1.  Peer Reviewed Title: World population, world health and security: 20th century trends. Author: Bashford J Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2008;62:187-190. Abstract: The connection between infectious disease control and national security is now firmly entrenched. This article takes a historical look at another security issue once prominent in debate on foreign policy and international relations, but now more or less absent: overpopulation. It explores the nature of the debate on population as a security question, and its complicated historical relation to the development of world health. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | HISTORICAL REVIEW | OVERPOPULATION | POPULATION DENSITY | NATIONAL SECURITY | PUBLIC HEALTH | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health Document Number: 324383 |
2.  Title: 2006 world population data sheet. Author: Population Reference Bureau [PRB] Source: Washington, D.C., PRB, 2006. 12 p. Abstract: In many -- but not all -- countries, most married women wish to limit childbearing to two children. One very useful indicator of women's ability to limit their number of children -- and of the prospect for future fertility decline -- is their desire to cease childbearing. In Vietnam, 92 percent of women who had two living children said that they did not wish to have any more children. In Nigeria, by contrast, that figure was only 4 percent. In many parts of the world, rural populations still lack adequate sanitation. Worldwide, only 58 percent of the population has access to one of life's most fundamental needs: adequate or improved sanitation facilities. There are, however, wide regional and rural/urban disparities. In developing regions, only one-quarter to one-half of all rural residents have access to improved sanitation. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | TABLES AND CHARTS | POPULATION STATISTICS | POPULATION | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | POPULATION SIZE | OVERPOPULATION | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | POVERTY | LIFE EXPECTANCY | Research Methodology | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Migration | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Length of Life | Mortality Document Number: 309820 |
| 3. Title: The strength of rural women in China. Author: Flamm M; Xie W Source: UN Chronicle. 2006 Jun-Aug;43(2):[5] p.. Abstract: The role of women in China in such activities as caring for the family, raising poultry and livestock, weaving, etc., used to be behind the scenes. Men tended the fields, made decisions relating to daily life and rarely consulted their female partners on business matters. In rural communities, land was owned by a few landlords, while villagers lived on very little income, well below the poverty level. However, this began to change in the 1950s with land reform, wherein families were given land to grow crops. Women's role began to change as well, but as their status increased so did their workload. Not only did they care for the family but they also became involved in agriculture and production. Rural women began taking part in collective labour and realized their role as wage earners, as well as their importance in production, thus broadening their potential. Women have also moved closer to having equal roles in the family, representing 41 per cent of the rural labour force in agriculture. Their participation in crop production has increased the families' income, enabling them to keep up with modern-day needs. Household chores are also shared more equally by the whole family. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | PROGRESS REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | AGRICULTURE | WOMEN'S STATUS | POVERTY | OVERPOPULATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Macroeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 314970 |
| 4. Title: General review of the sociological challenges and prospects of population in Iran - a sociological study of quality of life. Author: Sheykhi MT Source: Journal of Social Sciences. 2006;12(1):21-32. Abstract: A surge in the population of Iran over the past half-century, accompanied by the emergence of overpopulated and over-congested urban areas, has resulted in numerous social, economic, environmental and political challenges. If these challenges are not tackled soon, a decline in the overall quality of life--especially among younger generations will occur. The population increases in Iran in the 1970s and 1980s significantly contributed to the present situation in which younger generations are facing numerous hardships. In large part because of the global diffusion of Western norms and values, young Iranians are expecting and demanding a high quality of life characterized by access to all of the modern convenince and consumer goods that the global economy sets before them. But, in the absence of fundamental demographic change, their expectations and goals will not be met, and social, economic, environmental and political problems will be magnified. The demographic trap that Iran is facing needs progressive and sustainable social, psychological and demographic conditioning. In this regard, fertility behaviour in Iran is examined from a multidimensional perspective. It is hoped that, in order to prevent a further decline in the overall quality of life, population planning and education will find high priority among policymakers within the government. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | YOUTH | SOCIOLOGY | OVERPOPULATION | QUALITY OF LIFE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | POPULATION POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Middle East | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Education Document Number: 305526 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Overpopulation, sustainable development, and security: developing an integrated strategy. Author: Cassils JA Source: Population and Environment. 2004 Jan;25(3):171-194. Abstract: This paper proposes a symposium on overpopulation, sustainable development, and security. These issues are usually treated separately by politicians and the public, but addressing them intelligently requires seeing the interconnections. Many scientists warn that growing human numbers and consumption are undermining the carrying capacity of the Earth. Unfortunately, their advice has not been heeded as it is perceived as being contrary to some prevailing economic and social interests. This symposium would draw together some of the leading minds on the population/ resource issue for the purpose of initiating a process to bridge the gap between scientific concerns and public policy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH PROPOSAL | RECOMMENDATIONS | POPULATION | POLICYMAKERS | OVERPOPULATION | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | CARRYING CAPACITY | ECOLOGY | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | WAR | POPULATION THEORY | POPULATION POLICY | POPULATION CONTROL | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Natural Resources | Environment | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Social Policy Document Number: 194363 |
| 6. Title: Population, migration, and globalization. Author: Daly HE Source: World Watch. 2004 Sep-Oct;:41-44. Abstract: The trend toward globalization (free trade, free capital mobility) is not usually associated with migration or demography. If globalization were to be accomplished by free mobility of people, then demographers would certainly be paying attention. However, since globalization is being driven primarily by "free migration" of goods and capital, with labor a distant third in terms of mobility, few have noticed that the economic consequences of this free flow of goods and capital are equivalent to those that would obtain under a free flow of labor. They are also driven by the same demographic and economic forces that would determine labor migration, if labor were free to migrate. The economic tendency resulting from competition is to equalize wages and social standards across countries. But instead of cheap labor moving to where the capital is, and bidding wages down, capital moves to where the cheap labor is, and bids wages up--or would do so if only there were not a nearly unlimited supply of cheap labor, a Malthusian situation that still prevails in much of the world. Yet wages in the capital-sending country are bid down as much as if the newly employed laborers in the low-wage country had actually immigrated to the high-wage country. The determinant of wages in the low-wage country is not labor "productivity," nor anything else on the demand side of the labor market. It is entirely on the supply side--an excess and rapidly growing supply of labor at near-subsistence wages. This demographic condition--a very numerous and still rapidly growing underclass in the third world--is one for which demographers have many explanations, beginning with Malthus. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | MIGRANTS | IMMIGRANTS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | MIGRATION | INEQUALITIES | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | OVERPOPULATION | LABOR MIGRATION | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 285100 |
| 7. Title: Aging, childlessness, or overpopulation: the future's right to choose [editorial] Author: de Grey AD Source: Rejuvenation Research. 2004 Winter;7(4):237-238. Abstract: By far the most frequent argument I encounter against the wisdom of curing aging is that it would cause unacceptable global overpopulation. While most other potential drawbacks of indefinite lifespans are generally acknowledged to be speculative, this one is robustly asserted to be inevitable, short of a compulsory sterilisation policy of unprecedented proportions. I therefore feel that it is worth devoting this space to why that particular objection to curing aging is every bit as wrongheaded as all the others. If I sound remarkably sure of myself in this, it is not merely because that's how I usually sound. It's because my reasoning is painfully simple. There are plenty of much less simple ways to argue that the threat of overpopulation doesn't justify a pro-aging policy, but I regard some of those ways as positively flawed and most of the rest as at least somewhat fragile. I will begin, therefore, by clearing some of these altogether less satisfactory arguments out of the way. First let us dispose of some of the alternative scenarios that some more futuristic than myself have suggested over the years. The most straightforward of these is mass emigration into space. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | OVERPOPULATION | LENGTH OF LIFE | NULLIPARITY | AGE FACTORS | POPULATION POLICY | HEALTH POLICY | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Mortality | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Characteristics | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 282042 |
| 8. Title: Population, family planning, and the future of Africa. Author: Sai FT Source: World Watch. 2004 Sep-Oct;:34-37. Abstract: In most African countries, over half the population is under the age of 15. Even if all of those countries were to shift to having just two children, beginning tonight, their total populations would continue to grow for another two decades. Nevertheless, there is hopeful evidence of progress. Africa's colonial legacy--exploitation, artificial borders, too many small and unviable countries after independence--is the chief source of a catalog of misfortunes that is by now familiar: civil and regional conflict, famine and hunger, land degradation, corruption and ill health. Economically, sub- Saharan Africa lags pitifully behind all other developing regions. Its GDP per-capita growth rate during the 1990s was actually negative. In 2002, the nations of sub-Saharan Africa, with 688 million people, managed a collective gross domestic product of $319 billion--a per-capita average of well under $2 per day. With 11 percent of the world's population, sub-Saharan Africa accounts for only 2 percent of world trade. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | POPULATION POLICY | FERTILITY | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | OVERPOPULATION | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | MATERNAL MORTALITY | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | HIV INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Family Planning | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Mortality | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections Document Number: 285092 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Population goals and ecological strategies for spaceship earth -- perspective. Author: Jones AR Source: Journal of Population Research. 2003 Nov;:[18] p.. Abstract: The last century has seen extraordinary growth in human populations and economies. This growth has imposed huge and ever-increasing pressures on Earth's ecosystems, prompting fears concerning the integrity of their life-supporting functions and the high rate of extinction of species. Quite simply, ecological degradation threatens the interests and possibly the survival of future human populations. By the criterion of ecological sustainability, and given our current consumption rates and technologies, Earth is now overpopulated. In such times of great and threatening change it is important to reconsider human goals and enabling strategies. A fundamental goal is the sustained quality survival of human populations. Achieving this requires new paradigms of understanding and management, especially the realization that the human economic and social spheres are dependent on healthy, functioning ecosystems, and that most forms of growth are unsustainable. Socio-economic development must become ecologically sustainable with the maintenance of Earth's life-support systems assuming priority. Developing integrated ecosystem management, cutting consumption, and negotiating optimum population sizes would be useful. This paper discusses these issues with emphasis on the Australian situation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | AUSTRALIA | OVERPOPULATION | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION PRESSURE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | Developed Countries | Oceania | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Policy Document Number: 280125 |
| 10. Title: Breeding ourselves to death. 30th anniversary ed. Author: Lader L Source: Santa Ana, California, Seven Locks Press, 2002. 115, [12] p. Abstract: In commemoration of the 30th anniversary of Negative Population Growth's founding, population control advocate Lawrence Lader presents this book "Breeding Ourselves to Death." It describes the history of the population movement, especially the activities of the Hugh Moore Fund. It describes the organizing, advertising and media tactics of population control advocates, and also makes a case for the movement’s theories in today’s world. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | INFLUENTIALS | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION CONTROL | FOUNDATIONS | GOVERNMENT | OVERPOPULATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Organizations | Political Factors | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 166145 |
| 11. Title: Net energy cost and population [letter] Author: Adams WR Source: WORLD WATCH. 2001 May-Jun;14(3):6. Abstract: Proposed solutions to the global energy problem emphasize how to replace usage levels of fossil fuels with some form of renewable energy. However, little or no attention is given to the question of whether usage may be already exceeding the sustainable source/sink capacity of the Earth. For 50% of the Earth's land area to be reserved for nonhuman species, as wildlife biologists would consider reasonable, and for the entire human population to live a comfortable, American lifestyle, the global population would have to be one tenth what it is today. The implications for the energy problem are clear: 1) the end of the petroleum company is drawing near; 2) large uncertainties are associated with net energy calculations; 3) compilation of accurate true net cost figures for alternative energy sources should be started; and 4) encouragement must be given to a new breed of economists who understand clearly the "infinite supply" fallacy and its erroneous effects on net energy cost calculations. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | OVERPOPULATION | CARRYING CAPACITY | ENERGY SUPPLY | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 157017 |
| 12. Title: Democracy cannot survive overpopulation. Author: Bartlett AA Source: POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT. 2000 Sep;22(1):63-71. Abstract: This article addresses increasing concerns about the decline of democracy at all levels of government in the US. It shows that overpopulation and technology are the major causes of this decline. In terms of technology, it contributes to the loss of freedom by generating new regulations which become necessary to permit society to cope with the consequences of the introduction of new technologies that open up avenues of annoyance. In this regard, it is noted that while the advancement of technology contributes to higher quality of life, it can also be depended on to make new regulations that may either be necessary or unnecessary to the society. Two mechanisms by which overpopulation dilutes and destroys democracy are identified: 1) the direct dilution that occurs as a consequence of the population growth of a political subdivision such as a town; 2) the regional amplification of problems that results from population growth. However, as political leaders struggle to find solutions to the problems, they neglect to identify population growth as the cause of the problems. Hence, this discussion has several implications for policy-makers. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | POPULATION GROWTH | DEMOCRACY | OVERPOPULATION | TECHNOLOGY | POLITICAL FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Systems | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Economic Factors Document Number: 154066 |
| 13. Title: Grassland ecology and population growth: striking a balance. Author: Hou D; Duan C; Zhang D Source: CHINA POPULATION TODAY. 2000 Jun;17(2-3):27-8. Abstract: Degradation of forest and grasslands in western China attributes to the soil erosion and desertification in the country. Researchers have established that the primary reason for the degradation of grasslands is overgrazing, which in turn is caused by a number of factors, including over-population and over-reliance on animal husbandry. In addition, the existing administrative system has also proved ineffective in ensuring sustainable development. On contrary, many local governments even encourage exploitative development of grassland; thus, localities opened up grassland for growing crops in an effort to increase income. According to estimates, degraded grassland accounts for more than one-third of utilizable acreage and another one-third suffers from a profusion of rats and pests. To redress the situation, central government should implement strategies in achieving sustainable development, such as providing banking and tax incentives for the development of the secondary and tertiary industries, and supporting education and training of youths from herding areas. Moreover, government should increase spending on infrastructural construction and ecological preservation. Finally, the family planning program needs to be enforced to control population growth and improve the quality of peoples’ lives. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | POPULATION CONTROL | DESERTIFICATION | DEFORESTATION | OVERPOPULATION | ECOLOGY | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Economic Development | Economic Factors Document Number: 150676 |
| 14. Title: Population perspectives and sustainable development. Author: Rajeswar J Source: Sustainable Development. 2000;8(3):135-141. Abstract: Neo-Malthusianism advocates 'population control' as the solution to all major global problems. While overpopulation is a serious problem, blaming the population growth in the South as the prime cause for the destruction of the environment is hypocritical. Rather than the 'bottom billion', it is the 'top billion' population from the 'affluent' West - and their 'effluence' - that is inflicting greater environmental injury to the earth. In the patriarchal system of free-market economy, aborigines and women are marked inferior. Given the strong preference for male children in many Third World countries, the statistics on 'missing girls' explain the sad situation of female infanticide and underreporting of female births. Most contraceptive research is aimed at women only. Furthermore, newly developed contraceptives would be first tested on poor women of colour, often without their knowledge or consent. However, after the 1994 Cairo Population Conference, reproductive rights and empowerment of women are recognized as key issues in controlling population growth. There must be a radical change and paradigm shift in policy-making at every level from subjugation and subordination to partnership in order to solve most of the world's problems. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION THEORY | MALTHUSIANISM | OVERPOPULATION | POPULATION CONTROL | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | CONSUMPTION | POPULATION GROWTH | EUGENICS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | WOMEN'S STATUS | SEX PREFERENCE | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | GENDER ISSUES | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | ETHICS | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Macroeconomic Factors | Population Dynamics | Population | Genetics | Biology | Socioeconomic Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 181894 |
| 15. Title: King in a maverick style. Author: Abbasi K Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 1999 Oct 9;319(7215):942. Abstract: This article features Maurice King, who is advocating a one-child world. King was born in 1927 in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and studied at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and St. Thomas Hospital, London. He first worked as a pathologist, moving to Africa in 1956. He was always willing to fight injustice, objecting to not being allowed to train black Africans. He authored Medical Care in Developing Countries, considered the Bible of the primary health care movement. By 1985, he was teaching public health medicine at Leeds University, having spent most of his time in Africa working on various projects for the WHO, and was focusing on primary health care. His other great cause then was nuclear disarmament. His lecture to the Royal Society of Medicine on health of Africa in 1988 ignited his interest in demography. He had then championed ideas, which initially provoked outrage, such as the case with entrapment, the hardinian taboo, and now his concept of the lockstep. He had claimed that the US State Department, together with UN, the World Bank and the Roman Catholic Church, is actively preventing population issues being discussed fully. He may appear on the surface as obsessed with imposing a one-child world and paranoid about the role of the US; but a closer analysis reveals a deep affection for Africa and a missionary zeal to surmount the problems of overpopulation. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | ZIMBABWE | SUMMARY REPORT | BLACKS | POPULATION GROWTH | WHO | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | OVERPOPULATION | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 145641 |
| 16. Title: Reflections on sustainability, population growth, and the environment -- revisited. Author: Bartlett AA Source: CARRYING CAPACITY NETWORK FOCUS. 1999;9(1):49-68. Abstract: This article clarifies the definition of the concept of sustainability and the implications of its use. The introduction notes that, during the 1980s, the concept of an agriculturally "sustained yield" began to be more widely applied as an antidote to the specter posed by the book "Limits to Growth." Next, the article points out that the term "sustainable growth" is an oxymoron when applied to material things, that definitions of "sustainable development" give no clue about how this can be achieved, that the term "carrying capacity" is central to discussions of population growth, that prominent individuals in the US deny the population problem, that the US Environmental Protection Agency fails to acknowledge the centrality of population growth to environmental degradation, and that the work of Malthus continues to be marginalized. The essay continues by considering the role of population consumption rather than size, population momentum, the way communities support population growth, and pseudo solutions such as "growth management through smart growth," the creation of jobs, building highways, and regional planning. Next, the essay details the impact of population growth on democracy, war and peace, injustice, and the economy. After presenting a series of laws and hypotheses that clarify implications of the use of the concept of sustainability, the article offers observations as well as technical and political predictions relating to sustainability and ends by defining the challenge of becoming a sustainable society. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | THEORETICAL STUDIES | POPULATION | OVERPOPULATION | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | CARRYING CAPACITY | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | MALTHUSIANISM | DEMOCRACY | WAR | ECONOMIC FACTORS | ECOLOGY | POLITICAL FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Natural Resources | Environment | Economic Development | Population Theory | Demography | Social Sciences | Political Systems Document Number: 139481 |
| 17. Title: No room at the inn, or why population problems are not all economic. Author: Chapman R Source: POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT. 1999 Sep;21(1):81-97. Abstract: This paper argues that 1) population numbers do count, 2) there are good familiar arguments for restricting the cherished rights to reproduce when these rights conflict with 'subsistence' rights, and 3) government intervention is significant if we are to efficiently decrease population growth. An environment where human populations remain within the biological and cultural carrying capacity of their respective geographies is among the conditions vital for human well being. Overpopulation produces serious environmental problems, which many have experienced a lower quality of life. Shortening reproductivity can only serve to improve the global population crisis while, at the same time, encourage a social and political setting in which the most extensive rights and liberties are realized. The increasing human populations jeopardize this enterprise, and the theories of rights providing unlimited freedoms to unburdened individuals lead to systematic abuse both to humans and the natural environment. Language: English Keywords: SUMMARY REPORT | POPULATION SIZE | POPULATION GROWTH | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | OVERPOPULATION | CARRYING CAPACITY | HUMAN RIGHTS | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 144495 |
| 18. Title: The world food problem: tackling the causes of undernutrition in the Third World. 2nd ed. Author: Foster P; Leathers HD Source: Boulder, Colorado, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999. xv, 411 p. Abstract: Undernutrition continues to compromise physical health and size, learning capabilities, and labor productivity in developing countries. Since the 1992 publication of the first edition of this analysis of the world hunger problem, significant advances in knowledge and understanding have occurred. This second edition integrates current knowledge from a range of disciplines (economics, demography, nutrition science, biology, chemistry, health science, geography, agronomy, history, anthropology, philosophy, and public policy analysis) and presents the most recent data in tabular form. Part 1 addresses the definition, impact, and measurement of malnutrition. Part 2 focuses on the economic, demographic, agricultural, environmental, and health-related causes of malnutrition. The authors advocate a food security equation approach that conceptualizes the hunger problem as a result of the interplay of household food consumption requirements, the level of household food production, the price of food, and income and liquid assets available for food purchase. Part 3 explores public policy alternatives for nutrition planners, including public health program reform, land reform, food subsidies, and famine and disaster relief. There is general agreement among experts that policy initiatives should seek to reduce the rate of population growth, invest in improved agricultural productivity, protect soil and water resources, and encourage economic growth among the poorest. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MALNUTRITION | FOOD SUPPLY | PRICES | POVERTY | NUTRITION | INEQUALITIES | NATURAL RESOURCES | OVERPOPULATION | POPULATION GROWTH | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | SOCIAL POLICY | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Environment | Commerce | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Health | Carrying Capacity | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Microeconomic Factors | Policy Document Number: 137221 |
| 19. Title: India's other bombs. Author: Freeman J Source: In: All of us. Births and a better life: population, development and environment in a globalized world. Selections from the pages of the Earth Times, edited by Jack Freeman and Pranay Gupte. New York, New York, Earth Times Books, 1999. :168-71. Abstract: According to some experts, overpopulation and poverty impede India's development prospects, despite foreign aid. 53% of Indians live below the poverty line, defined as $1 a day; one-third of Indians are illiterate, as are nearly two-thirds of the women; 90% of rural households have no access to any sanitary facilities and 60% have no electricity, while nationwide, more than 171 million people have no access to safe drinking water; 63% of all Indian children under the age of 5 suffer from malnutrition; and 25 million Indians are homeless, there are only 4.4 doctors for every 10,000 people, and Indian schools have only one teacher for every 64 students. Poverty and pollution are inextricably linked; worker absenteeism caused by environment-linked illness is estimated to reduce the country's productivity by more than $10 billion each year. Gender equity has not been reached. In India as a whole: girls 1-5 years old have a 43% higher mortality rate than boys; female workers earn 35% as much as male workers; women are only 2.3% of administrators and managers; 88% of pregnant women are anemic, and only 34% have a medical attendant at birth; and maternal mortality is 570 per 100,000 live births. The statistics are worse in rural areas. Development aid is needed. 30 million women are in need of family planning services that are not available. Investments in education would help. Poverty is a fundamental problem in India that limited economic programs alone will not fix. Human development must be the primary focus. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | POVERTY | OVERPOPULATION | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | NEEDS | GENDER ISSUES | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | FOREIGN AID | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Environmental Degradation | Financial Activities Document Number: 155722 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Longer life and population growth. Author: Goldstein JR; Schlag W Source: POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW. 1999 Dec;25(4):741-7. Abstract: Recent successes in prolonging the life spans of laboratory animals have raised the possibility of large increases in human longevity. The prospect of longer life is often greeted by fears of overpopulation. Kevles' concerns, which appeared on the opinion page of the New York Times, are typical. He wrote that "forestalling death would inevitably worsen many of the social crises that we already see looming. It would increase population, further burdening the planet--and might well create a generation gap of titanic proportions." In this article, the authors use a simple mathematical model to show that longer life need not--and, if current trends continue, will not--lead to population growth. The authors distinguish between two types of post-reproductive life extension. Life-cycle telescoping occurs when death is postponed without affecting the timing of childbearing. The alternative is life-cycle stretching, in which longer life is accompanied by delays in the timing of reproduction. The authors' model shows that population growth will result from life-cycle telescoping, but not from stretching. Stretching appears to be the more likely scenario, judging from animal experiments, evolutionary and behavioral theory, and recent human experience. The authors conclude thus that current forecasts of an end to world population growth before the end of the 21st century may not be upset even by quite dramatic increases in human longevity. Similarly, differential access to life-extension technology may not alter the population composition in favor of those who live longer. Life-cycle stretching may itself be an evolutionarily adaptive mechanism. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | POPULATION GROWTH | LENGTH OF LIFE | OVERPOPULATION | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 156420 |
| 21. Title: The population explodes [letter] Author: Grefe LS Source: E / THE ENVIRONMENTAL MAGAZINE. 1999 Mar-Apr;:1 p. Abstract: This letter to the editor refers to an article on the "Baby Boom" published in 1998. The letter-writer, the Political Director of the Republican Pro-Choice PAC, concurs with the article that if the religious right holds sway in the US and is able to interfere with family planning assistance, the number of abortions will increase. The letter-writer then identifies Representative Chris Smith (Republican of New Jersey) and Representative Henry Hyde (Republican of Illinois) as the leaders of an anti-family planning alliance in Congress. The Republican Pro-Choice PAC is supported by Republicans who are concerned about overpopulation and want to elect members of their party who understand the importance of these issues and act accordingly. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | OVERPOPULATION | POLITICAL FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 140645 |
| 22. Title: The population explodes [letter] Author: Hickcox S Source: E / THE ENVIRONMENTAL MAGAZINE. 1999 Mar-Apr;:3 p. Abstract: This letter to the editor refers to an article on the "Baby Boom" published in 1998. The letter notes that no consensus exists among environmentalists about population growth or abortion and calls for more balance in coverage of these issues. The letter points out that, in animal and human populations, a "natural" suppression of reproduction occurs in the presence of a stable ecosystem. However, humans have forever changed the delicate balance of earth's ecosystems. The letter offers China as an example of a country whose drive to become an industrialized power is causing overuse, neglect, and destruction of natural resources. The letter concludes that efforts to obtain sustainability should involve a "more sobering look at free enterprise and the global economy." Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CHINA | CRITIQUE | OVERPOPULATION | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 140646 |
| 23. Title: Population growth and socio-economic development: an overview. Author: Rao GN Source: In: Population growth and socio-economic development: the macro scenario and select case studies, edited by G.N. Rao, Rajib Nandi. Thiruvananthapuram, India, Centre for Development Studies, 1999. :11-23. (Research Monograph Series Vol. 3) Contains shortened student project reports. Abstract: The debate on the interaction between population growth and human well-being may be said to have begun with the publication of an essay on population by Thomas Robert Malthus in 1798. Ever since, the issue of overpopulation has been agitating a section of the thinking public in the world. The historical experience of Europe on the interaction between population growth and economic development suggests that for a secular fall in human fertility to occur, modernization is a sufficient but not a necessary condition. The international conferences on population and development had awakened the public on the consequences of rapid population growth in some of the large developing countries. The concern expressed over the hazards of rapid population growth are well analyzed in the ensuing selected country case studies from Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | MALTHUSIANISM | POPULATION GROWTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | POPULATION DYNAMICS | OVERPOPULATION | Population Theory | Demography | Social Sciences | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 148149 |
| 24. Title: Learn to listen; listen to learn. Author: Simpson BW Source: JOHNS HOPKINS PUBLIC HEALTH. 1999 Fall;:36-43. Abstract: The Center for Communication Programs of the Johns Hopkins University (JHU/CCP), formed from the 1988 union of the Population Information Program and Population Communication Services, shares the knowledge of medical and public health specialists with people in the developing world, who can then use the information to improve the quality of their lives. JHU/CCP has led a public health revolution in the last 20 years by creating research-based, multimedia marketing health campaigns. JHU/CCP also teaches professionals how to perform research, allocate budgets, and manage resources for a successful health campaign. In Uttar Pradesh, JHU/CCP is acting as a technical adviser in support of a 10-year, $326-million project that primarily aims to reduce the total fertility rate to less than 4 children per mother. To achieve this goal, JHU/CCP has to overcome a number of challenges: 1) avoidance of contraception discussion in Indian communities; 2) practice of son preference; 3) misperceptions about high infant mortality rates; 4) distrust of government population control programs; and 5) contraceptive misconceptions. The campaign involved the use of television and radio commercials, 16,000 murals on village walls, and 34 traditional acting and puppetry troupes that deliver family planning messages. Although there is still much to be accomplished, the current campaign is having success and is headed in the right direction. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTION | OVERPOPULATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | POPULATION PROGRAMS | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | HEALTH SERVICES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Communication | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Economic Factors | Population Control | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 145705 |
| 25. Title: Fear and guilt -- why the Sierra Club chickened out on population. Author: Walker B Source: CARRYING CAPACITY NETWORK FOCUS. 1999;9(1):70-2. Abstract: Because Corporate America experiences short-term benefits from the importation of immigrants who are exploitable for cheap labor, it uses its political power to oppose the immigration reform (reduction) called for by those who are concerned with the impact of unlimited growth in the US. Recently, the influential Sierra Club lost an opportunity to educate Americans about immigrations' role in overpopulation when the Club's Board of Directors opposed a referendum that advocated an end to US population growth through reduction in natural increase and in net immigration. Proponents of the referendum were charged with racism by the news media and by members of the Board itself who crafted their strategy of opposition to gain favor with America's minority groups. This stance reinforces suspicions that the Board has lost touch with mainstream America. In fact, the current problem arose when the Board reversed its 1965 policy calling for an end to population growth in a 1996 vote to "take no position" on immigration levels. The Board also resorted to fierce attacks that violated its own rules in order to defend its new position. In the guise of "reaching out" to minorities "for the good of the club," and to achieve "environmental justice," the Board placed new, inexperienced members in committee leadership positions and allowed these people to break Club rules by publicizing their positions about the referendum. While the referendum failed, plans are being formulated for another campaign to achieve a Club support for immigration reduction. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | POLICY | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | OVERPOPULATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Natural Resources | Environment | Carrying Capacity Document Number: 139483 |
| 26. Title: The Fourteenth Asian Parliamentarians' Meeting on Population and Development, April 4-5 1998, New Delhi, India. Author: Asian Population and Development Association Source: [Tokyo, Japan], Asian Population and Development Association, 1998. 223 p. Abstract: The proceedings of the Fourteenth Asian Parliamentarians' Meeting on Population and Development held in New Delhi, India, April 4-5, 1998, are presented. With the theme "Five Years since International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and International Conference of Parliamentarians on Population and Development (ICPPD)," the proceedings focused on the issues of population and sustainable development from an Asian perspective. The conference was divided into four sessions, and each was followed by interactive discussions. The first session focused on the population trends in Asia and the status of ICPD's five major goals. The second session centered on the impact of the rapidly changing economic situation in Asia. Of note are the population implications of China's efforts for suitable development, as well as the parliamentarian activities of Arab-African countries. A slide presentation depicted the relationship between population dynamics and water supply. The third session focused on social development in rural society and on the education of girls. Highlighted were the need to empower women and the concern for women's reproductive health. The fourth session dealt with the need for food security and social equity in Asia. A presentation on the characteristics of the international rice market proposed that there should be equitable and suitable rules for the international trade of rice and food. Reports on population related efforts in Bangladesh, China, the Pacific Region, Korea, Nepal, Singapore and Vietnam were also presented. Language: English Keywords: ASIA | INDIA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | POPULATION PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | HEALTH AND WELFARE PLANNING | OVERPOPULATION | POPULATION POLICY | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | GENDER ISSUES | EDUCATION | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | ASIANS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Population Control | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Planning | Economic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Development | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 143557 |
| 27. Title: Journalist's notebook: what's in a word? Author: United Nations Source: [New York, New York], United Nations, 1998 Dec. [2] p. (1999 Global Population. The Facts of Life) Abstract: This article presents the controversial associations between demographic languages and geopolitics, sex, power, gender, race, religion and personal rights. There are demographic languages before that were rooted in detached calculations that dehumanized people and the process of family building. There are demographic languages like population control, immigration, overpopulation, and population bomb that connote negativism. While these words like stemming, stabilizing or slowing population growth stress the voluntary nature of the action sought. Similarly, family planning is preferred to birth control and subject of debates is better described as global population issues or population policy to stress the need of assessing human numbers in the context of desired living conditions and development. Furthermore, the term population momentum have been counteracted with the term population stabilization which can only be achieved depending upon the nations commitments to programs furthering birth spacing, reproductive health and women's rights, boosting sustainable development, and improving the earth's carrying capacity and the human quality of life. Lastly, population specialists have moved beyond mere number crunching to understand what population increase mean to individuals, and this change in perspective has changed policy and language. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | POPULATION CONTROL | FAMILY PLANNING | OVERPOPULATION | POPULATION POLICY | MIGRATION | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Social Policy | Policy | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors Document Number: 148372 |
| 28. Title: Africa's population problems not limited to Africa [letter] Author: Baschetti R Source: CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1998 Nov 17;159(10):1241. Abstract: Dr. Geoffrey Forbes says we should "leave population control to the Africans." Although his proposal may seem noble in Canada, a rich and underpopulated nation far from Africa, it sounds nearsighted in Italy, a densely populated country that is faced with the emergenza immigrati--a state of emergency due to the continuous invasion of numberless Africans who clandestinely immigrate to Italy. This country, where unemployment is rising, can offer neither enough jobs nor adequate lodgings to the new arrivals. It is patently clear that Africa's population explosion, besides leading to slaughter and starvation, is responsible for unstoppable emigration from Africa. This movement will produce increasingly serious socioeconomic problems in both Italy and other European countries. Population control in Africa, therefore, can no longer be viewed as a matter to be left entirely to the African countries, where substantial lobbies oppose contraception. As a consequence, African mothers still bear 6 sons, on average, despite overpopulation. If this level of reproduction is exported to the West, it will destroy economically and socially whatever affluent countries exist within a few decades. Contrary to Forbes' claim, vaccination without concurrent contraception will have catastrophic effects, not only for Africans. Sadly, as has recently been pointed out, "inadequate provision of contraception will result in....the deaths of up to 8.9 million infants and children by 2000." (full text) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | ITALY | IMMIGRANTS | CONTRACEPTION | OVERPOPULATION | Developing Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 140189 |
| 29. Title: Overpopulation question is complex, scientist says. Author: Bauman J Source: DESERET NEWS. 1998 Mar 13;:A11. Abstract: This article presents Joel E. Cohen's lecture on the issue of population growth. Cohen, a professor at Rockefeller and Columbia universities, outlined the complexities involved in estimating the world's ability to support humans. He noted that the world has undergone a startling population explosion, with the total number of humans expected to surpass 6 billion in 1998, doubling the population size in only 40 years. Estimates of the total number of humans the planet can support have been varied over the years. However, the only constant element is that there is a wide gap between the standard of living in rich countries with relatively slow population growth and poor countries, where the population is booming. Statistics compiled in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s attest to this fact. In addition, demographers show that food supply is not a good indicator of how many people an area can support and the fact that food prices are low does not indicate that there is no scarcity. Hence, there is a need to cope with the flourishing worldwide population. To do this, people should understand the complicated relationship between the physical constraints of the planet's carrying capacity and the choices that people must make. Cohen advocated for an improvement in the world's economic climate through better trade relations between developed and poorer countries. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION SIZE | CARRYING CAPACITY | OVERPOPULATION | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 147328 |
| 30. Title: Keynote address. Population and achieve the sustainable development -- Asian perspective. Author: Chaturvedi YN Source: In: The Fourteenth Asian Parliamentarians' Meeting on Population and Development, April 4-5 1998, New Delhi, India, [compiled by] Asian Population and Development Association. [Tokyo, Japan], Asian Population and Development Association, 1998. :29-33. Abstract: There is a link between population and the achievement of sustainable development in India and the Asian region in general. The fast growth of population can cause a strain on the social and economic infrastructure. Population growth came about with advancements in medical and other sciences. The dramatic decline in the rates of death and illness combined with unchanged fertility rates led to a net increase in the population. The net annual increase in world population peaked at 85 million in the 1980s and has started declining since then. The fast increase in population led to programs aimed at reducing population growth rate. Prominent global actions on the population problem have included the United Nations Conference on Environment, Human Rights and Social Development and the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo. Following the ICPD, India has started programs aimed at eradicating polio and integrating reproductive and child health initiatives into national programs. The commitment and support of opinion leaders and parliamentarians are important in promoting population programs. Considering the wide scope of the population problem, there is a need for cooperation between government sectors and non-government sectors. Language: English Keywords: ASIA | INDIA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | ASIANS | OVERPOPULATION | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Organizations | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Economic Development | Economic Factors Document Number: 143566 |
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