1.  Title: Preparing daughters: the context of rurality on mothers' role in contraception. Author: Noone J; Young HM Source: Journal of Rural Health. 2009 Summer;25(3):282-9. Abstract: CONTEXT: The United States continues to have the highest rate of adolescent childbearing among developed countries. Lack of access and disadvantage contribute to this problem, which disproportionately impacts rural women. Given the increased difficulty rural young women face regarding contraceptive access, parental communication and support play an even more vital role in assisting them to navigate decisions about and access to contraception. PURPOSE: To examine rural women's perspectives on how living in a rural area impacts issues surrounding pregnancy prevention for their daughters and parent-child communication regarding pregnancy prevention. METHODS: Open-ended interviews were conducted with 30 mothers of adolescent women in 3 rural counties in southern Oregon. Thematic analysis within and across interviews using constant comparative analysis was used to explore barriers, facilitators and strategies mothers identified in talking with their daughters about contraception. FINDINGS: Specific themes found that related to the rural environment included (1) conservatism, (2) isolation, (3) lack of privacy, (4) stigma, (5) the paradox of the rural environment, and (6) the uniqueness of rural life. CONCLUSIONS: The context of living in a rural environment may present unique barriers to facilitate parent-child communication when discussing intimate topics. The design of interventions needs to take into consideration these issues, particularly when attempting to serve hard-to-reach populations. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | OREGON | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | MOTHERS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | INTERVIEWS | PRIVACY | STIGMA | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Child Rearing | Behavior | Communication | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Social Problems Document Number: 341797 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Barriers associated with the failure to return for intrauterine device insertion following first-trimester abortion. Author: Stanek AM; Bednarek PH; Nichols MD; Jensen JT; Edelman AB Source: Contraception. 2009 Mar;79(3):216-20. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to identify barriers associated with the failure to return for delayed intrauterine device (IUD) insertion postabortion. STUDY DESIGN: This study had two components: (a) a retrospective cohort study of women who chose an IUD as their postabortion contraceptive method to compare characteristics of those who did and did not receive a device within 6 months of the procedure and (b) a prospective survey of women intending IUD use postabortion to assess actual IUD use at 6 weeks, barriers to access and attitudes on insertion timing. RESULTS: Of the 500 abortion patient charts available for review during the study period, 53 women intended IUD use postabortion. At 6 months, only 32% intending an IUD received one, and there were no significant demographic differences between the groups. For the prospective portion, the response rate at 6 weeks was 54% (27/50), with only 26% (7/27) of responders reporting IUD insertion by this time. The principal reported barrier to IUD insertion was time needed for an additional visit (41%). Most women (67%) desired immediate insertion and believed that they would be more likely to have an IUD inserted if it is performed immediately postabortion (63%). Monthly income was the only statistically significant difference between those who responded to the 6-week follow-up (US$1409.50) and those who did not (US$937.50, p=.05). CONCLUSION: A significant number of women that express a preference for IUD use after first-trimester abortion do not return to obtain a device. Most would prefer to have the option of immediate insertion. Language: English Keywords: OREGON | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | POSTABORTION | IUD | TIME FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | ATTITUDES | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Dynamics | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Pregnancy Document Number: 341128 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Endothelial function, endothelin-1, and fibrinogen in young women using the vaginal contraceptive ring. Author: Torgrimson BN; Meendering JR; Miller NP; Kaplan PF; Minson CT Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2009 Aug;92(2):441-7. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of the vaginal contraceptive ring cycle on indices of cardiovascular health and risk by studying healthy women during the active hormone phase compared with the ring-free phase of a standard 21/7-day cycle. DESIGN: Observational prospective cohort; 4 weeks' duration. SETTING: Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon. PATIENT(S): Twenty healthy women. INTERVENTION(S): Endothelial function testing using standard flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery and sublingual nitroglycerin administration. All participants underwent venous blood collection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilation of the brachial artery using Doppler ultrasound imaging. Baseline levels of high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, total cholesterol, endothelin-1, and fibrinogen. RESULT(S): The active hormone phase of the vaginal ring cycle showed significantly higher vasodilation compared with the ring-free phase. The active hormone phase also showed increased fibrinogen levels compared with the ring-free phase. Low-density lipoprotein lipid levels also fluctuated and were significantly higher during the ring-free phase. CONCLUSION(S): Preliminary study observations of improved endothelial function and lowered low-density lipoprotein levels during the active hormone phase versus the ring-free phase suggest that the vaginal contraceptive ring has beneficial effects on vascular health in women. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | OREGON | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | NORGESTREL | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | VAGINAL RING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 342586 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Subject and clinician experience with the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Author: Jensen JT; Nelson AL; Costales AC Source: Contraception. 2008 Jan;77(1):22-29. Abstract: Because use of intrauterine contraception is now expanding, this article reports early US clinical experience with the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG IUS) and assesses subjects' and clinicians' judgment of the adequacy of product information and the overall level of product satisfaction in order to provide insight to new providers of the LNG IUS. Multicenter, open-label, uncontrolled, Phase IIIb study. Investigators had no prior experience with the LNG IUS. Subjects and investigators completed surveys and questionnaires at 3, 6 and 12 months. A total of 509 women, aged 18 to 45 years, were enrolled in this study between July 2000 and June 2002, and 506 (99.4%) received a LNG IUS after the first (488/506, 95.9%) or second (18/20, 90%) insertion attempt. Insertion was rated as "easy" by 91.8% of investigators. Continuation rate at 12 months was 79%. Primary reasons for premature discontinuation were expulsion (4.5%) and menstrual cycle problems (3.8%). Most subjects (84.5%) indicated a high level of satisfaction with the LNG IUS. Over 95% of women had successful insertions of the LNG IUS at first attempt, and less than 1% were unsuccessful after two attempts. Both clinicians and subjects were highly satisfied with product information and their experience with the LNG IUS. One-year continuation rates were comparable to those of other reversible methods. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | OREGON | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | CONTRACEPTION | IUD | LEVONORGESTREL | SATISFACTION | CLIENT-STAFF RELATIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Interpersonal Relations Document Number: 323054 |
| 5. Title: The influence of nurse home visits, including provision of 3 months of contraceptives and contraceptive counseling, on perceived barriers to contraceptive use and contraceptive use self-efficacy. Author: Melnick AL; Rdesinski RE; Creach ED; Choi D; Harvey SM Source: Women's Health Issues. 2008 Nov-Dec;18(6):471-81. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify the influence of a community health nurse (CHN) home visit on perceived barriers to contraceptive access and contraceptive use self-efficacy. METHODS: We enrolled 103 women into two groups in a randomized trial evaluating the influence of contraceptive dispensing and family planning counseling during home visits on perceived barriers to accessing contraceptives and contraceptive use self-efficacy. Both groups received counseling by a CHN about sexually transmitted disease and pregnancy prevention, and a resource card listing phone numbers of family planning clinics. After randomization, the CHN dispensed three months of hormonal contraception to the intensive intervention group and advised the minimal intervention group to schedule an appointment at a family planning clinic. Data collection at baseline and 12 months included demographic, reproductive and other health-related information as well as quantitative assessments of information on perceived barriers to contraceptive access and contraceptive use self-efficacy. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 24.7 years. Three-fourths had household incomes under $25,000. We found significant reductions in three perceived barriers to contraceptive access for both groups, as well as significant increases in two measures of contraceptive use self-efficacy at twelve months compared to baseline. CONCLUSION: Nurse home visits involving family planning counseling might be effective in reducing perceived barriers to contraceptive access and increasing contraceptive use self-efficacy. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | OREGON | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | DATA COLLECTION | CLIENTS | FAMILY PLANNING | COUNSELING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Clinic Activities Document Number: 330516 |
6.  Title: Reproduction and contraception after kidney transplantation. Author: Watnick S; Rueda J Source: Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2008 Jun;20(3):308-312. Abstract: In this manuscript we review the most recent data regarding birth rates and complications in the kidney transplant population. Despite improved fertility, contraceptive counseling is infrequent and contraceptive use engenders many problems not frequently seen in women of childbearing age. Pregnancy outcomes in this population are improving, but these patients are still considered 'high risk'. With improved fertility after transplantation, contraception should be viewed as essential in those who wish to avoid pregnancy. Many forms of contraception are viable for women with a kidney transplant. Given increased rates of preeclampsia, preterm delivery, low birth weight, and increased risk of cesarean section, a multidisciplinary team must be involved, which will tend to everything from general fetal and maternal monitoring, serial measurement of kidney function, and medication adjustment. For all these reasons, contraceptive counseling is necessary for all women of childbearing age, both pre and posttransplantation. Specific methods of contraception can be individualized to a patient's needs and should be discussed between patient and provider. Future study of both reproduction and contraception use in kidney transplant recipients is sorely needed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | OREGON | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | RENAL EFFECTS | TREATMENT | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Diseases | Urogenital Effects | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 326662 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Incidence of neonatal herpes simplex virus infections in two managed care organizations: Implications for surveillance. Author: Xu F; Gee JM; Naleway A; Zangwill KM; Ackerson B Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2008 Jun;35(6):592-598. Abstract: The objectives were to estimate the incidence of neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections and to assess the utility of surveillance methods for neonatal herpes in 2 managed care populations. We identified potential cases using 15 discharge International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9) codes for neonatal HSV and other diseases clinically consistent with this diagnosis. We also searched laboratory databases for positive HSV tests and investigated deaths during the neonatal period. We performed medical chart review using a standardized form. Two pediatric infectious disease specialists reviewed the forms of infants who had a positive HSV test or received a herpes-related diagnosis and made a determination as confirmed, probable, or not a case. Among 270,703 infants born from 1997 to 2002, we identified 737 potential cases and completed medical chart abstraction for 699 (95%). Final review identified 35 confirmed or probable cases of neonatal HSV, and the incidence was 12.9 per 100,000 live births. Only 24 (69%) of the 35 cases were confirmed by laboratory testing. Among the 24 confirmed cases, 22 (92%) received an ICD-9 code of 054.xx or 771.2. Among the 60 infants that received an ICD-9 code of 054.xx or 771.2, only 31 (52%) were confirmed or probable cases of neonatal HSV after final review. About 30% of neonatal HSV cases were not laboratory confirmed. The use of ICD-9 codes of 054.xx and 771.2 was a sensitive but not specific method to identify cases of neonatal herpes. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | OREGON | WASHINGTON | RESEARCH REPORT | INFANT | HERPES GENITALIS | INCIDENCE | NEONATAL DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | TESTING | NEONATAL MORTALITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Infant Mortality | Mortality | Population Dynamics Document Number: 327422 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: New techniques in small area population estimates by demographic characteristics. Author: Cai Q Source: Population Research and Policy Review. 2007 Apr;26(2):203-218. Abstract: The increasing demand for small area population estimates calls for both innovative ways of using existing data and new techniques suitable for small area estimates. This paper explores the methods for population estimates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin at the census tract level for Multnomah County, Oregon. New techniques include employing building permits to indirectly estimate migration and examining the changes in age/sex structure using the American Community Survey (ACS). A practical method for bridging the race categories is also developed. Finally, the paper discusses some reflections on small area estimates and the potentials of using ACS to track the changes of the demographic characteristics for the sub-county level. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | OREGON | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | CENSUS | POPULATION STATISTICS | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology Document Number: 316687 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Acceptability of contraceptive-induced amenorrhea in a racially diverse group of US women. Author: Edelman A; Lew R; Cwiak C; Nichols M; Jensen J Source: Contraception. 2007 Jun;75(6):450-453. Abstract: The study was conducted to determine women's preferences about menstrual bleeding patterns and their willingness to manipulate bleeding with contraception. Women presenting for routine obstetric and gynecologic care at two US locations (Portland, OR, and Atlanta, GA) were offered a self-administered, anonymous survey. A validated survey tool was used. Valid surveys from 292 women were obtained. Mean age was 27 years (SD 8.0). We were unable to separate geographic vs. racial differences in responses because race significantly differed between sites (p < .001). The populations surveyed were predominately black in Georgia (88%, 58/66) and white in Oregon (83%, 142/172). Overall, the majority of women did not like their menstrual period (69%, 190/ 275) and preferred a menstrual frequency of every 3 months or never (58%, 164/281) with no differences between racial groups. When asked if they would consider using a birth control method that stopped their menstrual periods, 40% (111/278) reported yes, 28%(78/278) reported no and 32% (89/278) were undecided. However, significantly fewer black than white women would consider a birth control method to stop their menstrual periods (29% vs. 49%, p = .006). Although the majority of US women surveyed dislike menstruation and prefer less frequent or no menstrual periods, black women were less accepting than white women of contraception that induces amenorrhea. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | OREGON | GEORGIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN | BLACKS | WHITES | AMENORRHEA | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases | Menstruation | Reproduction | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 316849 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Online availability of hormonal contraceptives without a health care examination: Effect of knowledge and health care screening. Author: Kaskowitz AP; Carlson N; Nichols M; Edelman A; Jensen J Source: Contraception. 2007 Oct;76(4):273-277. Abstract: The study was conducted to investigate whether the knowledge of women using an online resource to obtain hormonal contraceptives (HCs) without a health care examination is similar to women who obtain HC in the clinic. Women who accessed HC prescriptions online or through a clinic visit were offered an anonymous self-administered survey regarding the contraindications to and possible complications of HC. Tests of equivalence were used to compare the mean scores between the two populations. Online users (n=243) were older, more affluent, more educated, and more likely to be insured than clinic patients (n=161). The two populations demonstrated equivalent HC knowledge [contraindications (mean score, 95% confidence interval): clinic 81.1% (77.2-85.0%), online 85.0% (82.0-88.0%); complications: clinic 77.6% (72.7-82.6%), online 82.1% (78.8-85.5%)]. The online population remained equivalent or superior to the clinic population in an age-restricted analysis. Women who self-select to obtain HC prescriptions online demonstrate at least equivalent knowledge of potential HC risks as women seen in a clinic encounter without a pelvic examination. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | OREGON | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERNET | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTION | INFORMATION SOURCES | HEALTH SERVICES | KNOWLEDGE | PRESCRIPTIONS | SCREENING | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Information Networks | Communication | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Information | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 320544 |
| 11. Title: Women' s acceptance of the diaphragm: the role of relationship factors. Author: Beckman LJ; Harvey SM; Thorburn S; Maher JE; Burns KL Source: Journal of Sex Research. 2006 Nov;43(4):297-306. Abstract: The vaginal diaphragm is a candidate for a female-controlled method that could reduce risk of HIV/STI acquisition. We examined the association between relationship and partner factors and three measures of diaphragm acceptability: current use, consistency of use, and satisfaction with use. We conducted a telephone survey with 448 female members of a managed care organization, aged 18-49, who currently used contraception (including 140 diaphragm users, 187 pill users, and 121 male condom users). Use of a specific contraceptive was significantly associated with relationship length, condom-use negotiation self-efficacy, importance of covert use, perceived motivation of partner to prevent HIV/STIs, and perceived satisfaction of partner with current method. In addition, among diaphragm users, communication about HIV/STIs and perceived partner motivation to use a diaphragm were related to consistent use. These results suggest that acceptability of contraceptive methods among women is influenced by theirperceptions of their male partner and relationship factors. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | OREGON | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | VAGINAL DIAPHRAGM | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | DECISION MAKING | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior Document Number: 314289 |
| 12. Title: Relationships among negative and positive behaviours in adolescence. Author: Boles S; Biglan A; Smolkowski K Source: Journal of Adolescence. 2006 Feb;29(1):33-52. Abstract: The authors calculated binary indicators of seven positive and 23 negative behaviours for 22,898 8th and 15,828 11th grade students who participated in the Oregon Healthy Teens Survey across two school years. Relationships among these variables, using both the Jaccard measure of co-occurrence and the relative risk for each member of each variable pair, given exposure to the other, showed strong inter-relationships within, but not between, the sets of behaviours. The likelihood of negative behaviours given negative behaviours was much stronger than the likelihood of positive behaviours given positive behaviours. Positive behaviours provided little protection against the likelihood of negative behaviors. (author's) Language: English Keywords: OREGON | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | KAP SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | ADOLESCENTS | RISK ASSESSMENT | RISK BEHAVIOR | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | PREVALENCE | SEX FACTORS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Health | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Evaluation | Behavior | Measurement Document Number: 294169 |
| 13. Title: Relationships among negative and positive behaviours in adolescence. Author: Boles S; Biglan A; Smolkowski K Source: Journal of Adolescence. 2006 Feb;29(1):33-52. Abstract: The authors calculated binary indicators of seven positive and 23 negative behaviours for 22,898 8th and 15,828 11th grade students who participated in the Oregon Healthy Teens Survey across two school years. Relationships among these variables, using both the Jaccard measure of co-occurrence and the relative risk for each member of each variable pair, given exposure to the other, showed strong inter-relationships within, but not between, the sets of behaviours. The likelihood of negative behaviours given negative behaviours was much stronger than the likelihood of positive behaviours given positive behaviours. Positive behaviours provided little protection against the likelihood of negative behaviors. (author's) Language: English Keywords: OREGON | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | HEALTH SURVEYS | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | RISK BEHAVIOR | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Health | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior Document Number: 300265 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Four percent intrauterine lidocaine infusion for pain management in first-trimester abortions. Author: Edelman A; Nichols MD; Leclair C; Jensen JT Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2006 Feb;107(2 Pt 1):269-275. Abstract: The objective was to study the effects of a 4% intrauterine lidocaine infusion on perceived patient pain in first-trimester abortions. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 80 women receiving either a 5-mL 4% lidocaine (n = 40) or saline (n = 40) intrauterine infusion and a standard paracervical block before first-trimester abortion. Women completed a series of 100-mm visual analog scales (anchors: 0 = none, 100 mm = worst imaginable) to measure their perceived pain (anticipated pain, after speculum insertion, after intrauterine infusion, after cervical dilation, after suction aspiration, and 30 minutes post-procedure). Eight women volunteered for serum lidocaine levels after the lidocaine infusion. Groups were similar in respect to age, parity, prior abortion, ethnicity, gestational age, and level of dysmenorrhea. Pain scores demonstrated a significant difference between groups during cervical dilation (saline 55 mm ± 26, lidocaine 35 mm ± 30, P < .01) and during aspiration (saline 71 mm ± 20, lidocaine 43 mm ± 30, P < .01). The lidocaine group reported significantly more symptoms (ie, oral numbness and tingling) than the saline group (saline 0/39, lidocaine 16/38, 42%, P < .01). The highest serum lidocaine level recorded was 4.0µg/mL (lidocaine group). There was no difference in overall satisfaction between the 2 groups. Compared with paracervical block alone, the addition of a 4% intrauterine lidocaine infusion resulted in a significant reduction in patient perception of pain during first-trimester abortion. Although subjective symptoms of systemic lidocaine effect were common, no subjects demonstrated serum levels consistent with lidocaine toxicity. However, further studies to determine safety are needed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | OREGON | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | ABORTION | PAIN | TREATMENT | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Pregnancy | Reproduction Document Number: 296794 Notification |
| 15. Title: Non-latex versus latex male condoms for contraception (Review). Author: Gallo MF; Grimes DA; Lopez LM; Schulz KF Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006;(1):[103] p.. CD003550 Abstract: The male condom, which consists of a thin sheath placed over the glans and shaft of the penis, is designed to prevent pregnancy by providing a physical barrier against the deposition of semen into the vagina during intercourse. Beginning in the 1990s, nonlatex male condoms made of polyurethane film or synthetic elastomers were developed as alternative male barrier methods for individuals with allergies, sensitivities or preferences that prevented the consistent use of condoms made of latex. The review sought to evaluate nonlatex male condoms in comparison with latex condoms in terms of contraceptive efficacy, breakage and slippage, safety, and user preferences. We searched computerized databases for randomized controlled trials of nonlatex condoms. We also wrote to the manufacturers of nonlatex condoms and known investigators in an attempt to locate any other trials not identified in our search. The review included all randomized controlled trials identified in the literature search that evaluated a male nonlatex condom made of polyurethane film or synthetic elastomers in comparison with a latex condom. We evaluated all titles and abstracts located in the literature searches for inclusion. Two authors independently extracted data from the identified studies. We analyzed data with RevMan. The Peto odds ratio (Peto OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for each outcome of contraceptive efficacy, condom breakage and slippage, discontinuation of use, safety, and user preference. Contraceptive efficacy, early discontinuation, and safety outcomes were also measured with survival analysis techniques. While the eZon condom did not protect against pregnancy as well as its latex comparison condom, no differences were found in the typical-use efficacy between the Avanti and the Standard Tactylon and their latex counterparts. The nonlatex condoms had significantly higher rates of clinical breakage than their latex comparison condoms: the Peto OR for clinical breakage ranged from 2.6 (95% CI 1.6 to 4.3) to 5.0 (95% CI 3.6 to 6.8). Few adverse events were reported. Substantial proportions of participants preferred the nonlatex condom or reported that they would recommend its use to others. Although the nonlatex condoms were associated with higher rates of clinical breakage than their latex comparison condoms, the new condoms still provide an acceptable alternative for those with allergies, sensitivities, or preferences that might prevent the consistent use of latex condoms. The contraceptive efficacy of the nonlatex condoms requires more research. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | OREGON | LITERATURE REVIEW | CONDOMS | CONDOM USE | CONDOM FAILURE | SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Effectiveness Document Number: 307760 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Exploring the link between substance use and abortion: the roles of unconventionality and unplanned pregnancy. Author: Martino SC; Collins RL; Ellickson PL; Klein DJ Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2006 Jun;38(2):66-75. Abstract: Several studies have found a relationship between abortion and prior substance use, suggesting that a reduction in substance use might help decrease abortion rates. However, such a conclusion requires a greater understanding of the processes linking abortion and prior substance use. Path analysis of longitudinal data from 1,224 women was used to simultaneously test two pathways from adolescent substance use to abortion by age 29, one mediated by higher rates of unplanned pregnancy and the other independent of unplanned pregnancy rates. The model was then expanded to examine how these pathways change when unconventional attitudes and behaviors (such as rebelliousness and low religiosity) are taken into consideration. In the analysis that did not control for unconventionality, women who reported smoking cigarettes or using marijuana or hard drugs at age 18 had an increased likelihood of subsequent unplanned pregnancy and, as a result, higher rates of abortion. In addition, women who had used marijuana had an increased likelihood of abortion independent of unplanned pregnancy rates. In the final model, unconventionality strongly predicted both abortion and unplanned pregnancy. Moreover, it explained the associations between the use of hard drugs or marijuana and abortion that were due to higher unplanned pregnancy rates. Unconventionality mediates certain associations between substance use and abortion, perhaps because unconventional women are more likely both to use substances and to engage in behaviors that increase their risk of unplanned pregnancy. Hence, it seems unlikely that reducing substance use will result in substantially fewer abortions. (author's) Language: English Keywords: OREGON | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | WOMEN | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | ABORTION RATE | RISK BEHAVIOR | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREGNANCY RATE | ATTITUDES | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Behavior | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Measurements | Psychological Factors Document Number: 307381 Notification |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Diaphragm acceptability among young women at risk for HIV. Author: Thorburn S; Harvey SM; Tipton J Source: Women and Health. 2006;44(1):21-39. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to increase understanding of acceptability of the diaphragm among young women at risk for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the U.S. A total of 140 young (aged 18-25 years) women who had never used the diaphragm and who were at risk for HIV and other STIs completed questionnaires that included questions about the diaphragm and other sexual and reproductive health topics. These women were participants in a focus group study. The majority of participants perceived that the diaphragm had several characteristics (e.g., is a method they can control, is effective in preventing pregnancy, will not cause side effects, does not decrease sexual pleasure) considered important when selecting a birth control method. However, most were not confident in various aspects of diaphragm use, including their ability to use the method correctly, without breaking the mood, or when sexually excited. In multivariate analyses, intention to use the diaphragm was significantly higher among participants who were less motivated to avoid pregnancy and those with greater perceived self-efficacy to use a diaphragm in different contexts (e.g., when sexually excited). The diaphragm has characteristics that some women consider desirable, suggesting that it could be an acceptable HIV prevention method for some at-risk women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: OREGON | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | WOMEN | YOUTH | VAGINAL DIAPHRAGM | HIV PREVENTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | PERCEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | MOTIVATION | SELF ESTEEM | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Contraceptive Usage Document Number: 312825 |
| 18. Title: What if: How declines in teen births have improved poverty and child well-being in Oregon. Author: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy Source: Washington, D.C., National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2005 Apr. 3 p. Abstract: Years of research have closely linked teen pregnancy and early childbearing to a host of other critical social issues, including overall child health and well-being, out-of-wedlock births, educational attainment and workforce readiness, responsible fatherhood, and poverty in particular -- especially child poverty. For example, young children born to a mother who is a teenager, is not married, and did not finish high school are nine times more likely to be poor than children born to mothers without these three risk factors. Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing cost taxpayers at least $7 billion annually and place a serious economic burden on schools and on health, welfare and social service systems. The U.S. teen birth rate declined by 30 percent between 1991 and 2002--a significant decrease that has made major contributions to American communities. Illustrating this very point, the U.S. Congress' Joint Economic Committee completed an analysis in April 2004 that the National Campaign in turn summarized. The congressional study posed an intriguing question: if the nation's teen birth rate had remained at its 1991 level through 2002 (rather than decreasing as it did), how many more children would have been born to teen mothers and to single mothers, and what would have been the effect on poverty and on the living arrangements of children? Findings included the following: if teen birth rates had not declined nationally by 30 percent during that time, there would have been an additional 1.2 million more children born to teen mothers, approximately 460,000 additional children in poverty and almost 700,000 more children living with a single mother. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | OREGON | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ONE PARENT FAMILY | BIRTH RATE | POVERTY | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CAMPAIGNS | FERTILITY DECLINE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Measurements | Economic Factors | Health | Communication Programs | Communication | Fertility Changes Document Number: 307018 |
| 19. Title: The timing of entry into fatherhood in young, at-risk men. Author: Pears KC; Pierce SL; Kim HK; Capaldi DM; Owen LD Source: Journal of Marriage and Family. 2005 May;67:429-447. Abstract: Timing of first fatherhood was examined in a sample of 206 at-risk, predominantly White men, followed prospectively for 17 years. An event history analysis was used to test a model wherein antisocial behavior, the contextual and familial factors that may contribute to the development of antisocial behavior, and common correlates of such behavior, including academic failure, substance use, and early initiation of sexual behaviors, lead both directly and indirectly to an early transition to fatherhood. Having a mother who was younger at first birth, low family socioeconomic status, poor academic skills, failure to use condoms, and being in a cohabitating or marital relationship predicted entry into fatherhood. Implications of the findings for prevention of and intervention with early fathering are discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | OREGON | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | YOUTH | MEN | PATERNAL AGE | RISK FACTORS | SEX BEHAVIOR | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | CRIME | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parental Age | Biology | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Problems | Child Rearing Document Number: 286202 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Intrauterine lidocaine infusion for pain management in first-trimester abortions. Author: Edelman A; Nichols MD; Leclair C; Astley S; Shy K Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004 Jun;103(6):1267-1272. Abstract: The objective was to study the effects of an intrauterine lidocaine infusion on perceived patient pain in first-trimester abortions and to measure serum lidocaine levels. A randomized, double-blind, placebo control trial of 80 women receiving either a 10-mL 1% lidocaine (n = 40) or saline (n = 40) intrauterine infusion and a standard paracervical block before first-trimester abortion was undertaken. Women completed a series of 100-mm visual analogue scales to measure their perceived pain (anticipated pain, after speculum insertion, after intrauterine infusion, after cervical dilation, after suction aspiration, and 30 minutes after procedure). Twenty women (10 in each group) volunteered for serum lidocaine levels at 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after the lidocaine infusion. Groups were similar in respect to age, parity, prior abortion, ethnicity, gestational age, level of dysmenorrhea, and complications. Pain scores by visual analogue scale demonstrated no significant difference between groups at any time point during the procedure; in particular, pain during aspiration (saline infusion 51 ± 26 mm, lidocaine infusion 47±28 mm; P=.51). Peak serum levels occurred at approximately 10 minutes after lidocaine infusion. The highest level recorded (lidocaine group) was 2.5 µg/mL (toxicity more than 5 µg/mL). Compared with paracervical block alone, the addition of a 1% intrauterine lidocaine infusion resulted in no improvement in patient perception of pain during first trimester abortion. No subjects demonstrated symptoms or serum levels of lidocaine toxicity. (author's) Language: English Keywords: OREGON | RESEARCH REPORT | DOUBLE-BLIND STUDIES | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PREGNANT WOMEN | PAIN | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | DRUGS | ANESTHESIA | ABORTION | TOXICITY | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Treatment | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 192823 Notification |
| 21. Title: State facts about abortion: Oregon. Author: Alan Guttmacher Institute [AGI] Source: [New York, New York], AGI, 2003. 3 p. (State Facts about Abortion) Abstract: This article presents background information about the frequency of abortion in the United States, followed by statistics on abortion frequency, abortion services, and restrictions on abortion for the United States as a whole and Oregon specifically. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | OREGON | PAMPHLETS | ADULTS | WOMEN | ABORTION | PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | HEALTH FACILITIES | ABORTION LAW | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Printed Media | Mass Media | Communication | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Reproduction | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 175615 Notification |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Similarities in women's perceptions and acceptability of manual vacuum aspiration and electric vacuum aspiration for first trimester abortion. Author: Bird ST; Harvey SM; Beckman LJ; Nichols MD; Rogers K Source: Contraception. 2003 Mar;67(3):207-212. Abstract: This paper examines women’s acceptability of and experiences with manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) as compared with electric vacuum aspiration (EVA) for first trimester abortion. Women requesting pregnancy terminations were randomly assigned to either MVA (n = 64) or EVA (n = 63). Participants completed questionnaires before and after their abortions and approximately 2–4 weeks later. We observed some differences by group in participants’ ratings of the importance of method characteristics and in their perceptions of their abortion methods after their abortions. The two groups did not, however, differ in their reports of pain, anxiety or bleeding or in the acceptability of their method. (author's) Language: English Keywords: OREGON | MARYLAND | CALIFORNIA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | ABORTION | PERCEPTION | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Program Evaluation Document Number: 175839 Notification |
| 23. Title: Who continues using the diaphragm and who doesn't: implications for the acceptability of female-controlled HIV prevention methods. Author: Harvey SM; Bird ST; Maher JE; Beckman LJ Source: Women's Health Issues. 2003 Sep-Oct;13(5):185-193. Abstract: Objectives: This study examines the acceptability of the diaphragm with the aim of facilitating the development of female-controlled human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention methods. More specifically, we assess associations between being a current (vs. former) diaphragm user and characteristics that are hypothesized to influence the acceptability of contraceptive methods; and explore reasons for discontinuing use of the diaphragm among former diaphragm users. Design: The study involved a cross-sectional telephone survey with women who were members of a nonprofit health maintenance organization and who were either a current (n = 215) or former (n = 172) diaphragm user. Methods: Participants were interviewed about the importance of contraceptive attributes; perceptions for the diaphragm; diaphragm use self-efficacy; perceived risk of and motivation to avoid pregnancy, HIV, and other sexually transmitted infections; and demographic characteristics, sexual, and contraceptive behavior. Results: The likelihood of being a current diaphragm user (vs. former) increased with age, greater confidence in being able to use the diaphragm, greater perceived risk of pregnancy and more positive perceptions of the diaphragm. Women who valued attributes of hormonal contraceptives were less likely to be current users. Former diaphragm users reported that the following reasons were moderately to extremely important in their decision to stop using the diaphragm: difficulty inserting or removing the diaphragm (50.8%), dislike of leaving the diaphragm inside the vagina (46.8%), and wanting a more effective method for preventing pregnancy (44.2%). Conclusions: The findings suggest that specific characteristics of a product influence continued use and have implications for improving the acceptability of existing and new female controlled HIV prevention methods. (author's) Language: English Keywords: OREGON | WASHINGTON | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN | VAGINAL DIAPHRAGM | HIV PREVENTION | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | RISK ASSESSMENT | MOTIVATION | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Contraceptive Agents | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Evaluation | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 188938 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Patient satisfaction and the impact of written material about postpartum contraceptive decisions. Author: Johnson LK; Edelman A; Jensen J Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 May;188(5):1202-1204. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of written educational material about patient satisfaction and decision-making regarding postpartum contraception. STUDY DESIGN: Baseline patient satisfaction and effectiveness of contraceptive counseling on a postpartum unit was evaluated with the use of a self-administered questionnaire. Data were compared with patients who received additional comprehensive written educational material during their postpartum hospitalization. RESULTS: A total of 109 women participated in the study (control subjects, 53; intervention group, 56). Demographics and patient satisfaction with contraceptive counseling were similar between groups. Thirty-four percent of the control subjects reported having received some sort of written information; all women in the intervention group received a standardized comprehensive booklet of information during their postpartum stay (P < .01). Among the women who received written information, the intervention group was more likely to state that written material contributed to their ultimate choice in birth control (P < .01). CONCLUSION: The postpartum distribution of written material about contraceptive options increases a woman’s ability to make an informed decision regarding birth control. (author's) Language: English Keywords: OREGON | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | EVALUATION REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | STATISTICAL STUDIES | CLIENTS | DECISION MAKING | INFORMED CONSENT | SATISFACTION | POSTPARTUM PROGRAMS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Evaluation | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning Document Number: 179329 |
| 25. Title: Should a patient with a history of melanoma be advised against the use of oral contraceptives? The relatives are worried. Author: Katz V; Balderston K Source: SKINmed. 2003 Nov-Dec;2(6):382-383. Abstract: We recently described the case of a 33-year-old woman who had been diagnosed with a superficial spreading melanoma, Clark level 11, depth of invasion 1.2 mm, in the first trimester of pregnancy. Her surgeon had advised her to abort the pregnancy and have her tubes tied. We advised her against ending the pregnancy if she was doing it for medical indications. She kept the pregnancy and did well, without recurrence of her melanoma. She came to see us 3.5 years later for questions about contraception. The patient came to us in consultation. She had been seeing her dermatologist regularly (every 6 months) and had no evidence of recurrence, nor did she have evidence of disease elsewhere. She is of Northern European ancestry and had not had any unusual sun exposure as a child; however, as we found out in this consultation, two cousins have had melanomas removed. She was accompanied in the current visit by her aunt, who was extremely upset. The patient wanted to take oral contraceptives and had taken them for 6 years before her pregnancy and melanoma. Her aunt told her that both of her cousins had taken oral contraceptives. Also, she had read in a magazine that oral contraceptives may increase the risk for melanoma. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | OREGON | CRITIQUE | CLIENTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CANCER | DERMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | RISK FACTORS | HORMONES | MISINFORMATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Safety | Public Health | Health | Neoplasms | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Endocrine System | Communication Document Number: 277496 |
| 26. Title: Contraception counts: Oregon. Author: Alan Guttmacher Institute [AGI] Source: New York, New York, AGI, 2002 Jun. [2] p. (Contraception Counts) Abstract: This article summarizes, for the state of Oregon, the following points: pregnancy outcomes in Oregon; teen pregnancy outcomes in Oregon; women at need for contraceptive services and supplies; availability of family planning services; and impact of subsidized services. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | OREGON | PAMPHLETS | CONTRACEPTION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | WOMEN | ADULTS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | HEALTH SERVICES | NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES | FAMILY PLANNING | NEEDS | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Printed Media | Mass Media | Communication | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Adolescents | Youth | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Reproduction | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Government Financing | Financial Activities Document Number: 175689 |
| 27. Title: Integrated social marketing achieves healthier behavior in the United States. Author: Population Services International [PSI] Source: [Washington, D.C.], PSI, 2002. 3 p. Abstract: In 1992, Population Services International (PSI) launched Project ACTION, PSI’s first HIV/AIDS-prevention social marketing project targeting US teens. The project consists of four integrated components: community mobilization, a motivational media campaign, increased condom accessibility, and youth involvement through peer education. The project, which began in Portland, Oregon, has been replicated in California and Washington. Project ACTION also aims to increase the knowledge of access to emergency contraception among sexually active women aged 15-24. Language: English Keywords: OREGON | CALIFORNIA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WASHINGTON | SUMMARY REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | CONDOMS | SOCIAL MARKETING | SAFER SEX | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Marketing | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 168581 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Vasectomy reversal performed 15 years or more after vasectomy: correlation of pregnancy outcome with partner age and with pregnancy results of in vitro fertilization with intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Author: Fuchs EF; Burt RA Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 Mar;77(3):516-519. Abstract: Objective: To document a contemporary series of vasectomy reversals performed in men 15 years or more after vasectomy and to correlate the results with spousal age and results of ICSI for obstructive azoospermia. Setting: University referral center for male infertility. Design: Retrospective analysis of a single surgeon’s experience compared with reported ICSI results. Participant(s): One hundred seventy-three men who had vasectomy reversal 15 years or more after vasectomy. Intervention(s): Reversal of vasectomy by vasovasostomy or epididymovasostomy. Main Outcome Measure(s): Correlation of pregnancy results after vasectomy reversal with spousal age and published ICSI results. Result(s): Pregnancy rates for the intervals of 15–19 years, 20–25 years, and _25 years after vasectomy were 49%, 39%, and 25%, respectively. For spousal age _30 years, 30–35 years, 36–40 years, and _40 years, pregnancy rates were 64%, 49%, 32%, and 28%, respectively. The overall pregnancy rate was 43%, which is similar to the pregnancy rate of 40% for ICSI in obstructive azoospermia. Sixty-two percent of the men required a unilateral or bilateral epididymovasostomy. Conclusion(s): Spousal age is an important predictive factor after vasectomy reversal among men who have reversal 15 years or more after vasectomy. Pregnancy rates after vasectomy reversal compare favorably with those obtained with ICSI. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | OREGON | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN | VASECTOMY | STERILIZATION REVERSAL | REVERSIBILITY | AGE FACTORS | PREGNANCY RATE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Reversible Sterilization | Population Characteristics | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 284859 |
| 29. Title: The relationship of contextual factors to women's perceptions of medical abortion. Author: Harvey SM; Beckman LJ; Branch MR Source: Health Care for Women International. 2002;23(6/7):654-665. Abstract: This study explores how personal values and the social context of women’s lives influence their perceptions of a new reproductive technology, medical abortion. The major objective is to examine the interrelationship between perceived attributes of medical abortion (number of clinic visits, availability early in pregnancy, seeing the expelled products of conception, and unfamiliar method) and the context of a woman’s life. Data were collected in eight focus group interviews with a demographically diverse sample of 73 women who were potential users of mifepristone and were analyzed using content analysis techniques. Findings indicate that a woman’s perceptions and choice of an abortion method are grounded in the circumstances of her life, and multiple factors enter into the decision-making process. Contextual and personal factors (residence, social support, cultural background, religion, ambivalence towards abortion, and employment) interact with specific attributes of the method to determine acceptability and choice. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEW YORK | CALIFORNIA | OREGON | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | DATA ANALYSIS | PERCEPTION | WOMEN | ABORTION | RU-486 | PERSONHOOD | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | CULTURE | RELIGION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Human Rights Document Number: 175424 Notification |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Phone notification option encourages youth at risk of HIV to get test results. Author: Hollander D Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2002 May-Jun;34(3):172. Abstract: This article highlights the findings of an outreach project in Portland, Oregon that offered testing for HIV using mobile vans in areas where homeless and high-risk young people gather, such as parks and in community events. Language: English Keywords: OREGON | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | TESTING | NOTIFICATION | HIV INFECTIONS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | COUNSELING | MOBILE HEALTH UNITS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Measurement | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 169453 |
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