1.  Title: Reproductive history, oral contraceptive use, and the risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic stoke in a cohort study of middle-aged Swedish women. Author: Yang L; Kuper H; Sandin S; Margolis KL; Chen Z; Adami HO; Weiderpass E Source: Stroke; A Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2009 Apr;40(4):1050-8. Abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Controversy persists as to whether oral contraceptive (OC) use and reproductive history play a role in the etiology of stroke, particularly ischemic stroke. Our aim was to investigate this question in a cohort of middle-aged Swedish women. METHODS: The Women's Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study included 49259 Swedish women, aged 30 to 49 years at baseline (1991 to 1992). Participants completed an extensive questionnaire and were traced through linkages to national registries until the end of 2004. RESULTS: Among the 45699 women included in these analyses, there were 285 cases of incident stroke during follow-up (193 ischemic stroke, 72 hemorrhagic stroke, and 20 of unknown origin). Neither ischemic nor hemorrhagic stroke risk was related to OC use, duration, or type of OC use, even among women who were smokers or hypertensive. Though not statistically significant, risk of hemorrhagic stroke was elevated in women who started using OCs after the age of 30 (Hazard Ratio [HR] 2.3, 95% CI=0.8 to 6.8) and women recommended by a doctor to stop using OC for medical reasons (2.1, 0.9 to 5.0) compared with never users. Compared with nulliparous women, parous women had a statistically significant lower risk of hemorrhagic stroke (0.5, 0.2 to 0.8), but similar association was not found for ischemic stroke (0.9, 0.5 to 1.4). CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant association of OC use with ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, and the parity was associated with reduced risk of hemorrhagic stroke but not with ischemic stroke. Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COHORT ANALYSIS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | WOMEN | MIDDLE AGED ADULTS | PREVALENCE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | CEREBROVASCULAR EFFECTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | PARITY | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Measurement | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Physiology | Biology | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 331084 |
| 2. Title: [Myocardial infarction and oral contraceptives] Infarctus du myocarde et contraceptifs oraux. Author: Bounhoure JP; Galinier M; Roncalli J; Assoun B; Puel J Source: Bulletin De L'Academie Nationale De Medecine. 2008 Mar;192(3):569-79; discussion 579. Abstract: Shortly after the introduction of oral contraceptives in 1960, myocardial infarction (MI) started to emerge as a major adverse effect. Its mechanism and pathophysiology have remained elusive. Many epidemiological studies identified smoking, hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia as risk factors for coronary thrombosis in young women using oral contraceptives. The pathogenesis of MI involves two phases: atherosclerotic plaque formation, and thrombotic arterial occlusion. The use of very low doses of estrogen (less than 50 microg of ethinyl estradiol) and new progestagens have minimized the vascular risks. However, the risk remains in women who smoke or have other atherosclerotic risks factors. We report 12 cases of MI in women aged 35 +/- 5 years who were using different types of oral contraceptive. All the women had several risks factors, such as smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, and type II diabetes. Coronarography during the acute phase showed either occlusions on severe atherosclerotic stenoses or thrombosis of arteries with non significant atherosclerotic plaque. In two cases coronarography was normal after thrombolysis. Ten women recovered without sequelae, but reversible left ventricular dysfunction occurred in the other two women, who did not have acute-phase revascularization. Recent case-control studies show that the cardiovascular risk is very low with new, third-generation combined contraceptives. But the risk of MI increases with age, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes. The absolute risks associated with oral contraceptives and smoking are higher in women over 35, because of the steeply rising incidence of atherosclerosis. It is mandatory to respect the classical contraindications of oral contraception. Language: French Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGY | WOMEN | MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | TOBACCO USE | DIABETES | HYPERTENSION | VASCULAR DISEASES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | RISK FACTORS | Studies | Research Methodology | Public Health | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Heart Diseases | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Biology Document Number: 329006 |
| 3. Title: Effect of antiepileptic drugs on oral contraceptives. Author: Carl JS; Weaver SP; Tweed E; Edgerton L Source: American Family Physician. 2008 Sep 1;78(5):634-5. Abstract: Clinical Question: Do antiepileptic drugs affect oral contraceptive effectiveness? Evidence-Based Answer: We found no studies that measure, or even estimate, any increase in pregnancy rates in women taking antiepileptic drugs. Antiepileptic drugs known to induce the hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isoenzyme cause decreased sex hormone levels in women taking oral contraceptives, raising the potential for decreased effectiveness of oral contraceptives and increased risk of unplanned pregnancy. (Strength of Recommendation [SOR]: C, based on small cohort studies). Antiepileptic drugs that do not induce this hepatic isoenzyme are not thought to compromise the effectiveness of oral contraceptives. (SOR: C, based on small cohort studies and randomized controlled trials). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | DRUG INTERACTIONS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS | ENZYMATIC EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, ESTROGEN | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Central Nervous System | Physiology | Biology | Enzymes and Enzyme Inhibitors | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health Document Number: 328504 |
| 4. Title: Thrombophilias in adolescents: the past, present and future. Author: Dietrich JE; Hertweck SP Source: Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2008 Oct;20(5):470-4. Abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In the past 10 years, clinicians have become more suspect regarding thromboembolic events and potential thrombosis in children at risk. Although adolescents are not typically considered to be a high-risk group, they are the main seekers of contraception in our society today, thereby placing them at some risk due to exogenous estrogen administration. RECENT FINDINGS: Certain thrombophilic states increase the risk of thromboembolism significantly. Because estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives also increase the risk of thrombosis, inherited thrombophilias are a contraindication to the use of these contraceptives. Current guidelines support laboratory screening for inherited and acquired thrombophilias when personal history of deep venous thrombosis exists, unexplained spontaneous thrombosis occurs, recurrent thrombosis arises, there is a family history of thrombosis, or thrombosis in unusual sites, such as central nervous system, abdominal veins or upper limbs. Prophylactic anticoagulation is not necessary in the setting of certain thrombophilias; however, consultation with a hematologist may be helpful when making decisions on acute and long-term management of these patients. SUMMARY: Although some thrombophilic conditions are a contraindication to combined hormonal contraception, not all thrombophilias maintain the same level of risk. Routine history-taking to assess the risk of an inherited thrombophilia on the basis of family history is important prior to prescribing oral contraceptives and should be documented in a patient's chart. Laboratory screening is recommended in specific risk scenarios; however, routine screening is not presently recommended prior to oral contraceptive initiation. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | CONTRACEPTION | RISK FACTORS | THROMBOSIS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Biology | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 329705 |
| 5. Title: The latest advances in hormonal contraception. Author: Fontenot HB; Harris AL Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing. 2008 May-Jun;37(3):369-374. Abstract: Millions of women each year start or continue to use some type of hormonal contraceptive method. Choosing a method may be anxiety provoking. In this article, we review some of the latest advances in and options for hormonal contraception, including extended-dose oral contraceptives, the vaginal ring, injectable methods, and emergency contraception. Nurses can facilitate women's decision making for healthy reproductive options. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, ESTROGEN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | VAGINAL RING | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | INJECTABLES | DEPO-PROVERA | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 326908 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: The emotional impact of genetic testing and aspects of counseling prior to prescription of oral contraceptives. Author: Gartner V; Weber M; Eichinger S Source: Contraception. 2008 Nov;78(5):392-8. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Oral contraceptives increase the thrombotic risk in women with factor V Leiden. Emotional aspects of genetic testing prior to the prescription of oral contraceptives (OC), aspects of counseling and referral patterns are widely unknown. STUDY DESIGN: Two hundred forty-seven women with and 132 women without factor V Leiden were interviewed by questionnaire. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-one women (65%) with factor V Leiden and 63 (48%) with wild-type factor V responded. One hundred seventy-one women (76%) reported being emotionally disturbed by genetic testing. Eighty percent of women with factor V Leiden and 16% of women with wild-type factor V were discouraged from OC use. Three percent of women with factor V Leiden were encouraged to take OC. Forty-one percent of women with factor V Leiden used at least one hormone contraceptive method after diagnosis. Only 46 women (29%) with factor V Leiden were counseled about the relevance of the mutation in case of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Testing for factor V Leiden has considerable emotional impact. Recommendations after testing are not consistently driven by the test result. Language: English Keywords: AUSTRIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN | EMOTIONS | GENETICS | GENETIC COUNSELING | TESTING | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | PRESCRIPTIONS | HEREDITARY DISEASES | FEAR | STRESS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Biology | Counseling | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Measurement | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Distributional Activities | Diseases | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 329150 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Accuracy of self-screening for contraindications to combined oral contraceptive use. Author: Grossman D; Fernandez L; Hopkins K; Amastae J; Garcia SG Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2008 Sep;112(3):572-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate how well a convenience sample of women from the general population could self-screen for contraindications to combined oral contraceptives using a medical checklist. METHODS: Women 18-49 years old (N=1,271) were recruited at two shopping malls and a flea market in El Paso, Texas, and asked first whether they thought birth control pills were medically safe for them. They then used a checklist to determine the presence of level 3 or 4 contraindications to combined oral contraceptives according to the World Health Organization Medical Eligibility Criteria. The women then were interviewed by a blinded nurse practitioner, who also measured blood pressure. RESULTS: The sensitivity of the unaided self-screen to detect true contraindications was 56.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 51.7-60.6%), and specificity was 57.6% (95% CI 54.0-61.1%). The sensitivity of the checklist to detect true contraindications was 83.2% (95% CI 79.5-86.3%), and specificity was 88.8% (95% CI 86.3-90.9%). Using the checklist, 6.6% (95% CI 5.2-8.0%) of women incorrectly thought they were eligible for use when, in fact, they were contraindicated, largely because of unrecognized hypertension. Seven percent (95% CI 5.4-8.2%) of women incorrectly thought they were contraindicated when they truly were not, primarily because of misclassification of migraine headaches. In regression analysis, younger women, more educated women, and Spanish speakers were significantly more likely to correctly self-screen (P<.05). CONCLUSION: Self-screening for contraindications to oral contraceptives using a medical checklist is relatively accurate. Unaided screening is inaccurate and reflects common misperceptions about the safety of oral contraceptives. Over-the-counter provision of this method likely would be safe, especially for younger women and if independent blood pressure screening were encouraged. Language: English Keywords: TEXAS | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | KNOWLEDGE | WHO | BLOOD PRESSURE | SELF CARE | SCREENING | HYPERTENSION | MIGRAINE | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Sociocultural Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Examinations and Diagnoses | Vascular Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 329053 |
| 8. Title: Risk factors of cardiovascular disease among the oral contraceptive users in Kermanshah City of Iran [letter] Author: Malek-Khosravi S Source: JPMA. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2008 Aug;58(8):473-4. Abstract: This letter to the editor discusses risk factors associated with oral contraceptive use in Kermanshah City of Iran. It recommends a new generation oral contraceptive (OCP) with fewer side effects and attentiveness to the cardiovascular risk factors when prescribing OCPs. Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | RISK FACTORS | PROGESTERONE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | TIME FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | HYPERTENSION | Middle East | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Biology | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Vascular Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 329155 |
9.  Title: Training and reference guide for a screening checklist to initiate COCs. Author: Mueller MP; Lasway C; Yacobson I; Tumlinson K Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Family Health International [FHI], 2008. 75 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-05-00022-00) Also available in French, http://www.fhi.org/NR/rdonlyres/erqco6dorp7np55a7zumwkvmopnxx7imvf7vnx4soi6tb7yro7yvsgx63ckcddlhjgtnodnhvfu5oj/GuideCOC.pdf Abstract: This training and reference guide was developed for family planning service providers interested in using the Checklist for Screening Clients Who Want to Initiate Combined Oral Contraceptives, commonly referred to as the "COC Checklist". Designed to serve as both a training and reference tool, the guide is composed of two parts: a training module and a collection of essential, up-to-date reference materials on combined oral contraceptives. This guide is part of a series to train on other checklists, including the Checklist for Screening Clients Who Want to Initiate DMPA (or NET-EN), the Checklist for Screening Clients Who Want to Initiate Use of the Copper IUD, and the checklist entitled How to Be Reasonably Sure a Client is Not Pregnant. The COC Checklist was developed to assist service providers in screening clients who have already been counseled about contraceptive options and who have made an informed decision to use combined oral contraceptives (COCs). This simple job aid is based on guidance provided in the Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (WHO 2004) and supports the application of these guidelines into actual service delivery practice. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | FAMILY PLANNING INSTRUCTORS | SCREENING | TRAINING PROGRAMS | USAID | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | PREGNANCY TESTS | TRAINING OF TRAINERS | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Education | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Safety | Public Health | Laboratory Procedures | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 326279 |
| 10. Title: Oral contraceptives in systemic lupus erythematosus: the case for (and against) [editorial] Author: Petri M; Buyon JP Source: Lupus. 2008 Aug;17(8):708-10. Abstract: Should oral contraceptive use be prescribed in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)? In the last 5 years, we have come a long way. The answer today is frequently 'yes', whereas before, the answer was almost always 'never'. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE STUDIES | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | LABORATORY ANIMALS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | PRESCRIPTIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Safety | Public Health | Health | Diseases | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 328851 |
| 11. Title: Checklist for screening clients who want to initiate combined oral contraceptives. Kenya. Author: Kenya. Ministry of Health. Division of Reproductive Health; Family Health International [FHI] Source: Nairobi, Kenya, Ministry of Health, Division of Reproductive Health, 2007. [3] p. Abstract: The Checklist for Screening Clients Who Want to Initiate Combined Oral Contraceptives is a screening tool for use by family planning providers to determine if and when a woman can safely and effectively start using combined oral contraceptives (COCs) as her contraceptive method of choice. The checklist is designed for use by both clinical (medical doctors, nurses / midwives, and clinical officers) and non-clinical health care providers (trained community health workers, pharmacists / pharmaceutical technologists, public health offi cers and public health technicians) in Kenya. The Ministry of Health, Division of Reproductive Health (DRH) developed this simple tool to support the use of the Kenya Family Planning Guidelines for Service Providers (revised March 2005) and the recommendations of the Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (World Health Organization, 2004). According to these guidelines, most women can use COCs, also known as "the Pill." For some women, such as those who haveunexplained vaginal bleeding, further evaluation is needed before they can initiate use of COCs. For a few women, COCs are not recommended because of the presence of certain chronic medical conditions, such as heart disease, stroke, and breast cancer. The COC checklist is designed to identify medical conditions where use of the method is usually not recommended or may require further screening to ensure clients use the method in a safe and effective manner. It consists of 16 questions in two parts to determine medical eligibility and current pregnancy. Clients who are ruled out because of their responses to some of the medical eligibility questions may still be good candidates for COCs after the suspected condition is excluded through appropriate evaluation. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN | SCREENING | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | COUNSELING | BEST PRACTICES | RISK ASSESSMENT | USAID Document Number: 331513 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Contraindications to oral contraceptive use among women in the United States, 1999 - 2001. Author: Shortridge E; Miller K Source: Contraception. 2007 May;75(5):355-360. Abstract: The prescription requirement for oral contraceptives (OCs) is designed to prevent women with contraindications from using OCs, but this system has never been evaluated. This analysis investigates OC use among women who have contraindications. We use National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data to estimate the prevalence of contraindications among OC users and nonusers. We associate OC use with contraindication status, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and access to health services. Overall, 16% of fecund women aged 20 to 51 years are contraindicated from OC use. The prevalence of contraindications among current OC users is 6%, as compared to 19% among nonusers. Regression results show that OC use is more strongly associated with age, race, marital status and health insurance coverage than with having a contraindication to OCs. The results suggest that under the prescription requirement, screening for contraindications to OCs may be working, but not perfectly. More research is needed to identify more effective and convenient screening methods. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN | ETHNIC GROUPS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PREVALENCE | AGE FACTORS | SCREENING | MARITAL STATUS | HEALTH INSURANCE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Health | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Contraception | Family Planning | Measurement | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Nuptiality | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 315383 |
| 13. Title: Review: Contraception in adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus. Author: Tincani A; Nuzzo M; Lojacono A; Cattalini M; Meini A Source: Lupus. 2007 Aug;16(8):600-605. Abstract: In the management of adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), sexual activity and prevention of unwanted pregnancies are important topics. Many contraceptive methods are available nowadays. Oral contraceptives (OCs) are the preferred choice among adolescents in general. However, the use of these medications in adolescents with SLE raises serious concerns, particularly the risk of thrombotic events from estrogen exposure and the impact of these medications on lupus activity. In this article, different contraceptive methods available are reviewed and their application in adolescents with SLE is discussed. In conclusion, OCs are the methods of choice in adolescents with stable disease and no antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) detected. In patients with aPL, fewer options are available, and the selection of the preferred form of contraception should be made on an individual basis. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ITALY | LITERATURE REVIEW | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | ANTIBODIES | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraception | Family Planning | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 322713 |
| 14. Title: Contraception for first-time users: A problem-orientated guide to product selection and safe prescription. Source: SA Pharmaceutical Journal. 2006 Apr;73(3):9-10, 12, 14, 16. Abstract: It is vital that the adolescent makes an informed choice about her sexual activity and behaviour, her method of contraception and issues pertaining to her health in general. These discussions and counselling sessions should be informative but non-judgmental and non-threatening, as the main outcome is to prevent teenage pregnancy and its associated devastating repercussions on the adolescent, her family, the child born to such a young mother, and the public health sector. Contraceptive choices today are numerous - especially in the category of hormonal contraception. New options with regard to delivery systems and new progestogens with novel side-effect profiles have expanded the choices for first-time users. It is possible to find a contraceptive to suit every patient's individual needs, with added benefits such as cycle control, relief of dysmenorrhoea, and treatment for acne. A thorough understanding of the patient's needs and circumstances (taking into account the first and third world setting in South Africa) is necessary. A holistic approach must be followed, and individualising each patient's regimen will aid in compliance and continuing medical input and care well into her reproductive years, until such time when she plans her first child and thereafter. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | TEACHING MATERIALS | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS, NEW | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | INJECTABLES | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | IUD | BARRIER METHODS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Family Planning Acceptors | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 318435 |
| 15. Title: Checklist for screening clients who want to initiate combined oral contraceptives. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, FHI, 2006. [3] p. Also available in French and Spanish. Abstract: Research findings have established that combined oral contraceptives (COCs) are safe and effective for use by most women, including those who are at risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and those living with or at risk of HIV infection. For some women, COCs are not recommended because of the presence of certain medical conditions, such as ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and breast cancer. For these reasons, women who desire to use COCs must be screened for certain medical conditions to determine if they are appropriate candidates for COCs. Family Health International (FHI), with support from the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), has developed a simple checklist (see center spread) to help health care providers screen clients who were counseled about contraceptive options and made an informed decision to use COCs. This checklist is a revised version of the Checklist for Screening Clients Who Want to Initiate COCs produced by FHI in 2002. Changes reflected in this version are based on the recently revised recommendations of the Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (WHO, 2004) as advised by research over the past five years. The main changes in this checklist include removal of fungal infection as a condition that would prohibit the use of COCs and the inclusion of a series of questions to determine with reasonable certainty whether a woman is not pregnant before initiating the method. (excerpt Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN | SCREENING | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | COUNSELING | BEST PRACTICES | RISK ASSESSMENT | USAID | Demographic Factors | Population | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Safety | Public Health | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 309906 |
| 16. Title: Checklist for screening clients who want to initiate combined oral contraceptives. Uganda. Author: Uganda. Ministry of Health. Community Health Department. Reproductive Health Division; Family Health International [FHI] Source: [Kampala], Uganda, Ministry of Health, Community Health Department, Reproductive Health Division, 2006. [3] p. Abstract: Research findings have established that combined oral contraceptives (COCs) are safe and effective for use by most women, including those who are at risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and those living with or at risk of HIV infection. For some women, COCs are not recommended because of the presence of certain medical conditions, such as ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and breast cancer. For these reasons, women who desire to use COCs must be screened for certain medical conditions to determine if they are appropriate candidates for COCs. The Ministry of Health has developed a simple checklist to help health care providers screen clients who were counseled about contraceptive options and made an informed decision to use COCs. This checklist is based on the recommendations of the Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (WHO, 2004) and reflects the most current research findings. It also includes a series of questions to determine with reasonable certainty whether a woman is not pregnant before initiating the method. The checklist is designed for use by both clinical and nonclinical health care providers, including community health workers. It consists of 15 questions designed to identify medical conditions that would prevent safe COC use or require further screening, as well as provide further guidance and directions based on clients' responses. Clients who are ruled out because of their response to some of the medical eligibility questions may still be good candidates for COCs after the suspected condition is excluded through appropriate evaluation. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN | SCREENING | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | COUNSELING | BEST PRACTICES | RISK ASSESSMENT | USAID Document Number: 331516 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Efficacy of a new oral contraceptive containing drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol in the long-term treatment of hirsutism. Author: Batukan C; Muderris II Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2006 Feb;85(2):436-440. Abstract: This study represents long term clinical and biochemical results and the response of different body parts to medical therapy with oral ethinyl estradiol/drospirenone combination in hirsute patients with or without polycystic ovary syndrom (PCOS). Design: Prospective, open, controlled clinical study. Setting: Outpatients at Erciyes University Medical School. Patient(s): Fifty women with moderate to severe hirsutism were recruited. Two women were lost to follow-up. Intervention(s): Women were treated with 3 mg of drospirenone and 30 µg of ethinyl estradiol for 12 cycles. Main Outcome Measure(s): Hirsutism was assessed at 6-month intervals using the Ferriman-Gallwey (F-G) scoring system. Serum FSH, LH, total and free testosterone (T), androstenedione (A), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), estradiol (E2), and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels at 6 and 12 months of therapy were compared with baseline values. Total mean FG score declined by 67% and 78% after 6 and 12 months, respectively. Improvement was most prominent on the chest and abdomen, followed by the upper lip and chin. The lowest effect was observed on the back and arms. Serum levels of total and free T and A decreased, whereas SHBG levels increased significantly after 6 and 12 months when compared with baseline levels. Drospirenone/ethinyl estradiol combination exerts significant antiandrogenic activity and is effective in improving facial hirsutism. The beneficial effect is most obvious after six cycles and continues thereafter at a slower rate. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | HIRSUTISM | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | TREATMENT | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 296880 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Combined oral contraceptive use among women with hypertension: a systematic review. Author: Curtis KM; Mohllajee AP; Martins SL; Peterson HB Source: Contraception. 2006 Feb;73(2):179-188. Abstract: Women with hypertension are at increased risk for cardiovascular events. Combined oral contraceptive (COC) use, even among low-dose users, has been associated with a small excess risk for cardiovascular events among healthy women. In this systematic review, we examined cardiovascular risks among COC users with hypertension. After searching MEDLINE for all articles published from 1966 through February 2005 relevant to COC use, hypertension and cardiovascular disease, we identified 25 articles for this review. Overall, these studies showed that hypertensive COC users were at higher risk for stroke and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) than hypertensive non-COC users, but that they were not at higher risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Women who did not have their blood pressure measured before initiating COC use were at higher risk for ischemic stroke and AMI, but not for hemorrhagic stroke or VTE, than COC users who did not have their blood pressure measured. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | STUDIES | WHO | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | HYPERTENSION | THROMBOEMBOLISM | CEREBROVASCULAR EFFECTS | MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Embolism | Physiology | Biology | Heart Diseases | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 296205 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Use of combined oral contraceptives among women with migraine and nonmigrainous headaches: a systematic review. Author: Curtis KM; Mohllajee AP; Peterson HB Source: Contraception. 2006 Feb;73(2):189-194. Abstract: This systematic review examines evidence evaluating whether women with headaches who use combined oral contraceptives (COCs) have a greater risk of stroke than women with headaches who do not use COCs. We searched MEDLINE for articles published from 1966 through March 2005 relevant to headaches and COC use as risk factors for stroke. Of the 79 articles identified, nine met our selection criteria (eight reports of six observational studies plus one meta-analysis). All studies reported specifically on migraine headaches. Evidence from six case-control studies suggested that COC users with a history of migraine were two to four times as likely to have an ischemic stroke as nonusers with a history of migraine. The odds ratios for ischemic stroke ranged from 6 to almost 14 for COC users with migraine compared with nonusers without migraine. The three studies that provided evidence on hemorrhagic stroke reported low or no risk associated with migraine or with COC use. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | STUDIES | WHO | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | MIGRAINE | HEADACHE | CEREBROVASCULAR EFFECTS | RISK FACTORS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Signs and Symptoms | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 296206 |
| 20. Title: Contraception for first-time users: A problem-orientated guide to product selection and safe prescription. Author: Kruger WM; Steyn PS Source: South African Family Practice. 2006 Jan-Feb;48(1):24, 26, 28, 30, 32. Abstract: The general practitioner (GP) is in a unique position in South Africa and elsewhere in the world when it comes to female and adolescent health. After establishing rapport, the GP can provide confidential advice, guidance and treatment with regard to a young patient's reproductive health. It is vital that the adolescent make an informed choice about her sexual activity and behaviour, her method of contraception and issues pertaining to her health in general. These discussions and counselling sessions should be informative but non-judgmental and non-threatening, as the main outcome is to prevent teenage pregnancy and its associated devastating repercussions on the adolescent, her family, the child born to such a young mother, and the public health sector. Contraceptive choices today are numerous - especially in the category of hormonal contraception. New options with regard to delivery systems and new progestogens with novel side-effect profiles have expanded the choices for first-time users. It is possible to find a contraceptive to suit every patient's individual needs, with added benefits such as cycle control, relief of dysmenorrhoea, and treatment for acne. A thorough understanding of the patient's needs and circumstances (taking into account the first and third world setting in South Africa) is necessary. A holistic approach must be followed, and individualising each patient will aid in compliance and continuing medical input and care well into her reproductive years, until such time when she plans her first child and thereafter. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | TEACHING MATERIALS | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS, NEW | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | INJECTABLES | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | IUD | BARRIER METHODS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Family Planning Acceptors | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 318428 |
| 22. Title: Recommendations for screening for thrombophilic tendencies in teenage females prior to contraceptive initiation. Author: Savelli SL; Kerlin BA; Springer MA; Monda KL; Thornton JD Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2006 Aug;19(4):313-316. Abstract: Venous thromboembolic events (VTE) are not common in children; however, over the past ten years the incidence has increased. Reasons for the increase are two-fold. Physicians have an increased awareness of clotting events in children, and imaging modalities have improved, with a concomitant increase in diagnosis of VTEs. In addition, children with chronic medical conditions that predispose to thrombotic events are living longer and thereby suffering increased treatment-related sequelae. It is important to note that VTEs are an increasingly recognized cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality. Newborns and teenagers over the age of 15 are at the greatest risk for developing thromboses. Thrombotic events in children are usually secondary complications of a primary illness or therapeutic modality. Risk factors for clotting can be classified as acquired or congenital. Common acquired conditions include indwelling central venous catheters, malignancy, infection, trauma, prolonged immobilization, surgery, smoking, obesity, and oral contraceptive pill (OCP) use. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CASE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SCREENING | THROMBOSIS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | RISK ASSESSMENT | CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | OBESITY | TOBACCO USE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Evaluation | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Behavior Document Number: 306256 |
| 23. Title: Family planning -- having the number of children you want. Author: Werner D; Thuman C; Maxwell J Source: In: Where there is no doctor: a village health care handbook, by David Werner with Carol Thuman and Jane Maxwell. Berkeley, California, Hesperian, 2006. :283-294. Abstract: Some mothers and fathers want a lot of children--especially in countries where poor people are denied a fair share of land, resources, and social benefits. This is because children help with work and provide care for their parents in old age. In such areas, having just a few children may be a privilege only wealthier people can afford. The situation is different in poor countries where resources and benefits are fairly distributed. Where employment, housing, and health care are guaranteed and where women have equal opportunities for education and jobs, people usually choose to have smaller families. This is in part because they do not need to depend on their children for economic security. In any society, parents have a right to make their own decision about how many children to have, and when to have them. Different parents have different reasons for wanting to limit the size of their family. Some young parents may decide to delay having any children until they have worked and saved enough so that they can afford to care for them well. Some parents may decide that a small number of children is enough, and they never want more. Others may want to space their children several years apart, so that both the children and their mother will be healthier. Some parents feel they are too old to have more children. In some places, men and women know that if they have a lot of children, when the children grow up there may not be enough land for all of them to grow the food their families need. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TEACHING MATERIALS | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | SIDE EFFECTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | FAMILY PLANNING, TRADITIONAL METHODS | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Education | Contraception | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health Document Number: 314789 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Over-the-counter access, changing WHO guidelines, and contraindicated oral contraceptive use in Mexico. Author: Yeatman SE; Potter JE; Grossman DA Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2006 Sep;37(3):197-204. Abstract: This study examines the prevalence of contraindications to the use of oral contraceptives in Mexico by sociodemographic characteristics and by whether this family planning method was obtained with or without a doctor's prescription. Using data on smoking behavior and blood-pressure measurements from the 2000 Mexican National Health Survey, the authors found that, under the 1996 World Health Organization (WHO) medical eligibility guidelines, the prevalence of contraindications is low and that no significant differences in contraindications exist at any level between those who obtain oral contraceptives at clinics and those who obtain them at pharmacies. In 2000, however, WHO substantially revised its criteria regarding the level of hypertension that would constitute a contraindication for oral contraceptive use. Applying the new guidelines, the authors found that 10 percent of pill users younger than 35 and 33 percent aged 35 and older have health conditions that are either relative or absolute (Category 3 or 4) contraindications. The relevance of these findings to the larger debate concerning screening and over-the-counter access to oral contraceptives is discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RECOMMENDATIONS | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PHARMACISTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | TOBACCO USE | BLOOD PRESSURE | PREVALENCE | WHO | STANDARDS | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | AGE FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Health | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Behavior | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Measurement | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 306007 |
| 25. Title: Some recommendations for the use of oral contraceptives. Author: World Health Organization [WHO]. Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction Source: Progress in Reproductive Health Research. 2005;(68):5-6. Abstract: When can a woman start taking COCs? A woman who has not given birth in the previous 6 months can start taking COCs within five days after the start of her menstrual bleeding, or at any other time if it is reasonably certain that she is not pregnant. If she is not within 5 days of the first day of her period, she should use additional protection for the first 7 days. Women who have given birth in the previous 6 weeks, and who are primarily breastfeeding, should not use COCs. A woman who has given birth between 6 weeks and 6 months previously, and who is breastfeeding, should usually not use COCs, unless more appropriate methods are not available or not acceptable. After giving birth, a woman who is not breastfeeding can start taking COCs when she is 21 days postpartum, if it is reasonably certain she is not pregnant. Use of COCs is not usually recommended for women who are less than 21 days postpartum, unless more appropriate methods are not available or not acceptable. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | PROGESTERONE | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 288360 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Medical abortion: a fact sheet. Author: Berer M Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2005;13(26):20-24. Abstract: MEDICAL abortion is the use of pills to cause a miscarriage. Historically, many different drugs and concoctions have been used to try to cause a miscarriage; many do not work very well or are unsafe. Now, thanks to medical research in the past two decades, there are safe and effective drugs available for this purpose. As word of the existence of this method spreads, women all over the world are asking for it, including in remote parts of developing countries. The recommended combination of drugs for medical abortion is mifepristone followed by misoprostol. More than 22 million women in China, one million in France and about three million in the rest of the world have used this combination of drugs to terminate a pregnancy as of 2005, and have found it safe and effective. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | EVALUATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | ABORTION | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | RU-486 | MISOPROSTOL | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | GESTATIONAL AGE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Contraception | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Drugs | Treatment | Fetus | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 295456 Notification |
| 27. Title: Combined hormonal contraception. Author: Calderoni ME; Coupey SM Source: Adolescent Medicine Clinics. 2005 Oct;16(3):517-537. Abstract: Adolescents in the United States have more contraceptive options available them today then ever before. The pregnancy rate among 15- to 17-year-old girls declined 33% between 1991 and 2000; yet, effective contraceptive use by US teens continues to be a problem. In 2001, 13% of sexually active 15- to 17-year olds used no method of contraception at last intercourse. In 2000, more than 300,000 adolescents became pregnant, and 166,000 adolescents gave birth. Associations between early adolescent parenting and adverse social and health consequences for mother and child have been established. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | ADOLESCENTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | INJECTABLES | VAGINAL RING | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | USER COMPLIANCE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage Document Number: 305916 |
| 28. Title: Oral contraceptives, thrombosis and socio-ethical values: an inevitable compromise is needed based mainly on a careful evaluation of potential users [letter] Author: Girolami A; Tezza F; Ruzzon E; Fabris F Source: Clinical and Applied Thrombosis / Hemostasis. 2005 Oct;11(4):497-499. Abstract: We have read with interest the letter by Dr. Aznar and co-workers dealing with the ethical implications of the relation existing between oral contraceptives (OC) and thrombosis. The considerations may have some bearing; however, we think they cannot be sustained. The use of OC has already spread in the Western World to an unprecedented measure. It is estimated that approximately 100 million women at any given time are under these medications. It is clear that major interests, as correctly noted by Aznar and colleagues, are at stake. It is naive even to think, or propose, that OC could, at this stage, undergo any limitations in prescription. Personally, with due respect for Dr. Aznar's position, we think they should not. It is true that women on the pill have approximately a fourfold increase in the incidence of venous thrombosis, and even more so if the women have a congenital prothrombotic condition. However, usually, the venous thrombosis improves and seldom or does not recur after suspension of the medication. Needless to say, arterial thrombosis is a much more serious matter. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ITALY | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | THROMBOSIS | ETHICS | VALUE ORIENTATION | HEREDITARY DISEASES | RISK ASSESSMENT | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Evaluation Document Number: 285859 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Adolescents demanding a good contraceptive: a study with standardized patients in general practices. Author: Peremans L; Rethans JJ; Verhoeven V; Debaene L; Van Royen P Source: Contraception. 2005;71:421-425. Abstract: To assess how Flemish general practitioners (GPs) are handling the first contraception consultation, we used standardized patients (SPs) as the best method to assess the performance of GPs in daily practice. Thirty GPs got a visit from one of the three SPs. Based on a validated checklist, the SPs scored the performance of GPs and they registered the circumstances and the duration of the consultation. Twenty-eight consultations were analyzed. General practitioners scored moderately on the content level of the consultation. Rarely, GPs asked about attitude regarding safe sex, took gynecological history or discussed contraindications. None of the GPs took a personal history to exclude pregnancy. The SPs received enough information about correct pill use, but there was minimal discussion on factors associated with pill intake and interactions with other medications. Few GPs (6/28) gave a prescription corresponding to the Flemish guidelines. The others were influenced by the pharmaceutical representatives. The girls felt, however, very satisfied with the consultation with the GPs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BELGIUM | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PHYSICIANS | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS, NEW | BEST PRACTICES | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | DECISION MAKING | COUNSELING | PRESCRIPTIONS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning Acceptors | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraception | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Contraceptive Methods | Behavior | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Distributional Activities Document Number: 286722 |
| 30. Title: Hormonal contraception: noncontraceptive benefits and medical contraindications. Author: Rager KM; Omar HA Source: Adolescent Medicine Clinics. 2005 Oct;16(3):539-551. Abstract: Hormonal contraception is used primarily for the benefit of protection from pregnancy. Recent studies have demonstrated many noncontraceptive benefits also. Most young women, however, are unaware of these benefits. In counseling patients about hormonal contraception, it is essential to discuss the health benefits in addition to adverse effects and risks, as increased knowledge of the noncontraceptive benefits of birth control methods can increase compliance and continuation of use, with the ultimate goal of decreasing unplanned pregnancy. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | COUNSELING | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | DISEASE PREVENTION | CANCER | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | OVARIAN CYSTS | LOW-DOSE PROGESTINS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Neoplasms | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | |