| 1. Peer Reviewed Title: Geophagy (Soil-eating) in relation to Anemia and Helminth infection among HIV-infected pregnant women in Tanzania. Author: Kawai K; Saathoff E; Antelman G; Msamanga G; Fawzi WW Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 Jan;80(1):36-43. Abstract: Geophagy, the regular and deliberate consumption of soil, is prevalent among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. We examined the associations of geophagy with anemia and helminth infection among 971 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive pregnant women in Tanzania. About 29% of pregnant women regularly consumed soil. Occupation, marital status, and gestational age were associated with geophagy. Ascaris lumbricoides infection was associated with the prevalence of geophagy (adjusted-prevalence ratio 1.81; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.37-2.40); however, hookworm, Trichuris trichiura, and Strongyloides stercoralis showed no association. Anemia and red blood cell characteristics suggestive of iron deficiency were strongly correlated with geophagy at baseline. In longitudinal analyses, we found evidence suggesting that soil consumption may be associated with an increased risk of anemia (adjusted-relative risk 1.16; 95% CI = 0.98-1.36) and a lower hemoglobin concentration (adjusted-mean difference -3.8 g/L; 95% CI [-7.3, -0.4]). Pregnant women should be informed about the potential risks associated with soil consumption. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREVALENCE | PARASITIC DISEASES | ANEMIA | COMPLICATIONS | OCCUPATIONS | MARITAL STATUS | GESTATIONAL AGE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Human Resources | Nuptiality | Fetus | Pregnancy | Reproduction Document Number: 330314 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: The effect of income and occupation on body mass index among women in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Surveys (1983 - 2002). Author: Colchero MA; Caballero B; Bishai D Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 May;66(9):1967-1978. Abstract: We assessed the effects of changes in income and occupational activities on changes in body weight among 2952 non-pregnant women enrolled in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Surveys between 1983 and 2002. On average, body mass index (BMI) among women occupied in low activities was 0.29 kg/m/2 (standard error 0.11) larger compared to women occupied in heavy activities. BMI among women involved in medium activities was on average 0.12 kg/m/2 (standard error 0.05) larger compared to women occupied in heavy activities. A one-unit increase in log household income in the previous survey was associated with a small and positive change in BMI of 0.006 kg/m/2 (standard error 0.02) but the effect was not significant. The trend of increasing body mass was higher in the late 1980s than during the 1990s. These period effects were stronger for the women who were younger at baseline and for women with low or medium activity levels. Our analysis suggests a trend in the environment over the last 20 yearsthat has increased the susceptibility of Filipino women to larger body mass. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | BODY WEIGHT | INCOME | OCCUPATIONS | FITNESS | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Population Characteristics Document Number: 325891 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Raising interest in contraception and sexual health: Special study modules for medical students. Author: Fey C; Evans C Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2008;34(1):64-65. Abstract: Getting the balance correct in medical workforce planning, particularly in Obstetrics and Gynaecology (O&G), has been a problem for a number of years. Over the last 10 years, training numbers have varied and the balance between trainees qualified and number of consultant posts available has wavered. Bearing in mind the Government's aims for a consultant-delivered service, and the need for future increase in senior posts (another discussion entirely around consultants vs non-consultant senior grade!), we are now seeing the possibility of failure to provide enough trainees to fill anticipated posts. In particular, there are notably fewer trainees attracted to O&G, and we see parallel problems in recruiting to Contraception and Sexual Health (C&SH). Even now we have unfilled consultant and trainee posts throughout the country (see Workforce Planning Committee reports) and attracting trainees to our speciality remains a challenge. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | CRITIQUE | STUDIES | LABOR FORCE | MEDICAL STUDENTS | SEX EDUCATION | HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CONTRACEPTION | OCCUPATIONS | GYNECOLOGY | HUMAN RESOURCES | EMPLOYMENT | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Students | Education | Family Planning | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 323396 |
| 4. Title: Sexual and reproductive health needs of vulnerable youth in Myanmar. Author: Hla-Soe-Tint; Phyo-Maung-Thaw; Yin-Thet-Nu-Oo; Ko-Ko-Zaw; Than-Tun-Sein; Thein-Tun Source: Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 2008 Nov;39(6):1126-38. Abstract: A cross-sectional survey of 56 youth, using participatory research methods, was conducted with the objective to identify the sexual and reproductive health needs among vulnerable youth in Pyin Oo Lwin town in terms of their livelihoods, perceptions about health and health risks, sex practices, perceived health information needs and preferred channels for health information, and visions for their future generation. The results indicated that a majority of young people of both sexes were deficient in knowledge of the locations and functions of reproductive organs. The majority of respondents of both sexes said that their main health concern was AIDS. Pre-marital sex among youth, 16-20 years of age, was identified in our study. Malaria and AIDS were mentioned as information needed by young people. TV and magazines/journals were prioritized as preferred channels of disseminating health messages. Almost all reported that education was the one thing that they wanted for their own children. Language: English Keywords: MYANMAR | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | PERCEPTION | OCCUPATIONS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | INFORMATION SOURCES | HEALTH EDUCATION | ATTITUDES | HIV INFECTIONS | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Evaluation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Health | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Information | Education | Viral Diseases | Sex Behavior Document Number: 330335 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Test of the 'healthy migrant hypothesis': a longitudinal analysis of health selectivity of internal migration in Indonesia. Author: Lu Y Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 Oct;67(8):1331-9. Abstract: Previous studies show migrants are generally healthier than the populations in receiving societies, a result generally attributed to the positive selection of migrants on health. This hypothesis, however, has not been adequately evaluated due to lack of adequate data. In this article, using high-quality longitudinal data from Indonesia, the health selectivity hypothesis, also referred to as the healthy migrant hypothesis, is examined with respect to internal migration. Specifically, this study explores whether pre-migration health status affects the likelihood of migration by comparing those from the sending population who do and do not move. Results show that migrants in Indonesia tend to be selected with respect to health and that this selection is robust to household unobserved heterogeneity. However, the strength and direction of the health-migration association vary by types of migration and dimensions of health. Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MIGRANTS | MIGRATION | HEALTH | AGE FACTORS | OCCUPATIONS | ANEMIA | MORBIDITY | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Diseases Document Number: 330022 |
6.  Title: In two different worlds: How Malawian girls experience schooling. Author: Mbilizi MA Source: Journal of International Women’s Studies. 2008 May;9(3):223-240. Abstract: This paper reports on a qualitative case study of how Malawian girls experience schooling in single-sex versus coeducational institutions. It is a qualitative narrative depicting the socializing and learning processes which affect girls' potential to succeed in mathematics and science subjects and careers. Further I use critical reflection to describe my own experiences as a student, teacher, and researcher at one of the single-sex boarding schools. The results confirm other research findings that single-sex school environments are effective in building high expectations and aspirations for higher education among girls. In single-sex schools, girls held higher educational expectations and occupational aspirations for non traditional careers than girls in coeducational schools. In coeducational schools girls' abilities were marginalized by school administrators, teachers, and boys. Girls were seen as a distraction to the boys and faced sexual abuse and pressure to attend to their physical appearance. The paper advocates for the expansion of single-sex boarding schools for girls, group cohesion among girls in coeducational schools, gender streaming of math and science classes, gender equity training for teachers, and the increased practice of gender fair teaching. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | EDUCATION | OCCUPATIONS | SEX FACTORS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Schools Document Number: 327267 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV and AIDS related knowledge, sources of information, and reported need for further education among dental students in Sudan: a cross sectional study. Author: Nasir EF; Astrom AN; David J; Ali RW Source: BMC Public Health. 2008;8:286. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Information on the HIV and AIDS-related knowledge among dental students provides a crucial foundation for efforts aimed at developing an appropriate dental curriculum on HIV and AIDS, and for attracting the attention of dental school educators towards the subject. PURPOSES: Focusing on a census of dental students attending their 3rd, 4th and 5th study year at publicly - and privately funded dental faculties in Khartoum, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and socio-economic correlates of dental students' knowledge, sources of information and reported need for further education related to HIV and AIDS. METHODS: At the time of the survey (March-May 2007), the total number of dental students registered was 782 of which 642 (response rate 82%, mean age 21.7 year, 72% girls) completed anonymous self-administered questionnaires in supervised class room settings. RESULTS: A total of 49% and 86% had correct sum scores with respect to knowledge of transmission through contamination and through shaking hands and eating, respectively. About half the dental students recognized a need for further education across HIV related issues, varying from 75% (basic HIV/AIDS related issues) to 84% (patient management). Only 38% of the students had correct sum scores regarding various occupational groups at risk for contacting HIV and AIDS. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that compared to privately funded dental school students, publicly funded dental school students were less likely to have correct knowledge about modes of HIV transmission (OR = 0.6) and occupational risk groups (OR = 0.6) and to have received information from lectures/health care workers (OR = 0.5). CONCLUSION: Students attending privately funded schools were more knowledgeable about various HIV related issues than students from publicly funded schools. About half of the students investigated had received HIV/AIDS information from various sources and reported need for further education. This suggests that students are not adequately prepared for treating patients with HIV infection and AIDS and that the dental school curriculum needs improvements. Differences between public and private dental schools should be considered when planning such improvements. Language: English Keywords: SUDAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | DENTISTS | MEDICAL STUDENTS | DENTAL HEALTH | ACADEMIC TRAINING | AIDS | KNOWLEDGE | INFORMATION SOURCES | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | HIV TRANSMISSION | OCCUPATIONS | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Data Analysis | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Students | Education | Training Programs | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Information | Economic Factors | Human Resources Document Number: 328534 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Nigerian women would like to receive social support during childbirth. Author: Ramashwar S Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2008 Dec;34(4):202-203. Abstract: Most pregnant women receiving antenatal care at a Nigerian hospital said they would prefer to have someone with them during childbirth to provide social support, a practice not allowed in many Nigerian facilities. Although 86% said their husband would be their preferred companion, 67% indicated that they would be happy to have their mother or another relative with them. Professional women, those belonging to minority ethnic groups, and those without children were more likely than other women to want someone to accompany them in the labor room. As in many Sub-Saharan African countries, the availability and quality of maternal health care is often inadequate in Nigeria. Only one-third of Nigerian women have skilled birth attendants when they deliver, in part because obstacles such as poverty, health workers' negative attitudes toward patients, and policies prohibiting relatives from being in the labor room discourage women from delivering at public hospitals. As a result, many women rely on traditional birth attendants, who allow them to obtain social, emotional and other forms of support from family members or friends. To assess pregnant women's attitudes about these types of support and identify related factors, the investigators surveyed a random sample of pregnant women aged 18-44 who were visiting an antenatal hospital clinic in Ibadan in August-November 2006. All women who were approached agreed to participate. In addition to providing information on social and demographic characteristics, the women answered questions about whether they wished to have support during delivery, their preferred sources of support and the types of support they desired. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | CRITIQUE | PREGNANT WOMEN | ANTENATAL CARE | SOCIAL WELFARE | CHILDBIRTH | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | OCCUPATIONS | CARE AND SUPPORT | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Socioeconomic Factors | Human Resources Document Number: 330148 |
| 9. Title: Variation in the menstrual characteristics in adolescents of West Bengal. Author: Sanyal S; Ray S Source: Singapore Medical Journal. 2008 Jul;49(7):542-50. Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Like other biological phenomena, menstrual characteristics also vary with different age groups, socioeconomic status, and lifestyles. This study aimed to find out the variation in the menstrual characteristics among adolescents of different age groups, and the significant predictors of a menstrual outcome. METHODS: 260 adolescent Bengali-speaking Hindu girls of three different age groups (early, middle and late adolescence) were selected from the district of 24 Parganas (North), West Bengal, India. Data on the socioeconomic conditions and menstrual characteristics were collected via a pre-tested questionnaire. RESULTS: Significant differences exist between these three age groups in characteristics such as irregularity in the cycle, skipping of the cycle, duration of menstrual discharge, absenteeism from school because of pain and discomfort related to menstruation, and the prevalence of white discharge. Logistic regression showed that socioeconomic variables such as the occupations of the parents and educational levels of the parents and the subjects have a significant relationship with some menstrual outcomes (irregularity in the menstrual cycle, premenstrual problems, and duration of menstrual discharge) and with consultation of doctors due to some morbid conditions. Some of the other menstrual characteristics such as duration of menstrual discharge, number of days of peak discharge and absence of pain at the time of menstrual discharge, can be significantly predicted by age group of the individuals and other menstrual features. CONCLUSION: Menstrual characteristics vary among the adolescents of different age groups, and some of the menstrual characteristics can be predicted by some socioeconomic factors and other menstrual variables. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | KAP SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PARENTS | MENSTRUATION | AGE FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | MENSTRUATION DISORDERS | PAIN | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | TIME FACTORS | OCCUPATIONS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Data Analysis | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Economic Factors | Diseases | Signs and Symptoms | Socioeconomic Status | Population Dynamics | Human Resources Document Number: 328998 |
| 10. Title: Epidemiological correlates of nutritional anemia among children (6-35 months) in rural Wardha, Central India. Author: Sinha N; Deshmukh PR; Garg BS Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2008 Feb;62(2):45-54. Abstract: Nutritional anemia is associated with impaired performance of a range of mental and physical functions in children, along with increased morbidity. Iron supplementation at a later age may not reverse the adverse effects. National Nutritional Anemia Control Program was launched in India in 1970, but it failed to make any impact. The present study was undertaken to find out prevalence of anemia and its correlates in rural Wardha in children 6-35 months of age. Seven hundred seventy-two children between 6 months and 35 months of age were studied for anemia by cluster-sampling method. The hemoglobin was estimated in the child by 'Filter paper cyanmethemoglobin method.' Pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic and other variables. Data was analyzed by SPSS 12.0.1. Mean hemoglobin level was 98.5 plus or minus 12.9 gm/L. Prevalence of anemia was 80.3%. Only 1.3% children had severe anemia (hemoglobin less than 70 gm/L). The univariate analysis showed that anemia is significantly associated with age of the child, education of mother and father, occupation of father, socioeconomic status, birth order and nutritional status as measured by weight for age. The final model suggested that only educational status of the mother, occupation of the father, birth order and nutritional status of the child were significantly associated with anemia. For short-term impact, appropriate nutritional interventions remain the only operational intervention as only the nutritional status (weight for age) is a modifiable factor. But for long-term sustained impact, policy makers need to focus on improving maternal education and reducing family size. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | CHILD | PARENTS | ANEMIA | PREVALENCE | HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL | EDUCATION | OCCUPATIONS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | FAMILY SIZE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 325079 |
| 11. Title: The making of vulnerabilities: Understanding the differentiated effects of HIV and AIDS among street traders in Warwick Junction, Durban, South Africa. Author: Chazan M; Whiteside A Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2007 Aug;6(2):165-173. Abstract: The end of apartheid in South Africa has led to political-economic transition, the deregulation of cities, and increased population mobility, with growing numbers of people living and working in sub-standard and 'informal' urban conditions. These processes have created a fertile terrain for the rapid spread of HIV, especially in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. Few studies have considered how the HIV epidemic's outcomes are interacting with other societal processes, such as globalisation and urbanisation, or how these processes collectively converge with place-specific conditions to expose, drive and compound vulnerabilities to HIV and AIDS. This paper links an analysis of the political economy of South Africa's HIV epidemic with findings from an ethnographic case study with street traders in Warwick Junction, the largest trading hub in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | URBAN POPULATION | OCCUPATIONS | HIV TRANSMISSION | AIDS | RISK FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | URBANIZATION | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | POLITICAL FACTORS | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science Document Number: 320446 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Clinic appointment attendance for sexually transmitted infection screening among Filipina sex workers: A multilevel analysis. Author: Chiao C; Morisky DE; Ksobiech K; Masson CL; Malow RM Source: AIDS Care. 2007 Oct;19(9):1166-1170. Abstract: This study evaluates putative individual- and contextual-level social risk factors that may influence the likelihood that Filipina female sex workers (FSWs) attend and utilize health services for STI screening. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 1004 FSWs and their 86 employers. Research staff also collected clinic appointment attendance data. Hierarchical linear modelling was used to estimate the simultaneous effects of individual- and workplace-level factors. Results showed that both individual- and contextual-level characteristics were associated with STI screening appointment attendance. Individual characteristics found to have significant effects on clinic attendance included occupation, income, length of work and commercial sex involvement. City of establishment was a workplace characteristic significantly associated with appointment attendance. In addition to cross-level interactions, the impact of individual-level occupation depended upon characteristics of the workplace. These findings suggest that individual health service utilization is contingent upon contextual-level risk factors in the workplace. Intervention implications aimed at increasing clinic attendance are discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEX WORKERS | CLINIC VISITS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | RISK FACTORS | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | OCCUPATIONS | INCOME | TIME FACTORS | WORKPLACE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Service Statistics | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Biology | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Human Resources | Socioeconomic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 322689 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Prevalence of HIV infection and median CD4 counts among health care workers in South Africa. Author: Connelly D; Verlava Y; Roberts S; Tsotetsi J; Jordan A Source: South African Medical Journal. 2007 Feb;97(2):115-120. Abstract: The objective was to determine the prevalence of HIV infection and the extent of disease progression based on CD4 count in a public health system workforce in southern Africa. Design: Cross-sectional voluntary, anonymous, unlinked survey including an oral fluid or blood sample and a brief demographic questionnaire. Two public hospitals in Gauteng, South Africa were used for the study. The subjects used were 2 032 professional and support staff employed by the two hospitals. Outcome measures: HIV prevalence and CD4 cell count distribution. Overall prevalence of HIV was 11.5%. By occupation, prevalence was highest among student nurses (13.8%) and nurses (13.7%). The highest prevalence by age was in the 25 - 34-year group (15.9%). Nineteen per cent of HIV-positive participants who provided blood samples had CD4 counts less than or equal to 200 cells/microliter, 28% had counts 201 - 350 cells/microliter, 18% had counts 351 - 500 cells/microliter, and 35% had counts above 500 cells/microliter. One out of 7 nurses and nursing students in this public sector workforce was HIV-positive. A high proportion of health care workers had CD4 counts below 350 cells/microliter, and many were already eligible for antiretroviral therapy under South African treatment guidelines. Given the short supply of nurses in South Africa, knowledge of prevalence in this workforce and provision of effective AIDS treatment are crucial for meeting future staffing needs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | HOSPITAL PERSONNEL | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | LABOR FORCE | NURSES AND NURSING | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | OCCUPATIONS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Measurement Document Number: 318206 |
| 14. Title: Gender gap and Indian Academy of Pediatrics: Still a long way to go! Author: Dewan P; Gupta P; Choudhury P Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2007 Aug 17;44(8):598-600. Abstract: We conducted this study to document the female participation in the administrative and academic affairs of the Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP). Of 45 IAP Presidents till date, 7 (15.6%) were women. Females comprised 6% (2/31), 8.8% (3/31), 5.4% (2/37), and 2.3% (1/44) of IAP executive board members in 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2005, respectively. Only once (out of 10), a woman was appointed as the Editor-in-Chief of Indian Pediatrics; of 4 Editor-in-chiefs of IJPP till date, none was a female. Of 181 heads of the department of Pediatrics at different medical colleges, 58 (32%) are women. Overall female authorship in articles published in Indian Pediatrics has increased from 23.1% (133/576) in 1990 to 43% (154/358) in 2005 (P < 0.001). We conclude that there is a definite increase in the female participation in academic matters of IAP; however, the gender gap is persisting in the administrative domain. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | WOMEN | INFANT HEALTH | PARTICIPATION | SEX FACTORS | SEX DISCRIMINATION | GENDER ISSUES | OCCUPATIONS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Health | Social Behavior | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Human Resources | Economic Factors Document Number: 322811 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: The impact of female genital cutting on health of newly married women. Author: Elnashar A; Abdelhady R Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2007 Jun;97(3):238-244. Abstract: The objective was to detect the rate of female genital cutting among a sample of newly married women in Benha city, and make a comparison between circumcised and non-circumcised women regarding long-term health problems. Randomly selected (264) newly married women were the subjects of this work. Circumcised group constitutes 75.8% of the sample. All non-circumcised women were living in an urban area. Dysmenorrhea was more common among circumcised rather than non-circumcised, with statistically significant difference (P less than 0.01). Marital problems (dyspareunia, loss of libido, failure of orgasm and husband's unsatisfaction) had statistically different levels of significance among circumcised women. Obstetric problems such as tears, episiotomy and consequently distressed babies were more events among circumcised mothers with statistical significance. Circumcised females had significant mental problems such as somatization, anxiety and phobia (P less than 0.001). Female genital cutting remains a widely practiced custom in our society. Grave complications of circumcision may last throughout women's life particularly the time of consummation of marriage and the time of childbirth. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | WOMEN | CURRENTLY MARRIED | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | OCCUPATIONS | MENSTRUATION | DYSMENORRHEA | CHILDBIRTH | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Reproduction | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy Document Number: 313526 |
| 16. Title: Migration, economy and policy: recent changes in Armenia's demographic and health indicators. Further analysis of data from Armenia Demographic and Health Surveys. Author: Johnson K Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, MEASURE DHS, 2007 Jul. [55] p. (Armenia Trend ReportUSAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00) Abstract: This report compares Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from 2000 and 2005. Although only five years elapsed between the surveys, Armenia underwent considerable economic growth during the specified period: the gross domestic product (GDP) grew 13.2 percent in 2002, 14 percent in 2003, 10.1 percent in 2004, and 13.9 percent during 2005, when Armenia recovered to its Soviet-era GDP level. Migration patterns particularly marked the national landscape during this time, as did numerous governmental policy changes. The economic, migratory, and policy changes that characterized the years between the 2000 and 2005 Armenia DHS (ADHS) surveys also conditioned changes in demographic and health outcomes for the population as a whole. For this reason, economic, migratory, and political change will be the primary organizing themes of this report. It is hoped that this report will provide policymakers with an overview of recent changes in Armenia and their associated impacts on the Armenian population. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ARMENIA | PROGRESS REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | MIGRANTS | POLICYMAKERS | MIGRATION POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | FERTILITY | BREASTFEEDING | MORTALITY | OCCUPATIONS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Population | Research Methodology | Migration | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Human Resources Document Number: 322048 |
| 17. Title: Educational differences, value of children and fertility outcomes in Germany. Author: Klein T; Eckhard J Source: Current Sociology. 2007 Jul;55(4):505-525. Abstract: Referring to the dependence of income and occupational opportunities on education as well as to the lower compatibility between career and parenthood for women, educational differences of family foundation rates are being interpreted as an expression of different opportunity costs by many researchers (opportunity cost hypothesis). This hypothesis is discussed and analysed in this article for the German case drawing on the German Family Survey (Familiensurvey). The analysis considers two aspects of fertility motivation: on the one hand, it refers to educational level and the perceived value of children for (potential) parents; on the other, it examines the behavioural relevance of these fertility motivations. The empirical results from national representative longitudinal data question the opportunity cost hypothesis. Neither the perception of the incompatibility between career and motherhood nor its effect on the desire to become a parent are stronger for more highly educated women than for women with a lower formal educational level. Moreover, the article provides empirical evidence that the well-known educational differentiation of family formation rates is associated with child-related utility expectations, such as stimulation and affect. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | SURVEYS | WOMEN | CHILD WORTH | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | INCOME | OCCUPATIONS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | ASPIRATIONS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Socioeconomic Factors | Human Resources | Socioeconomic Status | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 319664 |
| 18. Title: Which youth get to make human capital decisions? Results from recent surveys. Author: McKenzie DJ Source: Development Outreach. 2007 Jun;:[6] p. Abstract: Decisions made about what and how much to study, when to finish school, the occupation one has, and whether and who to marry will have profound and long-term life consequences. Enhancing the ability of youth to choose wisely among the opportunities to develop human capital is thus one of the three strategic directions for policy reform proposed in the World Development Report 2007. But to what extent do youth feel that they are the ones making these important decisions? This article investigates this question with recently collected survey data. The data come from questions the World Development Report team added to nationally representative audience surveys conducted by Intermedia in late 2005 and early 2006 in seven countries: Albania, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Iraq, Malaysia, Romania, and Tajikistan. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | YOUTH | DECISION MAKING | HUMAN CAPITAL | EDUCATION | MARRIAGE | OCCUPATIONS | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Nuptiality Document Number: 320277 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Moving lives: Migration and livelihoods in the Lao PDR. Author: Rigg J Source: Population, Space and Place. 2007 May-Jun;13(3):163-178. Abstract: Laos is one of the poorest and most 'rural' countries in the world. Yet there is evidence of heightened levels of mobility as the country is drawn into the wider mainland Southeast Asian region. Mobility is becoming increasingly important in supporting and defining livelihoods for some households and villages. The paper reviews the evidence for growing levels of mobility in Laos and, drawing on the experience of the wider region, reflects upon the implications of this for source communities in terms of economy and society. The paper highlights the shifting nature of the meaning of mobility for migrants and, therefore, for villages of origin and those 'left behind'. The paper proposes that rather than searching out hard-and-fast views of migration and its impacts, the focus should be on 14 identified questions or lines of influence. (author's) Language: English Keywords: LAOS | SUMMARY REPORT | LABOR FORCE | MIGRANTS | MIGRATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | AGRICULTURE | OCCUPATIONS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Human Resources | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 313334 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: [Evaluation of quality of epidemiological and demographic variables in the Live Births Information System, 2002] Avaliacao da qualidade das variaveis epidemiologicas e demograficas do Sistema de Informacoes sobre Nascidos Vivos, 2002. Author: Romero DE; da Cunha CB Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2007 Mar;23(3):701-714. Abstract: This study evaluates the quality of data in the Brazilian Live Births Information System (SINASC), focusing on the methodological clarity of documentation and adequate data completeness and consistency at the national, regional, and State levels in 2002. The variables analyzed were: skin color/race of newborn, maternal schooling, maternal marital status, maternal occupation, maternal age, prenatal visits, live births, stillbirths, and birth weight. For most of the variables, SINASC shows good data completeness and consistency, but there were serious problems with the quality of data on previous children and maternal occupation. Related to race, there were some methodological problems in the definition and incomplete filling-in for the Federal District (Brasilia) and the States of Sao Paulo, Bahia, and Sergipe. Statistical analysis confirmed a significant association between data completeness and indicators of poverty and inequality. The study showed that improvements in SINASC data quality could make this system a good epidemiological source for identifying risk factors and socioeconomic conditioning factors. (author's) Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | EVALUATION | FACTOR ANALYSIS | DATA QUALITY | PARITY | HEALTH EDUCATION | ANTENATAL CARE | MARITAL STATUS | BIRTH WEIGHT | OCCUPATIONS | AGE FACTORS | VALIDITY | DATA REPORTING | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nuptiality | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Measurement | Data Collection Document Number: 315738 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: The role of women in development. Reprinted from International Development Review 1973 no 2: 41. Author: Tinker I Source: Development. 2007 Jul;50(S1):90-91. Abstract: Just as the social and political aspects of society affect the outcome of developmental programmes and planning, so do traditional sex roles and occupations. This aspect of development has been largely ignored and the possible contributions of women have been discounted. Policy makers have apparently assumed that there is a constancy of sex roles throughout the world - or that there should be. Their model, of course, is the pattern generally found in post-industrial societies. Because they have assumed this pattern to exist where it did not, the development planners - whether western or indigenous but western-trained ^ have constructed policies that in many cases have undermined the traditionally relatively independent role of women in many predominantly agrarian societies. Elsewhere, policies made by men have tended to be for men, and have therefore discounted half the population. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | OCCUPATIONS | SOCIAL CLASS | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S STATUS | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Behavior | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 319948 |
| 22. Title: Women on the move. Source: Habitat Debate. 2006 Sep;12(3):8. Abstract: Movements of women within and between countries seeking domestic employment have been recorded since the 19th century. However, explicit focus on women as skilled and economically useful migrants is new in the migration discourse. Today, the number of women migrants is on the rise. In 1960 female migrants constituted 49.8 percent of international migrants to North America, and 48.5 percent to Europe. By the year 2000, these figures rose respectively to 51.0 and 52.4 percent. This increase occurred alongside the growth of feminism around the world. Research conducted after the 1960s moved from being oblivious to gender to a new awareness of gender. As a result the special issues facing migrant women in the labour market are now documented. These issues include women's employment in precarious work and in ethnic economies, as well as their levels of human capital, language skills, and the devaluation of educational qualifications. Precarious work frequently offers low wages and little job security; this work usually is in select manufacturing and personal service industries. Poorly educated migrant women and those whose color differs from that of the majority often are found in precarious employment. The type of work done by migrant women rests on gender scripts in which women are considered appropriate for tasks such as sewing, food preparation, or cleaning. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MIGRANTS | FEMINISM | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | MOTIVATION | OCCUPATIONS | RESIDENT STATUS | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Human Resources | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 315641 |
| 23. Title: [Validation of a household food security scale in Antioquia, Colombia] Validacion de escala de la seguridad alimentaria domestica en Antioquia, Colombia. Author: Alvarez MC; Estrada A; Montoya EC; Melgar-Quinonez H Source: Salud Publica de Mexico. 2006 Nov-Dec;48(6):474-481. Abstract: The objective was to adapt and validate in households of Antioquia, Colombia, a food security scale previously applied in households of Caracas, Venezuela. The study was carried out in 44 municipalities in the department of Antioquia, Colombia, in 2003 and 2004, with a randomly selected sample of 1 624 rural and urban households with children under 10 years of age, representative for family units located in the department of Antioquia. The sample was selected using a confidence interval of 95% and an error of 3%. Household food security scale previously used by Paulina Lorenzana in Venezuela were validated for this survey. Internal consistency of the scale was determined using the Spearman correlation coefficient and Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. Construct validity was established through principal components analysis for categorical data. Prinqual procedure and Rasch modeling were used to define the components and items in the scale. Factor analysis showed two components: 1) variables related to "food insecurity without hunger", which is explained in 95%; 2) variables related to "food insecurity with hunger", which is explained in 89.4%. Cronbach's Alpha coefficients for "food insecurity without hunger" and "food insecurity with hunger" were 0.95 and 0.89, respectively. When analyzed using Rasch modeling, all items showed infit values within a range of 0.8 and 1.2. The scale correlated significantly (p<0.000) with food availability, begging, children's labor, household size, and occupation of the head of household. The scale can be considered a reliable instrument for assessing food insecurity in Antioquia households. (author's) Spanish Abstract: Adaptar y validar en hogares de Antioquia, Colombia, una escala de seguridad alimentaria anteriormente aplicada en hogares de Caracas, Venezuela. El estudio se realizó en 44 municipios del departamento de Antioquia, Colombia, durante los años 2003 y 2004, en una muestra representativa de los hogares rurales y urbanos del departamento de Antioquia, constituida por 1 624 hogares con niños menores de 10 años; los hogares fueron seleccionados de manera aleatoria, con un índice de confianza de 95% y un error de 3%. Se validó la escala de seguridad alimentaria doméstica utilizada por Paulina Lorenzana en Venezuela, y se determinó la consistencia interna de la escala mediante el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman y el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. La validez del constructo se estableció mediante el método de componentes principales para datos categóricos. Se utilizaron el procedimiento de Prinqual y el modelo de Rasch para definir los componentes y los ítems de la escala. El análisis factorial arrojó dos componentes: 1) las variables relacionadas con "inseguridad alimentaria sin hambre" que lo explican en 95% y 2) las relacionadas con "inseguridad alimentaria con hambre" que lo explican en 89.4%. El coeficiente alfa de Cronbach para el primer componente fue de de 0.95 y para el segundo de 0.89. Al ser analizados con el modelo Rasch, todos los ítems presentaron valores infit en un rango de 0.8 a 1.2. La escala se correlacionó significativa mente con la disponibilidad de alimentos, el recurso de la limosna, el trabajo infantil, el tamaño del hogar y la ocupación del jefe de familia (p < 0.000). La escala puede considerarse un instrumento confiable para la valoración de la inseguridad alimentaria en los hogares de Antioquia. (del autor) Language: Spanish Keywords: COLOMBIA | VENEZUELA | SUMMARY REPORT | HOUSEHOLDS | VALIDITY | FOOD SECURITY | CHILD LABOR | HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD | OCCUPATIONS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | Developing Countries | South America, Northern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Research Methodology | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 315765 |
| 24. Title: Pediatric practice. Viewpoint. Author: Arya SC Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2006 Aug;43(8):709-714. Abstract: The medical students soon after finishing their post graduation are often a little confused and unsure, though bubbling with acquired knowledge, energy, and ambition. Many are uncertain about what to do next? Those who want to work in a medical school look for jobs, which are not many. Having spent most of their 8-9 years in a teaching institute as a student, they know what to expect there. The majority opt for private practice hoping for a future which gives them professional satisfaction, financial security, social status and enough time for their family and emotional needs. Indeed, a tall order in any profession. I would like to throw some light on various issues a practicing pediatrician is likely to face. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | MEDICAL STUDENTS | OCCUPATIONS | EMPLOYMENT | CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | ADVOCACY | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | DRUGS | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | TREATMENT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Students | Education | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Communication | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation Document Number: 304481 |
| 25. Title: Female-headed households and livelihood intervention in four selected weredas in Tigray, Ethiopia. Author: Desta M; Haddis G; Ataklt S Source: Oslo, Norway, Drylands Coordination Group, 2006 May. [109] p. (DCG Report No. 44) Abstract: The overall purpose of the study as highlighted in the terms of reference is to identify what development assistance and interventions are made available to the FHHs of the Tigray region. In particular the study tries to look at how rural FHHs perceive and assess the FSP program developed and offered by the regional government and by so doing to come up with recommendations in order to make both the underway development interventions and the policy framework more relevant for the livelihoods of FHHs. The subsidiary development objectives of the study are to: Describe the livelihood options open for both urban and rural FHHs in the region and how these differ from that of MHHs; Assess the level of FHHs' uptake and rejection of the FSP program; Assess rural urban-linkages and their impacts on the livelihood of FHHs; and Assess the gender aspects of the development interventions being planned and implemented in the different parts of the region. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | SUMMARY REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN | HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD | OCCUPATIONS | AGRICULTURE | POVERTY | POLICY | HUMAN RESOURCES | CAPACITY BUILDING | ADVOCACY | INTERVENTIONS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Households | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Political Factors | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Communication Document Number: 312702 |
| 26. Title: The Jamaican female skills surplus and earnings deficit: A holistic explanation. Author: Elliott DR Source: Journal of International Women's Studies. 2006 Nov;8(1):65-82. Abstract: This paper addresses the poor socio-economic performance of Jamaican females despite superior human capital. A holistic explanation exploring female lifestyle choices is advanced since discipline-specific theories fail to explain occupational clustering and the resulting earnings gap. It is hypothesized that both reflect lifestyle constraints, which may be linked to characteristics of the social environment. Since these constraints affect different groups of women differently, then policies designed to reduce occupational dis-similarity and female-male earnings gap must adapt a dis-aggregated analysis. Catherine Hakim's model of female dis-aggregation and data from the World Bank's Living Standards Measurement Survey, LSMS, are used to advance the underlying thesis. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CARIBBEAN | JAMAICA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | HUMAN CAPITAL | LIFE STYLE | OCCUPATIONS | PAY EQUITY | INCOME DISTRIBUTION | SEX DISCRIMINATION | Americas | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Income | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 320017 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Dynamic gender differences in a post-socialist labor market: Russia, 1991-1997. Author: Gerber TP; Mayorova O Source: Social Forces. 2006 Jun;84(4):2047-2075. Abstract: We examine how the shift from state socialism affects gender inequality in the labor market using multivariate models of employment exit, employment entry, job mobility and new job quality for 3,580 Russian adults from 1991 through 1997. Gender differences changed in a complex fashion. Relative to men, women gained greater access to employment, but female disadvantage in the quality of new jobs widened. Although these two trends appear to be opposite, they are closely related. Both are connected to the introduction of market institutions, not gender differences in human capital or structural location in the labor market. (author's) Language: English Keywords: RUSSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LABOR FORCE | SOCIALISM | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | SOCIAL CHANGE | HUMAN CAPITAL | SEX DISCRIMINATION | PAY EQUITY | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | OCCUPATIONS | Asia, Northern | Asia | Developing Countries | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Political Systems | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Status Document Number: 304399 |
| 28. Title: [Professional mulatas: race, gender and occupation] Mulatas profissionais: raca, genero e ocupacao. Author: Giacomini SM Source: Revista Estudos Feministas. 2006 Jan-Apr;14(1):85-101. Abstract: Based on a research carried out with a group of black women enrolled in the II Course for Professional Formation of Mulatas, the article recovers and analyses the categories through which the students represent their condition of mulatta and their passing to the condition of professional mulata. The mulata, who represents and mediates a Brazilian way of being a woman, sensual and race-mixed, the professional mulata debates herself, permanently, between two poles which are both professional and moral: on the one hand, there is a positive pole, of being a dancer, on the other, there is a threatening and negative one, of being a prostitute. (author's) Spanish Abstract: Baseado em pesquisa realizada junto a um grupo de mulheres negras inscritas no II Curso de Formação Profissional de Mulatas, promovido pelo SENAC-RJ, o artigo resgata e analisa as categorias através das quais as alunas representam sua condição de mulata e a passagem à condição de mulata profissional. Representante e mediadora de uma brasilidade que se faz feminina, sensual e mestiça, a mulata profissional se debate, necessária e permanentemente, entre dois pólos, simultaneamente profissionais e morais: de um lado, o pólo positivo, da dançarina; de outro lado, o pólo negativo e ameaçador, da prostituta. (del autor) Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLASSIFICATION | KAP SURVEYS | BLACKS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | RACE RELATIONS | SEX WORKERS | FEMALE ROLE | OCCUPATIONS | GENDER ISSUES | SEXUALITY | WOMEN'S STATUS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Social Behavior | Human Resources | Personality | Psychological Factors | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 316404 |
| 29. Title: Factors associated with HIV seroprevalence among STD patients attending a govt. STD clinic in Chennai, South India. Author: Gupte TS; Dorairaj MA Source: Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2006 Jul-Dec;27(2):50-53. Abstract: This study was conducted among the STD patients who attended the Institute of Venereology, Govt. General Hospital, Chennai, to identify the risk factors associated with HIV seroprevalence among them. All the confirmed STD patients of the STD clinic (411), for a period of three months from July-September, 2001 formed the study sample. After getting consent from each patient data was collected using pre-tested interview schedule. It was found that the variables such as being away from family, nature of job as truck/lorry/auto drivers, rural background and family problems were independently associated with HIV prevalence. Need for specific cost-effective HIV prevention intervention was stressed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | CLIENTS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | OCCUPATIONS | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Measurement | Biology | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 324990 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Education and childlessness. The relationship between educational field, educational level, and childlessness among Swedish women born in 1955-1959. Author: Hoem JM; Neyer G; Andersson G Source: Demographic Research. 2006 May;14(15):331-380. Abstract: In this paper we extend the concept of educational attainment to cover the field of education taken in addition to the conventional level of education attained. Our empirical investigation uses register records containing childbearing and educational histories of an entire cohort of women born in Sweden (about a quarter-million individuals). This allows us to operate with a high number of educational field-and-level combinations (some sixty in all). It turns out that the field of education serves as an indicator of a woman's potential reproductive behavior better than the mere level attained. We discover that in each field permanent childlessness increases some with the educational level, but that the field itself is the more important. In general, we find that women educated for jobs in teaching and health care are in a class of their own, with much lower permanent childlessness at each educational level than in any other major grouping. Women educated in arts and humanities or for religious occupations have unusually high fractions permanently childless. Our results cast doubt on the assumption that higher education per se must result in higher childlessness. In our opinion, several factors intrinsic and extrinsic to an educational system (such as its flexibility, its gender structure, and the manner in which education is hooked up to the labor market) may influence the relationship between education and childlessness, and we would not expect a simple, unidirectional relationship. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | TEACHERS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | VOLUNTARY CHILDLESSNESS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | OCCUPATIONS | GENDER ISSUES | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 306493 |
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