1.  Title: Reproductive and hormonal factors, and ovarian cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: results from the International BRCA1/2 Carrier Cohort Study. Author: Antoniou AC; Rookus M; Andrieu N; Brohet R; Chang-Claude J Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. 2009 Feb;18(2):601-10. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Several reproductive and hormonal factors are known to be associated with ovarian cancer risk in the general population, including parity and oral contraceptive (OC) use. However, their effect on ovarian cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers has only been investigated in a small number of studies. METHODS: We used data on 2,281 BRCA1 carriers and 1,038 BRCA2 carriers from the International BRCA1/2 Carrier Cohort Study to evaluate the effect of reproductive and hormonal factors on ovarian cancer risk for mutation carriers. Data were analyzed within a weighted Cox proportional hazards framework. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the risk of ovarian cancer between parous and nulliparous carriers. For parous BRCA1 mutation carriers, the risk of ovarian cancer was reduced with each additional full-term pregnancy (P trend = 0.002). BRCA1 carriers who had ever used OC were at a significantly reduced risk of developing ovarian cancer (hazard ratio, 0.52; 95% confidence intervals, 0.37-0.73; P = 0.0002) and increasing duration of OC use was associated with a reduced ovarian cancer risk (P trend = 0.0004). The protective effect of OC use for BRCA1 mutation carriers seemed to be greater among more recent users. Tubal ligation was associated with a reduced risk of ovarian cancer for BRCA1 carriers (hazard ratio, 0.42; 95% confidence intervals, 0.22-0.80; P = 0.008). The number of ovarian cancer cases in BRCA2 mutation carriers was too small to draw definitive conclusions. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide further confirmation that OC use, number of full-term pregnancies, and tubal ligation are associated with ovarian cancer risk in BRCA1 carriers to a similar relative extent as in the general population. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | COHORT ANALYSIS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | PREVALENCE | RISK ASSESSMENT | OVARIAN CANCER | CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES | PARITY | RISK FACTORS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | TUBAL LIGATION | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Evaluation | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Health | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning Document Number: 331025 |
| 2. Title: The unique characteristics of ovarian carcinogenesis in the adolescent and young adult population. Author: Gibbon DG; Diaz-Arrastia C Source: Seminars In Oncology. 2009 Jun;36(3):250-7. Abstract: Ovarian cancer in the adolescent and young adult (AYA) population is a disease that is distinctly different with regard to risk factors, genetics, and pathology when compared to ovarian cancers occurring in older women. This article will review the theories behind ovarian carcinogenesis and attempt to elucidate why these tumors exhibit their unique biologic characteristics. Knowledge of these differences will allow us to begin to develop strategies for future research endeavors enabling improved survival in AYA women diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | THEORETICAL STUDIES | CLASSIFICATION | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN | OVARIAN CANCER | AGE FACTORS | GENETICS | NEOPLASMS | OVARIECTOMY | FERTILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cancer | Diseases | Biology | Gynecologic Surgery | Urogenital Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Dynamics Document Number: 342163 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Ovarian cancer risk factors in African-American and white women. Author: Moorman PG; Palmieri RT; Akushevich L; Berchuck A; Schildkraut JM Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2009 Sep 1;170(5):598-606. Abstract: Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in both African-American and white women. Although prevalences of many ovarian cancer risk factors differ markedly between African Americans and whites, there has been little research on how the relative contributions of risk factors may vary between racial/ethnic groups. Using data from a North Carolina case-control study (1999-2008), the authors conducted unconditional logistic regression analyses to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for ovarian cancer risk factors in African-American (143 cases, 189 controls) and white (943 cases, 868 controls) women and to test for interactions by race/ethnicity. They also calculated attributable fractions within each racial/ethnic group for the modifiable factors of pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, tubal ligation, and body mass index. Many risk factors showed similar relations across racial/ethnic groups, but tubal ligation and family history of breast or ovarian cancer showed stronger associations among African Americans. Younger age at menarche was associated with risk only in white women. Attributable fractions associated with tubal ligation, oral contraceptive use, and obesity were markedly higher for African Americans. The relative importance of ovarian cancer risk factors may differ for African-American women, but conclusions were limited by the small sample. There is a clear need for further research on etiologic factors for ovarian cancer in African-American women. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | WOMEN | BLACKS | WHITES | OVARIAN CANCER | RISK FACTORS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | TUBAL LIGATION | OBESITY | BREASTFEEDING | GENETICS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition Document Number: 342784 |
| 4. Title: Epidemiology of ovarian cancer. Author: Permuth-Wey J; Sellers TA Source: Methods In Molecular Biology. 2009;472:413-37. Abstract: Ovarian cancer represents the sixth most commonly diagnosed cancer among women in the world, and causes more deaths per year than any other cancer of the female reproductive system. Despite the high incidence and mortality rates, the etiology of this disease is poorly understood. Established risk factors for ovarian cancer include age and having a family history of the disease, while protective factors include increasing parity, oral contraceptive use, and oophorectomy. Lactation, incomplete pregnancies, and surgeries such as hysterectomy and tubal ligation may confer a weak protective effect against ovarian cancer. Infertility may contribute to ovarian cancer risk among nulliparous women. Other possible risk factors for ovarian cancer include postmenopausal hormone-replacement therapy and lifestyle factors such as cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. Many of the causes of ovarian cancer are yet to be identified. Additional research is needed to better understand the etiology of this deadly disease. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | OVARIAN CANCER | EPIDEMIOLOGY | RISK FACTORS | HISTOLOGY | HORMONES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | INCIDENCE | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Public Health | Health | Biology | Endocrine System | Physiology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Measurement | Research Methodology Document Number: 341435 |
| 5. Title: Effects of Oral Contraceptives or a Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist on Ovarian Carcinogenesis in Genetically Engineered Mice. Author: Romero IL; Gordon IO; Jagadeeswaran S; Mui KL; Lee WS; Dinulescu DM; Krausz TN; Kim HH; Gilliam ML; Lengyel E Source: Cancer Prevention Research. 2009 Sep 8; Abstract: Although epidemiologic evidence for the ability of combined oral contraception (OC) to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer (OvCa) is convincing, the biological mechanisms underlying this effect are largely unknown. We conducted the present study to determine if OC also influences ovarian carcinogenesis in a genetic mouse model and, if so, to investigate the mechanism underlying the protective effect. LSL-K-ras(G12D/+)Pten(loxP/loxP) mice were treated with ethinyl estradiol plus norethindrone, contraceptive hormones commonly used in combined OC, or norethindrone alone, or a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. The combined OC had a 29% reduction in mean total tumor weight compared with placebo (epithelial tumor weight, -80%). Norethindrone alone reduced mean total tumor weight by 42% (epithelial tumor weight, -46%), and the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist increased mean total tumor weight by 71% (epithelial tumor weight, +150%). Large variations in tumor size affected the P values for these changes, which were not statistically significant. Nonetheless, the OC reductions are consistent with the epidemiologic data indicating a protective effect of OC. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity was decreased in association with OC, indicating that OC may affect ovarian carcinogenesis by decreasing proteolytic activity, an important early event in the pathogenesis of OvCa. In contrast, OC increased invasion in a K-ras/Pten OvCa cell line established from the mouse tumors, suggesting that OC hormones, particularly estrogen, may have a detrimental effect after the disease process is under way. Our study results support further investigation of OC effects and mechanisms for OvCa prevention. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | WOMEN | OVARIAN CANCER | RISK FACTORS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Public Health | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 342761 |
| 6. Title: The fallopian tube: primary site of most pelvic high-grade serous carcinomas. Author: Salvador S; Gilks B; Kobel M; Huntsman D; Rosen B; Miller D Source: International Journal of Gynecological Cancer. 2009 Jan;19(1):58-64. Abstract: Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most common cause of mortality from gynecologic malignancy, and most of epithelial cancers are of serous type. The site of origin of pelvic high-grade serous carcinoma has been the subject of debate for 60 years. This paper reviews the evidence that pelvic serous carcinoma originates from the fallopian tube mucosa and puts forward a theory that inflammation in the tube, caused by menstrual cytokines or infection, is critical to the genesis of these tumors. Other risk factors for pelvic serous carcinoma will be reviewed, including oral contraceptive use, parity, infertility, and tubal ligation.Studies were identified for this review by searching the English language literature in the MEDLINE database between the years 1995 and 2007 using the following keywords: fallopian tube neoplasia, ovarian serous adenocarcinoma, pregnancy, oral contraceptive, infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease, cytokines, menstruation, and tubal ligation, followed by an extensive review of bibliographies from articles found through the search.The clinical implications of this theory are discussed, and a change in surgical practice is recommended, with salpingectomy at the time of simple hysterectomy. This theory also has implications for the development of new methods of screening for pelvic serous carcinomas, as there are no screening methods that are currently available to find this form of cancer in an early stage. Inflammatory markers could be detected in the vagina from the fallopian tube indicating possible chronic inflammation and a risk factor for mutagenesis leading to serous carcinoma. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | OVARIAN CANCER | FALLOPIAN TUBES | CANCER | MORTALITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Neoplasms | Diseases | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 341231 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Long-term oral contraceptive pills and postoperative pain management after laparoscopic excision of ovarian endometrioma: a randomized controlled trial. Author: Seracchioli R; Mabrouk M; Frasca C; Manuzzi L; Savelli L; Venturoli S Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2009 May 12; Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate postoperative long-term cyclic and continuous administration of combined oral contraceptive (OC) pills in preventing endometriosis-related pain recurrence. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, controlled trial. SETTING: Tertiary care university hospital. PATIENT(S): Three hundred eleven women who underwent laparoscopic excision for symptomatic ovarian endometrioma. INTERVENTION(S): Patients were randomly divided into three groups: nonuser group receiving no therapy, and cyclic user group and continuous user group receiving low-dose, monophasic OC pills for 24 months in either cyclic or continuous administration. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Presence and intensity of dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and chronic pelvic pain were assessed by a 10-point visual analogue scale (VAS) at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months postoperatively. RESULT(S): A significant reduction in recurrence rate and VAS scores for dysmenorrhea was evident in the continuous users versus the other groups at 6 months, and in cyclic users versus nonusers at 18 months postoperatively. No significant differences in recurrence rate and VAS scores for dyspareunia and chronic pelvic pain were demonstrated among the groups. The increase of VAS scores from 6-24 months during the study period for dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and chronic pelvic pain was significantly higher in nonusers than in the other groups. CONCLUSION(S): Long-term postoperative use of OC pills can reduce the frequency and the severity of recurrent endometriosis-related dysmenorrhea. Language: English Keywords: ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | LONGTERM EFFECTS | PAIN | GYNECOLOGIC SURGERY | POSTOPERATIVE PROCEDURES | LAPAROSCOPY | OVARIAN CANCER | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ANALGESIA | ENDOMETRIAL CANCER | ENDOMETRIOSIS | DYSMENORRHEA | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Time Factors | Population Dynamics | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Urogenital Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Endoscopy | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Cancer | Neoplasms | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Menstruation Disorders Document Number: 341141 |
| 8. Title: Birth spacing and maternal risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer in a Swedish nationwide cohort. Author: Baik I; Lambe M; Liu Q; Chie L; Cnattingius S; Mucci LA; Riman T; Ekbom A; Adami HO; Hsieh CC Source: Cancer Causes and Control. 2008 Dec;19(10):1131-7. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Pregnancies reduce the risk of ovarian cancer, and among multiparous women, levels of circulating progesterone might be higher during pregnancies with wider birth spacing. We hypothesized that childbirth with wider birth spacing might reduce maternal risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer more than births with narrower spacing. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study nested in a nationwide cohort of Swedish women from 1961 to 2001. We selected five individually age-matched controls for each case of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer, and analysis for the effect of birth spacing was performed for 5,341 cases and 29,047 controls. We applied unconditional logistic regression analyses adjusting for age, ages at childbirth, educational level, area of residence, and gender of offspring. RESULTS: Relative risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer associated with each one-year increase in average birth spacing is 1.00 (95% CI = 0.98-1.01) among all women and 0.99 (0.98-1.01) among those born before 1935 and less likely to have used oral contraceptives. Further analyses on the biparous and triparous women did not find a consistent association between birth spacing and the risk of ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Birth spacing is unlikely to be a major determinant underlying the protective effects of childbirth on ovarian cancer risk. Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | BIRTH SPACING | PROGESTERONE | OVARIAN CANCER | RISK FACTORS | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases Document Number: 330103 |
| 9. Title: Oral contraceptives, salpingo-oophorectomy and hormone replacement therapy in BRCA1-2 mutation carriers. Author: Biglia N; Mariani L; Ponzone R; Sismondi P Source: Maturitas. 2008 Jun;60(2):71-77. Abstract: Germline mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes predispose to hereditary breast and ovarian cancers. The estimated lifetime risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers ranges from 50% to 80%, while the estimated lifetime risk of ovarian cancer ranges from 20% to 65%. Although breast cancer risk is similar in women who inherit BRCA2 mutations, the lifetime risk of ovarian cancer is approximately 20%. In the general population reproductive factors (such as parity, age at menopause, use of exogenous steroid hormones as contraceptives or after menopause) influence the risk of breast and ovarian cancer. In BRCA mutation carriers, these issues are much more complicated and not completely understood. Nonetheless, a growing number of data show that estrogens may modulate the risk of breast cancer in women with BRCA mutations. In these women estrogens may increase the probability of mutation due to enhanced proliferation and direct genotoxic effects of estrogen metabolites. Women carrying BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations face difficult decisions during the reproductive life. In the younger age period, they may be reluctant to using oral contraceptives (OCs) for the possible influence of these compounds on breast cancer incidence. After completion of childbearing, they may be offered the option of prophylactic oophorectomy, that is associated with a strong reduction of cancer risk, but also with the early onset of menopausal symptoms and the long-term consequences of estrogen deprivation. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: LITERATURE REVIEW | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | BREAST CANCER | OVARIAN CANCER | GENETICS | HEREDITARY DISEASES | OVARIECTOMY | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | RISK ASSESSMENT | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Biology | Gynecologic Surgery | Urogenital Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Evaluation | Behavior Document Number: 327496 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Estrogen receptor subtypes in ovarian cancer: A clinical correlation. Author: Chan KK; Liu SS; Xiao-Yun L; Cheung AN Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2008 Jan;111(1):144-151. Abstract: The objective was to study the distribution of estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes in ovarian tumors and to correlate the levels of expression with clinical factors. Estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) and beta-mRNA expressions in 58 normal, 25 borderline, and 161 malignant ovarian tissue samples were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The expression levels were correlated with clinical data, including the histologic subtypes, the stage of the disease, and the disease-free and overall survival, with a median follow-up of 80 months. Estrogen receptor-beta (ERbeta) expression, but not ERalpha, was significantly higher in normal tissues compared with malignant tissues (P<.001). Estrogen receptor-beta expression was also significantly higher in stage I disease compared with stage II-IV disease (P<.001). A higher ERbeta expression was found to be significantly associated with a longer disease-free survival (P=.007) as well as overall survival (P=.011). Estrogen receptor-beta expression remained a significant predictor for disease-free survival and overall survival in multivariable analysis that took into account other factors that were shown to be associated with survival in univariate analyses, including stage of disease, type of tumor (borderline or malignant), and optimal debulking. Loss of ERbeta expression in ovarian tumors may be a feature of malignant transformation. Determining ER subtypes expression may improve response to hormonal therapy by tailoring the use of selective estrogen receptor modulators with different ER affinity in selected women. As a prognostic indicator, ERbeta levels may be useful in deciding the need for and choice of adjuvant treatment in women with early ovarian cancers. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | HORMONE RECEPTORS | ESTROGENS | OVARIAN CANCER | DRUGS | HISTOLOGY | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | TREATMENT | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Membrane Proteins | Physiology | Biology | Hormones | Endocrine System | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 323410 |
11.  Peer Reviewed Title: Ovarian cancer and oral contraceptives. Author: Franco EL; Duarte-Franco E Source: Lancet. 2008 Jan 26;371(9609):277-278. Abstract: Since the 1960s, oral contraceptives have become a dominant form of female contraception in most developed countries. In the UK, 25% of women aged 16-49 years and 62% of women aged 16-24 years rely on combined oestrogen-progestin or progestin-only (minipill) oral contraceptives. In the USA, 19% of women aged 15-44 years (and 32% of 20-24-year-olds) take oral contraceptives. These drugs are the most effective reversible birth-control method, and widespread use has been the cornerstone of family-planning initiatives worldwide. A causal role for oral contraceptives in various cancers was first suspected soon after their use became widespread, but today's low-dose formulations are relatively safe drugs. Oral contraceptives have been linked with increased risks for some cancers (breast and cervix) and with protective effects for others (ovarian, endometrial, and colorectal). Calculation of the net effect on women's health is fraught with uncertainties. There are inherent difficulties associated with ascertaining the nature of exposure to oral contraceptives, such as age at first use, duration of use, time since last use, formulation of contraceptives (sequential, combined, or progestin-only), and dose. Furthermore, epidemiological studies must include information about potential confounders, such as sociodemographics, family history of cancer, comorbidity, reproductive-health variables, history of hormone-replacement therapy (HRT), and relevant lifestyle characteristics. For a woman in her 50s or 60s, recalling past use of oral contraceptives is not easy. In case-control studies, recall bias may further compound this problem because women with cancer might make a greater effort to recollect past exposures than their cancer-free counterparts. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | OVARIAN CANCER | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases Document Number: 323989 |
| 12. Title: Infertility and polycystic ovarian syndrome: A study of association between body mass index and intrafamily marriages. Author: Haq F; Rizvi J Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2008;65(4):269-274. Abstract: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder which causes anovulatory infertility. Obesity is one of the factors which directly modifies the clinical, biochemical and metabolic expression of this syndrome. Recently a genetic association of PCOS with intrafamily marriages has been postulated. This study investigates the association of environmental factors such as BMI and intrafamily marriages with the clinical, biochemical and hormonal features of this syndrome. The objective was to determine the relationship of different clinical, biochemical parameters and hormonal assay with the BMI of women who are known to have PCOS, and to compare these demographic features with intrafamily marriages. From January 2005 until December 2006, patients attending the infertility clinic at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, were evaluated for their clinical features. Couples were divided into 2 groups: group A had a history of first-degree intrafamily marriages, and group B had none. Complete biochemical evaluation was performed by day-2 serum FSH, LH, prolactin, testosterone and fasting serum insulin levels. The results were recorded on a data collection form. Ultrasonic evaluation was performed with transvaginal ultrasound to check the morphological appearance of the ovaries. A modified glucose tolerance test with 75 g glucose was performed and the results were recorded as normal, impaired and abnormal. Insulin resistance was calculated using the HOMA index method. During this period 203 patients were evaluated for demographic and biochemical features of PCOS. The prevalence of obesity was 70% with 59.3% women found to have hyperinsulinemia while 52.3% of patients had insulin resistance according to the HOMA index method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to compare the 2 groups. A linear relationship between oligomenorrhea, family history of diabetes, tonic LH, high fasting serum insulin levels, insulin resistance and an abnormal glucose tolerance test was revealed, keeping intrafamily marriage and BMI as dependent variables. In this population 48% of couples were in first-degree intrafamily marriages, suggesting the possibility of a high genetic predisposition for abnormal metabolic features beside ethnic predisposition. A linear relationship of high BMI and family marriages has been seen with insulin resistance, oligomenorrhea and impaired glycemic control. The number of obese women and the high rate of intrafamily marriages make our population genetically susceptible to metabolic complications. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | COUPLES | OBESITY | BODY WEIGHT | OVARIAN CANCER | OVARIAN CYSTS | INFERTILITY | DRUG RESISTANCE | GLUCOSE METABOLISM EFFECTS | TESTING | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Physiology | Biology | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Reproduction | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Carbohydrate Metabolic Effects | Metabolic Effects | Measurement | Research Methodology Document Number: 326619 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Pill use is associated with reductions in overall risk of cancer and in risk of main gynecologic cancers. Author: Hollander D Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2008 Mar;40(1):52-53. Abstract: Ever-use of the pill had no adverse effect on the overall risk of cancer in the large cohort of British women participating in the Royal College of General Practitioners' oral contraception study. Rather, analyses of data reflecting as much as 36 years of observation indicate that ever-users of oral contraceptives had a 12% reduction in the risk of developing any cancer and a 29% reduction in the risk of developing cervical, uterine or ovarian cancer. (Analyses of data from a subset of the cohort, however, revealed no association between ever-use and the risk of any cancer.) Long-term pill use was associated with elevated risks of some cancers and with reduced risks of others. Analyses of data from the U.S. Nurses' Health Study, another long-term cohort study, confirm the inverse association between pill use and ovarian cancer risk; they also show that the risk of this disease is reduced among sterilized women and elevated among women who have used an IUD or are infertile. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN | CERVICAL CANCER | UTERINE CANCER | OVARIAN CANCER | RISK ASSESSMENT | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | CANCER | DISEASE PREVENTION | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Neoplasms | Diseases | Evaluation | Behavior | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Prevention and Control Document Number: 325188 |
| 14. Title: Non-contraceptive benefits of oral contraceptives. Author: Huber JC; Bentz EK; Ott J; Tempfer CB Source: Expert Opinion On Pharmacotherapy. 2008 Sep;9(13):2317-25. Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is increasing awareness of the opportunity that many contraceptive interventions may provide for additional health benefits. However, treatment of medical problems with oral contraceptives (OCs) is often an 'off-label' practice. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review is to summarize available data on non-contraceptive benefits of OCs. METHODS: Review of the literature. RESULTS: OCs have been shown to reduce the risk of ovarian, endometrial, and colorectal cancer. It has been suggested that OCs may be used in treatment of endometriosis, menorrhagia, and uterine leiomyomas. Pelvic inflammatory disease, dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, and acne have been shown to improve under OCs. CONCLUSION: OCs are important for global and female health. Besides contraception, non-contraceptive effects of OCs are evidence based, well established, and commonly used in clinical practice. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | ENDOMETRIOSIS | ACNE | ENDOMETRIAL CANCER | MENSTRUATION DISORDERS | OVARIAN CANCER | PELVIC INFECTIONS | PREMENSTRUAL TENSION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | Diseases | Dermatitis | Cancer | Neoplasms | Infections | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 328808 |
| 15. Title: What is new? [editorial] Author: Kunzel W; Drife J Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2008 Aug;139(2):119-20. Abstract: Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NETHERLANDS | CRITIQUE | OVARIAN CANCER | LAPAROSCOPY | TREATMENT | TIME FACTORS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | STANDARDS | SCREENING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Europe, Western | Europe | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Endoscopy | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology Document Number: 328630 |
| 16. Title: Combined oral contraceptive use and epithelial ovarian cancer risk: Time-related effects. Author: Lurie G; Wilkens LR; Thompson PJ; McDuffie KE; Carney ME Source: Epidemiology. 2008 Mar;19(2):237-243. Abstract: Although the protective effect of oral contraceptives (OCs) use against epithelial ovarian cancer is well-established, there remain gaps in our understanding of the contributions of time-related characteristics of OC use to risk. This population-based case-control study, carried out in Hawaii and Los Angeles 1993-2006, included 813 cases of epithelial ovarian cancer and 992 controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression. Epithelial ovarian cancer risk was reduced 5 or more years after initiation of OC use (OR = 0.18; CI = 0.08-0.39). Each year of use provided a 5% reduction (CI = 2%-8%) in risk. A positive gradient in risk with time since first OC use was independent of duration of OC use. The inverse association of OCs with risk was attenuated decades after last use, but was not affected by age at first or last use. OC use for less than 1 year was associated with decreased ovarian cancer risk (OR = 0.45; CI = 0.26-0.79) only among recent users (less than or equal to 20 years from diagnosis/interview). Women who used OCs for a year or more were protected for at least 3 decades after they stopped use. Reduction in epithelial ovarian cancer risk associated with OC use became apparent after a short latency period and short duration of use, and was long-lasting. Time since first use and time since last use seem to modify the association of OCs with ovarian cancer risk independently of duration of use. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HAWAII | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | OVARIAN CANCER | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | RISK FACTORS | TIME FACTORS | LONGTERM EFFECTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Biology | Population Dynamics Document Number: 325019 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Non-contraceptive health benefits of oral contraceptives. Author: Maia H Jr; Casoy J Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Mar;13(1):17-24. Abstract: The use of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) is associated with a reduced risk of developing endometriosis, myomas, and endometrial and ovarian carcinoma. The mechanisms involved are multiple; next to ovulation suppression, a reduction in inflammation in the genital tract is involved. This is accomplished through inhibition of the endometrial expression of enzymes related to the biosynthesis of prostaglandin and oestrogen, particularly cyclooxygenase type II (Cox-2) and aromatase. The blockade of these enzymatic systems by COCs explains the beneficial effects of these compounds in treating the symptoms, and halting the progression of myomas, endometriosis and adenomyosis, all of which are characterized by increased inflammation. Inhibition of aromatase and Cox-2 expression in the endometrium by COCs may explain their efficacy in controlling the pain and excessive uterine bleeding caused by these pathologies. The reduction of inflammation in the endometrium may also be the mechanism behind the lower incidence of endometrial carcinoma in COC users. The blockade of ovulation and ovarian steroidogenesis, on the other hand, may explain the lesser incidence of ovarian cancer and the improvement of acne in users. In conclusion, inflammation appears to play a pivotal role in the development of various benign and malignant gynecological diseases. COCs reduce inflammation in the female genital tract by blocking enzymes such as Cox-2 and aromatase. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ENDOMETRIOSIS | MENORRHAGIA | ENDOMETRIAL CANCER | OVARIAN CANCER | ACNE | MENOPAUSE | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Diseases | Menstruation Disorders | Cancer | Neoplasms | Dermatitis | Reproduction Document Number: 324655 |
| 18. Title: New findings on contraceptives. Author: Ramchandran D; Salem RM Source: Population Reports. Series M: Special Topics. 2008 Jun;(20):1-20. Abstract: This report on new findings in contraception research can help program managers, providers, teachers, and communicators to: update colleagues and students on recent research findings; draw attention to the new, longer "grace period" for DMPA reinjection recently recommended by WHO, and advocate clear and prominent changes in program policy and training; answer concerns about ready access to emergency contraceptive pills; adopt and use checklists that qualify more women to use IUDs; recommend LAM to women with HIV who are breastfeeding; offer a wide range of contraceptive methods to women with HIV; check whether program guidelines reflect important research findings that have long been neglected in many places. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | TECHNICAL REPORT | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | INJECTABLES | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | IUD | LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | OVARIAN CANCER | CERVICAL CANCER | HIV/FP INTEGRATION | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Methods | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Oral Contraceptives | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 327555 |
| 19. Title: [Use of oral contraceptives and increased risk of cervical cancer] Pilgebruik en een verhoogde kans op cervixcarcinoom. Author: Schmeink CE; Lenselink CH; Bekkers RL Source: Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde. 2008 Aug 2;152(31):1717-8. Abstract: A recently published meta-analysis and a large cohort study showed independently that use of oral contraceptives (OC) leads to an increased relative risk (RR) of cervical cancer. This RR increased with the duration of OC use and was 1.90 after 5 years or more (95% CI: 1.69-2.13). The increased RR decreased after cessation of OC use and was normal again Io years later. Longstanding OC use enhances human papillomavirus (HPV) transcription and decreases HPV clearance, resulting in more frequent persistence of HPV, an increase of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and an increased RR of cervical cancer. The increase in cervical cancer by OC is, however, associated with a fully compensatory decrease in the incidence of other malignancies, in particular ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer. Based on these findings, there are no reasons to discourage the use of OC by women in the Netherlands. Language: Dutch Keywords: NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | INCIDENCE | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CERVICAL CANCER | HPV | OVARIAN CANCER | ENDOMETRIAL CANCER | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Measurement | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Biology Document Number: 328939 |
| 20. Title: Genital cancer and oral contraceptives. The good news! [editorial] Author: Skouby SO Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Dec;13(4):327-9. Abstract: COCs have become pivotal in contemporary reproductive health by virtue of their ability to prevent pregnancy. The strong message about ovarian cancer prevention led to the publication of an outstanding and enthusiastic Editorial in The Lancet which extended the evidence from this large systematic review to individual women, by suggesting that the benefits of COCs be made more widely available via over-the-counter (OTC) access. We welcome this positive public-health message, although widespread OTC access may need further evaluation in relation to the optimal individual choice of hormonal contraception. Women are confronted with much adverse publicity about the risks of the pill. Little is said in the lay press about the health benefits. The good news is that its associated risk of cervical cancer can be prevented, that it reduces the risk of both ovarian and endometrial cancer even for many years after discontinuation of its use, and that the RCGP study estimated that the absolute rate of any cancer among ever-users was reduced by 10 to 45 per 100 000 woman-years. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | CANCER | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | CERVICAL CANCER | ENDOMETRIAL CANCER | OVARIAN CANCER | HPV | RISK FACTORS | DISEASE PREVENTION | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Neoplasms | Diseases | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Viral Diseases | Prevention and Control Document Number: 331104 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Primary carcinoid tumor of the ovary: A case report. Author: Somak R; Shramana M; Vijay S; Nita K Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2008 Jan;277(1):79-82. Abstract: Carcinoid tumors commonly occur in the gastrointestinal tract and lungs. However, carcinoid tumors of the ovary are rare, primary carcinoid tumors being even rarer, forming 0.3% of all carcinoid tumors. We present a case of a 55-year-old woman presented with symptoms of abdominal discomfort, weakness and fatigue. Pelvic ultrasound revealed a left-sided lobulated ovarian mass, which was solid with occasional internal scattered fluid areas. No other abnormality was detected on pelvic and abdominal ultrasonography. The findings of biochemical investigations were within normal limits. The patient underwent total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salphingo-oophorectomy for a clinical suspicion of ovarian tumor. Gross examination revealed a large tumor completely replacing the ovary, which was predominantly solid with few cystic areas and yellowish in color. Microscopically, the tumor was composed of uniform population of polygonal cells with abundant granular cytoplasm, arranged in small acini, solid sheets, ribbons and trabecular pattern. No teratomatous component was seen either grossly or microscopically. The tumor cells showed the strong expression of Chromogranin A and synaptophysin on immunohistochemistry. On the basis of this, a diagnosis of primary ovarian carcinoid was made. We conclude that it is important to be aware of this entity in the pathological diagnosis of ovarian tumors, even in the absence of any clinical indicator of carcinoid tumor/syndrome, as it carries a markedly better prognosis and clinical outcome in comparison with most other malignant ovarian tumors. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE HISTORIES | NEOPLASMS | OVARIAN CANCER | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | HYSTERECTOMY | HISTOLOGY | ULTRASONICS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Diseases | Cancer | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Gynecologic Surgery | Urogenital Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Biology Document Number: 322618 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Inverse association of NSAID use and ovarian cancer in relation to oral contraceptive use and parity. Author: Wernli KJ; Newcomb PA; Hampton JM; Trentham-Dietz A; Egan KM Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2008 June 3;98(11):1781-1783. Abstract: We examined the association between non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use and ovarian cancer by potential effect modifiers, parity and oral contraceptive use, in a population-based case-control study conducted in Wisconsin and Massachusetts. Women reported prior use of NSAIDs and information on risk factors in a telephone interview. A total of 487 invasive ovarian cancer cases and 2653 control women aged 20-74 years were included in the analysis. After adjustment for age, state of residence and other covariates, ever use of NSAIDs was inversely associated with ovarian cancer in never users of oral contraceptives (odds ratio (OR=0.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.42-0.80) but not for ever users (OR=0.98, 95% CI 0.71-1.35) (P-interaction = 0.03). A reduced risk with NSAID use was also noted in nulliparous women (OR=0.47, 95% CI 0.27-0.82) but not among parous women (OR=0.81, 95% CI 0.64-1.04) (P-interaction=0.05). These results suggest that use of NSAIDs were beneficial to women at greatest risk for ovarian cancer. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WISCONSIN | MASSACHUSETTS | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | OVARIAN CANCER | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | PARITY | DRUGS | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Biology Document Number: 327063 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Good pregnancy outcome after prenatal exposure to bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin for ovarian immature teratoma: A case report and literature review. Author: Zarchi MK; Behtash N; Gilani MM Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2008 Jan;277(1):75-78. Abstract: The administration of bleomycin plus etoposide and cisplatin during pregnancy is rare. We describe a case with good pregnancy outcome after exposure to these chemotherapeutic agents at the third trimester of pregnancy. A pregnant woman with stage IIIc immature teratoma underwent surgical staging, and received two cycles of bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin from the 29th week of pregnancy until delivery. The patient did not have any evidence of recurrence of ovarian cancer for 1.5 years. Her infant did not have any evidence of minor or major malformations, and showed normal neurological development during 1.5 years of follow-up. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE HISTORIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREGNANCY, THIRD TRIMESTER | OVARIAN CANCER | GERM CELLS | DRUGS | SURGERY | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | Developing Countries | Middle East | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 322617 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Ovarian cancer and hormone replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Author: Million Women Study Collabortors Source: Lancet. 2007 May 19;369(9574):1703-170. Abstract: Ovarian cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women in the UK, with about 6700 developing the malignancy and 4600 dying from it every year. However, there is limited information about the risk of ovarian cancer associated with the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). 948 576 postmenopausal women from the UK Million Women Study who did not have previous cancer or bilateral oophorectomy were followed-up for an average of 5.3 years for incident ovarian cancer and 6.9 years for death. Information on HRT use was obtained at recruitment and updated where possible. Relative risks for ovarian cancer were calculated, stratified by age and hysterectomy status, and adjusted by area of residence, socioeconomic group, time since menopause, parity, body-mass index, alcohol consumption, and use of oral contraceptives. When they last reported HRT use, 287 143 women (30%) were current users and 186 751 (20%) were past users. During follow-up, 2273 incident ovarian cancers and 1591 deaths from the malignancy were recorded. Current users were significantly more likely to develop and die from ovarian cancer than never users (relative risk 1.20 [95% CI 1.09-1.32; p=0.0002] for incident disease and 1.23 [1.09-1.38; p=0.0006] for death). For current users of HRT, incidence of ovarian cancer increased with increasing duration of use, but did not differ significantly by type of preparation used, its constituents, or mode of administration. Risks associated with HRT varied significantly according to tumour histology (p<0.0001), and in women with epithelial tumours the relative risk for current versus never use of HRT was greater for serous than for mucinous, endometroid, or clear cell tumours (1.53 [1.31-1.79], 0.72 [0.52-1.00], 1.05 [0.77-1.43], or 0.77 [0.48-1.23], respectively). Past users of HRT were not at an increased risk of ovarian cancer (0.98 [0.88-1.11] and 0.97 [0.84-1.11], respectively, for incident and fatal disease). Over 5 years, the standardised incidence rates for ovarian cancer in current and neverusers of HRT were 2.6 (2.4-2.9) and 2.2 (2.1-2.3) per 1000, respectively-ie, one extra ovarian cancer in roughly 2500 users; death rates were 1.6 (1.4-1.8) and 1.3 (1.2-1.4) per 1000, respectively-ie, one extra ovarian cancer death in roughly 3300 users. Women who use HRT are at an increased risk of both incident and fatal ovarian cancer. Since 1991, use of HRT has resulted in some 1300 additional ovarian cancers and 1000 additional deaths from the malignancy in the UK. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | INCIDENCE | WOMEN | OVARIAN CANCER | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | AGE FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Measurement | Demographic Factors | Population | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Characteristics | Economic Factors | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 316686 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Unusual presentation of cervical cancer as advanced ovarian cancer. Author: Abdulhathi MB; Al-Salam S; Kassis A; Ghazal-Aswad S Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2007 Oct;276(4):387-390. Abstract: Ovarian metastases from cervical cancers are uncommon. In most cases, the primary site of cervix is known before the occurrence of metastasis. We report a case of cervical adenocarcinoma presenting primarily as advanced ovarian cancer with the primary site totally silent. A 47-year old multiparous patient presented to her local hospital with vague abdominal pain for 2 months. Initial investigations with abdominal ultrasound and computerized tomography scan suggested right ovarian dermoid cyst. Her CA125 was 12 µ/ml (0-35). Right salpingo-oophorectomy was performed with the histologic diagnosis of dermoid cyst. Follow-up after 5 months showed a higher level of serum CA 125 (1,594 µ/ml) and a negative cervical smear. Exploratory laparotomy was done with the intent to progress to total abdominal hysterectomy, left salpingo-oophorectomy and omentectomy with staging. Surprisingly, the histologic features of the specimen obtained at laparotomy were consistent with a moderately differentiated cervical adenocarcinoma with metastases to corpus uterus, ovaries, left fallopian tube, omentum and pleural cavity. The final stage was stage IV cervical cancer. Following this, the patient was referred to medical oncologist for chemotherapy. Cervical carcinoma should be suspected in any patient presented with bilateral ovarian tumors and positive ascitic fluid cytology. Negative cervical smears do not exclude the possibility of primary cervical carcinoma. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | MIDDLE AGED ADULTS | PAIN | ULTRASONICS | OVARIAN CYSTS | LAPAROTOMY | HYSTERECTOMY | CERVICAL CANCER | OVARIAN CANCER | Middle East | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Surgery | Treatment | Gynecologic Surgery | Urogenital Surgery | Cancer | Neoplasms Document Number: 320760 |
| 26. Title: Detection of human papillomavirus DNA and genotyping in patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Author: Atalay F; Taskiran C; Taner MZ; Pak I; Or M Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2007 Dec;33(6):823-828. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in Turkish patients with epithelial ovarian cancer by using the highly sensitive technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify all the subtypes of this unique oncogenic virus. All patients were subjected to initial surgery, and subsequently recruited for postoperative chemotherapy depending on the extent of the disease and their condition. HPV PCR screening was done from paraffin embedded samples. PCR amplifications were done using the MY09/11 primer set after digestion and phenol-chloroform extraction of the DNA. HPV PCR-positive samples were analyzed and genotyped using an OpenGene automated DNA sequencing system. Overall, 94 patients were included in this study. The mean age was 52.7 years (range, 21-76 years). As a histopathologic diagnosis, the majority of the patients had serous papillary tumors (81%). HPV was found to be positive in eight patients (8.5%). All of the positive patients had serous papillary tumors (8/76, 10.5%) and advanced stage disease. Six patients had HPV type 16, and the remaining two patients had HPV type 33. None of the patients had more than one type of HPV. HPV may have a role in the carcinogenesis of ovarian cancer. It is worth investigating this possible relation both in large case-control studies and in vitro models by using more sensitive techniques. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | GENETICS | HPV | OVARIAN CANCER | RISK FACTORS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Biology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Cancer | Neoplasms Document Number: 322680 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Malignant transformation in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: report of five cases and review of the literature. Author: Bal A; Mohan H; Singh SB; Sehgal A Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2007 Mar;275(3):179-182. Abstract: The incidence of malignant transformation in mature cystic teratoma (MCT) of the ovary is less than 2% as reported in gynaecological and pathological literature. Here we present a series of five patients, who developed malignant transformation in MCT of the ovary, over a 6-year period (1999-2004). The morphological and clinico-pathological features of malignant transformation in MCT of the ovary are discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | OVARY | OVARIAN CYSTS | TIME FACTORS | OVARIAN CANCER | CYTOLOGY | SURVIVORSHIP | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Cancer | Neoplasms | Length of Life | Mortality Document Number: 311994 |
| 28. Title: Pre-operative prediction of serum CA125 level in women with ovarian masses. Author: Benjapibal M; Neungton C Source: Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 2007 Oct;90(10):1986-1991. Abstract: The objective was to assess the accuracy of serum CA125 at the level of more than 35 U/mL in predicting ovarian cancer, using histopathology as a gold standard. Blood samples were obtained from 120 women with ovarian masses scheduled for elective surgery at Siriraj Hospital between October 1, 2003 and August 31, 2004 and sent for the assay of serum CA125 levels. Of the 120 women enrolled, ovarian cancer was found in 59 cases (49.2%) and benign ovarian mass in 61 cases (50.8%). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of serum CA125 at the cutoff level of 35 U/mL for prediction of ovarian cancer were 83.1%, 39.3%, and 60.8%, respectively; with 57.0% positive predictive value, 70.6% negative predictive value, 60.7% false positive rate, and 16.9% false negative rate. As stand-alone modality, serum CA125 of more than 35 U/mL in predicting ovarian cancer revealed modest diagnostic accuracy. There is a need to be careful for false positive in women at reproductive age group and false negative results in early-stage disease or ovarian cancer with low level of serum CA125. (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | OVARIAN EFFECTS | ANTIGENS | NEOPLASMS, BENIGN | SURGERY | OVARIAN CANCER | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | RELIABILITY | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Ovary | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Neoplasms | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Cancer | Measurement | Research Methodology Document Number: 321957 |
| 29. Title: Fertility preservation with treatment of immature teratoma of the ovary. Author: Chen CH; Yang MJ; Cheng MH; Yen MS; Lai CR Source: Journal of the Chinese Medical Association. 2007 May;70(5):218-221. Abstract: Fertility preservation for a patient with advanced immature teratoma of the ovary is reported. The patient, a 29-year-old woman, delivered a healthy baby after having had ovarian immature teratoma, grade 3, uncertain stage, at 13 years of age. She was initially treated with unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and a contralateral wedge resection for tumor invasion, followed by a 6-course cisplatin + vinblastine + bleomycin regimen, a second operation, and an additional 6-course etoposide and cisplatin regimen with complete remission. The patient delivered a healthy baby 16 years after the initial treatment. Based on this successful case, intensive fertility-preserving surgery followed by chemotherapy, even in advanced-stage immature teratomas of the ovary, may be effective in preserving the reproductive function of women with malignant immature teratomas of the ovary. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | OVARIAN CANCER | GYNECOLOGIC SURGERY | PREGNANCY | DRUGS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Urogenital Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproduction Document Number: 308813 |
| 30. Title: Ovarian cancer incidence and survival in Korea: 1993 -- 2002. Author: Chung HH; Hwang SY; Jung KW; Won YJ; Shin HR Source: International Journal of Gynecological Cancer. 2007 May-Jun;17(3):595-600. Abstract: This study examined incidence rates, histologic and stage distribution, and long-term survival rates of patients with ovarian cancer in Korea. A total of 11,404 patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer between 1993 and 2002 were reported to the Korea Central Cancer Registry and the Gynecologic Oncology Committee of Korean Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology. All rates were expressed per 100,000. The age-standardized incidence rates were 3.79 and 4.74 per 100,000 women in 1993 and 2002, respectively. The incidence rates of ovary cancer increased with age in Korea, and over half of the patients were in the stage IA (24.8%) and IIIC (26.8%) in this study. The 5-year relative survival rate was 59.6%. Relative survivals according to the stage of FIGO at 5 years were 91.1%, 75.2%, 46.4%, and 21.2% for stages I, II, III, and IV, respectively. The 5-year relative survivals of germ cell tumors and epithelial ovarian cancer were 89.0% and 58.3%, respectively. Surgical stage and histology were the most important prognostic factors of ovarian cancer. However, the 5-year survival rate of FIGO stage IC was significantly higher than that of stage IB. (author's) Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLASSIFICATION | CLIENTS | OVARIAN CANCER | INCIDENCE | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | AGE FACTORS | OBSTETRICAL SURGERY | HISTOLOGY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Measurement | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Surgery | Treatment | Biology Document Number: 320627 |
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