the South African landscape. But, I suggest that an assumption that primary school teachers will engage with HIV/AIDS education while mediating information about sex in health promotion is simplistic. In conclusion, I propose a need for ongoing theoretical and practical work with teachers and the need to build alliances with parents. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | TEACHERS | STUDENTS | CHILD | PARENTS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SEXUALITY | SEX EDUCATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Education | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Schools | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Child Rearing
Document Number: 327166

21.

Title: Adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy and its correlates among HIV infected pediatric patients in Ethiopia.
Author: Biadgilign S; Deribew A; Amberbir A; Deribe K
Source: BMC Pediatrics. 2008;8:53.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has resulted in striking reductions in HIV-related mortality. Despite increased availability of ART, children remain a neglected population. This may be due to concerns that failure to adhere appears to be related to continued viral replication, treatment failure and the emergence of drug-resistant strains of HIV. This study determines the rates and factors associated with adherence to Antiretroviral (ARV) Drug therapy in HIV-infected children who were receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in 2008. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in five hospitals in Addis Ababa from February 18 - April 28, 2008. The study population entailed parents/caretaker and index children who were following ART in the health facilities. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. RESULTS: A total of 390 children respondents were included in the study with a response rate of 91%. The majority, equaling 205 (52.6%) of the children, were greater than 9 years of age. Fifty five percent of the children were girls. A total of 339 children (86.9%) as reported by caregivers were adherent to antiretroviral drugs for the past 7 days before the interview. Numerous variables were found to be significantly associated with adherence: children whose parents did not pay a fee for treatment [OR = 0.39 (95%CI: 0.16, 0.92)], children who had ever received any nutritional support from the clinic [OR = 0.34 (95%CI: 0.14, 0.79)] were less likely to adhere. Whereas children who took co-trimoxazole medication/syrup besides ARVs [OR = 3.65 (95%CI: 1.24, 10.74)], children who did not know their sero-status [OR = 2.53 (95%CI: 1.24, 5.19)] and children who were not aware of their caregiver's health problem [OR = 2.45 (95%CI: 1.25, 4.81)] were more likely to adhere than their counterparts. CONCLUSION: Adherence to HAART in children in Addis Ababa was higher than other similar set-ups. However, there are still significant numbers of children who are non-adherent to HAART.
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CHILDREN | PARENTS | URBAN POPULATION | USER COMPLIANCE | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | FEES | CHILD NUTRITION | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | HIV | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Nutrition | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 330255

22.

Peer Reviewed

Title: On the structural value of children and its implication on intended fertility in Bulgaria.
Author: Buhler C
Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jun 24;18(20):569-610.
Abstract: Personal networks are receiving increasing recognition as structural determinants of fertility. However, the network perspective also helps to explain personal motivations for having children. Using theories of interpersonal exchange, social capital, and the value of children, it is argued in this article that children can substantively improve their parents' social networks. Individuals perceive this potential advantageous development as a structural benefit and consider this value in their reproductive decisions. This argument is empirically explored with data from Bulgaria, collected in 2002. The results document the presence of structural evaluations among subjectively perceived childrelated benefits. Moreover, structural evaluations matter for the reproductive decisionmaking of Bulgarian citizens. Women's fertility intentions are supported by the prospect that a child will bring their parents and relatives closer or will improve their security at old age. Males' intentions are closely associated with the expectation that a child will provide support when they are old. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BULGARIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | PARENTS | CHILDREN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | MOTIVATION | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | CHILD WORTH | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 327505

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Using sibling differences to estimate effects of parenting on adolescent sexual risk behaviors.
Author: Coley RL; Medeiros BL; Schindler HS
Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2008 Aug;43(2):133-140.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to estimate effects of positive and involved parenting during mid-adolescence on sexual risk behaviors (frequency of intercourse, unprotected intercourse, and number of sexual partners) during late adolescence. Substantial literature suggests that supportive family contexts and parenting behaviors may discourage adolescents from engaging in early and risky sexual activities; yet methodological limitations hamper the conclusions regarding causality and directionality that can be drawn from much existing research. To address such limitations, the current study used a variety of increasingly conservative statistical modeling techniques to help control for unobserved heterogeneity and potential bias and hence to progress toward identifying causal relationships. Drawing from a nationally representative longitudinal survey of adolescents (NLSY97; N = 4980), this study used ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models, lagged regression models, and family fixed-effects models to assess whether parental knowledge, parent negativity, and family activities during mid-adolescence predicted differences in late adolescent sexual risk behaviors. Even after controlling for unobserved heterogeneity across individuals and across families, parenting processes significantly predicted later adolescent sexual risk behaviors. Specifically, more regular family activities and less negative and hostile parenting during mid-adolescence predicted lower sexual risk behaviors during late adolescence. Results concerning the buffering effects of parenting on adolescent risk behaviors help to inform prevention and intervention efforts. Through the use of more rigorous statistical methodology and large representative samples of youth, this research provides an exemplar of how survey research can seek to move closer to understanding causal processes in the exceedingly complex systems of human development. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | THEORETICAL MODELS | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | PARENTS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing
Document Number: 327770

24.

Title: Improving communication between parents and adolescents on reproductive health and HIV / AIDS.
Author: Diop NJ; Diagne A
Source: [Washington, D.C.], Population Council, Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 2008 Mar. [53] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-98-00012-00)
Abstract: In 2005 the Population Council's FRONTIERS in Reproductive Health Program, in collaboration with the Centre for Development and Population Activities (CEDPA), the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Youth in Senegal, conducted an operations research project aimed at improving parent-child (specifically parent-adolescent) communication about reproductive health and HIV / AIDS. The study was designed to focus on parents / guardians of adolescents (10-14 years and 15-19 years) and adolescent youth living in urban and rural Senegal. The overall objective was to gain a better understanding of interventions designed specifically to reduce risks to Adolescent Reproductive Health. The specific goal of the project was to develop a model of intervention and assess its effectiveness and functionality in increasing adult-youth communication around issues of adolescent well-being, sexuality and reproductive health in terms of changes in the areas of: Parents' and youth's knowledge and attitudes about issues concerning adolescents, particularly reproductive health; Community support for adolescent needs, particularly in communication on adolescents' reproductive health issues; The frequency, quality, and topics discussed during parent-child (parent-adolescent) communication; The protective and regulatory mechanisms used by parents to address adolescents' reproductive health. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | PARENTS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | PERCEPTION | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | INTERVENTIONS | CONDOM USE | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication | Programs | Organization and Administration | Risk Reduction Behavior
Document Number: 331599

25.

Title: Improving communication between parents and adolescents on reproductive health and HIV / AIDS. Executive summary.
Author: Diop NJ; Diagne A
Source: In: Improving communication between parents and adolescents on reproductive health and HIV / AIDS, by Nafissatou J. Diop, Alioune Diagne. [Washington, D.C,], Population Council, Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 2008 Mar. :i-viii. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-98-00012-00) English summary of French report.
Abstract: In 2005 the Population Council's FRONTIERS in Reproductive Health Program, in collaboration with the Centre for Development and Population Activities (CEDPA), the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Youth in Senegal, conducted an operations research project aimed at improving parent-child (specifically parent-adolescent) communication about reproductive health and HIV/AIDS. The study was designed to focus on parents/guardians of adolescents (10-14 years and 15-19 years) and adolescent youth living in urban and rural Senegal. The overall objective was to gain a better understanding of interventions designed specifically to reduce risks to Adolescent Reproductive Health. The specific goal of the project was to develop a model of intervention and assess its effectiveness and functionality in increasing adult-youth communication around issues of adolescent well-being, sexuality and reproductive health in terms of changes in the areas of: parents' and youth's knowledge and attitudes about issues concerning adolescents, particularly reproductive health; community support for adolescent needs, particularly in communication on adolescents' reproductive health issues; the frequency, quality, and topics discussed during parent-child (parent-adolescent) communication; the protective and regulatory mechanisms used by parents to address adolescents' reproductive health. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | PARENTS | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | INTERVENTIONS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | PROGRAM DESIGN | PRE-POST TESTS | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Communication | Health | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 326885

26.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Vaccine safety perceptions and experience with adverse events following immunization in Uzbekistan.
Author: Fowler GL; Weintraub E; Kennedy A; Luman ET; Shui I
Source: Public Health. 2008 Apr;122(4):412-416.
Abstract: The success of vaccination programmes depends on the continued acceptance of vaccines by parents, yet rumours, misperceptions and fears about vaccines exist and can lead parents to delay or refuse vaccination. Few quantitative studies have addressed the prevalence of vaccine-related concerns among parents in countries in economic transition. The objective of this survey study was to describe the vaccine safety concerns among parents/ guardians in Uzbekistan. This study was divided into two stages. The first stage used formative research, including qualitative key informant interviews and focus groups, to obtain detailed information about the childhood immunization delivery system and concerns about immunization safety in Uzbekistan; these results have been described elsewhere. Cognitive interviews and the findings from the formative research were used to develop and pilot-test survey instruments for the second stage of the study, which is described below. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UZBEKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PARENTS | CHILDREN | IMMUNIZATION | VACCINES | COMPLICATIONS | SAFETY | PERCEPTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Central | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Diseases | Public Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 325096

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Children's school participation and HIV/AIDS in rural Malawi: The role of parental knowledge and perceptions.
Author: Grant MJ
Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Sep 12;19(45):1603-1634.
Abstract: Studies of the relationship between HIV/AIDS and children's educational attainment largely focus on the direct impacts of parental illness and death, overlooking the potential indirect impact that parental knowledge and perceptions of their HIV status may have on children's school enrollment. Drawing on both quantitative and qualitative evidence from Malawi, this paper finds that women's real and perceived anticipation of future health shocks has a positive impact on their children's educational attainment. Interventions that target health uncertainty, such as HIV testing programs, may make a significant contribution to maintaining children's educational attainment in communities affected by HIV/AIDS. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV TESTING | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | EDUCATION | PARENTS | DROPOUT CHARACTERISTICS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Dropouts | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 328097

28.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Gender bias in the food insecurity experience of Ethiopian adolescents.
Author: Hadley C; Lindstrom D; Tessema F; Belachew T
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2007 Jan;66(2):427-438.
Abstract: Food insecurity is a pressing public health concern in many developing countries. Despite widespread interest in the sociocultural determinants of food insecurity, little is known about whether youths living in food insecure households experience food insecurity. The buffering hypothesis reviewed here assumes that, to the extent possible, adult members of households will buffer younger household members from the ill effects of food insecurity. A variant of the buffering hypothesis argues that only certain members of the households will enjoy the benefits of buffering. We hypothesize that within the context of Ethiopia, where girls have historically experienced discrimination, buffering is preferentially aimed at boys, especially as the household experiences greater levels of food stress. These hypotheses are tested using data from a population-based study of 2084 adolescents living in southwestern Ethiopia. Results indicate that boys and girls were equally likely to be living in severely food insecure households. Despite no differences in their households' food insecurity status, girls were more likely than boys to report being food insecure themselves. This gender difference was the largest in severely food insecure households. This same pattern was observed when comparing male-female sibling pairs living in the same household. These results are among the first to show that household level measures of food insecurity predict adolescent experiences of food insecurity, and that in the Ethiopian socio-cultural context, the relationship between household level food insecurity and adolescent food insecurity varies by gender. We also show that adolescent food insecurity is strongly associated with measures of general health and well-being. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTS | HOUSEHOLDS | SIBLINGS | FOOD SUPPLY | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SEX FACTORS | CHILD WORTH | CULTURE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 322352

29.

Title: Home-based sexuality education: Nigerian parents discussing sex with their children.
Author: Izugbara CO
Source: Youth and Society. 2008 Jun;39(4):575-600.
Abstract: This article explores how and why parents in rural Nigeria discuss sexuality-related matters with their adolescent children. The data presented here demonstrate that parents relegate sexuality to the domain of the dangerous, unpleasant, and unsavory while speaking to their children about it. Family sexuality communications offer parents a veritable cultural space to manage and control young people's sexuality. It is asserted that many Nigerian parents who discuss sexuality issues with their adolescent children compound the difficulties the young people encounter in accessing accurate and adequate sexuality information and in developing the associated power and mastery over their own sexual identity. Interventions that will enable parents to both give and allow their children early access to quality information on matters of sexuality are urgently needed. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | PARENTS | CHILDREN | RURAL POPULATION | SEX EDUCATION | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | KNOWLEDGE | AWARENESS | CULTURE | BELIEFS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Child Rearing | Behavior
Document Number: 326403

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Further support for the hypothesis that parental hormone levels around the time of conception are associated with human sex ratios at birth.
Author: James WH
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008;:1-7.
Abstract: During the past year, data have been published on the offspring sex ratios of people diagnosed with toxoplasmosis, hepatitis B, and pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer. It is shown here how these offspring sex ratios constitute further support for the hypothesis that mammalian (including human) parental hormone concentrations around the time of conception partially control the sexes of the resulting infants. If this interpretation were correct, then hormonal treatments might be considered for some or all of these conditions. It is intended that anyone who has read the present note and my two previous papers (James, 1996, 2004) should be aware of all the data relating to the hypothesis. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | HORMONES | PARENTS | SEX RATIO | HEPATITIS | BREAST CANCER | PARASITIC DISEASES | TREATMENT | Developed Countries | Europe, Western |