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Peer Reviewed

Title: Longitudinal antiretroviral adherence in HIV+ Ugandan parents and their children initiating HAART in the MTCT-plus family treatment model: role of depression in declining adherence over time.
Author: Byakika-Tusiime J; Crane J; Oyugi JH; Ragland K; Kawuma A; Musoke P; Bangsberg DR
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(Suppl 1):S82-S91.
Abstract: The authors conducted a study to assess the effect of family-based treatment on adherence amongst HIV-infected parents and their HIV-infected children attending the Mother-To-Child-Transmission Plus program in Kampala, Uganda. Adherence was assessed using home-based pill counts and self-report. Mean adherence was over 94%. Depression was associated with incomplete adherence on multivariable analysis. Adherence declined over time. Qualitative interviews revealed lack of transportation money, stigma, clinical response to therapy, drug packaging, and cost of therapy may impact adherence. Our results indicate that providing ART to all eligible HIV-infected members in a household is associated with excellent adherence in both parents and children. Adherence to ART among new parents declines over time, even when patients receive treatment at no cost. Depression should be addressed as a potential barrier to adherence. Further study is necessary to assess the long-term impact of this family treatment model on adherence to ART in resource-limited settings.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | PARENTS | CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | USER COMPLIANCE | QUESTIONNAIRES | DEPRESSION | PACKAGING | STIGMA | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Marketing | Economic Factors | Social Problems
Document Number: 341904

Peer Reviewed

Title: One versus multiple packs for women starting oral contraceptive pills: a comparison of two distribution regimens.
Author: Chin-Quee D; Otterness C; Wedderburn M; McDonald O; Janowitz B
Source: Contraception. 2009 May;79(5):369-74.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite World Health Organization and International Planned Parenthood Federation recommendations to provide multiple pill cycles to new users, many programs in developing countries still give only one pill cycle to new acceptors. STUDY DESIGN: To compare provision of a single versus multiple packs of pills, new pill users in 20 matched public sector clinics in Jamaica were assigned to one of two pill regimens in which they received either one (then subsequently three) or four pill cycles at method initiation. The primary outcome was the proportion of women who used pills beyond 4 months. RESULTS: Among 655 women, those receiving one cycle of pills at initiation, followed by counseling and a three-pack resupply, were no more likely to be using pills after 4 months than women who received four packs at initiation (odds ratio=1.33; 95% confidence interval=0.88-2.0). In both pill regimen groups, returning late to the clinic for resupply was a problem. However, more women in the 1+3-pack regimen group returned late to study clinics to obtain their fifth cycle of pills than their counterparts in the 4-pack regimen group (53% vs. 28%). CONCLUSION: Our findings support the recommendation that pill users should be given more than one cycle to start, because an extra visit for resupply contributes to clinic and provider costs. Moreover, providing more pill cycles at initiation would decrease the likelihood that women experience a gap in pill use between cycles.
Language: English
Keywords:
JAMAICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | PACKAGING | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | TIME FACTORS | COUNSELING | USER COMPLIANCE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | Caribbean | Americas | Developing Countries | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Marketing | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Clinic Activities | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage
Document Number: 330940

Peer Reviewed

Title: An assessment of the relationship between condom labels and HIV-related beliefs and intentions.
Author: Bleakley A; Fishbein M; Holtgrave D
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2008 May;12(3):452-458.
Abstract: The aim of this article is to examine the impact of the FDA's proposed condom package labeling on HIV-related beliefs about condom effectiveness, on intentions to recommend condoms for friends to use, and intentions to use condoms. Using a nationally representative survey we randomized 1,194 adults ages 18-65 years into one of three condom label conditions: the current label on condom packaging; a label with the proposed FDA language; and a label with CDC language on condom effectiveness. In short, there are no significant differences between the proposed FDA label and the current label on HIV-related beliefs and intentions. In contrast, from an HIV prevention perspective, the CDC condom language appears to offer a better alternative to the current condom label for unmarried populations. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONDOMS | USFDA | LICENSING | HIV PREVENTION | SAFETY | PACKAGING | LANGUAGE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Product Approval | Legislation | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Public Health | Health | Marketing | Economic Factors | Communication
Document Number: 325902

Peer Reviewed

Title: Depo-Provera and skeletal health: a survey of Florida obstetrics and gynecologist physicians.
Author: Paschall S; Kaunitz AM
Source: Contraception. 2008 Nov;78(5):370-6.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: In November of 2004, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a black box warning regarding skeletal health concerns with depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) contraception. This FDA labeling change has the potential to impact how this contraceptive is used. Our goal was to assess the impact of the FDA decision on how Florida obstetrician-gynecologists prescribe DMPA. METHODS: A survey was conducted with questions and case scenarios regarding the use of DMPA before and after the black box warning. The survey was sent to all members of the Florida Obstetric and Gynecologic Society. RESULTS: Four hundred twenty-five surveys were mailed and 149 were returned - a 35% return rate. Forty-six percent of physicians surveyed indicated that they place a time limit on DMPA use, and 66% stated that this limit was based on the FDA black box warning. Sixty-five percent of respondents ordered bone mineral density (BMD) testing solely due to the use of DMPA, with 58% indicating that this decision was based on the black box warning. Eight (5.4%) of the respondents indicated they selectively prescribe bisphosphonates for patients based solely on the use of DMPA, while 33% of respondents state that they use estrogen supplementation. There was a trend towards fewer DMPA injections per week after the black box warning as compared to before; however, this trend was not statistically significant (p<.125). CONCLUSION: Respondents may be writing fewer prescriptions for DMPA, are likely to institute a time limit on said prescription and are likely to order BMD testing, using the black box warning as justification. Continued education is necessary to prevent inappropriate restrictions on DMPA use and the performance and/or prescription of inappropriate tests and medications.
Language: English
Keywords:
FLORIDA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN | PHYSICIANS | DEPO-PROVERA | SKELETAL EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | TIME FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | PACKAGING | ESTROGENS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Usage | Population Dynamics | Safety | Public Health | Marketing | Economic Factors | Hormones | Endocrine System
Document Number: 329153

Title: Sourcing guide. The nevirapine infant-dose pouch for use in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV / AIDS programs. Version 1.
Author: Program for Appropriate Technology in Health [PATH]
Source: Seattle, Washington, PATH, 2006 Aug. 23 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GHA-A-00-01-00005-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PN-ADI-175)
Abstract: As part of a public-private partnership with the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and Boehringer Ingelheim (BI; manufacturer of Viramune�1 brand nevirapine), PATH developed a simple solution, the nevirapine (NVP) infant-dose pouch. This pouch can help prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV/AIDS (PMTCT) programs overcome the packaging challenges to increased coverage of at-risk newborns with the infant dose of NVP. The purpose of the Sourcing Guide is to provide PMTCT programs with the information they would need to independently procure NVP infant-dose pouches for use in PMTCT services. While PATH developed the NVP infant-dose pouch and validated its use in the field, PATH is not a manufacturer or supplier of the pouch. PATH's design for the pouch uses readily available packaging materials and processes which may be locally available in many countries. This guide will help programs either: Procure pouches from a current manufacturer(s) identified by PATH; or Engage a local or regional packaging manufacturer to produce pouches of similar function and quality. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TEACHING MATERIALS | EVALUATION | INFANT | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | USAID | PACKAGING | HEALTH EDUCATION MATERIALS | HIV PREVENTION | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Marketing | Economic Factors | Health Education | Education
Document Number: 315663

Title: Oral rehydration salts. Production of the new ORS.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]. Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development; UNICEF. Supply Division
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, 2006. [122] p. (WHO/FCH/CAH/06.1)
Abstract: This document is updating an earlier document (WHO/CDD/SER/85.8), and provides information on the manufacture of the new ORS that, since 2003, is recommended by WHO and UNICEF. It has been prepared to assist national authorities in establishing the local manufacture of a product of pharmaceutical quality, in order that they may become self-reliant in meeting the needs of their national diarrhoeal diseases control activities. It is emphasized that the methods recommended in the document are meant to serve as guidelines, and that they need to be adapted to meet local requirements and conditions, provided they follow the principles of Good Manufacturing Practices for pharmaceutical products (WHO Technical Report Series, No 908, 2003) that can be found in the annexes of this document. Specific information on "Quality Management", "Personnel", "Validation" and "Qualification" can be found in this annex. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | CHILDREN | ORAL REHYDRATION | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | PRODUCTION | PRICING | LOGISTICS | QUALITY CONTROL | PACKAGING | SODIUM | STORAGE AND WAREHOUSES | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Drugs | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marketing | Management | Organization and Administration | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 312462

10.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Promoting condoms in Brazil to men who have sex with men.
Author: Darden C
Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2006 Nov;14(28):63-67.
Abstract: DKT International is a non-profit social marketing enterprise whose mission is to provide safe, affordable options for family planning and STI/HIV prevention. In Brazil, DKT sells male and female condoms to mostly lower-income couples nationwide. This paper is about the introduction of a ribbed, lubricated, latex condom called Affair to the Brazilian market in 2000. Sales were initially very low, but based on reports that Affair was well liked by some men who have sex with men, we took the opportunity to give Affair that positioning. We worked with our advertising agency, a local research company and Dignidade, a Brazilian NGO working for the rights of men who have sex with men. Two new products - a baggy condom called Affair Sensation and a complimentary lubricating gel called Affair Personal Lubricant - with new packaging and a promotional campaign were launched in February 2006. The billboard advertisement generated controversy in Sao Paulo, where the Advertising Council required it to be taken down due to complaints. However, the controversy helped promotion and at the same time generated public debate on sexuality and human rights. Our overall experience has been positive, sales are up and we have received messages of support for the products and their promotion from consumers. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | SUMMARY REPORT | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | CONDOMS | CONDOM USE | SOCIAL MARKETING | ADVERTISING | PUBLIC HEALTH | SEXUALITY | PACKAGING | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Marketing | Economic Factors | Promotion | Health | Personality | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 311636

11.

Title: Advances in the Brazilian norm for commercialization of infant foods.
Author: de Fatima Moura de Araujo M; Rea MF; Pinheiro KA; de Abreu Soares Schmitz B
Source: Revista�de Saude Publica / Journal of Public Health. 2006 Jun;40(3):513-520.
Abstract: The objective was to assess the advances in the Brazilian norm for commercialization of infant foods from 1988 to 2002, comparing the different texts with each other and with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes. This was a descriptive study based on data collected from documents, reports, ordinances and resolutions from the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The versions utilized in the comparison were from 1992 and 2002. Comparative analysis made it possible to identify important advances in the legislation. In 1992, liquid and powdered milk were included in the scope, along with teats and dummies (pacifiers), and also warning phrases in advertising and on product labeling. In 2002, regulations for products were published by the National Agency for Sanitary Surveillance, thereby strengthening supervisory actions and including regulations for baby foods, nutrient formulae for high-risk newborns, and nipple protectors. The phrases used in commercial advertising and on product labeling, including dummies, teats and bottles, became Ministry of Health warnings. The labeling was defined according to product types, on the basis of more restrictive rules. Significant modifications in the control over the marketing of products aimed at mothers during the lactation period. However, there are still some legislative questions that would make it possible to improve the Brazilian norm, in order to protect breastfeeding. There is also a need for the government to implement systematic monitoring routines to supervise this legislation. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | INFANT | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | PRIVATE SECTOR | MILK SUBSTITUTES | LEGISLATION | ADVERTISING | PACKAGING | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Promotion | Marketing
Document Number: 312803

12.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Consumer response and satisfaction to prepackaged antimalarial drugs for children in Aba, Nigeria.
Author: Salami KK; Brieger WR
Source: International Quarterly of Community Health Education. 2006;24(3):215-229.
Abstract: In July 2003, a consortium of three USAID partners launched a project to promote the correct use of color-coded, age-specific, prepackaged drugs (PPDs) to treat malaria promptly in preschool-aged children in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria. A 3-pronged promotional approach included training of patent medicine vendors (PMVs), home visits by community health promoters, and mass media. Five hundred seventy respondents were interviewed in February-March 2004. People heard about the PPDs from medicine sellers (33.4%), health workers (24.3%), the electronic mass media (18.4%), and friends or relatives (13.5%). Most children (81.1%) took Robaquine (chloroquine--CQ), while 108 (18.9%) took Fansidar (sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine--SP). The median amount paid for Robaquine was N50 ($0.36) and for Fansidar, N80 ($0.57). Respondents rated the effectiveness of the PPD treatment as very effective (86.8%). Most respondents had something positive to say about the drug (94.9%) and the packaging (93.8%). Only 19.5%) had a complaint about either the drug or the packaging. Overall, 454 (83.9%) received the correct age-appropriate packet. Continuing education is needed for the PMVs to ensure that they obtain accurate age information about the child and sell the age-specific packet. Underdosing is just as serious a concern as overdosing in Nigeria where parasite resistance is rapidly developing for both drugs. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILD | CLIENTS | SATISFACTION | PACKAGING | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | MALARIA PREVENTION | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Marketing | Economic Factors | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 309015

13.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Mifepristone label gets new safety information.
Source: Contraceptive Technology Update. 2005 Oct;26(10):115-117.
Abstract: The manufacturer of the abortion pill mifepristone (Mifeprex, Danco Laboratories; New York City) has revised the safety information for the drug's label and issued a letter to health care providers in light of five deaths from serious bacterial infection and sepsis following use of the medication abortion regimen. According to Danco, there have been more than 460,000 estimated uses of Mifeprex from September 2000 through June 2005. During that time, the company says it has received reports of five deaths following treatment with Mifeprex and misoprostol. One case occurred in 2001 during a Canadian clinical trial; the other four cases of septic deaths came from California during September 2003 to June 2005. Scientists have identified the bacteria in two of the cases as Clostridium sordellii, an anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria; the others cases are under investigation by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), along with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), state and local health departments, and Danco Laboratories. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | RU-486 | ABORTION | SAFETY | INFORMATION | PACKAGING | USFDA | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | INFECTIONS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | DEATH | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Public Health | Health | Marketing | Economic Factors | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 285112 Notification

14.
Title: Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in pediatric HIV infection. Supplement I: Pediatric antiretroviral drug information.
Author: Working Group on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of HIV-Infected Children
Source: [Unpublished] 2005 Mar 24. 34 p.
Abstract: In order to successfully suppress HIV viral replication without disruption of normal cellular function, it is essential to target specific components unique to the virus. Theoretically, antiretroviral agents that target the initial stages of the viral replicative cycle (prior to provirus formation), should prevent primary infection of cells, yet be ineffective in cells that have already integrated virus and drugs that inhibit steps after viral integration should block new virus production by virally infected cells. Currently FDA approved antiretroviral medications include fusion inhibitors, which prevent viral entry; reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nucleoside, nucleotide, and nonnucleoside), which act at the early stage of replication; and inhibitors of viral protease, which work in the later stage after viral integration. Fusion inhibitors are the newest class of antiretroviral drugs, and act by inhibiting binding or fusion of HIV to target host cells. The NRTIs are potent inhibitors of the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme, which is responsible for the reverse transcription of viral RNA into DNA; this process occurs prior to integration of viral DNA into the chromosomes of the host cell. The NRTIs require intracellular phosphorylation to their active forms by cellular kinases. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CATALOG | CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | DRUG RESISTANCE | SIDE EFFECTS | SAFETY | USFDA | PRODUCT APPROVAL | PACKAGING | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Treatment | Public Health | Health | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Legislation | Marketing | Economic Factors
Document Number: 289127

15.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Improving access to early treatment of malaria: a trial with primary school teachers as care providers.
Author: Afenyadu GY; Agyepong IA; Barnish G; Adjei S
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2005 Oct;10(10):1065-1072.
Abstract: The feasibility of improving access to early case detection and prompt and adequate management of acute episodes of malaria using school teachers was explored through an intervention trial in Ghana. Of all the �fevers� diagnosed as presumptive malaria by the trained teachers, 93% met the case definition. However, a lower proportion (75%) of such correctly diagnosed cases were subsequently treated according to the treatment protocol provided. In a scaled up study, pre-packaging of the antimalarial drug improved the rate of adequate treatment to 97% of cases correctly diagnosed as presumptive malaria. Pre-packaging of chloroquine ensured a high level of user compliance (96.6%), even in the face of diminished supervision of the teachers. It is feasible for the health and education sectors to work in partnership to improve access to early case detection and adequate management of acute episodes of malaria. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | TEACHERS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | MALARIA | TREATMENT | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | DRUGS | PACKAGING | USER COMPLIANCE | RURAL AREAS | FEVER | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Schools | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Marketing | Economic Factors | Behavior | Geographic Factors | Population | Body Temperature | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 290649

16.

Title: Introducing zinc in a diarrheal control program: a manual for conducting formative research.
Author: Nichter M; Acuin CS; Vargas A
Source: [Unpublished] [2005]. 85 p.
Abstract: This guide to formative research on zinc administration during diarrhea was designed to assist a multicenter zinc study coordinated by The International Network of Clinical Epidemiology (INCLEN) between 2002-2004 v , and jointly supported by INCLEN, JHU, USAID and WHO. A zinc intervention and effectiveness trial was carried out in seven sites: (1) Lucknow, India; (2) Nagpur, India; (3) Manila, Philippines; (4) Pretoria, South Africa; (5) Cairo, Egypt; (6) Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; and (7) Fortaleza, Brazil. Prior to the intervention trial, formative research was to take place in each site to facilitate instrument construction, zinc message development in local languages, intervention monitoring, and evaluation. The guide was largely created in the field in the Philippines by a team of three social scientists having considerable research experience on diarrheal disease and pharmaceutical practice. Given the absence of well trained social scientists at most of the trial sites, the guide was developed for use by teams having little expertise in health social science. Researchers at each site were encouraged to review existing social science research on diarrhea and ORT in their locale, and when possible to enlist the assistance of local social scientists in the formative stage of their research. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | MANUAL | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | FORMATIVE RESEARCH | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | CHILDREN | MOTHERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | DIARRHEA | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | ZINC | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | PACKAGING | MARKETING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Diseases | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition Programs | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 317374

17.

Title: Unit-dose packaged drugs for treating malaria (review).
Author: Orton L; Barnish G
Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2005 Apr 20;(2):[27] p..
Abstract: Unit-dose packaging of antimalarial drugs may improve malaria cure by making it easier for patients to take their treatment correctly. The objectives were to summarize the effects of unit-dose packaged treatment on cure and treatment adherence in people with uncomplicated malaria. We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, conference proceedings, and reference lists of articles. We also contacted pharmaceutical companies, organizations, and researchers in the field. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cluster-RCTs, quasi-RCTs, and controlled before-and-after studies of unit-dose packaged drugs for treating uncomplicated malaria. We independently assessed study eligibility and methodological quality, and extracted data for an intention to treat analysis, where possible. We combined binary data using relative risk (RR) and the fixed-effect model, and presented them with 95% confidence intervals (CI). We attempted to contact study authors for additional information. Three quasi-RCTs (895 participants) and one cluster-RCT (6 health facilities) met the inclusion criteria. Trials were of poor methodological quality, and none adequately assessed treatment failure. Unit-dose packaged drugs (in conjunction with prescriber training and patient information) appeared to be associated with higher participant-reported treatment adherence in all trials. A meta-analysis of two trials (596 participants) showed that participant-reported treatment adherence was higher with blister-packed tablets compared with tablets in paper envelopes (RR 1.18, 1.12 to 1.25). Two trials using tablets in sectioned polythene bags as the intervention also noted an increase in participant-reported treatment adherence: the cluster-RCT (6 clusters) compared it with tablets in paper envelopes, and the other trial compared it with syrup in bottles (RR 2.15, 1.76 to 2.61; 299 participants). There is insufficient evidence to determine the effect of unit-dose packaged antimalarial drugs on treatment failure. Unit-dose packaging supported by prescriber training and patient information appears to improve participant-reported treatment adherence, but these data come from trials with methodological limitations. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | MALARIA | TREATMENT | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | PACKAGING | USER COMPLIANCE | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Marketing | Economic Factors | Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 307770

18.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Bulletin: Emergency contraception moves closer to over-the-counter.
Source: Contraceptive Technology Update. 2004 Feb;25(2):[3] p..
Abstract: This month may well mark a milestone in women�s health if the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) follows the recommendation of two of its expert advisory committees to approve the over-the-counter (OTC) sale of Plan B, the levonorgestrel-only emergency contraceptive (EC). In a joint meeting of the FDA�s Reproductive Health Drugs and Nonprescription Drugs Advisory committees, members voted 23 to 4 to recommend OTC sale of the drug. The final decision rests with the FDA�s commissioner, Mark McClellan, MD, MPH. While the FDA doesn�t always follow its advisory panels� recommendations, it would be �surprising� if it did not in this case, says James Trussell, PhD, professor of economics and public affairs and director of the Office of Population Research at Princeton (NJ) University. �There wasn�t much opposition, and there was considerable support� for making the EC drug available on retail pharmacy shelves, says Trussell, who was a member of the FDA joint committee. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | LEVONORGESTREL | USFDA | PRODUCT APPROVAL | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | PRESCRIPTIONS | PACKAGING | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Legislation | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Marketing | Economic Factors
Document Number: 281815

19.
Peer Reviewed

Title: First chewable OC enters U.S. market.
Source: Contraceptive Technology Update. 2004 Feb;25(2):[2] p..
Abstract: Successful pill-taking is an important component for women who use oral contraceptives (OCs). Inconsistent use and method discontinuation are estimated to account for approximately 20% of the annual 3.5 million annual unintended pregnancies in the United States. Will a chewable contraceptive aid in pill-taking compliance? The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has just approved the first such product. Look for the launch of Ovcon 35 in late spring, says Katie MacFarlane, PharmD, vice president of marketing for Galen Holdings and Warner Chilcott, based in Rockaway, NJ. When a pill is reformulated into a chewable form, it must be flavored to mask the chalky taste of the active ingredient, says Jeff Worthington, managing director of food and pharmaceutical technologies at Cambridge, MA-based TIAX, an independent and privately held technology development and consulting firm that aids companies in developing palatable pharmaceuticals, nutritional products, foods, and beverages. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | USER COMPLIANCE | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | USFDA | PRODUCT APPROVAL | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | NORETHINDRONE | PACKAGING | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior | Drugs | Treatment | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Legislation | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Marketing | Economic Factors
Document Number: 281814

20.
Peer Reviewed

Title: More women are looking at intrauterine devices.
Source: Contraceptive Technology Update. 2004 Nov;25(11):[3] p..
Abstract: Are more women at your family planning facility requesting information on intrauterine contraception? Chances are you are seeing an increase in interest: Almost 30% of respondents to the 2004 Contraceptive Technology Update Contraception Survey say they have performed six to 25 intrauterine device (IUD) insertions in the last year, up slightly from 2003�s figures. The popularity of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (Mirena IUS, Berlex Laboratories, Montville, NJ) led to an increase in the number of IUD insertions, confirms Joe Childress, MD, an obstetrician/ gynecologist in private practice in San Antonio. Women in the United States have two choices when it comes to intrauterine contraception: the Mirena and the Copper T 380A IUD (ParaGard, FEI Women�s Health, North Tonawanda, NY). More IUD insertions are being performed at the Pinal County Health Department, a public health facility in Florence, AZ, reports Carolyn Brown, RNP, nurse practitioner. The facility uses ParaGard IUDs. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | IUD | PACKAGING | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Marketing | Economic Factors | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Contraceptive Effectiveness
Document Number: 281886

21.
Peer Reviewed

Title: New labeling for the pill: will it change how you prescribe oral contraceptives?
Source: Contraceptive Technology Update. 2004 Sep;25(9):[4] p..
Abstract: When it comes to using combined oral contraceptives (OCs), clinicians and patients look to drug package labeling for the most current information on how the Pill may be safely and effectively used. If new industry guidance for package labeling goes into effect, however, combined OC labels may not reflect the most current thinking in contraceptive provision. While the guidance offers a more simplified approach to the label and patient instructions, several women�s health groups have called for the directive to contain more updated medical information, a more thorough explanation about contraceptive method failure rates, and expanded information on the noncontraceptive benefits of the Pill. �My understanding is that package labeling is intended to provide accurate and up-to-date drug information for consumers and providers,� says David Grimes, MD, vice president of biomedical affairs at Family Health International in Research Triangle Park, NC. �The proposed labeling I reviewed was neither accurate nor up to date.� Groups such as the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), National Association of Nurse Practitioners in Women�s Health (NPWH), both based in Washington, DC; Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA) in New York City; and drug manufacturers such as Raritan, NJ-based Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical and Philadelphia-based Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, have filed comments with the regulatory agency. The deadline for filing comments was May 4, 2004. The FDA is analyzing the comments, says Susan Cruzan, FDA spokeswoman. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | PACKAGING | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | SOCIAL MARKETING | INSTRUCTION | SAFETY | COUNSELING | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Marketing | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Education | Public Health | Health | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 281876

22.
Title: Access to HIV / AIDS drugs and diagnostics of acceptable quality. Procurement Quality and Sourcing project. Manufacturers and suppliers whose HIV-related medicines have been found acceptable, in principle, for procurement by UN agencies. 18th ed.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]; UNICEF; Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS [UNAIDS]; United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA]
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, 2004 Aug 9. 19 p.
Abstract: A "Procurement, Quality and Sourcing Project: Access to HIV/AIDS drugs and diagnostics of acceptable quality" was actively started by WHO in collaboration with other United Nations Organizations (UNAIDS, UNICEF, and UNFPA) in March 2001. The World Bank supports this initiative. The background to the project is described in the project description. The procedure for assessing the acceptability in principle of HIV/AIDS drugs comprises various components including 1) The evaluation of product data and information provided by manufacturers and suppliers, and 2) Inspection of manufacturing sites. Due to the particular properties of several substances used in some pharmaceutical finished dosage forms in the treatment of HIV/AIDS (e.g. chiral activity, isomerism, sensitivity to relative humidity etc.), and the current status where there are no Pharmacopoeia monographs and standards available for several substances and finished products, WHO appointed experts have performed a comprehensive and rigorous evaluation of the products included in the list, with a view to establishing their compliance with international standards. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CATALOG | EVALUATION | AIDS PREVENTION | DRUGS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | PACKAGING | PRODUCT APPROVAL | UN | WHO | STANDARDS | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Marketing | Economic Factors | Legislation | International Agencies | Organizations | Research Methodology
Document Number: 289132

23.
Title: Hearing addresses condoms for HPV prevention.
Author: Christopher A
Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2004 Jul 7;96(13):985.
Abstract: A politically challenged debate about labeling condoms with warnings about the link between human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer has erupted following a related Congressional hearing on the issue in March. Although the dispute centers on the protection of women from cervical cancer, the debate is just as much about ideology: premarital abstinence or monogamy in marriage versus condom use for those who choose to be sexually active. The hearings, called by Rep. Mark Souder (R-lnd.) at the urging of Tom Coburn, M.D., co-chair of the Presidential Advisory Committee on HIV/AIDS continue to raise questions about a public law Coburn authored in 2000 and that former President Bill Clinton signed days before leaving office. Souder confronted the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention with his belief that the agencies had not complied with the public law. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN | CONDOM USE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | PACKAGING | CERVICAL CANCER | LEGISLATION | VIRAL DISEASES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Marketing | Economic Factors | Cancer | Neoplasms
Document Number: 277654

25.

Title: Developing and testing a generic job aid for malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Field report.
Author: Rennie W; Harvey SA
Source: Bethesda, Maryland, University Research Company, Quality Assurance Project, 2004 Dec. 47 p. (QAP / WHO Field Report)
Abstract: The traditional approach to malaria diagnosis has been examination by microscope of a thick blood smear from the individual suspected of being infected. In an attempt to provide a more rapid alternative, companies worldwide have developed malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Although RDTs can be effectively used in clinical settings by trained personnel, their greatest potential use is in rural areas with limited access to health and laboratory facilities. Using RDTs for diagnosis at the community level will shorten the delay between the onset of symptoms and the beginning of appropriate treatment. It will also slow development of resistance and lead to significant cost savings by avoiding unnecessary use of antimalarials. However, achieving a high level of sensitivity and specificity with RDTs in this context will require a product designed, labelled, and explained so that community health workers (CHWs) can use it accurately with minimal formal training and supervision. In partnership with theWHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific, the Quality Assurance Project (QAP) carried out quality-design research in the Philippines and the Lao People's Democratic Republic to develop and test a generic RDT job aid, mainly pictorial, that could be adapted with little modification for use with different RDT products and in different cultural settings by health workers with low literacy skills and with little or no prior training in product use. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | LAOS | FIELD REPORT | COMMUNITY WORKERS | UNTRAINED PERSONNEL | MALARIA | TESTING | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | PACKAGING | WHO | PROCEDURES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Organization and Administration | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Marketing | Economic Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 320903

26.

Title: Costing nevirapine delivery to infants: a Zambian case study.
Author: Zellner S; Musau S
Source: Bethesda, Maryland, Abt Associates, Partners for Health Reform Plus Project, 2004 Aug. [36] p. (USAID Contract No. HRN-C-00-00-00019-00)
Abstract: The United States Agency for International Development invited the Partners for Health Reformplus to estimate costs associated with the packaging of infant doses of Nevirapine in Zambia. The costs of following four scenarios were examined in this exercise: 1) preparation and administration of Nevirapine by a nurse immediately after birth, 2) preparation of Nevirapine in batches prepared by either a nurse or nurse�s aide, 3) a semi-automated approach of pre-filled and packaged Nevirapine syringes, and 4) a fully automated approach using UnijectDP pre-filled with Nevirapine. Findings show that, at all dose levels, administration by a nurse after birth is the most cost-effective scenario. However, if other important factors, such as limited access to hospital facilities, are taken into consideration, then the semi-automated or Uniject approaches may be more suitable. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ZAMBIA | EVALUATION REPORT | CASE STUDIES | INFANT | NURSES AND NURSING | COST EFFECTIVENESS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | PACKAGING | SYRINGE | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Treatment | Drugs | Marketing | Economic Factors | Equipment and Supplies | Diseases
Document Number: 278372

27.
Title: Population Services International, Afghanistan. Focus group discussion summary of result. Birth spacing attitudes, experience and contraceptive branding among Afghan women. Final report.
Author: Carrozza LA
Source: Kabul, Afghanistan, Population Services International [PSI], 2003 Jul-Aug. 21 p. (USAID Award No. 306-A-00-04-00508-00)
Abstract: With funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, PSI will launch a social marketing program for birth spacing in late 2003, in an effort to address the urgent need for improved maternal and child health in Afghanistan. In November 2003, PSI will introduce Number One Condoms, to be followed by OK oral and injectable contraceptives in early 2004. To better understand consumer�s attitudes, tastes, and preferences, PSI�s Research Team conducted a series of focus group discussions (FGDs) with Afghan women to negative test three sample logos for OK contraceptives. The three logos were: a pale flower, a bright flower, and two birds. FGDs were conducted in Kabul City and Logar Province in July and August 2003. Focus groups were organized with the assistance of Aide Medical International (AMI) and Action Contre Le Faim (ACF). Discussions were conducted on premises at AMI and ACF health facilities. During the study, women were asked to discuss their likes and dislikes regarding these logos and to explain their meaning. The FGD results did not point to a clear mandate for either a flower or bird logo. In every FGD women liked both styles, and when directly asked to compare, both flowers and the birds were chosen with similar frequency. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFGHANISTAN | SUMMARY REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN | BIRTH SPACING | ATTITUDES | SOCIAL MARKETING | LOGOS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PACKAGING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Marketing | Economic Factors | Contraception
Document Number: 285619

28.

Title: Emergency contraception: common legal questions about prescribing, dispensing, repackaging, and advertising.
Author: Center for Reproductive Rights
Source: New York, New York, Center for Reproductive Rights, 2002 Apr. 10 p. (Briefing Paper)
Abstract: In the United States, emergency contraceptive pills (EC) are distributed both "on-label" and "off-label." With respect to "on-label" distribution, two designated EC products-- Preven and Plan B--are currently available and have been approved by the FDA for EC marketing. In addition, some health-care providers continue to provide patients with regular oral contraceptive pills (OCs) for EC use, despite the fact that the OC manufacturers have refused to label their products for postcoital use. This "off-label" use of OCs as EC was long employed before the emergence of designated EC products, and it was given the FDA's explicit "stamp of approval" on February 25, 1997, when the FDA announced that Levlen and Tri-Levlen, manufactured by Berlex Laboratories, and Ovral, Lo/Ovral, Nordette, and Triphasil, manufactured by Wyeth Laboratories, were safe and effective for use in emergency contraceptive regimens. This briefing paper will answer common legal questions about dispensing, repackaging, and advertising oral contraceptives as "off-label" EC. It will also address questions about prescribing, and liability related to the provision of, both "off-label" EC and designated EC products. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | PRESCRIPTIONS | NONCLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | PACKAGING | PROMOTION | SOCIAL MARKETING | ADVERTISING | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Contraception | Family Planning | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Marketing | Economic Factors
Document Number: 310064

29.
Title: [Blitz of the male and female condom: carrying, packaging and use] Blitz do preservativo masculino e feminino: porte, acondicionamento e uso.
Author: Silva AR; Lopes CM; Muniz PT
Source: DST -- Jornal Brasileiro de Doen�as Sexualmente Transmiss�veis. 2002;14(6):22-32.
Abstract: Introduction: The Diseases Sexually Transmissible, healthy as old as the humanity, and that its expansion in the word happened not only with the human being migration, as well as with the increase of the population, precarious conditions of health, sanity, diagnosis, treatment and sexual promiscuity, if constituting like this in a public, allied serious problem of health the epidemic of the Syndrome of Acquired Immunodeficiency - Aids. One in the ways of controlling its increase makes an appointment the use of the preservative, the in spite of the entire controversial history, it is still constituted in an of the most effective ways of prevention. This way, it just is not enough to distribute the population, but above all also to know to condition and to use appropriately. This way, for its accomplishment, settled as general objective: to make the blitz of the masculine and feminine preservative: carry, keeps and use, in drivers and passengers of automobiles and walk motorcycles, circulating in public roads of Rio Branco - Acre - Brazil. Methodology: It is an exploratory-descriptive study, developed 1011 subjects close to, being 792(78.3%) drivers of automobiles and 219(21.7%) of motorcycles of Rio Branco - Acre - Brazil. For the collection of data, made use of a form with shut subjects, whose processing and analysis was made in the EPI INFO-6, with frequency presentation and percentile. Under the ethical point of view of the research, it was requested its spontaneous participation, besides guaranteeing the anonymity. Results: The population of the study varied of 18 to 69 year, being 61.7% masculine and 38.3% feminine. 44.9% were single and 44.9% married and joined, and 38.9% possessed the second complete degree. 52.5% didn't take I get preservative in the week sexual activity and 41,5% accomplished it. 94,5% had already used the masculine preservative with 85.2% of acceptance and 94.7% for the partner. The data also showed that 49.6% bought the preservative, against 45.2% that had received from the government. With relationship to the guard's of the masculine preservative place, 36.4% placed it in it carries it glove of the car, proceeded by 19.5% in the wallet of money of the back pocked of the pants, while for the feminine, 33.3% also placed it in it carries it glove of the car and 66.7% in the bag to shoulder belt. Conclusion: Research highly important, where the subjects have been making use of the preservative, with great acceptance besides for the partner. Stand out the ones that not and they sometimes took preservative in the weekend with risk for its health, in spite of possessing them inside of the period of validity and they be with the entire packing. It is still pointed out not the adapted guard of the preservatives, with excessive exhibition to the heat and damage, with in a certain way they exponse sexually to the risk of not wanted pregnancy and the infection for the diseases transmissibles. As the evaluation of the campaign of the incentive of the use of the masculine preservative for the great and good item reached 85.8% against 32.2 of the feminine, and that 97.1% evaluated this as great and good. (author's)
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | SEXUAL PARTNERS | CONDOM USE | FEMALE CONDOMS | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | SATISFACTION | CAMPAIGNS | PACKAGING | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Psychological Factors | Communication Programs | Communication | Marketing | Economic Factors
Document Number: 189597

30.
Title: Improve information on oral contraceptives. [Am�liorer l'information sur les contraceptifs oraux]
Source: CONTRACEPTIVE TECHNOLOGY UPDATE. 2001 Jan;22(1):8-9.
Abstract: More than 2 million women around the world are expected to become unintentionally pregnant in the year 2001, due to improper use of OCs. Effective counseling on missed pills and revised package information are needed. Guidance can be structured around the �7-day rule,� which states that women should not go more than seven days without taking the hormonal pill. In the context of the revised OC package, the Food and Drug Administration is reviewing revisions that include simpler language for enhanced reading comprehension.
French Abstract: Plus de 2 million de femmes � travers le monde sont suppos�es devenir involontairement enceintes dans l'ann�e 2001, � cause de l'utilisation erron�e des contraceptifs oraux (CO). Un service-conseils efficace sur les pilules manqu�es et un paquet d'information r�vis� sont n�cessaires. Le conseil peut �tre structur� autour de la "r�gle des 7 jours" qui stipule que les femmes ne devraient pas d�passer sept jours sans prendre la pilule hormonale. Dans le contexte du paquet d'information pour les CO, la Food and Drug Administration examine les r�visions qui incluent un langage plus simple pour une compr�hension am�lior�e de la lecture.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | COUNSELING | PACKAGING | USER COMPLIANCE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Marketing | Economic Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 154148


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