1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Modifying Photovoice for community-based participatory Indigenous research. Author: Castleden H; Garvin T Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 Mar;66(6):1393-1405. Abstract: Scientific research occurs within a set of socio-political conditions, and in Canada research involving Indigenous communities has a historical association with colonialism. Consequently, Indigenous peoples have been justifiably sceptical and reluctant to become the subjects of academic research. Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) is an attempt to develop culturally relevant research models that address issues of injustice, inequality, and exploitation. The work reported here evaluates the use of Photovoice, a CBPR method that uses participant-employed photography and dialogue to create social change, which was employed in a research partnership with a First Nation in Western Canada. Content analysis of semi-structured interviews (n = 45) evaluated participants' perspectives of the Photovoice process as part of a larger study on health and environment issues. The analysis revealed that Photovoice effectively balanced power, created a sense of ownership, fostered trust, built capacity, and responded to cultural preferences. The authors discuss the necessity of modifying Photovoice, by building in an iterative process, as being key to the methodological success of the project. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | THEORETICAL MODELS | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | ACTION RESEARCH | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | COMMUNITY | POLITICAL FACTORS | COLONIALISM | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | INEQUALITIES | VISUAL AIDS | OWNERSHIP | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Political Systems | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Educational Methods | Educational Activities | Education Document Number: 324679 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Addressing the attitudes of service providers: increasing access to professional midwifery care in Nepal. Author: Clapham S; Pokharel D; Bird C; Basnett I Source: Tropical Doctor. 2008 Oct;38(4):197-201. Abstract: Increasing access to professional care during labour and delivery is the central strategy in Nepal's commitment to reducing its maternal mortality ratio. This paper outlines a number of complementary interventions used by the Nepal Safer Motherhood Project to address the negative attitudes prevalent among service providers, which is a contributing factor to the under-utilization of the health-care services. The perspectives of the community and the service providers are presented, with a discussion of the importance of effective communication, the establishment of positive relationships and a demonstration of the critical role of local ownership and involvement in bringing about a positive change. Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | ATTITUDES | CHILDBIRTH | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | OWNERSHIP | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | OBSTACLES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Health | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Socioeconomic Factors | Health Services Document Number: 329322 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Who owns the body? Indigenous African discourses of the body and contemporary sexual rights rhetoric. Author: Izugbara CO; Undie CC Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2008 May;16(31):159-167. Abstract: The realisation of sexual rights remains a daunting challenge in most of sub-Saharan Africa despite the articulation of these rights in several international documents and national laws. In this paper, we highlight a possible but neglected reason why this is so. Current sexual rights declarations derive from the notion that the body, as a physical entity, belongs to the individual. However, our work in two southeastern Nigerian cultures, the Ngwa-Igbo and the Ubang, shows that there is at least one alternative view of the body, which constructs it as the property of the wider community, rather than that of the individual. In the two cultures in question, rights are embodied in the community, which also lays powerful claims on all its members, including the claim of body ownership. Individuals are thus more likely to seek and realise their rights within the communal space, rather than by standing alone. The assumption that individuals always hold the ultimate right to their bodies is problematic and may constrain the effectiveness of rights-based programmes and interventions in general, and of work around sexual rights in particular. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | INTERVIEWS | SEXUALITY | HUMAN RIGHTS | OWNERSHIP | CULTURE | BELIEFS | WOMEN'S STATUS | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | Developing Countries | Africa | Africa, Western | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 327199 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Bed net ownership, use and perceptions among women seeking antenatal care in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC): opportunities for improved maternal and child health. Author: Pettifor A; Taylor E; Nku D; Duvall S; Tabala M Source: BMC Public Health. 2008;8:331. Abstract: BACKGROUND: To describe malaria knowledge, attitudes toward malaria and bed net use, levels of ownership and use of bed nets, and factors associated with ownership and use among pregnant women attending their first antenatal care (ANC) visit in Kinshasa, DRC. METHODS: Women attending their first ANC visit at one maternity in Kinshasa were recruited to take part in a study where they were given free insecticide treated bed nets (ITNs) and then followed up at delivery and 6 months post delivery to assess ITN use. This study describes the baseline levels of bed net ownership and use, attitudes towards net use and factors associated with net use RESULTS: Among 351 women interviewed at baseline, 115 (33%) already owned a bed net and 86 (25%) reported to have slept under the net the previous night. Cost was reported as the reason for not owning a net by 48% of the 236 women who did not own one. In multivariable analyses, women who had secondary school or higher education were 3.4 times more likely to own a net (95% CI 1.6-7.3) and 2.8 times more likely to have used a net (95% CI 1.3-6.0) compared to women with less education CONCLUSION: Distribution of ITNs in antenatal clinics in this setting is needed and feasible. The potential for ITN use by this target population is high. Language: English Keywords: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILDREN | PREGNANT WOMEN | BED NETS | ANTENATAL CARE | PERCEPTION | CHILD HEALTH | MATERNAL HEALTH | ATTITUDES | OWNERSHIP | PESTICIDES | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Ingredients and Chemicals Document Number: 329018 |
5.  Title: Public-private partnerships: Managing contracting arrangements to strengthen the Reproductive and Child Health Programme in India. Lessons and implications from three case studies. Author: Bhat R; Huntington D; Maheshwari S Source: Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization [WHO], 2007. [30] p. Abstract: Strengthening management capacity and meeting the need for reproductive and child health (RCH) services is a major challenge for the national RCH program of India. Central and state governments are using multiple options to meet this challenge, responding to the complex issues in RCH, which include social, cultural and economic factors and reflect the immense geographical barriers to access for remote and rural population. Other barriers are also being addressed, including lessening financial burdens and creating public-private partnerships to expand access. For example, the National Rural Health Mission was initiated in order to focus on rural populations, although departments of health face a number of challenges in implementing this initiative. In this document, we focus on a key area: the development of management capacity for working with the private sector. We synthesize the lessons learnt from three case studies of public-private partnerships in RCH: two are state initiatives, in Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh, and the third is the national mother nongovernmental organization scheme. The case studies were conducted to determine how management capacity was developed in these three public-private partnerships in service delivery, by examining the structure and process of partnerships, understanding management capacity and competence in various public-private partnerships in RCH, and identifying the means for developing the management capacity of partners. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILDREN | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | CHILD HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MATERNAL HEALTH | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | WHO | PRIVATE SECTOR | HEALTH POLICY | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | OWNERSHIP | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | UN | International Agencies | Macroeconomic Factors | Policy | Financial Activities | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 326315 |
| 6. Title: Land management in rural China and its gender implications. Author: Hare D; Yang L; Englander D Source: Feminist Economics. 2007 Jul-Oct;13(3-4):35-61. Abstract: Women are an important mainstay of agricultural production in China, though their access to land is characterized by even greater ambiguity than that of their male counterparts. As part of its path toward liberalization, China undertook agricultural land management policy reforms that were aimed at increasing the security of land tenure rights, but these reforms have paradoxically exacerbated the uncertainty surrounding women's claims to land. Utilizing sample survey data collected from 412 rural households in Shaanxi and Hunan provinces in 2002, this paper documents and analyzes gender differences in land allocations. The findings of this study shed light on the degree to which community characteristics coupled with current local practices (such as frequency of reallocation) influence gender disparities. Results suggest that a growing number of women experience loss of contract land coincident with marrying, and this trend may be expected to increase given the current direction of land policy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | RURAL AREAS | WOMEN | LAND TENURE | MANAGEMENT | OWNERSHIP | GENDER ISSUES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Demographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 320523 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender differentiation in community responses to AIDS in rural Uganda. Author: Kanyamurwa JM; Ampek GT Source: AIDS Care. 2007 Feb;19 Suppl 1:S64-S72. Abstract: AIDS has been reported in Africa to push households into poverty and chronic food insecurity. At the same time there are reports of significant household resilience to AIDS. This study explored how a mature epidemic in rural Uganda has affected rural farming households. It focused on gender differences in the experience of AIDS and, in particular, household capabilities to sustain livelihoods. The study compared the vulnerability of male- and female-headed households in relation to their ability to mitigate human resource losses, as well as their access to natural and physical resources, to social networks and to finance capital for production. The findings suggest that when rural households are affected by AIDS, depleting productive resources and directing resources towards immediate needs, there are gender differences in responses to, and in impacts of, the epidemic due to the different resources available to male- and female-headed households. Female-headed households were found to be more vulnerable to AIDS than male-headed counterparts. Women's remarriage opportunities were lower than men's, they faced greater risk of losing control over land and livestock and they accessed less state and private sector support. Women-headed households were more dependent on livelihood support from non-governmental organizations, which were found to provide both welfare and credit support to female-headed households affected by AIDS. Women were found to play an important role in social networks and resources at community level but themselves received little support from many formal community networks and services. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | RURAL POPULATION | HOUSEHOLDS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | ONE PERSON HOUSEHOLD | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | SEX FACTORS | HIV INFECTIONS | REMARRIAGE | OWNERSHIP | LAND TENURE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Friends and Relatives | Organizations | Political Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 308464 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Using schoolchildren's reports of bed net use monitored by schoolteachers as a proxy of community coverage in malaria endemic areas of Uganda. Author: Ndyomugyenyi R; Kroeger A Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2007 Feb;12(2):230-237. Abstract: Community-based information on the delivery and use of health interventions is important to monitor the effectiveness of the Roll Back Malaria programme. However, community surveys to determine coverage for insecticide-treated bed nets are time-consuming and costly. We wanted to assess whether schoolchildren's reports of household ownership of a bed net and coverage among high-risk groups monitored by schoolteachers through a questionnaire could be used as a proxy of household ownership of bed net and coverage at community level, for routine monitoring of malaria control programmes. 3602 schoolchildren in 39 randomly selected schools and 2798 heads of households in 39 villages were interviewed about their use of either insecticide-treated or untreated bed nets. The overall household ownership of any kind of bed net was 35% in school surveys and 31% in household surveys (P < 0.001). Household ownership of insecticide-treated nets was 23% and 22%, respectively (P = 0.4); household ownership of untreated nets was 15% and 9%, respectively (P < 0.001). There was significant correlation between estimates of any bed net and treated net ownership based on household surveys and estimates based on school surveys (P < 0.01 for both). In areas with high school attendance rates, schoolchildren's report of bed net use monitored by schoolteachers through a questionnaire could give a good approximation of household ownership of bed net at community level with about ±5% difference between community and school surveys. However, further operational research is required to investigate how the feasibility of largescale implementation might be, by sending the questionnaire to the schools through routine channels and by independent handling by the school administration and teachers. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | INDIRECT ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | CHILDREN | SCHOOL AGE POPULATION | COMMUNITY | TEACHERS | BED NETS | MONITORING | USER COMPLIANCE | PREVALENCE | OWNERSHIP | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Education | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Evaluation | Behavior | Measurement | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 312151 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Characteristics of latrine promotion participants and non-participants; inspection of latrines; and perceptions of household latrines in Northern Ghana. Author: Rodgers AF; Ajono LA; Gyapong JO; Hagan M; Emerson PM Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2007 Jun;12(6):772-782. Abstract: The objectives was to examine characteristics of household heads in two districts of Northern Ghana who had or had not participated in latrine promotion programmes; to inspect latrines; and to explore perceptions of latrine ownership. One hundred and twenty latrine owners and 120 non-owners were randomly selected from all trachoma-endemic villages and interviewed. Structured questionnaires assessed demographics, household data, wealth indicators, and perceptions of latrine ownership. Latrines were inspected. Latrine owners and non-owners were similar demographically, but owners were more likely to report any education or wealth indicators: any education OR = 2.0, (95% CI 1.2-3.4); large family size OR = 4.6 (2.6-8.2); children in school OR = 3.8 (1.3-10.5); and metal roof OR = 9.1 (2.0-40.0). All 120 latrine owners were participating in promotion programmes; no latrines had been self-built without programme support. Inspection showed 73/120 (60.1%) latrines were completed and used. Of the uncompleted latrines 41/47 (87.2%) were more than a year old. Programme participants (regardless of whether they had a completed latrine) had contributed cash (mean $16.74 S.D.18.09) and 117/120 had provided labour and/or construction materials. The most frequently reported advantages of latrine ownership were convenience, cleanliness and health benefits; reported disadvantages were the need for maintenance and cleaning and bad odour. Current latrine promotion programmes do not reach all households equally. Joining a latrine programme was expensive and did not guarantee latrine ownership; this may cause people to lose trust in such programmes. Latrines were perceived to be useful, suggesting unmet demand. Reliable and inclusive programmes that provide low cost latrines may receive community support. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD | LATRINES | PROMOTION | PERCEPTION | OWNERSHIP | TRACHOMA | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Households | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sanitation | Public Health | Health | Marketing | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Bacterial and Fungal Diseases | Infections | Diseases | Socioeconomic Status Document Number: 317445 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender and the composition of corporate boards: A Ghanaian study. Author: Amidu M; Abor J Source: Indian Journal of Gender Studies. 2006 Jan-Apr;13(1):83-95. Abstract: This article examines the gender composition of corporate boards of listed companies in Ghana. Results indicate that women were insignificantly represented and that younger firms had more women on their boards than firms established four decades ago. In addition, the study found that it is only after the initial listing that companies found it necessary to appoint women directors. As firms expand, they tend to employ fewer women on their corporate boards. Also, women were engaged more in the service and financial sectors than the manufacturing and construction industries. Interestingly, local companies appointed relatively more women as board members than their multinational counterparts. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | ORGANIZATIONS | INDUSTRY | GENDER ISSUES | MANAGEMENT | POWER | OWNERSHIP | SIZE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 293698 |
| 11. Title: Enforcement and good corporate governance in developing countries and transition economies. Author: Berglof E; Claessens S Source: World Bank Research Observer. 2006 Spring;21(1):123-150. Abstract: More than regulations, laws on the books, or voluntary codes, enforcement is key to creating an effective business environment and good corporate governance, at least in developing countries and transition economies. A framework is presented to help explain enforcement, the impact on corporate governance when rules are not enforced, and what can be done to improve corporate governance in weak enforcement environments. The limited empirical evidence suggests that private enforcement tools are often more effective than public tools. However, some public enforcement is necessary, and private enforcement mechanisms often require public laws to function. Private initiatives are often also taken under the threat of legislation or regulation, although in some countries bottom-up, private-led initiatives preceded and even shaped public laws. Concentrated ownership aligns incentives and encourages monitoring, but it weakens other corporate governance mechanisms and can impose significant costs. Various steps can be taken to reduce these costs and reinforce other corporate governance mechanisms. But political economy constraints, resulting from the intermingling of business and politics, often prevent improvements in the enforcement environment and the adoption and implementation of public laws. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | GOVERNMENT | PRIVATE SECTOR | LEGISLATION | INCENTIVES | OWNERSHIP | MONITORING | COST EFFECTIVENESS | POLITICAL FACTORS | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Socioeconomic Factors | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation Document Number: 294949 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Population and housing: a two-sided relationship. Author: Mulder CH Source: Demographic Research. 2006 Nov 14;15:401-412. Abstract: In this paper I explore the relationship between population and housing. I argue that this relationship is two-sided. On the one hand, the size of a population, and particularly the number of households, determines the demand for housing. On the other hand, the availability of suitable and affordable housing may attract certain categories of migrants. It also influences young people's opportunities to leave the parental home, marry or cohabit, and have children. Furthermore, home-ownership hampers residential mobility and migration by binding people to a place. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | HOUSEHOLDS | IMMIGRANTS | HOUSING | POPULATION SIZE | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY | MIGRATION | OWNERSHIP | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Migrants | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 310146 |
| 13. Title: Forms and patterns of social discrimination in Nepal: a report. Author: Pandey TR; Mishra S; Chemjong D; Pokhrel S; Rawal N Source: Kathmandu, Nepal, UNESCO, 2006. [126] p. (UNESCO Kathmandu Series of Monographs and Working Papers No. 8KAT-SHS-2006/01) Abstract: Socio-cultural diversity is one of the important features of Nepalese society. Its people are categorized into a number of caste groups as well as ethnic communities. They possess different types of cultural traditions and assume different levels of economic standing. In view of these diversities, public debates in Nepal have raised the issue that these different types of social categories share the opportunities and privileges available in this society differentially. Given this, this report aims to: highlight the existing forms and patterns of social discrimination experienced by people of Nepal, as they occur, on the grounds of their caste, ethnicity, gender, and religion-based identities, draw attention to the difference types of social discrimination experienced by people of the aforementioned social categories, and discover the variations of social discrimination among people, as they occur, in terms of their class-based position within these social categories. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | CASE STUDIES | ETHNIC GROUPS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | UNESCO | CASTE | WORKSHOPS | RACE RELATIONS | SEX DISCRIMINATION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | OWNERSHIP | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Education | Employment Status Document Number: 313132 |
| 14. Title: Nutritional status of Saharia - a primitive tribe of Rajasthan. Author: Rao KM; Kumar RH; Venkaiah K; Brahmam GN Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2006;19(2):117-123. Abstract: The Saharia is reported to be one of the most backward tribes of Rajasthan. Recently media reported incidents of starvation deaths among Saharia tribal community in Kishanganj block of Baran district. Therefore, a rapid survey was carried out to assess the diet and nutritional status of Saharia tribal population. Eight villages, 4 each from Kishanganj and Shahbad blocks, where Saharia tribal population is concentrated were selected in consultation with the district officials. The study revealed that a majority of the households surveyed were nuclear families. About 81% of the male head of the households and 96% of their female counterparts were illiterate. The major occupation of the head of the household was either agricultural labour or other labour (82%). Only about 42% of the HHs surveyed possessed varying extent of land. In general at household level, the consumption of all the foods except cereals and millets were below the suggested levels. The intake of protein, calcium, iron, thiamin and niacin were comparable to the recommended allowances, while the intake of other nutrients such as total fat, energy, vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin C and free folic acid were below the recommended levels. On clinical examination, the prevalence of Bitot spots among preschool children was found to be higher (8.3%) indicating that vitamin A deficiency is a major public health problem in the tribal population. The prevalence of undernutrition (weight for age < Median --2SD) among 1-5 years children were significantly higher (72%) than that reported for the State of Rajasthan (48%) (DWCD, 1998). Breast-feeding practices revealed that majority of the mothers initiated breast-feeding on the third day of the delivery. About 85% of the mothers discarded colostrum, mostly because of the traditional practice. The observations highlight the need for strengthening health and nutrition programmes in this area. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | HEALTH SURVEYS | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | HOUSEHOLDS | ILLITERATES | NUTRITION | DIET | SEX FACTORS | OWNERSHIP | MALNUTRITION | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | PREVALENCE | BREASTFEEDING | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Health | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Measurement | Infant Nutrition Document Number: 304905 |
| 15. Title: The emergence of the neo-extended family in contemporary Taiwan. Author: Tung AC; Chen C; Liu P Source: Journal of Population Studies. 2006 Jun;(32):123-152. Abstract: In response to industrialization and urbanization, changes in the form and function of family seem inevitable. In the study of family decline, a new typology of family is advanced that is based on kin relationships beyond co-residence boundaries. Four subtypes of family are distinguished according to contact frequency and spatial proximity, namely, the neo-extended, dispersed, alienated, and detached sub-types of family. Analyzing data collected from the fourth round of Taiwan Social Change Survey, we have identified the main determinants in the formation of a neoextended family, which include respondents' socioeconomic status (education, wages, homeownership, religiousness), degree of adherence to traditional value, and whether or not family property has been divided. Moreover, we have found that most respondents belong to the neo-extended family, and exchanges between the respondents and their close relatives are relatively high. These findings point out that family function has been maintained despite of the progress of the nuclearization, due mainly to frequent contact and residential proximity between non-coresiding families. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY RESEARCH | EXTENDED FAMILY | SOCIAL CHANGE | URBANIZATION | DISTANCE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | OWNERSHIP | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Religion | Friends and Relatives Document Number: 305113 |
| 16. Title: Summary of Ghana 2004 ITN Survey. Author: Academy for Educational Development [AED]. NetMark Source: Washington, D.C., AED, NetMark, [2005]. 6 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-99-00016-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PN-ADH-050) Abstract: The percent of households owning at least one net was 38%, but varied considerably by site. Coverage by site was: Accra 17%, Kumasi 19%, Wa 45%, Tamale 46% and Keta 64%. Net ownership was equitable; it did not vary much by socio-economic status (SES). The percent of households that owned a net was approximately equal in urban and rural areas. Among net-owning households, 27% owned more than one net, with an average of 1.5 nets per household. The most common reason given for not owning a net was lack of money (63%). Another 17% of respondents (46% in Tamale) cited lack of availability and 13% of respondents (31% in Accra) said they didn't need nets or used something else for protection against mosquitoes. One fourth (25%) of households owned a baby net with a built-in frame. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | EVALUATION REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | TARGET POPULATION | CHILDREN | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MALARIA PREVENTION | BED NETS | OWNERSHIP | PESTICIDES | MATERNAL HEALTH | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Evaluation | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Ingredients and Chemicals Document Number: 312479 |
| 17. Title: Summary of major findings and recommendations of two studies of legal-policy and institutional issues related to orphans and vulnerable children in Uganda. Author: Futures Group. POLICY Project Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group, POLICY Project, 2005 Jun. 13 p. (USAID Contract No. HRN-C-00-00-00006-00) Abstract: In November 2004, Uganda's cabinet of ministers adopted a policy on orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) following three years of organised and structured data collection, analysis, stakeholder workshops, and other efforts to which the POLICY Project contributed. The national OVC policy development process was undertaken by the Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development (MOGLSD) with support from USAID/Uganda, through the Applied Research in Child Health (ARCH) Project. Financial and technical assistance was provided by a consortium including Boston University, Makerere University, and UNICEF. The first major activity was a Situation Analysis of Orphans in Uganda completed in 2002. One of the main recommendations of the report was that a National OVC Policy (NOP) and a National Strategic Program Plan of Interventions (NSPPI) were needed to guide local, national, and international efforts to mitigate the OVC crisis in Uganda. The situation analysis also concluded that Uganda had many child welfare policies and laws in place. While some of those policies and laws address the needs of orphans and other children, there remain many gaps as well as inconsistent implementation of existing laws and policies. Five thematic working groups were established to do further analysis and conduct program evaluations in key areas identified in the situation analysis, the results of which were to be synthesised and integrated into a final national OVC policy. Important areas needing further analysis were law, policy, and institutional arrangements. POLICY offered to assist with this analysis using the project's core funds. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | SUMMARY REPORT | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | CHILD | LEGISLATION | POLICY | ANALYSIS | LAWS AND STATUTES | INHERITANCE | OWNERSHIP | CHILD LABOR | EDUCATION | SOCIAL PROTECTION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Research Methodology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources Document Number: 305517 |
| 18. Title: A dose of reality: women's rights in the fight against HIV / AIDS. Author: Human Rights Watch Source: New York, New York, Human Rights Watch, 2005 Mar 21. 13 p. Also available in French. Abstract: The global HIV/AIDS pandemic is taking a catastrophic toll on women and girls. The number of HIV infections among women and girls has risen in every region in recent years, and in sub- Saharan Africa, women and girls constitute nearly 60 percent of those living with HIV. In some countries, the HIV infection rates for girls are many times higher than for boys. The rising number of HIV infections among women and girls is directly related to violence against women and their unequal legal, economic, and social status. Abuses of women’s and girls’ human rights impede their access to HIV/AIDS information and services, including testing and treatment. Those who do obtain HIV services sometimes face disclosure of their confidential HIV test results by public health officials without the women’s consent. This heightens women’s risk of being ostracized by their communities and abused by their intimate partners. Governments around the world have done far too little to combat the entrenched, chronic abuses of women’s and girls’ human rights that put them at risk of HIV. Misguided HIV/AIDS programs and policies, such as those emphasizing abstinence until marriage, ignore the brutal realities many women and girls face. By failing to enact and effectively enforce laws on domestic violence, marital rape, women’s equal property rights, and sexual abuse of girls, and by tolerating customs and traditions that subordinate women, governments are enabling HIV/ AIDS to continue claiming the lives of women and girls. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | HUMAN RIGHTS | VIOLENCE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | INEQUALITIES | SEXUAL ABUSE | RAPE | OWNERSHIP | Developing Countries | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Economic Factors | Crime | Social Problems Document Number: 290423 |
| 19. Title: Property ownership for women enriches, empowers and protects. Toward achieving the third Millennium Development Goal to promote gender equality and empower women. Author: International Center for Research on Women [ICRW] Source: Washington,D.C., ICRW, 2005. [6] p. (ICRW Millennium Development Goals Series) Abstract: It is widely recognized that if women are to improve their lives and escape poverty, they need the appropriate skills and tools to do so. Yet women in many countries are far less likely than men to own property and otherwise control assets--key tools to gaining economic security and earning higher incomes. Women's lack of property ownership is important because it contributes to women's low social status and their vulnerability to poverty. It also increasingly is linked to development-related problems, including HIV and AIDS, hunger, urbanization, migration, and domestic violence. Women who do not own property are far less likely to take economic risks and realize their full economic potential. The international community and policymakers increasingly are aware that guaranteeing women's property and inheritance rights must be part of any development agenda. But no single global blueprint can address the complex landscape of property and inheritance practices--practices that are country- and culture-specific. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | LAND TENURE | OWNERSHIP | INHERITANCE | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | HUMAN RIGHTS | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Women's Status | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 303641 |
| 20. Title: Do women's land rights promote empowerment and child health in Nepal? Author: Allendorf K Source: [Unpublished] 2005. Presented at the 2005 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 31 - April 2, 2005. 33 p. Abstract: Women's land rights are increasingly put forth as a means to promote development by empowering women and increasing productivity and welfare. However, little empirical research has evaluated these claims. I use the 2001 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey to explore whether women's land rights empower women and benefit young children's health. Regression models provide evidence that land rights empower women by increasing their control over household decision making. Regression models using nutritional indicators also support the hypothesis that women's land rights benefit children's health. Children of mothers who own land are significantly less likely to be severely underweight or stunted. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | WOMEN'S STATUS | CHILD HEALTH | LAND TENURE | PRODUCTIVITY | DECISION MAKING | NUTRITION INDEXES | OWNERSHIP | CHILD NUTRITION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Health | Behavior | Nutrition Document Number: 320359 |
| 21. Title: Access to essential medicines: a Hobbesian social contract approach. Author: Ashcroft RE Source: Developing World Bioethics. 2005 May;5(2):121-141. Abstract: Medicines that are vital for the saving and preserving of life in conditions of public health emergency or endemic serious disease are known as essential medicines. In many developing world settings such medicines may be unavailable, or unaffordably expensive for the majority of those in need of them. Furthermore, for many serious diseases (such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis) these essential medicines are protected by patents that permit the patent-holder to operate a monopoly on their manufacture and supply, and to price these medicines well above marginal cost. Recent international legal doctrine has placed great stress on the need to globalise intellectual property rights protections, and on the rights of intellectual property rights holders to have their property rights enforced. Although international intellectual property rights law does permit compulsory licensing of protected inventions in the interests of public health, the use of this right by sovereign states has proved highly controversial. In this paper I give an argument in support of states' sovereign right to expropriate private intellectual property in conditions of public health emergency. This argument turns on a social contract argument for the legitimacy of states. The argument shows, further, that under some circumstances states are not merely permitted compulsory to license inventions, but are actually obliged to do so, on pain of failure of their legitimacy as sovereign states. The argument draws freely on a loose interpretation of Thomas Hobbes's arguments in his Leviathan, and on an analogy between his state of War and the situation of public health disasters. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | DRUGS | OWNERSHIP | TREATIES | PUBLIC HEALTH | HUMAN RIGHTS | ETHICS | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 306063 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Women's inheritance rights in Malawi: the role of district assemblies. Author: Chiweza AL Source: Development in Practice. 2005 Feb;15(1):83-89. Abstract: This paper focuses on bureaucratic institutions and examines the role of District Assemblies in the administration and adjudication of women’s inheritance claims in Malawi. Data presented here were part of a wider study into factors that influence women’s property and inheritance practices in Malawi, people’s perceptions of the appropriateness of these practices, and their impact on the well-being of women and children. The study was carried out in ten districts: Blantyre, Thyolo, and Chiradzulu in the Southern Region; Lilongwe and Mchinji in the Central Region; and Mzimba, Rumphi, Karonga, Nkhatabay, and Mzuzu in the Northern Region. In analysing the administrative and adjudication systems, the crucial questions were: what is the procedure or process followed? How long does it take to complete the process? What interpretations of statutory/customary laws on inheritance do gatekeepers apply and who benefits from them? All these have implications for the losses and costs that claimants incur to get their inheritance. An institutional economics analytical framework was used in order to understand women’s property and inheritance rights. The framework incorporates the entitlements approach of Sen (1988) and Fortman (1990), and the transaction costs approach of Williamson (1985) in the broader context of North’s (1991) paradigm of institutional determinism. The basic tenet of the approach is that rights are institutions and that they are institutionalised through the law, customs, culture, and administrative and adjudicative systems. In this context, the law, customs, and culture define whether women and men have rights, that is, if they are entitled to own property and to receive inheritance. The administration and adjudication system determines whether the rights accorded by the laws, culture, or customs will actually be realised. The whole framework was underpinned by a gender analysis. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | WOMEN | WIDOWED | INFLUENTIALS | GOVERNMENT | INHERITANCE | OWNERSHIP | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | SOCIAL POLICY | HUMAN RIGHTS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Political Factors | Economic Factors | Social Problems | Women's Status | Policy Document Number: 281753 |
| 23. Title: "Engendering" rights in Uganda: Women's struggle for equality. Author: Dilts C Source: Critical Half. 2005 Summer;3(1):35-39. Abstract: Uganda is often considered one of Africa's modern successes in terms of national economic development strategies. In 1986, after years of war and political and social turmoil, Uganda began to pick up the pieces of its shattered nation and start down the path toward development. Although the northern areas of the country have had little rest from violent conflict over the last two decades, Uganda has made admirable efforts to fight poverty and increase the standard of living for many of its nearly 25 million inhabitants. Uganda's star status as a leader in development and poverty reduction in Africa makes the country a valuable case study in an analysis of constitution-building in a post-conflict situation. This paper focuses on how Uganda has addressed the gender issues that emerged in the post-conflict reconstruction era, specifically through reforming the 1967 Constitution to include equal rights for women. The paper then examines how Ugandan women's constitutional rights often conflict with statutory law and customary practices, particularly in the area of property rights, emphasizing the discord between the letter of the law and social practice. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S GROUPS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | GENDER ISSUES | WAR | CONSTITUTION | WOMEN'S STATUS | HUMAN RIGHTS | SEX DISCRIMINATION | OWNERSHIP | LAND TENURE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Interest Groups | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems Document Number: 316456 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Wealth and extramarital sex among men in Zambia. Author: Kimuna SR; Djamba YK Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2005 Jun;31(2):83-89. Abstract: In Zambia, most people know about sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV/AIDS, but this knowledge has not translated into safer sexual practices. An estimated 16% of adults are HIV-positive, with the majority having acquired the infection through heterosexual contact. It is important to know whether characteristics such as wealth are correlated with extramarital sex among men, because men who have sex outside of marriage are key agents of heterosexual transmission of STIs and HIV. Data for analysis came from 1,239 married men who participated in the 2001–2002 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with men’s extramarital sexual behavior, with a focus on wealth. Overall, 19% of married men had had extramarital sex in the year prior to the survey; their mean number of partners was 1.3. Of the three proxies for wealth included in the multivariate analyses—education, occupation and household wealth index—none were associated with extramarital sex. Living in Southern and Western Provinces of Zambia was associated with significantly increased odds of extramarital sex (2.3 and 3.5, respectively); older age (0.4), older age at first sex (0.6–0.7) and living in Northern Province (0.4) were associated with significantly decreased odds of sex outside of marriage. Cultural norms specific to regions play an important part in sexual behavior. Socially defined sexual behavior patterns can shed light on extramarital sex and the spread of STIs, including HIV. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MEN | CURRENTLY MARRIED | EXTRAMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | OWNERSHIP | CULTURE | VALUE ORIENTATION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Employment Status | Psychological Factors Document Number: 289984 |
| 25. Title: Module six: special issues. Author: Schneider B; Schuklenk U Source: Developing World Bioethics. 2005;5(1):92-108. Abstract: The objective of this module is to cover ground that was not covered indepth in any of the other modules, including: scientific misconduct, issues concerning the publication and ownership of research results (authorship guidelines -- who is eligible to be considered an author, or contributor to a scientific paper etc.), special problems occurring in social science and epidemiological research, and the problems pertaining to conflicts of interest the various players in biomedical research activities could encounter. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | CRITIQUE | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | ETHICS | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | OWNERSHIP | EPIDEMIOLOGY | STANDARDS | SOCIOLOGY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Research Methodology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Public Health | Health | Social Sciences | Science Document Number: 306060 |
| 26. Title: Reporting AIDS: an analysis of media environments in Southern Africa. Author: Stackpool-Moore L Source: London, England, Panos Institute, HIV / AIDS Programme, 2005. [63] p. (Panos Case Studies) Abstract: Southern Africa is home to nearly two thirds of those living with HIV/AIDS globally. Despite significant obstacles, a huge response has been mounted by a host of government, private and civil society organisations. There is a general expectation that the media plays an important role in responding to the epidemic. But what exactly is that role? How successfully is it played in individual, developing countries? And how could it be improved? This report shares the combined findings of five studies carried out by the Panos London AIDS Programme with the support of Johns Hopkins University. The studies took place in Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe – countries that, while having high HIV prevalence in common, provide diverse contexts in terms of their media environment, governance, culture and national response to HIV/AIDS. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SOUTHERN | RECOMMENDATIONS | CASE STUDIES | JOURNALISTS | POLICYMAKERS | MASS MEDIA | LEGISLATION | OWNERSHIP | HEALTH POLICY | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | CAPACITY BUILDING | JOURNALISM | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | SOCIAL POLICY | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Communications Personnel | Communication | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Program Sustainability | Programs | Social Change Document Number: 300204 |
| 27. Title: Earning their keep and keeping what they earn: a critique of organizing strategies for South Asian women in the informal sector. Author: Baruah B Source: Gender, Work and Organization. 2004 Nov;11(6):605-626. Abstract: It is now widely understood that the needs of women workers in the informal sector are not met by the conservative practices of labour organizations and trade unions. While the contribution of women to the economies of developing countries is critical, women rarely find employment in the regulated unionized sectors of these countries, and are found instead in overwhelming numbers in the sector that is variously termed ‘unorganized’, ‘unprotected’, ‘unregistered’ or ‘informal.’ This article addresses the situation of women in the informal economy in South Asia. The author explores the major challenges and opportunities facing women in their efforts to organize and mobilize for change. She also provides a critical analysis of the different types of interventions adopted by the state and civil society organizations in South Asia to empower women in the informal sector. The author concludes with an attempt to identify the mix of interventions and strategies most needed for different social, political and economic circumstances. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHERN | CRITIQUE | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | LABOR UNIONS | INFORMAL SECTOR | INTERVENTIONS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | COOPERATIVES | OWNERSHIP | WAGES | ADVOCACY | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | Developing Countries | Asia | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Organizations | Macroeconomic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Communication | Social Change Document Number: 283593 |
| 28. Title: Chronicle of a foreseeable tragedy: birds' nests management in the Niah caves (Sarawak). Author: Gausset Q Source: Human Ecology. 2004 Aug;32(4):487-507. Abstract: The number of birds’ nests harvested in the Niah cave today is only a fraction of what it used to be. This article focuses on the socioeconomic causes of the decline. It argues that the present situation is not directly linked to the tragedy of the commons, since the ownership of cave and nests is private. The tragic aspect is, rather, linked to an attitude of free riding which was threatening the private system of ownership in the 1980s, and which forced Penan owners to lease their caves to the former “free riders” (thereby diluting management responsibility), and to harvest nests as soon as possible (before the birds can lay eggs and reproduce). It is therefore the tragedy of a management system whose rules, intended to avoid open access and free riding, lead to unsustainable behavior. Since the birds cannot be privatized, it is also the tragedy of a system in which actors are unable to reach a consensus on how to manage sustainably a de facto common property resource. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MALAYSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | WORKERS | ANIMALS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | OWNERSHIP | PRIVATE SECTOR | ATTITUDES | MANAGEMENT | WILDLIFE | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Macroeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Organization and Administration | Economic Development Document Number: 278736 |
| 29. Title: Rethinking law and violence: the Domestic Violence (Prevention) Bill in India, 2002. Author: Rajan RS Source: Gender and History. 2004 Nov;16(3):769-793. Abstract: 'Domestic violence' and 'legislation' are both controversial and disputed concepts. Violence within the home is a phenomenon that has only with difficulty achieved recognition as socially unacceptable behaviour, whether as crime, pathology or human rights violation. Legislation relating to domestic violence is therefore a relatively recent development, and has very largely come about in response to pressure from the women's movement in most countries. But as a means to prevent and/or punish acts of domestic violence and find restitution for its victims, legislation has so far been of limited efficacy and of dubious benefit to women. The other term, legislation - 'law', in its broadest application - is at the centre of radical theoretical rethinking today, its relationship to 'justice' undermined as much by historical, empirical evidence of its failures as by arguments about its constitutively flawed and internally contradictory project. It is the law's violence rather than laws against violence that animate current thinking about this issue. In particular, the politics of legal reform activism are a matter of division and dissent within the women's movement, particularly in India. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | WOMEN'S GROUPS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | LEGISLATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | FEMINISM | OWNERSHIP | PATRIARCHY | COURT DECISION | HINDUISM | POWER | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Interest Groups | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Litigation | Religion Document Number: 299003 |
| 30. Title: To have and to hold. Women's property and inheritance rights in the context of HIV / AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Strickland RS Source: Washington, D.C., International Center for Research on Women [ICRW], 2004. 84 p. (Working Paper) Abstract: The global HIV/AIDS epidemic is driven in part by conditions of poverty in which individual and household options are constrained and risky choices may be made to ensure survival. Gender inequality, power dynamics in sexual relations, and women’s lack of economic empowerment relate directly to patterns of poverty and are key factors in the spread of HIV/AIDS. At the same time, the epidemic leads to new social and economic burdens – often borne by women and girls – among households affected by HIV/AIDS that can stretch household safety nets to the breaking point. Defusing this self-reinforcing relationship between poverty and HIV/AIDS requires understanding how individuals and communities might best employ their resources and assets to prevent infection and to mitigate the consequences of HIV/AIDS. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN'S STATUS | INHERITANCE | OWNERSHIP | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS | LAND TENURE | Africa | Developing Countries | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 274318 |
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