1.  Title: A study on violence against girls: Report on the International Girl Child Conference, 9-10 March 2009, The Hague, the Netherlands. Author: UNICEF. Innocenti Research Centre; Netherlands. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Human Rights Division Source: Florence, Italy, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, 2009. [97] p. Abstract: This publication summarizes the discussions and outcomes of the International Conference on Violence against the Girl Child. The conference addressed gaps in knowledge, research, and responses to violence against girls in the home, and was a follow-up to the United Nations Secretary-General’s Study on Violence against Children. Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILDREN | CHILD ABUSE | SOCIAL PROTECTION | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | CARE AND SUPPORT | CHILD MARRIAGE | INTERNET | HUMAN RIGHTS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | RECOMMENDATIONS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Information Networks | Communication | Diseases Document Number: 331831 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Effects of school health nursing education interventions on HIV/AIDS-related attitudes of students in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Author: Akpabio II; Asuzu MC; Fajemilehin BR; Ofi AB Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2009 Feb;44(2):118-123. Abstract: Purpose: One of the greatest challenges facing school nurses is that of identifying and using appropriate strategies to meet the health education needs of adolescents in regard to prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). This study examined the effects of HIV/AIDS preventive health education with parental involvement on students' attitude toward HIV/AIDS prevention in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Methods: The study population comprised students from three of nine secondary schools in the study area. The three schools were randomly assigned as Intervention Group 1 (IG1), involving nurses only; Intervention Group 2 (IG2), involving both nurses and parents (IG2); and a control group. A pretest/ post-test intervention design was used. A 29-item, validated questionnaire was the instrument for data collection. Sampling involved multistage and stratified random technique to select 120 subjects from each of the three selected schools, with a total of 360 subjects representing 8.3% of the study population. From this number, 339 (94.2%) provided sufficient data for analysis. Data analysis involved analysis of covariance and the Scheffé post hoc test determined at the .05 significance level. Results: Results show significant effect of intervention on students attitudes toward preventive measures (F<234.27, p .001*). The intervention that involved nurses only was found to be a more potent strategy in providing favorable attitudes toward HIV/AIDS prevention (IG1 mean, 20.59; IG2 mean, 19.20; control mean, 12.34). Attitudes were influenced by older age but not by gender. Conclusion: Health education efforts aimed at improving HIV/AIDS-related attitudes should not only focus on children but also on parents so that they in turn could assist to improve on health workers' efforts in educating the children. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVENTIONS | STUDENTS | NURSES AND NURSING | HEALTH EDUCATION | ATTITUDES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Child Rearing Document Number: 330164 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Education gender gaps in Pakistan: Is the labor market to blame? Author: Aslam M Source: Economic Development and Cultural Change. 2009 Jul;57(4):747-784. Abstract: Differential labor market returns to male and female education are one potential explanation for large gender gaps in education in Pakistan. We empirically test this explanation by estimating private returns to education separately for male and female wage earners. This article contributes to the literature by using a variety of methodologies (ordinary least squares, Heckman correction, two-stage least squares, and household fixed effects) in order to estimate economic returns to education. The latest nationally representative data-the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (2002)-are used. Earnings function estimates consistently reveal a sizable gender asymmetry in economic returns to education, with returns to women's education being substantially and statistically significantly higher than men's. The return to an additional year of schooling ranges between 7% and 11% for men and between 13% and 18% for women. There are also large, direct returns to women's education at low levels of schooling, and the education-earnings profile is more convex for women than for men. However, a decomposition of the gender wage gap (into the component "explained" by differing male and female endowments and the residual component) suggests that there is highly differentiated treatment by employers. We conclude that the total labor market returns are much higher for men, despite returns to education being higher for women. This suggests that parents may have an investment motive in allocating more resources to boys than to girls within households. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | LABOR FORCE | SPOUSE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | GENDER ISSUES | SEX FACTORS | INEQUALITIES | INCOME | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 341095 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Parent-adolescent communication about sex in Morelos, Mexico: does it impact sexual behaviour? Author: Atienzo EE; Walker DM; Campero L; Lamadrid-Figueroa H; Gutierrez JP Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Apr;14(2):111-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Parent-adolescent communication about sexuality has been shown to influence adolescents' sexual behaviour. This study aims to describe communication about sex between Mexican parents and adolescents, and its relation to age at first intercourse and condom use. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with self-administered questionnaires of first year students at 23 high schools. Communication was divided into three themes: biological aspects, risks associated with sexual behaviour, and prevention. For sexually active adolescents, discussion timing was determined to have occurred prior to, or after sexual initiation. Analysis included logistic regression models stratifying by discussion timing. RESULTS: Overall 5,461 questionnaires were analysed. Among male respondents 24.3% and among females 10.6% stated that they were sexually active. As many as 83.1% reported having spoken with parents about sexual relations. Communication was more common with mothers. Discussions about risk and prevention prior to sexual initiation was associated with condom use at first intercourse (Odds ratio [OR] = 2.05); late discussion was associated with younger age (<15) at first intercourse (OR = 3.51). CONCLUSIONS: Communication before onset of sexual activity about risk and prevention is associated with safe sex practices. Improving parent-adolescent communication is a poorly studied strategy to influence adolescents' behaviour. Interventions should promote early parent-adolescent communication. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | YOUTH | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | COMMUNICATION | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341614 |
| 5. Title: Role of parents in adolescent sexual activity and contraceptive use in four african countries. Author: Biddlecom A; Awusabo-Asare K; Bankole A Source: International Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Jun;35(2):72-81. Abstract: Data were collected in 2004 in nationally representative surveys of 12- to 19-year-olds in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, and Uganda. Bivariate analysis was used to compare gender differences for two outcomes among unmarried 15- to 19-year-olds having had sexual intercourse in the last 12 months and, among those who had had sex in this period, having used contraception at last sex. Unmarried adolescents reported moderate to high levels of parental monitoring and low levels of parent-child communication about sexual matters. In all countries, adolescent males who reported low monitoring were at elevated risk of having had sex in the last year, as were their female counterparts in three of the countries. Communication with parents was positively associated with sexual activity among Malawian males and Ugandan females. Parental monitoring was not associated with contraceptive use at last sex, whereas parent-child communication was associated with such use among Ghanaian females and among Ugandan adolescents of both genders. The authors conclude that programs to improve adolescent sexual and reproductive health should include dimensions of parental involvement. Language: English Keywords: BURKINA FASO | GHANA | MALAWI | UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Eastern | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Child Rearing | Health | Communication | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 342142 |
| 6. Title: Parental communication as a protective factor in increasing condom use among minority adolescents. Author: Buzi RS; Smith PB; Weinman ML Source: International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health. 2009 Jan-Mar;21(1):51-9. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine ethnic differences in risk behaviors among adolescents who attended family planning clinics and to evaluate the impact of parental communication regarding sexual topics on adolescent condom use. The sample for this study included 697 black and Hispanic female adolescents ranging in age from 13-22 years. Ethnic differences were found in sexually transmitted infection rates, number of sexual partners, and condom use. Although black adolescents were more likely than Hispanic adolescents to report recent condom use, Black adolescents reported higher rates of sexually transmitted infections and more sexual partners. Black adolescents reported more parental communication about sexual topics than Hispanic adolescents. Parental communication was associated with increased condom use. The results of this study emphasize the importance of parental communication in risk reduction among adolescents. As ethnicity emerged in the study as a significant factor, interventions aimed at increasing parent-adolescent communication will have to be tailored to address the needs of specific ethnic groups. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | ETHNIC GROUPS | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTS | CONDOM USE | COMMUNICATION | RISK BEHAVIOR | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Child Rearing Document Number: 341666 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Effects through 24 months of an HIV/AIDS prevention intervention program based on protection motivation theory among preadolescents in the Bahamas. Author: Gong J; Stanton B; Lunn S; Deveaux L; Li X; Marshall S; Brathwaite NV; Cottrell L; Harris C; Chen X Source: Pediatrics. 2009 May;123(5):e917-28. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this work was to report the intervention effects of Focus on Youth in the Caribbean (youth HIV intervention), an HIV prevention intervention based on protection motivation theory, through 24 months of follow-up on sexual risk and protection knowledge, perceptions, intentions, and behavior among Bahamian sixth-grade youth. METHODS: We randomly assigned 1360 sixth-grade youth (and their parents) attending 15 government elementary schools in the Bahamas to 1 of 3 conditions: (1) youth HIV intervention plus a parental monitoring/communication/HIV education intervention; (2) youth HIV intervention plus a parental goal-setting intervention; or (3) an environmental protection intervention plus the parental goal-setting intervention. Baseline and 4 follow-up surveys at 6-month intervals were conducted. Intervention effects were assessed using the mixed model for continuous outcome variables and the generalized linear mixed model for dichotomous outcome variables. RESULTS: Through 24 months of follow-up, youth HIV intervention, in combination with the parent interventions, significantly increased youths' HIV/AIDS knowledge, perceptions of their ability to use condoms, perception of the effectiveness of condoms and abstinence, and condom use intention and significantly lowered perceived costs to remaining abstinent. There was a trend for higher condom use among youth in the Focus on Youth in the Caribbean groups at each follow-up interval. CONCLUSIONS: Focus on Youth in the Caribbean, in combination with 1 of 2 parent interventions administered to preadolescents and their parents in the Bahamas, resulted in and sustained protective changes on HIV/AIDS knowledge, sexual perceptions, and condom use intention. Although rates of sexual experience remained low, the consistent trend at all of the follow-up periods for higher condom use among youth who received youth intervention reached marginal significance at 24 months. Additional follow-up is necessary to determine whether the apparent protective effect is statistically significant as more youth initiate sex and whether it endures over time. Language: English Keywords: CARIBBEAN | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | SEX BEHAVIOR | KNOWLEDGE | CONDOM USE | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | YOUTH PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341344 |
| 8. Title: Adolescent sexual and reproductive health in developing countries: an overview of trends and interventions. Author: Hindin MJ; Fatusi AO Source: International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Jun;35(2):58-62. Abstract: Today there are more than one billion 10-19 year olds, 70% of whom live in developing nations. They are growing up with greater access to formal education, an increasing need for computer skills and Internet literacy, different job opportunities, and more exposure to new ideas through media, telecommunications, and other avenues. The environment in which young people are making decisions related to sexual and reproductive health is also rapidly evolving. Rates of sexual initiation during young adulthood are rising or remaining unchanged in many developing countries; childbearing and marriage are increasingly unlinked; and in many countries, high HIV prevalence adds to the risks associated with early sexual activity. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX EDUCATION | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | NEEDS | HIV PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior | Education | Child Rearing | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 339886 |
| 9. Title: Guide to implementing family skills training programmes for drug abuse prevention. Author: Kumpfer K Source: Vienna, Austria, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2009. [64] p. Abstract: This curriculum, available in six languages, is designed primarily for preventing drug abuse among young people. However, many of the family and parenting skills discussed, such as providing security, trust, and warmth in parent-child relationships; developing structure in family life; and using appropriate discipline practices and sufficient limit-setting, are applicable in other settings. The guide also provides practical advice on training staff, recruiting families, and program monitoring and evaluation.. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | FAMILY LIFE | RISK FACTORS | SUBSTANCE ADDICTION | RISK BEHAVIOR | VIOLENCE | PHYSICAL ABUSE | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Social Problems | Behavior | Child Rearing | Training Programs | Education Document Number: 331374 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Barriers and facilitators to maternal communication with preadolescents about age-relevant sexual topics. Author: Miller KS; Fasula AM; Dittus P; Wiegand RE; Wyckoff SC; McNair L Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Apr;13(2):365-74. Abstract: The present study examined factors that promote parent-child discussions about sex topics. A sample of 1,066 dyads of African American mothers and their 9-12-year-old children participated completing computer-administered surveys. After controlling for all other covariates, mother's sexual communication responsiveness (i.e., knowledge, comfort, skills, and confidence) was the most consistent predictor of discussions. Mothers with higher responsiveness had significantly increased odds of discussions about abstinence, puberty, and reproduction, based on both mother and child reports. In addition, child's age, pubertal development, readiness to learn about sex, and being female were positively associated with an increase in the odds of discussions in most models. Findings indicate that encouraging parents to talk with their children early may not be sufficient to promote parent-child sex discussions. Parents also need the knowledge, comfort, skills, and confidence to communicate effectively and keep them from avoiding these often difficult and emotional conversations with their children. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | BLACKS | MOTHERS | CHILDREN | SEXUALITY | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | OBSTACLES | SEX EDUCATION | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | ATTITUDES | SEX FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication | Organization and Administration | Education | Child Rearing Document Number: 342862 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Iron deficiency and child and maternal health. Author: Murray-Kolb LE; Beard JL Source: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009 Mar;89(3):946S-950S. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency is most commonly found in women of reproductive age and infants worldwide, but the influence of maternal iron deficiency on infant development is underexplored. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine the relation between maternal iron status and mother-child interactions in a randomized, double-blind, intervention trial conducted in South Africa. DESIGN: Women were recruited into the study from a health clinic at 6-8 wk postpartum and were classified as either iron-deficient anemic (IDA) or iron-sufficient after blood analysis. IDA mothers received iron supplements of 125 mg FeSO(4) (IDA-Fe; n = 34) or placebo (IDA-PL; n = 30) daily from 10 wk to 9 mo postpartum. The control group (n = 31) consisted of iron-sufficient mothers. Free-play mother-child interaction sessions were videotaped in the clinic at 10 wk (n = 80) and 9 mo (n = 66) postpartum and coded per the Emotional Availability Scales (4 maternal scales: sensitivity, structuring, nonintrusiveness, and nonhostility; 2 infant scales: responsiveness and involvement). RESULTS: At 10 wk, scores for maternal sensitivity and child responsiveness were significantly greater in the control group than in the IDA groups (P = 0.028 and 0.009, respectively). At 9 mo, the control and IDA-Fe groups no longer differed. These 2 groups scored significantly better on the maternal sensitivity, structuring, and nonhostility scales and on the child responsiveness scale than did the IDA-PL group (P = 0.007-0.032), whose iron status remained low. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that maternal iron deficiency negatively affects mother-child interactions and that iron supplementation protects against these negative effects. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | DOUBLE-BLIND STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INFANT | MOTHERS | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | SERUM IRON LEVEL | DEFICIENCY DISEASES | MATERNAL NUTRITION | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | BONDING | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Biology | Hemic System | Physiology | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Nutrition | Health | Nutrition Programs | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Child Rearing Document Number: 330708 |
| 12. Title: Preparing daughters: the context of rurality on mothers' role in contraception. Author: Noone J; Young HM Source: Journal of Rural Health. 2009 Summer;25(3):282-9. Abstract: CONTEXT: The United States continues to have the highest rate of adolescent childbearing among developed countries. Lack of access and disadvantage contribute to this problem, which disproportionately impacts rural women. Given the increased difficulty rural young women face regarding contraceptive access, parental communication and support play an even more vital role in assisting them to navigate decisions about and access to contraception. PURPOSE: To examine rural women's perspectives on how living in a rural area impacts issues surrounding pregnancy prevention for their daughters and parent-child communication regarding pregnancy prevention. METHODS: Open-ended interviews were conducted with 30 mothers of adolescent women in 3 rural counties in southern Oregon. Thematic analysis within and across interviews using constant comparative analysis was used to explore barriers, facilitators and strategies mothers identified in talking with their daughters about contraception. FINDINGS: Specific themes found that related to the rural environment included (1) conservatism, (2) isolation, (3) lack of privacy, (4) stigma, (5) the paradox of the rural environment, and (6) the uniqueness of rural life. CONCLUSIONS: The context of living in a rural environment may present unique barriers to facilitate parent-child communication when discussing intimate topics. The design of interventions needs to take into consideration these issues, particularly when attempting to serve hard-to-reach populations. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | OREGON | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | MOTHERS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | INTERVIEWS | PRIVACY | STIGMA | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Child Rearing | Behavior | Communication | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Social Problems Document Number: 341797 |
| 13. Title: Facilitating health-enabling social contexts for youth: qualitative evaluation of a family-based HIV-prevention pilot programme. Author: Paruk Z; Petersen I; Bhana A Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009 Apr;8(1):61-68. Abstract: This paper reports on a post-intervention qualitative evaluation of the pilot intervention of the AmaQhawe Family Project, in South Africa, which is a cartoon-based, manualised intervention delivered to multiple family groups over 10 sessions, aimed at preventing HIV in adolescents through strengthening the adult protective shield. Semi-structured interviews with nine women who had participated in the pilot intervention were used to understand participants' perceptions of how the family-based HIV-prevention programme had assisted in addressing the issues identified in a pre-intervention exploratory study. Analysis of the data was informed by community health psychology and social capital theory. The findings indicate that at an individual level, the women interviewed had experienced an improved sense of empowerment, both as parents and as women. They also reported increased social support for effective parenting. At a collective level, the women reported that the programme had helped them to exert better informal social controls within the community, as well as to increase their social leverage and participation in community organisations. The findings suggest that HIV interventions involving families can strengthen the adult protective shield to facilitate health-enabling social contexts for youth. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE EVALUATION | PILOT PROJECTS | PARENTS | YOUTH PROGRAMS | HIV PREVENTION | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | COMIC BOOKS | INTERVIEWS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Evaluation | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Child Rearing | Printed Media | Mass Media | Communication | Data Collection Document Number: 341288 |
| 14. Title: Does access to contraception raise teenage pregnancy rates? Author: Paton D Source: Nursing Times. 2009 Mar 24-30;105(11):11. Abstract: Since the government launched its Teenage Pregnancy Strategy in 1999, millions of pounds have been spent on access to 'confidential sexual health services' for young people. Many nurses are uncomfortable with providing such services to children under 16, especially without parental knowledge. Unfortunately, the latest data shows that pregnancy and abortion rates for under-16s are higher now. Given this, nurses may be questioning whether they have been right to go along with this policy. A 2007 Obstetrics and Gynecology review of the evidence relating to emergency contraception concluded that 'to date, no study has shown that increased access to [emergency contraception] reduces unintended pregnancy or abortion rates' (Raymond et al, 2007). When policy interventions have unexpected impacts that subvert the aim of the policy, economists often refer to the law of unintended consequences. In this case, by lowering the pregnancy risk, easier access to birth control may encourage more young people to engage in sexual activity. If so, pregnancies decrease among those who would have sex anyway, but increase among those who have sex when they otherwise would not have done. Overall, we end up with a similar number of pregnancies but with more sexually active underage youngsters. Many contraceptive methods offer no protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Research published in Sex Education suggests increased access to emergency contraception may be associated with higher teenage STI rates (Paton, 2006). On a positive note, academic evidence is clear that involving parents in the decision-making is crucial. When the Gillick ruling was in effect in England and Wales during most of 1985, contraception could not be provided to underage girls without parental involvement. Take-up at family planning clinics dropped by about 30%, yet underage pregnancy rates decreased slightly relative to older teenagers. The ruling was overturned in late 1985. In addition, research in the Journal of Health Economics and elsewhere reveals that laws requiring parental consent before an abortion is performed on a minor lead to significant decreases in teenage abortions, pregnancies and even STIs (Levine, 2003). It is unclear why it has taken so long for the findings to filter down to nurses. Whatever the reason, nurses might remember that although the Fraser guidelines permit nurses to provide minors with access to abortion and contraception without parental knowledge if they can make informed decisions, they do not require nurses to do so. Furthermore, all health professionals-and taxpayers -should question why PCTs spend resources on measures such as school-based provision of emergency contraception that, at best, are ineffective and, at worst, may contribute to poor sexual health among teenagers. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTION | DECISION MAKING | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331149 |
| 15. Title: Prevalence and risk factors of gender-based violence committed by male college students in Awassa, Ethiopia. Author: Philpart M; Goshu M; Gelaye B; Williams MA; Berhane Y Source: Violence and Victims. 2009;24(1):122-36. Abstract: We sought to determine the prevalence and risk factors for the perpetration of gender-based violence among 1,378 male undergraduate students in Awassa, Ethiopia. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information. Nearly a quarter (24.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 22.1-26.7) of students admitted perpetrating acts of gender-based violence during the current academic year. Approximately 15.8% (95% CI 13.7-17.9) of students reported physically abusing, and 16.9% (95% CI 14.8-19.0) reported committing acts of sexual violence against an intimate partner or nonpartner. Alcohol consumption, khat use (Catha edulis, a natural stimulant), combined use of alcohol and khat, and witnessing parental violence were risk factors for committing gender-based violent acts. These findings suggest an obvious need for effective prevention programs targeted toward changing social norms on the use of violence. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | KAP SURVEYS | MEN | STUDENTS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | UNIVERSITIES | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Measurement | Health | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Schools | Behavior | Child Rearing Document Number: 341064 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Growing rejection of female genital cutting among women of reproductive age in Amhara, Ethiopia. Author: Rahlenbeck SI; Mekonnen W Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May;11(4):443-452. Abstract: Data on female genital cutting are presented from 1942 women aged 15-49 years in Amhara region, Ethiopia, 2005. Reportedly 69% (1333/1942) had undergone the procedure. Rates showed a secular decline, decreasing from 77% in women aged 45-49 years old to 59% in those age 15-24 years. Of women with daughters, 64% had at least one circumcised daughter. Again, prevalence declined from 78% in daughters of mothers aged 45-49 years to 45% in those aged 15-24 years. In logistic regression, controlling for maternal FGC status, age and religion, maternal education was a strong predictor of having a circumcised daughter. Fifty-four percent of respondents disapproved of the continuation of FGC. In logistic regression controlling for covariates, education and self-empowerment were factors associated with rejecting FGC. Women who had ever attended a school had a 4-fold increase in the odds of disapproving the practice than those who never did and respondents who scored high on empowerment indices had a 1.5-fold increase in the odds to favour discontinuation compared to women scoring low. Future efforts to eliminate this harmful practice should be particularly directed to illiterate populations in rural areas. Efforts strengthening women's empowerment will accelerate the progress of these programmes. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MOTHERS | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | ATTITUDES | PREVALENCE | AGE FACTORS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | RELIGION | SELF-PERCEPTION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Measurement | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Perception | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Women's Status Document Number: 341090 |
| 17. Title: Association of sexual intercourse with psychological suppression and copying modes for vocational school students. Author: Wang L; Wang XJ; Tu XW; Lou CH; Gao E Source: Journal of Reproduction and Contraception. 2009 Jun;20(2):101-112. Abstract: Objective To evaluate the association of sex behavior with sexual related psychological suppression and coping modes among students in three vocational schools in Shanghai. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1 368 grade one students from three vocational schools in a district of Shanghai, with Computer Assisted Self-Interview (CASI). The field work began in the April, 2003 for a baseline survey, and completed in the December, 2003. Data on students’ sexual intercourse, sexual related psychological suppression and psychological coping modes, and communication with parents were collected and analyzed. Binary logistic regression was used to adjust the potential confounding factors. Results After controlling for demographic factors, adolescents with middle or high scores of active psychological coping strategies on sexual related events were less likely to have sexual intercourse (OR adj=0.48. 95%CI=0.30-0.77 and ORadj=0.49, 95%CI=0.30-0.83, respectively), while association between psychological suppression on sex related events and sexual intercourse was not statistically significant (ORadj=0.93, 95%CI=0.63-1.37); sexual related psychological suppression and active coping modes were positively associated with adolescents’ communicating with parents for 2-7h/week about school things, but negatively associated with parents’ open attitudes towards heterosexual contacts and talking sex related things with others. Conclusion Vocational school students with active psychological coping strategies on sexual related events were less likely to engage in sexual intercourse, so interventions focus on reducing unprotected sexual behaviors should target on psychological coping modes skills training. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | STUDENTS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | SEXUALITY | SEX BEHAVIOR | ANXIETY DISORDERS | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Education | Behavior | Personality | Reproduction | Child Rearing Document Number: 339902 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Effects of parental involvement in HIV/AIDS preventive education on secondary student knowledge about transmission and prevention in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Author: Akpabio II; Asuzu MC; Fajemilehin BR; Ofi B Source: International Quarterly of Community Health Education. 2008-2009;29(1):71-87. Abstract: This study investigated HIV/AIDS preventive health education involving nurses alone (IG1) and another involving both nurses and trained parents/ guardians (IG2) on students' knowledge of HIV/AIDS' transmission and prevention in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Subjects included 339 students selected through a multistage and stratified random sampling technique. A pre-test/post-test intervention design with control group was used. Data were obtained using questionnaire, and analysis involved the use of analysis of covariance, multiple classification analysis, and Scheffe's post-hoc test. Results show that students exposed to parental involvement had significantly better mean scores on knowledge of prevention (IG2: x=7.51; IG1: x=6.96 control: x=3.82). Furthermore, although the male students had significantly higher mean score with intervention involving only nurses, the females had higher mean score with intervention involving parents/guardians. It is recommended that parents/guardians should be trained and involved in HIV/AIDS' preventive education of secondary school students. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | STUDENTS | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | HIV TRANSMISSION | HEALTH EDUCATION | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | SEX EDUCATION | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Education | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Schools | Child Rearing | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 342119 |
| 19. Title: Parental influence on reproductive health behaviour of youths in Ibadan, Nigeria. Author: Amoran OE; Fawole O Source: African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2008 Mar;37(1):21-7. Abstract: The study was carried out to document parental influence on the reproductive health behaviour of youths in Ibadan, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey of 274 youths from Idikan community was carried out. Information on the socio-demographic characteristics, parental communication, parental monitoring and sexual practices of respondents were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. A total of 274 youths were interviewed, 111 (40.5%) were sexually active. The overall mean age at first sexual exposure was 15.2 +/- 3.0 yrs (males = 15.4 +/- 3.5 yrs, females 14.90 +/- 2.6 yrs). Fifty-two (19.0%) respondents used condom regularly. More out of school youths (42.2%) were more sexually active than those in school (38.7%) (chi2 = 0.32 p = 0.573). Youths (50.8%) with secondary school education used condom regularly than those with primary education 40.4% (p > 0.05). Mothers were more involved in family life education than fathers (40.9% vs. 16.8% p < 0.05) and family life education was found to promote condom use (p < 0.001). Predictors of regular condom use among the youths were comprehensive family life education by mothers (OR = 6.24, C.I = 2.47-15.75, p = 0.001), respondents' level of education (OR = 0.415, C.I = 0.211-0.814 p = 0.011) and occupation (OR = 0.48, C.I = 0.24-0.95 p = 0.034). While comprehensive family life education by mothers (OR = 2.11, C.I = 1.04-4.28, p = 0.038), female sex (OR = 2.2, C.I = 1.28-3.83 p = 0.005) and liberal monitoring pattern by mother (OR = 2.16, C.I = 1.03-4.53 p = 0.04) were predictors of increased sexual activity. Parents particularly mothers can promote safe sexual practices by giving information and education on reproductive health matters. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | YOUTH | PARENTS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | BEHAVIOR | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CONDOM USE | FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing | Health | Risk Reduction Behavior | Education Document Number: 329818 |
| 20. Title: Parenting practices and adolescent sexual behavior: A longitudinal study. Author: Bersamin M; todd M; Fisher DA; Hill DL; Grube JW Source: Journal of Marriage and Family. 2008 Feb;70(1):97-112. Abstract: The effects of parental attitudes, practices, and television mediation on adolescent sexual behaviors were investigated in a study of adolescent sexuality and media (N = 887). Confirmatory factor analyses supported an eight-factor parenting model with television mediation factors as constructs distinct from general parenting practices. Logistic regressions indicated that adolescents reporting greater parental disapproval and limits on viewing at Wave 1 were less likely to initiate oral sex between Waves 1 and 2. Adolescents who reported more sexual communication with parents were more likely to initiate oral sex. Results for vaginal intercourse were similar to those for oral sex. Coviewing was a significant negative predictor of initiation of sexual behavior. Parental attitudes and television mediation can delay potentially risky adolescent sexual behaviors. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTS | CHILD REARING | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | SEX BEHAVIOR | COMMUNICATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior Document Number: 324035 |
| 21. Title: Discourses of childhood innocence in primary school HIV / AIDS education in South Africa. Author: Bhana D Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2008 May;7(1):149-158. Abstract: This article draws from interview data to examine the meanings that teachers in two race and class-specific contexts in greater Durban, South Africa, may give to children's right to sexual health information as a part of HIV/ AIDS education. The article focuses on the regulation and production of childhood innocence by means of the ways the primary school teachers talked about sex in their HIV/AIDS education lessons to grade-four students. I argue that discourses of childhood innocence regulate and limit the possibilities of conversing about sex in such a context. The dominant discourses construct children as 'too young to know' and displace children's right to sexual health information to older children, while stressing anxieties about parent hostility to sex education, which precludes effective coverage of sexual topics in HIV/AIDS education. Showing how race, class and culture are deployed in upholding innocence, I contend that the notion of childhood innocence is embedded within the varying social contexts that make up the South African landscape. But, I suggest that an assumption that primary school teachers will engage with HIV/AIDS education while mediating information about sex in health promotion is simplistic. In conclusion, I propose a need for ongoing theoretical and practical work with teachers and the need to build alliances with parents. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | TEACHERS | STUDENTS | CHILD | PARENTS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SEXUALITY | SEX EDUCATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Education | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Schools | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Child Rearing Document Number: 327166 |
| 22. Title: Parental investment, club membership, and youth sexual risk behavior in Cape Town. Author: Camlin CS; Snow RC Source: Health Education and Behavior. 2008 Aug;35(4):522-540. Abstract: This study examines whether parental investment and membership in social clubs are associated with safer sexual behaviors among South African youth. Participants comprised 4,800 randomly selected adolescents age 14 to 22 living in the Cape Town area in 2002. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between measures of parental investment and associational membership with reported condom use at first and most recent sexual intercourse, net of effects of HIV knowledge, age, education, population group, parental coresidence, and household income. Interaction terms were used to examine gender differences in associations between risk behavior and parental investment and between risk behavior and group membership. Participation in clubs and community groups is associated with safer behaviors. A mother's financial support (for clothing, school fees and uniforms, and pocket money) is negatively associated with condom use, particularly among young women, suggesting that material need impels vulnerability to higher risk behaviors. Social resources in households and communities mediate HIV risk behaviors among youth in Cape Town. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | RISK BEHAVIOR | PEER GROUPS | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Child Rearing | Knowledge Sources | Communication Document Number: 308272 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Using sibling differences to estimate effects of parenting on adolescent sexual risk behaviors. Author: Coley RL; Medeiros BL; Schindler HS Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2008 Aug;43(2):133-140. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to estimate effects of positive and involved parenting during mid-adolescence on sexual risk behaviors (frequency of intercourse, unprotected intercourse, and number of sexual partners) during late adolescence. Substantial literature suggests that supportive family contexts and parenting behaviors may discourage adolescents from engaging in early and risky sexual activities; yet methodological limitations hamper the conclusions regarding causality and directionality that can be drawn from much existing research. To address such limitations, the current study used a variety of increasingly conservative statistical modeling techniques to help control for unobserved heterogeneity and potential bias and hence to progress toward identifying causal relationships. Drawing from a nationally representative longitudinal survey of adolescents (NLSY97; N = 4980), this study used ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models, lagged regression models, and family fixed-effects models to assess whether parental knowledge, parent negativity, and family activities during mid-adolescence predicted differences in late adolescent sexual risk behaviors. Even after controlling for unobserved heterogeneity across individuals and across families, parenting processes significantly predicted later adolescent sexual risk behaviors. Specifically, more regular family activities and less negative and hostile parenting during mid-adolescence predicted lower sexual risk behaviors during late adolescence. Results concerning the buffering effects of parenting on adolescent risk behaviors help to inform prevention and intervention efforts. Through the use of more rigorous statistical methodology and large representative samples of youth, this research provides an exemplar of how survey research can seek to move closer to understanding causal processes in the exceedingly complex systems of human development. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | THEORETICAL MODELS | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | PARENTS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing Document Number: 327770 |
| 24. Title: Ethical concerns in female genital cutting [editorial] Author: Cook RJ Source: African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2008 Apr;12(1):7-11. Abstract: Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | CLASSIFICATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PHYSICIANS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | WHO | ETHICS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | CHILD ABUSE | COMPLICATIONS | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Diseases Document Number: 322363 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: The HIV testing experiences of adolescents in Ndola, Zambia: Do families and friends matter? Author: Denison JA; McCauley AP; Dunnett-Dagg WA; Lungu N; Sweat MD Source: AIDS Care. 2008 Jan;20(1):61-71. Abstract: This study explored how adolescents involve their families, friends and sex partners when making decisions about seeking HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) and disclosing their HIV-status. The study is based on 40 qualitative in-depth interviews with 16 to 19 year olds who knew their HIV status in Ndola, Zambia. The findings show that: a) almost half of the youth turned to family members for advice or approval prior to seeking VCT; b) a disapproving reaction from family members or friends often discouraged youth from attending VCT until they found someone supportive; c) informants often attended VCT alone or with a friend, but rarely with a family member; and d) disclosure was common to family and friends, infrequent to sex partners, and not linked to accessing care and support services. Family members need access to information on VCT so they can support young peoples' decisions to test for HIV and to disclose their HIV status. These results reinforce the need to provide confidential VCT services for adolescents and the need to develop and test innovative strategies to reach adolescents, their families and sex partners with VCT information and services. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | ADOLESCENTS | HIV TESTING | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | SOCIAL NETWORKS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Communication | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Evaluation Document Number: 324156 |
| 26. Title: Improving communication between parents and adolescents on reproductive health and HIV / AIDS. Executive summary. Author: Diop NJ; Diagne A Source: In: Improving communication between parents and adolescents on reproductive health and HIV / AIDS, by Nafissatou J. Diop, Alioune Diagne. [Washington, D.C,], Population Council, Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 2008 Mar. :i-viii. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-98-00012-00) English summary of French report. Abstract: In 2005 the Population Council's FRONTIERS in Reproductive Health Program, in collaboration with the Centre for Development and Population Activities (CEDPA), the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Youth in Senegal, conducted an operations research project aimed at improving parent-child (specifically parent-adolescent) communication about reproductive health and HIV/AIDS. The study was designed to focus on parents/guardians of adolescents (10-14 years and 15-19 years) and adolescent youth living in urban and rural Senegal. The overall objective was to gain a better understanding of interventions designed specifically to reduce risks to Adolescent Reproductive Health. The specific goal of the project was to develop a model of intervention and assess its effectiveness and functionality in increasing adult-youth communication around issues of adolescent well-being, sexuality and reproductive health in terms of changes in the areas of: parents' and youth's knowledge and attitudes about issues concerning adolescents, particularly reproductive health; community support for adolescent needs, particularly in communication on adolescents' reproductive health issues; the frequency, quality, and topics discussed during parent-child (parent-adolescent) communication; the protective and regulatory mechanisms used by parents to address adolescents' reproductive health. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | PARENTS | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | INTERVENTIONS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | PROGRAM DESIGN | PRE-POST TESTS | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Communication | Health | Psychological Factors Document Number: 326885 |
| 27. Title: Changes in HIV/AIDS knowledge among early adolescents in Puerto Rico. Author: Fernandez DM; Figueroa WI; Gomez Mde L; Maysonet J; Olivares ER; Hunter RF Source: Ethnicity and Disease. 2008 Spring;18(2 Suppl 2):S2-146-50. Abstract: INTRODUCTION: One of the factors that influences HIV risk behavior among early adolescents is their HIV/AIDS knowledge. The objectives of this study were 1) to describe the sociodemographic features and HIV/AIDS knowledge among Puerto Rican early adolescents participating in the ASUMA (A Supportive Model for HIV Risk Reduction in Early Adolescents) project; and 2) to assess changes in the knowledge of HIV/AIDS within the intervention and nonintervention groups after the first year of the study. METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study of 173 early adolescents after 12 months of participation in the ASUMA project. The setting of the study was four junior high schools. Baseline and follow-up self-administered questionnaires were issued to the entire study group. The first workshop was developed directed to increase HIV/AIDS knowledge and decrease vulnerability in the group assigned to the intervention. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed. RESULTS: 47% of adolescents were cases and 52.6% controls. Most adolescents were 12 years old; 50.3% were boys and 49.7% were girls; 78.6% believe that they could have a good conversation with their parents; and 26.3% reported alcohol use at any time in their lives. A significant increase in HIV/AIDS knowledge was found among adolescents from the intervention group (P < .001), while a nonsignificant increase was found among control adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: An increase in HIV/AIDS knowledge was observed among adolescents who participated in the first year of the ASUMA project. This study illustrates the importance of the creation of culturally appropriate instruments and interventions to reduce HIV infection in adolescents. Language: English Keywords: PUERTO RICO | EVALUATION REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | KNOWLEDGE | HIV PREVENTION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | WORKSHOPS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Caribbean | Americas | Developed Countries | Evaluation | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Factors | Education | Child Rearing | Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 328747 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Focus-on-Teens, sexual risk-reduction intervention for high-school adolescents: impact on knowledge, change of risk-behaviours, and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases. Author: Gaydos CA; Hsieh YH; Galbraith JS; Barnes M; Waterfield G; Stanton B Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2008 Oct;19(10):704-10. Abstract: A community-based intervention, Focus-on-Kids (FOK) has demonstrated risk-behaviour reduction of urban youth. We modified FOK to Focus-on-Teens (FOT) for high schools. High school adolescents (n=1190) were enrolled over successive school semesters. The small-group sessions were presented during the school-lunch hours. Confidential surveys were conducted at baseline, immediate, six-, and 12-month postintervention for demographics, parental communication/monitoring, sexual risk behaviours and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)/HIV/condom-usage knowledge. Sexually active participants were encouraged to volunteer for urine-based STDs testing at the School-Based Health Centres. Many (47.4%) students reported having had sexual intercourse at baseline. Overall behaviours changed towards 'safer' sex behaviours (intent-to-use and using condoms, communicating with partner/parents about sex/condoms/STDs) with time (P<0.05). Proportion of students with complete correct knowledge of STDs/HIV increased to 88% at time 4 from 80% at baseline after adjusting for age, gender and sexual activity (P<0.05). High prevalence of STDs was detected in 875 participants who reported for urine testing at time 1: trichomonas, 11.8%; chlamydia, 10.1% and gonorrhoea, 4.1%. Prevalence decreased significantly for 310 participants who re-tested; chlamydia: 27.4% to 6.1% and gonorrhoea: 11.3% to 3.2%. FOT was successfully implemented as an STDs/HIV risk-reduction intervention. Sustained improvements of knowledge about STDs/HIV/condom usage, decreases in sexual risk behaviours supported the effectiveness of this intervention. Language: English Keywords: MARYLAND | EVALUATION REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | KNOWLEDGE | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | CONDOM USE | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Evaluation | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Behavior | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Child Rearing | Risk Reduction Behavior | Interpersonal Relations Document Number: 329420 |
| 29. Title: Parent-adolescent communication about sexual intercourse: an analysis of maternal reluctance to communicate. Author: Guilamo-Ramos V; Jaccard J; Dittus P; Collins S Source: Health Psychology. 2008 Nov;27(6):760-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: A unified theory of behavior was applied to parent-adolescent communication about sexual intercourse to understand why some mothers speak less often with their children about not having sexual intercourse. According to the theory, parental decisions or intentions to engage in such conversations are a function of expectancies, social norms, self-concept, emotions, and self-efficacy. DESIGN: Data were collected from a random sample of 668 mother-adolescent dyads recruited from middle schools located in the Bronx community of New York City. Data were collected via self-administered surveys. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mother and adolescent reports on the frequency of parent-adolescent communication about sexual intercourse were obtained. Adolescents and mothers reported how often the mother had discussed 21 topics related to sexual behavior. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Results supported the utility of the framework for understanding parent-adolescent communication about sexual intercourse. Significant maternal correlates included (a) expectancies about lacking knowledge, being embarrassed and encouraging children to think maturely and focus on school; (b) self-concept and perceiving that mothers who didn't talk with their children about sex were irresponsible; (c) emotions about feeling relaxed and comfortable; and (d) self-efficacy about the ease of talking with one's child. Implications for family based prevention programs are discussed. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Diseases Document Number: 329578 |
| 30. Title: [Attitudes and knowledge on sexual matters among 16-year old teenagers] Vidhorf og thekking 16 ara unglinga a kynlifstengdu efni. Author: Gunnarsdottir K; Geirsson RT; Thorkelsson E; Einarsson JT; Ingvarsson RF; Bragadottir S Source: Laeknabladid. 2008 Jun;94(6):453-60. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Sexually transmitted diseases and unplanned pregnancies are social and health issues among Icelandic teenagers and are more prevalent than in neighbouring countries. In 2001 knowledge and attitudes to sexual education, sexually transmitted disease and contraception among 16-year olds were investigated by questionnaire. Knowledge was defective. The study was repeated in 2005-2006 in a larger sample and change over five years estimated after an educational effort on sexual issues was launched by medical students (www.astradur.is). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A survey with 69 multiple choice questions was administered in conjunction with sexual education by medical students. Changes in replies to the same questions were compared between 2001 and 2005-2006 as well as before and after teaching. RESULTS: A total of 201 teenagers were in the first and 417 in the latter study. There was a wish for sexual education in schools and by outside advisers. The parental role was relatively small. Knowledge was inadequate in both, but significant improvement was seen between periods and after the educational effort (p<0.001). Misconceptions were common, such as 13% of boys believing that oral contraceptives protected against sexually transmitted disease, that herpes infection was curable by antibiotics (70% of respondents) and that modern medicine cured HIV (10% of respondents). Attitudes to sexual behavior had not changed by 2005-6 and 66% thought it normal for 14-16 year olds to have sexual intercourse, while only 8% were ready to handle the consequences. CONCLUSION: Misconception and inadequate knowledge on various key aspects of sexuality is common, not least on serious sexually transmitted diseases, which suggests a need for improved sexual education in late primary and early secondary school. Language: Icelandic Keywords: ICELAND | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | RESPONDENTS | ADOLESCENTS | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | SEX EDUCATION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | SEX BEHAVIOR | MISINFORMATION | NEEDS | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Education | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Child Rearing | Communication | Economic Factors Document Number: 328921 |
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