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2. Title: Project Redirection: making and measuring a difference. Author: Quint JC Source: ADVANCES IN ADOLESCENT MENTAL HEALTH. 1990;4:137-57. Abstract: Between 1980-86, a comprehensive program for disadvantaged adolescent mothers =or< 17 years old, designed to increase their self-esteem and skills leading to use of available social services and ultimately self-sufficiency, operated in community agencies in Boston, Massachusetts; Harlem in New York City; Phoenix, Arizona; and Riverside, California. Services were workshops, group and individual counseling, recreational activities, transportation assistance, child care, and activities with community women who acted as confidants and mentors. Topics of the workshops and counseling sessions included employability development, health, education, and life management. Each participant, her community woman, and program staff outlined an Individual Participant Plan based on her strengths and needs. The project did not duplicate services already existing in the community and referred the young mothers too those services as needed. The impact analysis showed the participants exhibited continuity and change over time. After 5 years, they were more likely to be economically self-sufficient (mean weekly earnings, $68 vs. $45, p<.1; Aid to Families with Dependent Children recipients, 49% vs. 59%) and had better parenting skills (mean home environment score 44 vs. 40, p<.001) than nonparticipants. According to the Behavior Problem Index, children of participants exhibited much better behavior than those of nonparticipants (score 50 vs. 20, p<.001). On the other hand, the project did not result in better educational attainment. Participants had the same percentage of young women who had a diploma or GED after 5 years as did nonparticipants (48%). In addition, 73% experienced at least 1 subsequent birth within the 5 years after participation. Participants had more children than nonparticipants (2.4 vs. 2, p<.01) mainly because they chose not to terminate their pregnancies. Perhaps this occurred because they received immediate emotional rewards from parenting. 66% of participants were not working and 49% received public assistance at the time of the 5-year interview. Mean annual household income was only $8844 for an average household of >4 members. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MASSACHUSETTS | NEW YORK | ARIZONA | CALIFORNIA | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | STUDY DESIGN | PROGRAM EVALUATION | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PARENTING EDUCATION | SCHOOL AGE POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MOTHERS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | CHILD REARING | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | FAMILY PLANNING | ABORTION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | WORKSHOPS | WOMEN | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Programs | Organization and Administration | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Population Characteristics | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Behavior | Biology | Fertility Control, Postconception Document Number: 075640   Notification

3. Title: A future at risk: children having children. Author: Dorrell LD Source: CLEARING HOUSE. 1994 Mar-Apr;67(4):224-7. Abstract: Every day in the US, over 3000 teenagers become pregnant. The US adolescent pregnancy rate is higher than that in most other developed countries and is increasing. About half of the teenage pregnancies result in a live birth, and most of these mothers are unmarried and will not finish high school. The root cause of this problem is that the young women have a sense of worthlessness and hopelessness about their future that makes them establish the relationships that leave them with babies they are ill-equipped to rear. This is creating an ever-growing underclass condemned to poverty, to a dependency on welfare, and to continue the cycle. All of this results in an ever increasing burden on taxpayers. In Missouri, a bill was enacted in 1990 to address a number of school-related issues that are impacted by premature parenthood. Based on research, the bill makes schools responsible for the continued enrollment of pregnant teens. Alternative programs for pregnant and teen parents receive state aid through guidelines established by the Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education which allow local school districts to design their own programs. Nationwide research indicated that the greatest need of the teenage parents is obtaining appropriate child care. Parenting education is also of vital importance as is appropriate prenatal care. These strategies, in addition to intervening in the lives of middle grade students to help them avoid premature parenthood, form the basis of a 5-step program developed by the Committee for Economic Development to address the problem of teen parenthood. In Missouri, emphasis has also been placed on involving teen mothers in the education of their children so that the children are ready for kindergarten. Despite the proven cost-effective nature of these programs for teen parents (which help avoid additional pregnancies), very few states have encouraged such programs, apparently because of the up-front costs. Until Americans decide to devote sufficient resources to this problem, it will continue to place the future of all of society at risk. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MISSOURI | LEGISLATION | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | NEVER MARRIED | MOTHERS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | SOCIAL WELFARE | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | CHILD CARE | PARENTING EDUCATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Child Rearing | Behavior | Education Document Number: 102067

4. Title: Let it shine: promoting school success, life aspirations to prevent school-age parenthood. Author: Cassell C Source: SIECUS Report. 2002 Feb-Mar;30(3):7-12. Abstract: This article discusses the connections between school success and school-age parenthood, revisits the context of adolescent pregnancy and parenthood, examines the causes and consequences of parenthood and school achievement on both the teenage mother and her children, and provides recommendations for preventing adolescent childbearing through programs that help young people overcome obstacles to school success and provide support for their life aspirations. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | STUDIES | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | PARENTING EDUCATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Education | Diseases Document Number: 168024

5. Title: School enrolment and dropout: policies and achievements. Author: Rama Rao G; Mohanty SK Source: [Unpublished] 2004. Presented at the Seminar on Follow-up of the National Population Policy 2000: Focus on EAG States, Mumbai, India, October 25-27, 2004. [16] p. Abstract: The broad objective of this paper is to understand the levels, trends, and differentials in school enrolment and school continuation in EAG states in India. However, the specific objectives are: 1. To examine the level, trends and differentials in school enrolment in primary stages. 2. To examine the reasons of never enrolment as well as the reasons of discontinuation in primary school. The paper uses the data of Selected Educational Statistics (Published by HRD), All India Education Survey, Census of India and National Family and Health Survey 2. While the levels and trends are analysed using all four sources, the differentials and reasons of never enrolled and discontinued is examined using the NFHS 2. The paper explores the role of parental education in determining the primary school enrolment. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | PROGRESS REPORT | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | HEALTH SURVEYS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | GOVERNMENT | DROPOUTS | OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTHS | SCHOOL AGE POPULATION | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | CENSUS | POLICY | PARENTING EDUCATION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Health | Theoretical Models | Political Factors | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Statistics | Education Document Number: 288914

6. Title: Family planning activities in industrial sites. Author: Young UC Source: In: Korean experience with population control policy and family planning program management and operation, edited by Nam-Hoon Cho, Hyun-Oak Kim. [Seoul], Korea, Republic of, Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, 1991 Sep. :203-13. Abstract: Family planning (FP) in industrial sites in Korea began in 1974 by the Ministry of Labor (MOL) and MOL administrative offices. There were incentives for sterilization acceptors such as paid leave and other leaves. The model cases of Korea Fiber Company and Kumho Company cited. The author concludes that FP at industrial sites was a great contribution to the national FP program. Success is attributed to MOL, and ILO technical assistance and UNFPA financial assistance between 1974-84. There was also cooperative effort between the Korea Institute for Population and Health (KIPH), research institutes, and the Planned Parenthood Federation of Korea (PPFK). Further attention in the industrial sector will be necessary due to the expected increase in the expansion of the economy. Activities of MOL involved upgrading in plant clinics for FP in 1980 by providing facilities for IUD insertions and vasectomies to 150 selected clinics. 150 medical and paramedical staff were trained. The MOL policy was to encourage industries with >100 female workers and 30 youth workers to conduct a 4 hour FP training every quarter. Small establishments were asked to conduct a 1 hour training session every quarter. Sex education was conducted for MOL officials. MOL established 12 Youth Centers operated by the provincial governments with sex education instruction. Female industrial workers classes were operated every day for 2 hours after work for 3 months or 6 months. A parenthood training class in Seoul was set up for 4 days. FP IEC labor counselors at 41 MOL regional labor administration offices and 1400 in plant education officers were trained for FP IEC activities. FP and sex education materials were prepared and distributed throughout the country. Technical assistance was provided to industrial sites. The Korea Employers' Federation (KEF) encouraged its membership to provide FP services. The Federation of Korea Trade Union (FKTU) Womens' Bureau contributed guidance and administrative support to 17 industrial unions for FP education activities. Problems encountered were low attendance at break time or after work, lack of use of FP clinics in industry, lack of top management support. Solutions were to schedule classes during work hours, place free condoms in conference areas or halls, and MOL counseled and provided IEC to management. Language: English Keywords: KOREA | EMPLOYMENT-BASED SERVICES | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | CASE STUDIES | INDUSTRY | LABOR FORCE | ON-THE-JOB TRAINING | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | YOUTH | OBSTACLES | PROGRAM DESIGN | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | INCENTIVES | DISINCENTIVES | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | IEC | STERILIZATION SEEKERS | IUD | VASECTOMY | PARENTING EDUCATION | SEX EDUCATION | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | CONDOMS | MEN | WOMEN | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Studies | Research Methodology | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Training Programs | Education | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Organizations | Sterilization, Sexual | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Male Sterilization | Distributional Activities | Barrier Methods Document Number: 073430

7. Title: [The Commission on Ethics] Eticka komise. Author: Laznicek R Source: CESKOSLOVENSKA PEDIATRIE. 1992 Jan;47(1):43-5. Abstract: In all Roman Catholic and Protestant churches of Czechoslovakia a pastoral letter was read on December 30, 1990, about the excessive ease of abortion and the danger of its promotion. At the conference of bishops in November, convened with the purpose of stopping the impending law about induced abortion, the protest of the church and citizens against abortion was expressed by declaring that the beginning of life in the maternal body was nothing else but a new human life. On the other hand, following a seminar, a clinical psychologist from a children's clinic stated that the overwhelming majority of doctors were of the opinion that such a major issued could not be resolved in an orthodox manner. It did not only have to do with ensuring proper prevention. Maternal care toward children had to start during the period before conception; proper education about childbirth is socially necessary; in the elementary and secondary schools appropriate sexual education and leadership to instill the right attitude toward basic health and responsibility toward other people; availability of quality contraceptives; and ongoing adult health education. Therefore, the ethical committee for the Czechoslovak Pediatric Society submitted these proposals: to lay down a basic ethical code for pediatricians an for all public doctors; to deal with the ethical problem in many of the medical journals first referred to 5 years before; and to draw from the material of the French ethical committee which is similar in these aspects. In the articles of the charter there were provisions about the rights of children to wit: recognition of the right to life before birth, and contractual stipulations about securing to the highest degree possible the preservation of life and the development of children. Language: Czech Keywords: CZECHOSLOVAKIA | ABORTION LAW | CATHOLICISM | ETHICS | HEALTH EDUCATION | PARENTING EDUCATION | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | ABORTION | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Christianity | Religion | Education | Biology Document Number: 075993   Notification

8. Title: Parenting enhancement among Egyptian mothers in a tertiary care setting. Author: Porter LS; Youssef M; Shaaban I; Ibrahim W Source: PEDIATRIC NURSING. 1992 Jul-Aug;18(4):329-36, 386. Abstract: This evaluation study tested the effectiveness of the parenting enhancement program (PEP) among a convenience sample of 56 Egyptian mothers (28 PEP and 30 non-PEP). The aim of PEP was to halt the process of high-risk parents producing high-risk children. PEP provided health education and parenting competency training and enhanced opportunities for self-direction. The hypotheses were that PEP mothers would improve in self-esteem, self care, and perceive their infants more positively than non-PEP mothers. A brief theoretical discussion is directed to the relationship between parenthood and self-esteem, self-esteem and self-care, and the maternal perception of the infant (MPI). Mothers were selected based on a list of infants registered with a well-baby clinic, which was part of a large teaching hospital in Alexandria, Egypt. Infants were selected at 6 weeks of age and followed for about 10 months. Parenting groups received 5 parenting classes of 1-2 hours duration. Data was collected at 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum. The following questionnaires were used to assess mother's perception, self-esteem, and self-care: the Broussard and Hartner Neonatal Perception Inventory (NPI and NPI II), a background information questionnaire, Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale, and Kearney and Fleisher's Self-care Agency Scale. Translations were made to Arabic by a master's level pediatric nurse and reviewed by several nurse professionals. A pilot study was conducted to test the feasibility of the study. The study findings revealed that both mothers' groups had low self-esteem, low self-care at baseline, and negative scores on MPI, and were comparable in age, number of years married, and number of pregnancies. Differences were observed in family income, living arrangements, and length of stay at home address; non-PEP mothers had a slightly higher socioeconomic status. The non-PEP mothers had better scores on self-esteem and self-care at 3 months postpartum, even though PEP mothers' scores improved. MPI was low for both mothers' groups at 3 months. PEP mothers' scores increased at 6 months, but both mothers' scores decreased at 12 months. Differences in socioeconomic status (SES) and low SES are attributed to the results. The implication is that sustaining support is needed after a sustained intervention. Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | EVALUATION REPORT | MOTHERS | PARENTING EDUCATION | SELF-PERCEPTION | SELF CARE | CHILD HEALTH | MATERNAL HEALTH | HIGH RISK WOMEN | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | HEALTH EDUCATION | WOMEN | Africa, Northern | Africa | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Education | Perception | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Treatment | Health | Reproduction | Training Programs | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 080926

9. Title: Parent-teen communication: toward the prevention of unintended pregnancies. Author: Jaccard J; Dittus P Source: New York, New York, Springer-Verlag, 1991. ix, 118 p. (Recent Research in Psychology) Abstract: Parent-teen communication has been underestimated in its impact on preventing unintended pregnancies. The goal of this monograph is to identify the methodological and conceptual weaknesses in past research and to apply these consideration in the analysis of data. The emphasis is on parent-teen communication about premarital sex and premarital pregnancy and the development of parent education programs. The focus is on what parents say and do to motivate their children to avoid premarital pregnancy. The scope of the problem of teenage pregnancy is viewed as well as the literature on parent-teen communication about birth control and premarital sexual intercourse. A sample of 210 couples from Albany, New York with a child between the ages of 12 and 16 years living with them was studied. Most were white, middle-class suburban households. Parental questionnaires assessed the reservations parents had in talking about not having premarital sex, opinions about teenage birth control and abstinence, and an expansive inventory of opinions, reasoning, evaluation, self-description, teenagers description, background, parenting practices, communication techniques, locus of control, family environment, and family relationships. Teen questionnaires evaluated their parents' ability to communicate and deal with their teens, education about sexual issues, their sexual behavior, and use of contraceptives. Conclusions in the correlation analysis, for instance, were that parent education programs are important in promoting responsible sexual behavior, in helping parents communicate and find an appropriate time to have a discussion, and in teaching parental social skills, effective reasoning, and guides in discussing permissible sex. Prior research has been biased toward teenagers' views, has used crude measures, and has not considered specific strategies or content in reasoning with teenagers or parental sexual views or context. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | PARENTS | ADOLESCENTS | SEX EDUCATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | COMMUNICATION | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ATTITUDES | SELF-PERCEPTION | PARENTING EDUCATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Perception Document Number: 079623

10. Title: Nike-footed health workers deal with the problems of adolescent pregnancy. Author: Perino SS Source: PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS. 1992 Mar-Apr;107(2):208-12. Abstract: The Nike Footed Health Worker (NFHW) Project herein described was a 2nd prize winner in a national government contest for Innovations in Health Promotion, 1991. The objectives of NFHW were 1) to graduate 25 young mothers from high school with skills to provide pre, and post-natal health care, parenting skills, and counseling to pregnant and parenting adolescents; 2) to assign a caseload of 10 pregnant or parenting adolescents in a paid job setting; and 3) to receive loan payments regularly from each NFHW. The significance of the project is in expanding health services to those not receiving adequate care within existing systems. The home visits are important for monitoring. Paramedical skills and other valuable skills are learned, while obtaining a high school diploma. The total projected cost for the 1st year is estimated at US$488,000. The salaries of the NFHWs pay for their room and board, and day care expenses (US$8500) and are based on merit ranging from US$9000 to US$12,000. The target is to reduce teenage pregnancy in a catchment community, reduce repeat pregnancies by 50%, reduce low birth weight babies by 50%, and insure high school graduation and parenting skills. Sneakers and the trade name were selected to symbolize the mobility of services and the just-do-it philosophy. The project design entails 25 adolescent mothers working half time at high school work and half time in training for NFHW. Group residences with child care would be established and a salary provided. Candidates would be high school dropouts between 16 and 19 years old and with a child at least 12 months old. Participants would sign a contract specifying responsibilities and commitment. Violation of the contract involves sanctions. The requirements are to attend classes regularly, to commit fully to the project, to fulfill project requirements, to not become pregnant, abuse no drugs or alcohol, and to repay living expenses and contribute 5% in future wages. The curriculum is centered around building self-confidence and motivation. Traditional academics would be emphasized, and training would include life planning, finances, communications and conflict resolution, basic anatomy and reproduction, child development and parenting skills, nutrition and exercise and first aid, and substance abuse. The duties and responsibilities of the NFHW in working with pregnancy clients are outlined. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | PROGRAM DESIGN | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES | TRAINING PROGRAMS | DROPOUTS | UNMARRIED MOTHERS | PARENTING EDUCATION | POSTPARTUM PROGRAMS | ANTENATAL CARE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Programs | Organization and Administration | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Mothers | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 074432

11. Title: Post evaluation survey of the Responsible Parenthood Program for the Industrial Sector. Author: Population Center Foundation Source: [Manila, Philippines], Population Center Foundation, 1990 Sep. iii, 46 p. Abstract: The Responsible Parenthood (RP) program, a 3-year program of the Population Center Foundation (PCF) attempted to institutionalize responsible parenthood among married worker clients of reproductive age (MCRA) in 21 companies in Metro Manila, Philippines. The goals of company-based family planning (FP) programs were to increase the practice of FP, sustainability, and the attainment of FP/RP model status for other firms. A preprogram interview with 1480 MCRAs in 1988, a midterm survey with 1452 MCRAs in 1989, and a postprogram survey with 828 MCRAs in 1990 were conducted to evaluate results. The 1988 baseline interview with 914 MCRAs showed that 68.7% were female ages 15-45, and 91% were Catholic with an average of 2.04 children. 2 years after implementation, the use of a clinical method of contraception (pills, IUD, condom, tubal ligation, vasectomy, and natural family planning methods) among MCRAs increased from the baseline of 29% to 46% in 1990. The desire not to have more children increased from 43.5% in 1988 to 51.9% in 1990. Awareness of the RP program increased from 88.7% in 1989 to 95.5% in 1990. Knowledge about the use of pills increased from 47.2% in 1988 to 60.5% in 1990; about the condom from 28.4% to 42.2%; about sterilization 11.1% to 27%; and about IUDs from 8.3% to 21.3%. An estimated 7820 MCRAs (exceeding the target of 5000) participated in the program out of 17,000 workers. The 1988 National Demographic Survey showed contraceptive prevalence of 28%, close to the baseline figure of the program. FP practice approval, awareness of information-education-communication (IEC) activities (generated by company clinic staff), and knowledge of FP method use among workers also increased. Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | SURVEYS | KAP SURVEYS | PARENTING EDUCATION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | INDUSTRY | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | IEC | LABOR FORCE | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | INCOME DISTRIBUTION | RELIGION | WOMEN | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Program Activities | Programs | Human Resources | Employment Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Income | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 074912

12. Title: Cost-benefit analysis of five selected companies. Author: Population Center Foundation Source: [Manila, Philippines], Population Center Foundation, 1990 Sep. [7], 48 p. Abstract: The Responsible Parenthood Program for the Industrial Sector was implemented by the Population Center Foundation with funding from the Enterprise Program of John Snow, Inc. and the Johns Hopkins University Population Communication Service with the goal of institutionalizing family planning education and services in 21 industrial companies in Metro Manila and adjacent provinces. The program was carried out in 21 companies with a combined work force of 36,273 people of whom 17,894 were married and of reproductive age. The workers were predominantly female. Only the Philippine Refining Company had a largely male work force with females comprising only 20%. A cost-benefit study was undertaken 5 of the companies; Triumph International, Telefunken Semiconductors Corporation, Intel Manufacturing, Inc., Precision Electronics Corporation, and Philippine Refining Corporation (PRC). PRC had the highest cost-benefit ratio, although only 5 births were averted. 7.42 pesos were saved for every peso invested in the program. 79 acceptors of family planning were enrolled from October 1988-July 1990 (15 used oral contraceptives, 3 ligation, 45 condom, 2 IUDs, 7 the Billings method, 2 calendar rhythm, and 5 used other methods). Maternity-related costs assumed by the company offering the same hospitalization benefits to female employees and to spouses of male workers accounted for the savings. Telefunken, which had meager maternity benefits, had the lowest cost-benefit ratio of 3.08 pesos saved for every peso spent, although 28 births were averted. The other companies averaged a cost-benefit ratio of about 4.00 owing to satisfactory acceptor rates and reasonable corporate maternity benefits. In all five companies studied, the savings realized from each birth averted by the program far outweighed the financial investment in the program. Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | PARENTING EDUCATION | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | LABOR FORCE | MATERNITY BENEFITS | BIRTHS AVERTED | WOMEN | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Education | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 075049

13. Title: Basic facts about family planning. Author: Association for Voluntary Surgical Contraception [AVSC] Source: New York, New York, AVSC, 1991. [70], 64 p. RH Training Materials Abstract: The Association for Voluntary Surgical Contraception (AVSC) has compiled a manual for family program managers to help their clients choose a family planning method. The manual contains basic information clients need in the form of prototype messages, instructions on how to present the information in client materials and how to pretest and evaluate these materials, and a bibliography on developing information programs for family planning. The client information is organized in loose-leaf sections, briefly described in simple non-scientific language. Options the program may want to include are suggested, such as limiting method choices for postpartum women, according to specific guidelines. The monograph "Developing Health and Family Planning Print Materials for Low-Literate Audiences: A Guide' from the Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH) is used to present the process of designing materials. The bibliography is subdivided into general topics, preliminary research, planning an information and education program, media selection and materials development, pretesting materials, and evaluation. There will be updates for the section with sample illustrations. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | BIBLIOGRAPHY | COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS | PRINTED MEDIA | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | PARENTING EDUCATION | EVALUATION METHODOLOGY | PROGRAM APPROPRIATENESS | QUALITATIVE EVALUATION | PRETESTING | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | Communication | Mass Media | Education | Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Market Research | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 074018

14. Title: Promoting the health of adolescents in the United States of America: a global perspective. Author: Friedman HL Source: JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH. 1993 Nov;14(7):509-19. Abstract: Young people aged 10-24 years live n a rapidly changing world which affects their behavior, health, and development. The author has worked with people in a wide variety of cultures and is optimistic about the future prospects for the health and development of young people. The changing social environment and adolescent health are considered in opening sections. The author then offers the following lessons learned about adolescent health: one must assume that value systems differ among cultures and that no single system is superior to another; all people are born with the potential to blossom into adulthood, but that potential must be nurtured; love is the most important ingredient in human development; giving is as essential for human development as receiving; young people must be respected and feel respected to flourish; and youths must be involved as much as possible in planning, implementing, and evaluating programs in which they are the target population. These lessons are applied to experiences with a national youth corps for health and development; training in listening skills and adolescent development for those who work with young people; and training in parenting for adolescent mothers and fathers. Human development generally begins in families that are happy to see their children grown and mature. Ideally, growing children enjoy examples of loving relationships provided within the family setting. Since this ideal is being realized naturally less and less often, however, outside efforts must be made to help children develop successfully. It is hoped that America will find the resolve to meet the challenge. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | ADOLESCENTS | YOUTH | HEALTH | PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT | NEEDS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | PARENTING EDUCATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Economic Factors | Education Document Number: 091683

15. Title: American families: policy issues. Author: DaVanzo J; Rahman MO; Wadhwa KT Source: POPULATION INDEX. 1993 Winter;59(4):547-66. Abstract: "Increases in the number of children living in single-parent (usually female-headed) households and in the proportion of mothers who work outside their homes have raised concern in the United States about the effects of these trends on the well-being of children and the possible need for policy intervention. This paper discusses the arguments for and against policies that affect families. We review a number of such policies and what research suggests about their likely effects. The policies discussed...include those concerning child support, welfare, income taxes, child and dependent care, family leave, family planning, programs to improve parenting skills and family function, and economic growth." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ONE PARENT FAMILY | HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD | LABOR FORCE | CHILD REARING | POLICY | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | CHILD SUPPORT | CHILD CARE | FAMILY PLANNING | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | PARENTING EDUCATION | TAXATION | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Characteristics | Households | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Behavior | Education | Financial Activities | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 240384

16. Title: Teen pregnancy and teen parenting. Patient education review. Author: Hobbie C Source: JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC HEALTH CARE. 1993 Mar-Apr;7(2):96-7. Abstract: Rates of unplanned and unwanted pregnancies among teens in the US are far too high. The author recommends approaches and materials which health care providers may use to encourage the broader use of contraceptives and delayed childbearing among adolescents. Practitioners may begin by reviewing a comprehensive K-12 grade sex education program. Sex education in the clinic setting may be linked with that which is being taught in schools. Physicians and nurses should reach out to clients early in their adolescence at ages 11 to 12 years when they return for booster shots against measles, mumps, and rubella. The adolescents could complete health care questionnaires while waiting to be seen, after which the doctor could talk to them about sexual development and sexual activity, delaying pregnancy, and the risk of sexually transmitted diseases. Where possible, the same room should not be used to examine both teens and pre-teens. If different examination rooms are used, educational materials can be more effectively targeted according to age group. The author specifically recommends the video "Don't Make Me Laugh" in which teen parents discuss their experiences and feelings about the issues as an effective audiovisual aid for girls at elevated risk of early pregnancy. "Child Mothers," a book written by a nurse practitioner and photographer who followed 10 teens during pregnancies and the birth of their children, is also recommended. Addresses where these and other materials may be obtained are listed. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MINNESOTA | RECOMMENDATIONS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | PHYSICIANS | NURSES AND NURSING | COUNSELING | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | SEX EDUCATION | PARENTING EDUCATION | PARENTS | ADOLESCENTS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 093671

17. Title: Parents welcome "hard-hitting" campaign. Source: FAMILY PLANNING TODAY. 1994;:1. Abstract: The FPA (Family Planning Association)'s recent pilot campaign to encourage parents to talk to their children about sex has generated an excellent response rate. Funded by the Department of Health as part of "The health of the nation" efforts to reduce unplanned teenage pregnancies, the campaign centered on two radio advertisements. Aired during March in Greater London and North West England, the advertisements featured a free phone number from which people could obtain free copies of the booklet "Answering your child's questions," part of the FPA's "Growing Up" series. Nearly 7500 copies of the booklet were distributed in response to over 5000 requests--2500 rang in the first week alone. Most requests were from parents (69% mothers, 31% fathers) with one to three children aged between 7 and 13. Over 1000 requests were from parents with children under 7. Hundreds of schools, youth clubs, health professionals and voluntary organizations requested multiple booklets for use in their work. Research carried out to gauge public reaction showed overwhelming support for the campaign's message, demonstrating the immense need by parents for information in this area. "Answering your child's questions" was praised for being "open, direct and easy to follow." One parent said, "The booklet arms parents with the right way of putting information across." Parents described the advertisements as "hard-hitting" and "attention-grabbing." One listener commented: "They really stopped me in my tracks." FPA director Doreen Massey said: "The favorable reaction to the campaign is extremely encouraging. We are looking at ways to relay this pilot effort into a full-scale UK-wide campaign next year." (full text) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | PAMPHLETS | SEX EDUCATION | PARENTING EDUCATION | PARENTS | YOUTH | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Communication | Programs | Organization and Administration | Printed Media | Mass Media | Education | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 098469

18. Title: Communities: giving mothers support. Source: CHILDREN IN FOCUS. 1994 Jul-Sep;6(3):8. Abstract: In April 1994, the Nutrition Unit of Jamaica's Ministry of Health began promoting the formation of Mother Support Groups for breast feeding mothers. These groups have become surrogates for traditional forms of family support which have been disrupted by modern lifestyles. 18 women in St Catherine and 11 in St Thomas have been trained. According to Pauline Samuda, Regional Nutritionist and coordinator of the initiative, the rate of breast feeding has increased in St Catherine. The Mother Support Groups provide trained counselors who maintain familiarity with current trends, train mothers in breast feeding techniques, educate them about the benefits of breast feeding for both mother and child, and dispel myths concerning breast milk. As part of a health care team, each counselor meets quarterly with the nutrition assistant of the parish to discuss progress. The morale of the counselors is high and 6 more counselors have joined the initial 5. Language: English Keywords: JAMAICA | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | GROUP MEETING | BREASTFEEDING | MOTHERS | GROUP PROCESSES | SOCIAL NETWORKS | HEALTH EDUCATION | PARENTING EDUCATION | COUNSELORS | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Programs | Organization and Administration | Communication | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Social Behavior | Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Education | Counseling | Clinic Activities | Program Activities Document Number: 101867

19. Title: Breast-feeding rediscovered in Jamaica. Source: CHILDREN IN FOCUS. 1994 Jul-Sep;6(3):1, 8. Abstract: The prevalence of breast feeding of 6-week old babies in Jamaica in 1983 was 63.2%. It dropped approximately 2 percentage points per year until it reached 45.7% in 1989. Since 1990, it has risen slowly because of a sustained promotion program, "the breast is still best", of the Ministry of Health with support from the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Guided by information from a series of studies and a national situation analysis of breast feeding attitudes and practices of mothers and health care providers, the goal of the program is to achieve 60% full breast feeding from birth to 6 weeks by 1995; a later goal covers 4-6 months. The Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) has aided the program by banning the distribution of free and low cost infant formula in hospitals in Jamaica. A National Breast-feeding Committee, which was established in 1991, has been the driving force behind the program. The program's focus is divided equally between hospital practices and community level support for women after they leave the hospital. Breast feeding promoters have been educating and assisting women in maternity wards since 1992. The mass media have been used for public education and training, particularly, through the use of celebrities and an annual event known as "Breast-feeding Week", which was begun in 1992. Mother support groups were started in 1994 to increase community participation all year. Hospital personnel have been upgrading their knowledge via study tours of "baby friendly hospitals" and short-term courses on lactation management and breast feeding policy. 4 public hospitals will become "baby friendly" in 1995: Spanish Town, Victoria Jubilee, Cornwall Regional, and University Hospital. According to Dr. Beryl Irons, acting Principal Medical Officer for Primary Care, the Ministry of Health wishes to achieve exclusive breast feeding for 4 months and continued breast feeding for 1 year or more. Language: English Keywords: JAMAICA | BREASTFEEDING | MOTHERS | HOSPITALS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | GOALS | HEALTH EDUCATION | PARENTING EDUCATION | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | SHORT-TERM COURSES | HEALTH PERSONNEL | UNICEF | PAHO | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Programs | Organization and Administration | Planning | Education | Training Programs | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | WHO Document Number: 101866

20. Title: Strategy for promoting greater responsiveness in adolescent parent / infant relationships: report of a pilot study. Author: Censullo M Source: JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NURSING. 1994 Oct;9(5):326-32. Abstract: Interaction Coaching for Adolescent Parents and their Infants (ICAP), an intervention developed by the author, was found in a small pilot project to be effective in increasing the responsiveness of teen mothers to their infants. The assumption of this model is that the achievement of effective communication with the infant increases the adolescent's sense of competence as a parent and general self-esteem, both of which provide a solid foundation for a successful parent-child relationship. Enrolled in the project were 12 adolescent parents and their infants (average age, 3 months). Didactic and experiential information on infant development, cuing and other forms of matching of maternal behaviors to signals from the infant, and differences in temperament was provided in three group sessions that were part of an ongoing teen parent support group at a maternal-child health clinic. The Dyadic Mutuality Code (containing items on mutual attention, positive affect, turn-taking, maternal pauses, infant clarity of cues, and maternal sensitive responsiveness), Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale, and the Parental Self-Efficacy Scale were administered at baseline and after the intervention. Responsiveness scores increased significantly from a mean of 8.5 (out of a maximum of 12) to 10.8, self-esteem rose significantly from a mean of 28.4 (out of a maximum of 40) to 32.9, and parenting confidence increased slightly from a mean of 40.6 (out of a maximum of 60) to 41.5. The ICAP is adaptable for use with individuals or groups in the hospital, clinic, home, or school settings. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | PILOT PROJECTS | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | INFANT | BONDING | COUNSELING | PARENTING EDUCATION | PARENTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 103583

21. Title: "Fathers Incorporated": helping men become better fathers. Author: Chevannes B Source: In: A portfolio of AIDS / STD behavioral interventions and research, [edited by] Lydia S. Bond. Washington, D.C., Pan American Health Organization [PAHO], 1992. :113-6. Abstract: The Caribbean Child Development Center (CCDC), of the University of the West Indies in Jamaica, organized a conference on parenting on January 29, 1991. A group of 17 men, mostly between 25 and 35 years old, objected to the fact that all men were being stereotyped as either absentee or poor fathers. Therefore, the Fathers Only Group was formed, but only 10 men turned up for the first meeting. The Group decided to make its project for Labor Day, May 23, playing fathers to the children at Glenhope Place of Safety for girls. Two strategies were to be utilized to help men become better fathers: training men to be peer counselors and drama-in-education. The group staged a 2-day peer counseling training workshop for 17 young fathers in the parental role, sex and sexually transmitted diseases, and budgeting. Nearly all joined Fathers Only. The CCDC invited Fathers Only to link a public launching with their 2nd conference scheduled for April 5, 1992. It mobilized 50 of the 160 conference participants and provided logistical support. Subsequently the name was changed to Fathers Incorporated. At the launching one of the feminist activists committed to Fathers Inc. part of the proceeds of a Fathers Day fund-raising venture in June 1992. The recent conference has brought total membership to nearly 100, mostly from the working class, who could prove influential in changing attitudes and practices in their communities. As more and more women join the labor force permanently, the possibilities are great for Fathers Inc. to encourage men to play a more prominent role in the way children are nurtured. Language: English Keywords: JAMAICA | PARENTING EDUCATION | FATHERS | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | MALE ROLE | CHANGES | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Education | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Behavior | Behavior | Social Change Document Number: 102410

22. Title: Population and the American future. Author: Commission on Population Growth and the American Future Source: In: Readings on population information and education. Background papers for a Ford Foundation Meeting on Population, Elsinore, Denmark -- June, 1972. New York, New York, Ford Foundation, 1973 Jun. :451-64. Abstract: The range of educational topics impinging on population is broad. The authors have divided this range into three categories: population education, parenting education, and sex education. In order to make rational, informed decisions about the future, Americans must be provided with far more knowledge about population change and its implications. Approximately 6 out of 10 questioned in one 1971 pool either did not know or could not guess the size of the United States population within 50 million persons (205 million in 1970). Only 16% could guess the size of the world's population within one-half billion persons (3.6 billion in 1970). Population education includes knowledge about population growth, suburban decentralization, causes of population change, and their consequences for society. Parenting education is essential since matters of temperament, age, health are considerations in determining whether or not to have children. The benefits and rewards of having children are well known; however, many do not recognize the emotional and financial costs involved. Many school systems included family life courses in their curriculum, and the Catholic Church was a leader in family life education. Programs in home economics also provide training for marriage and parenthood. A National Nutrition Survey estimated that there were about 10 million Americans among the poor in 1972, 40% of them children. More consideration should also be accorded to the physical, intellectual, and emotional environments in which children are raised in view of deprived environments. Genetically related disorders (Tay-Sachs disease, Down's syndrome, sickle cell anemia) should be researched and screened in order to improve treatment. A consensus on the need for sex education was unmistakable, as a national study of unmarried teenage girls revealed that 14% of 15-year-olds and up to 44% of 19-year-olds had had sexual relations. Only 20% used contraception regularly; rates of illegitimacy increased two to threefold between 1940 and 1968; and there were 2.3 million cases of infectious venereal diseases in the United States in 1971. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | POPULATION EDUCATION | PARENTING EDUCATION | SEX EDUCATION | SCHOOLS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Education Document Number: 080842

23. Title: Decree relating to health education and information on youth as well as to aid and assistance to families in areas relating to contraception and responsible parenting, 10 July 1984. Author: Belgium. Conseil de la Communaute Francaise Source: ANNUAL REVIEW OF POPULATION LAW. 1988;15:15. From: Moniteur belge, 22 August 1984. Abstract: This Decree requires various organizations in the French Community of Belgium, which supply aid and information on sexuality, marriage, and the family, to furnish their personnel with a list of approved centers and documentation containing the necessary legal, technical, and medical information for couples and persons who request it in the area of contraception and responsible parenting. It also requires the personnel of such organizations, as well as hospitals, to give to women in distress the necessary technical and medical aid to deal with difficulties in using contraceptive methods. Finally, it requires educational establishments to provide, within the framework of biology and social and moral science courses, information on the legal, technical, moral, and medical problems posed by responsible parenting and contraceptives. (full text) Language: English Keywords: BELGIUM | LEGISLATION | SEX EDUCATION | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | PARENTING EDUCATION | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Education | Communication | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 085690

24. Title: Decree creating a childhood fund, 9 May 1988. Author: Belgium Source: ANNUAL REVIEW OF POPULATION LAW. 1988;15:113-4. From: Moniteur belge, 27 January 1989. Abstract: This Decree creates a childhood fund within the budget of the German-speaking Community of Belgium. The Fund is to cover the expenses necessary for the accomplishment of the following: 1) exercising and promoting activities responding to the needs of families, mothers, and children, notably those who are particularly threatened; 2) approving, subsidizing, or creating, as the case may be, undertakings, institutions, and services; exercising over them administrative and technical control; and furnishing them with aid and counseling; 3) sustaining and organizing initiatives in the area of prevention and education, seeing these through to a successful conclusion, and collecting documentation on all the concerned subjects; 4) requesting advice on all questions relating to the protection of mother and child; 5) organizing the supervision of children less than seven years old housed outside of their family setting and taking care of them; and 6) ensuring the training and informing of concerned persons, notably parents. The Decree also provides that no one may house children under the age of seven for payment without prior authorization. Such children may be housed free-of-charge by notifying certain official bodies and agreeing to certain medical and social controls. Relatives to the fourth degree and legal representatives of such children may house them free-of-charge without complying with these requirements. (full text) Language: English Keywords: BELGIUM | LEGISLATION | CHILD CARE | PARENTING EDUCATION | SOCIAL PROTECTION | FAMILY POLICY | HOUSING | CHILD | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Child Rearing | Behavior | Education | Social Policy | Policy | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors Document Number: 086005

25. Title: The impact of religious upbringing and marriage markets on Jewish intermarriage. Author: Waite LJ; Sheps J Source: [Unpublished] 1994. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Miami, Florida, May 5-7, 1994. 21, [7] p. Abstract: Data from the 1990 US Jewish Population Survey among 1195 first marriages of Jewish respondents were used to examine determinants of intermarriage. Ordinary least squares models of intermarriage were constructed for first marriages between 1920 and 1990, prior to 1970, between 1970 and 1990, and from 1985 to 1990. Higher rates of intermarriage were reported in the 1990 survey compared to a prior social survey conducted in 1973-78. Prior to 1964, 9.2% of marriages were interfaith, while 54.8% were intermarriages with Jews between 1985 and 1990. Having foreign-born parents before 1970 was highly significantly related to lower intermarriage; the smaller coefficient after 1970 could be related to the smaller sample size. Jewish children growing up in a Reform household had a higher likelihood of intermarriage than those from a Conservative household. The coefficients for Orthodox households were negative and not significant. Prior to 1970 only, having a Bar or Bat Mitzvah was statistically significantly and negatively related to intermarriage. The extent of religious education ranging from none to some formal religious education did not affect the probability of intermarriage. Intermarriage was more likely among those with a high school degree or a vocational degree or less than those with Bachelor's degrees after 1970. Intermarriage was unlikely among those with Jewish college education. Intermarriage was significantly higher among those born in the West than among those born in the Northeast. Intermarriage was higher among those marrying at older ages (over 26 years). Only prior to 1970 were Jewish men more likely to marry outside the Jewish faith. Between 1985 and 1990, the chances of marrying within the Jewish faith were enhanced by the larger size of the Jewish population where one lived. After 1985, having at least one foreign-born parent decreased the likelihood of intermarriage, as did having a Ph.D. or equivalent degree. After 1985, Jewish marriages were more likely among younger couples; age differences over the age of 25 years were not apparent. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SURVEYS | JEWS | INTERMARRIAGE | RELIGION | VALUE ORIENTATION | PARENTING EDUCATION | RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Education | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 095527

26. Title: Trying to turn the tide on teen pregnancy. Author: Louv R Source: CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR. 1994 Feb 1;86(47):19. Abstract: A columnist for the San Diego Star Tribune discusses the new policy directive to wage cultural war against US teen pregnancy. William Galston, US President Clinton's domestic policy deputy director, says that the campaign will be waged nationally in radio public service announcements and through classroom education. Galston gave a speech in December 1993 that raised concern about the "relaxation of social, moral, and cultural stigmas against out of wedlock births." A Family Research Council study indicates that 29% of older Americans (over 55 years of age) believe that out of wedlock births should not be morally rebuffed by society, while among those aged 15-24 years, 70% believe that there is nothing negative about out of wedlock births. Conservatives such as Charles Murray generate fear of a future White underclass. Patrick Moynihan's 1965 warning about the disintegration of Black families is cited. In 1965, 26% of White children and 68% of Black children were born to unwed mothers. The expected trend is for Whites to follow Blacks in rising numbers of unwed pregnancy, which will swell the underclass by four or five times. Murray suggests abolishing welfare payments to women who stay single and have children. The argument is that this either forces the involvement of fathers or decreases births. Adoption and orphanages are recommended as solutions to families' inability to support their children. Galston does not believe these approaches are likely but issues reports on the increasing likelihood of unwed mothers living in poverty. The criticism is that this campaign, like the "Just Say No to Drugs" campaign will be superficial, and the motivation to use shame to halt a problem will ignore underlying reasons. One reason for unwed births is the need of these mothers to experience love or achieve status among their peers. A San Diego school counselor reports that her work with pregnant teens has led her to the conclusion that these girls are desperate for a sense of community. The suggestion is that the campaign should jointly stress, dollar for dollar, the pains and joys of parenting and should teach children about child development. High school graduation would depend on completion of a parenting course which would respect diversity of family values. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ILLEGITIMACY | CURRICULUM | MASS MEDIA | PARENTING EDUCATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Education | Communication Document Number: 092578

27. Title: [Rehabilitation of adolescent mothers at the Wayerema center in Sikasso. The rejects of yesterday become good matches] Rehabilitation des filles-meres au centre Wayerema de Sikasso. Les exclues d'hier deviennent de bons partis. Author: Sow EB Source: POP SAHEL. 1990 Aug;(13):51-4. Abstract: In Mali, only girls pay the penalties for having sexual intercourse. Pregnant girls are taken out of school. In 1975, the Sikasso city government established the Feminine Promotion Center of Wayerema. Today, it receives girls aged 15-23 at a cost of 5000 francs per girl. The girls tend to have been sent away from school for insufficient intelligence or physical inaptitude (i.e., pregnancy). 80% of attendees are adolescent mothers, 45% of whom are illiterate. The youth spend 3 years at Wayerema Center. They learn about nutrition and prepare for family life by learning about sex education, birth spacing, and contraceptive use. They learn how to improve their socioeconomic status through apprenticeships in sewing, embroidery, gardening, livestock raising, and dyeing and how to work in a group. Training and family life education provide them the means to take charge of their lives. The Malinian Association for the Protection and Promotion of the Family submitted a grant proposal to IPPF to increase the Center's financial resources to meet the growing demand for its services. The number of students has increased from 107 in 1983 to 210 in 1990. IPPF funds went to buying about 20 sewing machines (65,000 francs/new machine). Sales of sewn items and of kitchen garden products allow the Center to be self-supporting. The municipality pays for electricity, water, staff, and seven external teachers. The Catholic church intervenes at the planning level and favors natural family planning methods and sexual abstinence. The Center's director is a nun of the Catholic mission. The Center appears to be effective. Adolescent pregnancy has decreased from 20% in 1980 to 10% in 1988. Sikasso has 3 centers providing maternal and child health and family planning services. Yesterday's rejects have become educated and literate women who can generate their own income. In fact, men come to the center to find a quality wife who can share the economic burden. Language: French Keywords: MALI | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MOTHERS | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | PARENTING EDUCATION | INCOME GENERATION PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Education | Economic Development | Economic Factors Document Number: 106954

28. Title: Teen pregnancy and parenting handbook. Author: Mathes PG; Irby BJ Source: Champaign, Illinois, Research Press, 1993. vii, 431 p. Abstract: This manual instructs pregnant women about options during the first three months of pregnancy, future preparations, the physiology of pregnancy, proper diet, maternal health, labor and delivery procedures, postpartum care, birth control, sexually transmitted diseases, parenting, newborn care, and infant and child development. Thirty-three figures accompany the text. Substantive information is provided on deciding the future, making decisions, believing in yourself, and setting goals. Good decisions are made based on brainstorming about options, considering the consequences of options, learning all that is possible about choices, choosing the best idea, and making plans. These five steps in decision making may lead to a decision for single parenthood, marriage, adoption, or pregnancy termination. Each of the fifteen chapters has a special section on questions and answers. For example, the answer to the question about economic resources may be either a reliance on public assistance or the father, who is legally responsible in the US for child support. The advantages are control over child care and rearing. The disadvantages are financial problems and difficulty in completing high school or advanced schooling. Each chapter also has a summary introduction in simple language, which explains goals of learning. For example, the chapter on labor and birth begins by stating that the reader will learn about how to tell when labor begins, what happens to the body in labor, and when a cesarean section is necessary. Further information is given about the stages of labor, physical body changes in preparation for the birth, the first stage of active labor, the second stage of labor, and expulsion of the infant and placenta. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MANUAL | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PARENTS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | PHYSIOLOGY | CHILD REARING | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | PARENTING EDUCATION | MATERNAL HEALTH | ANTENATAL CARE | SEXUALITY | DECISION MAKING | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Health | Biology | Behavior | Education | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Personality | Psychological Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 092509

29. Title: Supporting young mothers. Author: Thompson J Source: NURSING TIMES. 1993 Dec 22-29;89(51):64-7. Abstract: Parenting education and prenatal care services were established in the W-13 Social Club, a youth center in Ealing Hospital district in London, England. Teenage pregnancies in and around the hospital had averaged about 200 per year with 140 bookings at Ealing Hospital. The program was organized in June 1990 by a midwife who found that attendance at traditional prenatal classes by pregnant teenagers was limited. The Ealing Teen Mums' Club was served by the midwife and an assistant youth worker and had support from the W-13 social club manager. Contact was made with pregnant teenagers by identifying and following-up with phone calls potential clients from records of bookings at the Ealing Hospital. Clients were at first contacted in the third trimester, but this later was changed to the client's first prenatal appointment. Initial inquiries were made about the teenager's feelings about the pregnancy and social supports. Clients were usually in their 25th week of pregnancy. The group averaged about 10 persons, who ranged in age from 13 to 19 years. The prenatal sessions went from 11 AM until 12:30 PM and lasted for 8 weeks. Space was found in the W13 Social Club in May 1992. A tour of the hospital was arranged prior to delivery. Sessions were open to friends, relatives, and partners. The teenagers determined the content of sessions, which in general focused on the emotional and practical aspects of pregnancy and child care, benefit payments, and relationships with boyfriends and relatives. Smoking and nutrition were some of the practical issues of discussion; experts came in to discuss issues such as nutrition. From 12:30 to 2:30 PM the center was open to teenage mothers and their children, whose discussions ranged from weaning to first aid, play, and child development. Feedback from clients indicated support for the program and dislike for adverse publicity about teenage pregnancy and their motivation for benefits and housing. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | CRITIQUE | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | ANTENATAL CARE | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | PARENTING EDUCATION | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ADOLESCENTS | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Maternal Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Education | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 097166

30. Title: Teen pregnancy and maladjustment: a study of base rates. Author: Thomas EA; Rickel AU Source: JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY. 1995 Jul;23(3):200-15. Abstract: The present investigation determines base rates for maladjustment by interviewing pregnant/parenting teenage mothers as well as nonpregnant/nonparenting teenage girls in public schools. A total of 420 participants were involved in the studies. The results indicate that pregnant/parenting teens experience significantly more maladjustment than their nonpregnant/nonparenting counterparts and that these groups also differ significantly on maternal competence. Specifically, pregnant/parenting teens reported more flexibility and practicality when faced with the daily demands of child rearing. Yet they were less likely to manipulate the environment in a positive manner to avoid child behaviors that might result in harm to the child or require disciplinary action. Findings will be discussed in light of their relevance for preventive intervention with pregnant/parenting teens that promote adjustment and parenting competence. Furthermore, preventive intervention strategies will be presented for adolescents who are engaging in high-risk sexual behavior. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MOTHERS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | PARENTING EDUCATION | CHILD REARING | SAFER SEX | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Schools | Education | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Social Behavior | Behavior | Sex Behavior Document Number: 113061

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