1.  Title: Breastfeeding and obesity among Kuwaiti preschool children. Author: Al-Qaoud N; Prakash P Source: Medical Principles and Practice. 2009;18(2):111-7. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine if breastfeeding and its duration are associated with a reduced risk of obesity among Kuwaiti preschool children. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The sample consisted of 2,291 (1,092 males and 1,199 females) preschool children (3-6 years of age) and their mothers. The data were collected from September 2003 to June 2004. Height and weight measurements were used for defining weight status while other data were collected by questionnaire. RESULTS: There was no significant association of breastfeeding or its duration with either overweight or obesity among preschool children after adjusting for effects of the confounders. The child's gender, age and birth weight were the significant factors influencing current weight. Girls were at 32% higher risk of becoming obese than boys. Children aged 4-5 years were at nearly 3 times higher risk of overweight and obesity than children of less than 4 years. Children with higher birth weight (>or=4 kg) had double the risk of obesity than those of normal birth weight (>or=2.5 to <4.0 kg). Maternal obesity was a strong predictor of obesity in the children. A child with an obese mother had nearly 2 times higher risk of being overweight (BMI between the 85th the 95th percentiles) and 3 times of being obese (BMI >or=95th percentile) compared to a child born to a mother with a normal body weight. CONCLUSION: Breastfeeding and its duration are not associated with obesity status. However, there is a positive association between child and maternal obesity. Language: English Keywords: KUWAIT | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | CHILDREN | BREASTFEEDING | OBESITY | BODY WEIGHT | CHILD HEALTH | Middle East | Developed Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 341031 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: A longitudinal comparison of body composition changes in adolescent girls receiving hormonal contraception. Author: Bonny AE; Secic M; Cromer BA Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2009 Oct;45(4):423-5. Abstract: The objective of this study was to examine body composition changes in adolescent girls initiating depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), oral contraceptives, or no hormonal contraceptive method. At 6 months, DMPA resulted in significant increases in adiposity with concomitant decreases in lean body mass. Supplemental estrogen may lessen these DMPA effects. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | CONTROL GROUPS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | DEPO-PROVERA | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | BODY WEIGHT | OBESITY | ESTROGENS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Physiology | Biology | Hormones | Endocrine System Document Number: 342847 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Progestogen-only contraceptive use in obese women. Author: Curtis KM; Ravi A; Gaffield ML Source: Contraception. 2009 Oct;80(4):346-54. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The objective of this systematic review is to determine whether obese women who use progestogen-only contraceptives are more likely to experience weight gain or serious adverse events as compared to nonobese users. STUDY DESIGN: We searched PubMed for all articles (in all languages) published in peer-reviewed journals from database inception through October 2008, for evidence relevant to obesity and progestogen-only contraceptives. We used standard abstract forms and grading systems to summarize and assess the quality of the evidence. RESULTS: From 579 articles, we identified nine studies fitting our selection criteria. Evidence from five studies suggests that among adult women, baseline weight or body mass index is not associated with weight gain among depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) users (Level II-2, Fair). Evidence from three studies suggests that among adolescent women, overweight or obese DMPA users may gain more weight than normal weight DMPA users or overweight/obese nonusers (Level II-2, Fair). Evidence from one small study of Norplant users showed no differences in weight gain by baseline weight (Level II-3, Poor). We did not identify studies of other progestogen-only contraceptive methods that examined weight change by baseline weight, nor did we identify studies that reported on any serious adverse events by baseline weight. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent DMPA users who are obese may gain more weight than normal weight users. This observation was not seen in adult DMPA users or adolescent Norplant users. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | ADULTS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | PROGESTERONE | DEPO-PROVERA | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | OBESITY | BODY WEIGHT | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 342772 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Impact of obesity on oral contraceptive pharmacokinetics and hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian activity. Author: Edelman AB; Carlson NE; Cherala G; Munar MY; Stouffer RL; Cameron JL; Stanczyk FZ; Jensen JT Source: Contraception. 2009 Aug;80(2):119-27. Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to determine whether increased body mass index (BMI) affects oral contraceptive (OC) pharmacokinetics and suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis activity. STUDY DESIGN: Ovulatory reproductive-age women with normal weight (BMI <25 kg/m(2); n=10) and with obesity (BMI >30 kg/m(2); n=10) received OCs for two cycles (prospective cohort). Subjects were admitted for two 48-h inpatient stays at the beginning and end of the hormone-free interval. Ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel (LNG) levels were evaluated during both inpatient stays. Gonadotropin pulsatility (follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) was measured during the second inpatient stay. Estradiol (E(2)) and progesterone (P) were measured daily during inpatient stays and twice per week in Cycle 2. RESULTS: BMI was greater in the obese compared to the normal-BMI group [37.3 kg/m(2) (SD, 6.0) vs. 21.9 kg/m(2) (SD, 1.6); p<.05]. The LNG half-life was significantly longer in the obese group (52.1+/-29.4 vs. 25.6+/-9.3 h, p<.05), which correlated with a lower maximum LNG concentration on Cycle 2, Day 1 [1.9 ng/mL (SD, 0.5) vs. 2.5 ng/mL (SD, 0.7)] and a longer time to reach steady state (10 vs. 5 days) in obese women. There were no significant differences in volume of distribution between groups. LH pulse parameters did not differ statistically between groups but trended toward greater HPO activity in the obese group. Additionally, more obese (6/10 vs. 3/10 normal BMI, p>.05) women exhibited E(2) levels consistent with development of a dominant follicle and P levels consistent with ovulation (2/10 vs. 1/10) during Cycle 2. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to women with normal BMI, obese women exhibit differences in OC pharmacokinetics that are associated with greater HPO activity. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | OBESITY | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | LEVONORGESTREL | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | TIME FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Dynamics Document Number: 342308 |
| 5. Title: Epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in China. Author: Fan JG; Farrell GC Source: Journal of Hepatology. 2009 Jan;50(1):204-10. Abstract: Fatty liver (steatosis) is highly prevalent in China and is more often linked to obesity than to alcoholism. Among more affluent regions of China, the community prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is approximately 15%. With the increasing pandemic of obesity, the prevalence of NAFLD has approximately doubled in the past decade. The risk factors resemble those in other ethnic populations, but it is important to note that ethnic-specific definitions of central obesity, obesity and metabolic syndrome are more useful in assessment of Chinese people. The full range of histological manifestations of NAFLD has been demonstrated in Chinese patients, but to date hepatic severity is generally mild. In contrast to chronic hepatitis C, steatosis is less common in patients with chronic hepatitis B; it is associated with metabolic, and not viral factors and does not appear to affect disease severity. Although long-term outcomes of NAFLD in Chinese populations remain unclear, it may be a predictor of metabolic disorders, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Public health interventions are therefore indicated to halt or reverse the national trend of obesity in China so as to improve liver as well as metabolic health. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | ETHNIC GROUPS | PREVALENCE | HEPATIC EFFECTS | OBESITY | RISK FACTORS | CULTURE | LIPID METABOLIC EFFECTS | HEPATITIS | METABOLIC EFFECTS | LONGTERM EFFECTS | DIABETES | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Physiology | Biology | Body Weight | Sociocultural Factors | Lipids | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Time Factors | Population Dynamics Document Number: 330390 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Intergenerational effect of weight gain in childhood on offspring birthweight. Author: Horta BL; Gigante DP; Osmond C; Barros FC; Victora CG Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2009 Jun;38(3):724-32. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Some studies suggest that weight gain in childhood may increase the risk of chronic diseases in adulthood, and recent studies have noticed that the timing of weight gain may be related to its long-term consequence. However, weight gain in childhood has clear short-term benefits, and the literature on the pro and cons of weight gain in childhood is limited. METHODS: In 1982, all 5914 hospital births (over 99% of all deliveries) occurring in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, were identified and studied prospectively on several occasions. In 2004-05, we attempted to trace the whole cohort and information on offspring birthweight was collected. Conditional growth modelling was used to assess the association between offspring birthweight and weight gain from birth to 20 months, and from 20 to 42 months. RESULTS: In 2004-05, we interviewed 4297 subjects, with a follow-up rate of 77.4%. This manuscript includes data from 848 women who had already delivered a child and 525 men who were fathers at the mean age of 23 years. Maternal birthweight, weight and length for age Z-score at 20 months of age were positively associated with next-generation birthweight, whereas paternal variables were not related to the outcome. Conditional growth modelling analyses showed that women whose weight gain in the first 20 months of life was faster than predicted had heavier babies, whereas paternal weight gain was not associated. The association was strongest for mothers whose birthweight for gestational age was in the lowest tertile. CONCLUSION: Maternal, but not paternal birthweight and weight gain in early childhood are positively associated with next-generation birthweight. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | CHILDREN | BODY WEIGHT | POPULATION GENETICS | HEREDITARY DISEASES | OBESITY | BIRTH WEIGHT | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Genetics | Diseases Document Number: 342506 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Contraceptive use and pregnancy outcome in three generations of Swedish female teenagers from the same urban population. Author: Lindh I; Blohm F; Andersson-Ellstrom A; Milsom I Source: Contraception. 2009 Aug;80(2):163-9. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The primary objective of the study was to describe contraceptive use, reasons for discontinuation of contraception and pregnancy outcome in three generations of female teenagers over a period of 20 years. The secondary objective was to describe the relationship between contraception, smoking, body mass index (BMI) and socioeconomic status (SES). STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional comparison of 19-year-old women born in 1962, 1972 and 1982 and living in the city of Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1981, 1991 and 2001 was conducted. Contraceptive use, pregnancy outcome, smoking and weight/height were assessed by a postal questionnaire. RESULTS: Current contraceptive use was unchanged between the 62 (60%) and 72 cohorts (62%) but had increased (p<.01) in the 82 cohort (78%); there was no difference in contraceptive use between SES groups at any time. Condom use alone increased over time (p<.01), and the use of oral contraception and a condom together had increased in the 72 and 82 cohorts compared to the 62 cohort (p<.01). Reasons given for using and discontinuing oral contraceptives in three generations of teenagers were studied over 20 years. In addition to contraception, oral contraception was used to reduce dysmenorrhea and heavy bleeding. Discontinuation due to bleeding disturbances decreased (p<.01) over time, whereas discontinuation due to mental side effects increased (p<.01). The percentage of women who had been pregnant at < or =19 years of age in the 82 cohort (7%) was lower (p<.01) than in the 1962 (11%) and 1972 (13%) cohorts. However, there was a successive increase (p<.001) in the percentage of women who had been pregnant more than once at < or =19 years of age (1962/1972/1982: pregnant more than once, 8%/21%/31%). Smoking decreased over time (p<.01) and was no longer related to SES in the 82 cohort. BMI increased (p<.01) over time. There was no difference in BMI between SES groups in the 62 and 72 cohorts but was higher in the low-SES group in the 82 cohort compared to the middle (p<.01) and high (p<.05) SES groups. CONCLUSIONS: Contraceptive use was higher in the 82 cohort where there was a corresponding reduction in the percentage of women who had been pregnant at < or =19 years of age compared with the 62 and 72 cohorts. Discontinuation of oral contraception due to mental side effects increased over time. The prevalence of smoking decreased and BMI increased, and there were changes in smoking prevalence and BMI in the different SES groups over time. Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | URBAN POPULATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | TOBACCO USE | BODY WEIGHT | OBESITY | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Behavior | Physiology | Biology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 342305 |
| 8. Title: Yasmin and venous thromboembolism: new case reports. Author: Lopez M; Vaya A; Martinez Triguero ML; Contreras MT; Todoli J; Ricart A; Laiz B Source: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation. 2009;42(1):65-9. Abstract: It is not yet known whether Yasmin involves a higher thrombotic risk compared with other contraceptives. We present a serie of eight new cases of women who developed thrombotic events early after starting on Yasmin who were sent to our Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit for a thrombophilia work-up in the last five years. Only two of them were heterozygous carriers of the prothrombin G20210A mutation and three were obese while none of them were smoker. These new cases provide information about the characteristics of the thrombotic events and the concomitant risk factors, indicating that this pill may not be as safe as had been previously thought, and suggest that new studies regarding safety profile of Yasmin are required to explain the association with venous thrombotic events. Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE HISTORIES | CLIENTS | THROMBOEMBOLISM | RISK FACTORS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | PULMONARY EMBOLISM | GENETICS | OBESITY | Developed Countries | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Health | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Safety | Public Health | Biology | Body Weight | Physiology Document Number: 342317 |
| 9. Title: Antiandrogenic contraceptives increase serum adiponectin in obese polycystic ovary syndrome patients. Author: Luque-Ramirez M; Alvarez-Blasco F; Escobar-Morreale HF Source: Obesity. 2009 Jan;17(1):3-9. Abstract: Increasing evidence suggests that adipocyte function is altered in the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) as a result of androgen excess, providing an explanation for its frequent association with abdominal adiposity and insulin resistance. We here compared the response of serum adiponectin and leptin levels to the amelioration of androgen excess by means of treatment with an antiandrogenic oral contraceptive pill, as compared with the response to insulin sensitization with metformin. Thirty-four women presenting with PCOS were randomized to treatment with an oral contraceptive containing 35 microg ethinyl-estradiol plus 2 mg cyproterone acetate (Diane(35) Diario) or with metformin (850 mg twice daily). Serum adiponectin and leptin levels were evaluated at baseline and after 12 and 24 weeks of treatment. In obese PCOS women, treatment with Diane(35) Diario resulted in an increase in serum adiponectin levels and in the adiponectin/leptin ratio, in parallel with a marked decrease in serum androgen concentrations, whereas no statistically significant changes were observed during treatment with metformin. On the contrary, leptin concentrations did not show any statistically significant change during the study with any of the drugs studied here. In summary, our present results might suggest a direct inhibitory effect of androgen excess on adiponectin secretion by adipocytes in obese PCOS women, supporting the hypothesis that androgen excess contributes to adipocyte dysfunction in these women. Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | OVARIAN CYSTS | OBESITY | ANDROGENS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | Developed Countries | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Hormones | Endocrine System | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 330829 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Effects of an antiandrogenic oral contraceptive pill compared with metformin on blood coagulation tests and endothelial function in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome: influence of obesity and smoking. Author: Luque-Ramirez M; Mendieta-Azcona C; Del Rey J; Maties M; Escobar-Morreale H Source: European Journal of Endocrinology. 2009;160:469-480. Abstract: Objective: To study the blood clotting tests and endothelial function of PCOS patients and non-hyperandrogenic women, and their changes during PCOS treatment, as a function of the presence of obesity and smoking. Design: Case-control study followed by a randomized clinical trial. Methods: Blood clotting and endothelial function were analyzed in 40 PCOS patients and 20 non-hyperandrogenic women. 34 PCOS women were randomized to Diane35Diario or metformin (850 mg twice daily), monitoring the changes on these parameters during 24 weeks of treatment. The influence of obesity and smoking was also analyzed. Results: Blood clotting and endothelial function tests were similar among PCOS patients and controls with the exception of a higher platelet count in the former. Obesity increased circulating fibrinogen levels, prothrombin activity and platelet counts, and reduced prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times. Smoking increased fibrinogen levels, platelet counts and prothrombin activity, andreduced prothrombin time, in relation to the larger waist circumference of smokers. Irrespective of the treatment received, PCOS patients showed a decrease in prothrombin time and an increase in prothrombin activity, with a parallel increase in homocysteine levels with metformin. The activated partial thromboplastin time decreased markedly with Diane35Diario. Finally, flow-mediated dilation improved in non-smokers irrespective of the drug, but worsened in smokers. Conclusions: Oral contraceptives and metformin may exert deleterious effects on blood clotting tests of PCOS women, yet the effects of metformin appear to be milder. Because smoking potentiates some of these effects and deteriorates endothelial function, smoking cessation should be promoted in PCOS patients. Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | CLIENTS | BLOOD | HEMATOLOGIC TESTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | OBESITY | BODY WEIGHT | TOBACCO USE | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Procedures | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Behavior Document Number: 329669 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Impact of bariatric surgery on female reproduction. Author: Merhi ZO Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2009 Aug 7; Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the current literature on the impact and potential mechanisms of surgical weight loss on female reproduction, with a focus on changes in reproductive hormone profile, fertility status, measures of ovarian reserve, efficacy of oral contraception, sexuality, and pregnancy. DESIGN: Appraisal of articles relevant to surgical weight loss and female reproduction. RESULT(S): The altered reproductive hormone profile associated with morbid obesity seems to reverse, either partially or totally, after surgical weight loss. Although bariatric surgery seems to improve fertility status and many of the complications associated with obesity in pregnancy, it may be linked to oral contraceptive failure. Although mullerian-inhibiting substance is a direct measure of ovarian reserve, its level changes with obesity and after surgical weight loss. There is a decrease or no change in the risk of miscarriage after bariatric surgery. An improvement in sexual function may follow dramatic surgical weight reduction; however, the possibility of a detrimental influence afterward can occur. CONCLUSION(S): The increasing popularity of bariatric surgery in reproductive-age women calls for greater clinician awareness of its impact on female reproduction. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | BODY WEIGHT | SURGERY | FERTILITY | OBESITY | CONTRACEPTION | PREGNANCY | SEXUALITY | RISK FACTORS | IMPACT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Physiology | Biology | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Dynamics | Family Planning | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication Document Number: 342537 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Ovarian cancer risk factors in African-American and white women. Author: Moorman PG; Palmieri RT; Akushevich L; Berchuck A; Schildkraut JM Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2009 Sep 1;170(5):598-606. Abstract: Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in both African-American and white women. Although prevalences of many ovarian cancer risk factors differ markedly between African Americans and whites, there has been little research on how the relative contributions of risk factors may vary between racial/ethnic groups. Using data from a North Carolina case-control study (1999-2008), the authors conducted unconditional logistic regression analyses to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for ovarian cancer risk factors in African-American (143 cases, 189 controls) and white (943 cases, 868 controls) women and to test for interactions by race/ethnicity. They also calculated attributable fractions within each racial/ethnic group for the modifiable factors of pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, tubal ligation, and body mass index. Many risk factors showed similar relations across racial/ethnic groups, but tubal ligation and family history of breast or ovarian cancer showed stronger associations among African Americans. Younger age at menarche was associated with risk only in white women. Attributable fractions associated with tubal ligation, oral contraceptive use, and obesity were markedly higher for African Americans. The relative importance of ovarian cancer risk factors may differ for African-American women, but conclusions were limited by the small sample. There is a clear need for further research on etiologic factors for ovarian cancer in African-American women. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | WOMEN | BLACKS | WHITES | OVARIAN CANCER | RISK FACTORS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | TUBAL LIGATION | OBESITY | BREASTFEEDING | GENETICS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition Document Number: 342784 |
| 13. Title: [Contraception in adolescence and perimenopause] Kontrazeption zu Beginn und Ende der fertilen Lebensphase. Author: Neulen J; Thaler C; Birkhauser M; Braendle W; Keller PJ Source: therapeutische Umschau. Revue therapeutique. 2009 Feb;66(2):109-15. Abstract: The risk-benefit-ratio of hormonal contraception (OC) is positive in adolescents as well as in women over 40 years of age if some essential rules are respected. In adolescents, the acquirement of a normal peak bone mass has to be guaranteed by the use of the OC. The dosage of the OC has to be adapted individually to the basic hormonal situation. In women over 40, contraindications such as hypertension, obesity, smoking or dyslipidemia have to be actively excluded. In both groupes of age, the risk of a correctly indicated OC is inferior to the risk of an unwanted pregnancy. Language: German Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | HYPERTENSION | OBESITY | TOBACCO USE | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 329571 |
| 15. Title: Breastfeeding, complementary feeding, overweight and obesity in pre-school children. Author: Simon VG; Souza JM; Souza SB Source: Revista De Saude Publica. 2009 Feb;43(1):60-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association of overweight and obesity with breastfeeding and complementary feeding in pre-school children. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 566 children, enrolled in private schools of the city of Sao Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, in 2004-2005. The dependent variable was overweight and obesity. Body Mass Index percentile curves were employed to classify children's nutritional status, considering values > or =P85 and Language: EnglishPortuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | CHILDREN | BREASTFEEDING | SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING | BODY WEIGHT | OBESITY | CHILD NUTRITION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 341846 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Migration of levonorgestrel IUS in a patient with complex medical problems: what should be done? Author: Soleymani Majd H; El Hamamy E; Chandrasekar R; Ismail L Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Mar;279(3):385-6. Abstract: Patients with complex medical problems should be counselled about the need for highly effective contraception. As failure resulting in pregnancy, could cause significant morbidity and mortality. The LNG-IUS has gained great popularity and generally has a low side effect profile; however, perforation of the uterus and migration of the device is a potentially serious complication known to be associated with its use. The current accepted management is removal of the device from the abdominal cavity in order to prevent further morbidity. However this is not always a simple matter in patients who have complex medical problems and who are deemed unfit for surgery. Each time the patient comes for renewal of the contraceptive method, clinicians need to reassess the risks and benefits. This is particularly relevant in patients who have complex medical problems where special attention needs to be given, not only to immediate risks but also to long-term ones. Careful individualised counselling and consideration are paramount and perhaps it would have been prudent to discuss vasectomy with this patient and her husband (as the first line of contraception), as this may have avoided the ensuing complications arising from the chosen method. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN | IUD MIGRATION | LEVONORGESTREL | IUD, HORMONE RELEASING | OBESITY | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | IUD COMPLICATIONS | ANTIBIOTICS | PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 331038 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Relationship of obesity to outcome of medical abortion. Author: Strafford MA; Mottl-Santiago J; Savla A; Soodoo N; Borgatta L Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 May;200(5):e34-6. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the outcome of medical abortion for obese women and nonobese women. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a chart review of women having medical abortions in 2005-2007. Outcomes were classified as surgical intervention, need for additional visits, and complete abortion. The rate of surgical intervention was compared for women with BMI less than 30 to women with BMI greater than 30. RESULTS: Of the 1202 eligible procedures using mifepristone and misoprostol, there were 861 women with BMI less than 30 and 341 women with BMI greater than 30. Women with BMI less than 30, and women with BMI greater than 30 had identical rates of surgical intervention, 5% and 6%, respectively (P = .72). CONCLUSION: In light of the additional risks of surgical abortion to obese women, medical abortion should be considered for these women. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | OBESITY | RU-486 | ABORTION | BODY WEIGHT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning Document Number: 341241 Notification |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Obesity and oral contraceptive pill failure. Author: Trussell J; Schwarz EB; Guthrie K Source: Contraception. 2009 May;79(5):334-8. Abstract: Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are the most popular form of reversible contraception in the United States. Most commonly used OCPs contain a combination of estrogen and progestin. However, the efficacy of OCPs is due primarily to the suppression of ovulation that results from the dose of progestin. Changes in the absorption, volume of distribution, metabolism or excretion of a medication may change its pharmacologic potency. For some medications, the volume of distribution for a given dose in an obese individual is greater than the volume of distribution for a thinner individual. In addition, in obese patients, drugs that undergo Phase II metabolism (or a conjugation reaction with glucuronic acid, sulfonates, glutathione or amino acids) tend to be metabolized more rapidly, thus shortening their duration of action. Increasing body weight has been shown to change rates of estradiol metabolism in young women. Time to reach steady-state levels of levonorgestrel after ingestion appears to be twice as long among obese women compared with women of normal weight; therefore the interval until hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian activity is suppressed may be lengthened, placing obese women at higher risk for ovulation. Our goal was to summarize and evaluate the existing literature addressing the question of whether women with increased weight or body mass index (BMI) have an increased risk of OCP failure compared with normal weight women. This is an issue of public health importance both because obesity is reaching epidemic proportions in the United States and because pregnancy complications are more likely to occur among obese women than thinner women. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | OBESITY | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, ESTROGEN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 330936 |
| 19. Title: Family Planning Practices among Women with Diabetes and Overweight and Obese Women in the 2002 National Survey for Family Growth. Author: Vahratian A; Barber JS; Lawrence JM; Kim C Source: Diabetes Care. 2009 Jun;32(6):1026-1031. Abstract: Objective: To examine contraceptive practices among diabetic women and obese women. Research Design and Methods: We analyzed the responses of 5,955 participants aged 20-44 years in the 2002 National Survey for Family Growth. Diabetes, BMI, desire for pregnancy, history of infertility treatment, sexual activity, parity, and demographic variables (age, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, income, insurance, and smoking) were obtained by self-report. Lack of contraception was defined as absence of hormonal, barrier, or sterilization based methods. Associations between contraception, diabetes, and BMI category were assessed in multivariable logistic regression models among non-sterile sexually active women. Results: In unadjusted comparisons among sexually active women who were not sterilized, women with diabetes were more likely to lack contraception than women without diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 2.61, 95% CI 1.22, 5.58). Women with BMIs >/= 35 kg/m(2) were more likely to lack contraception compared to women with BMIs < 25 kg/m(2) (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.16, 2.28), but associations between contraception use and lesser degrees of overweight and obesity were not significant. In multivariable models, women who were older (>/=30 years vs. 20-29 years), non-Hispanic black race, were cohabitating, had a history of infertility treatment, and desired or were ambivalent about pregnancy were significantly more likely to lack contraception. The association between diabetes, BMI, and contraception were no longer significant after these adjustments. Conclusions: Older women with diabetes and obesity who desire pregnancy, regardless of pregnancy intention, should be targeted for preconceptive management. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | OBESITY | PREGNANCY | FAMILY PLANNING | BODY WEIGHT | DIABETES | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Reproduction | Diseases | Health Document Number: 330574 |
20.  Peer Reviewed Title: Quality of life in obese pregnant women: A longitudinal study. Author: Amador N; Juárez JM; Guízar JM; Linares B Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2008 Feb;198(2):203.e1-203.e5. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the contribution of obesity on quality of a woman's life during pregnancy. At the Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Leon, Mexico, we followed-up 220 pregnant women (110 obese and 110 nonobese) who completed the 12-item short-form health survey at the beginning and during the third trimester of pregnancy. The mental component score was lower in obese than in nonobese women at the beginning of gestation and at the third trimester but increased in the entire group during pregnancy. The physical component score (PCS) decreased during pregnancy and was lower in obese than in nonobese pregnant women (43.5 vs 47.2; P = .01) at the third trimester. Baseline body mass index, weight gain, and complications during pregnancy were associated negatively with PCS (R/2 = 0.11; P less than .001 for the model). Baseline body mass index, weight gain, and complications during gestation are associated negatively with PCS of quality of life. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | OBESITY | BODY WEIGHT | QUALITY OF LIFE | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Diseases Document Number: 323987 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Infant malnutrition and obesity in three population-based birth cohort studies in Southern Brazil: trends and differences. Author: Barros AJ; Victora CG; Santos IS; Matijasevich A; Araujo CL; Barros FC Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2008;24 Suppl 3:S417-26. Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the evolution of nutritional deficits and overweight in one-year-old children from three birth cohorts started in 1982, 1993 and 2004 in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Samples from the 1982 and 1993 cohorts and all children from 2004 were weighed and measured, and their mothers interviewed. Anthropometric deficits and overweight were assessed using both NCHS and WHO growth standards. A comparison of the existence of nutritional deficits showed that, after a decline between 1982 and 1993, its prevalence stabilized between 1993 and 2004. Across the whole period, a decrease in all deficits was observed. Obesity, on the other hand, increased. A deficit in the ratio of body length to age was found to be strongly associated with family income. The group with income below one minimum wage was the only to present a significant reduction of stunting during the study period. The most significant improvements in the reduction of nutritional deficits occurred in the first half of the study period, while social differentials remained. Fighting malnutrition is still necessary among the 40% of the population considered poor, and must be accompanied by efforts to combat overweight which is being observed in all social strata. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | ANTHROPOMETRY | INFANT | MALNUTRITION | OBESITY | DEFICIENCY DISEASES | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Measurement | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 330452 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Maternal-child health in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: major conclusions from comparisons of the 1982, 1993, and 2004 birth cohorts. Author: Barros FC; Victora CG Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2008;24 Suppl 3:S461-7. Abstract: Important changes were observed in maternal characteristics, health care indicators, and child health during the 22 years covered by the three population-based birth cohort studies conducted in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Maternal education levels improved, cigarette smoking during pregnancy was reduced, and birth intervals became longer. Also, there were more single mothers, and maternal obesity increased. Coverage of antenatal and delivery care by professionals improved, but inductions and caesarean sections increased markedly, the latter accounting for 45% of deliveries in 2004. With regard to child health, the reductions in neonatal and infant mortality rates were modest, and the significant increase in preterm births--14.7% of all births in 2004--appears to have colluded with this stagnation. Other infant health indicators, such as immunization coverage and breastfeeding duration, showed improvements over the period. Regarding infant nutrition, malnourishment at age 12 months decreased, but the prevalence of overweight was higher in 2004. The existence of three population-based birth cohorts using comparable methodology allowed for the study of important secular trends in maternal and child health. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INFANT | UNMARRIED MOTHERS | PREVALENCE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | TOBACCO USE | BIRTH INTERVALS | OBESITY | MATERNAL HEALTH | INFANT HEALTH | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mothers | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Behavior | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Health | Child Health Document Number: 330447 |
| 23. Title: HIV and nutrition among women in Sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Bradley SE; Mishra V Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, MEASURE DHS, 2008 Sep. 79 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00DHS Analytical Studies No. 16) Abstract: Background In the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-positive people will lose weight and eventually become wasted or severely underweight. However, levels of obesity and overweight seem to be increasing in several sub-Saharan African countries severely impacted by HIV and with little or no ART available. In many of these countries, HIV prevalence is higher among overweight people than those of normal or below-normal body weight. Objectives To better understand this apparent anomaly, this study investigates the relationship between HIV, body mass index (BMI), and hemoglobin levels (biomarker for anemia) among adult women in sub-Saharan Africa. The study also investigates the relationship between HIV, women's nutritional status, and their breastfeeding mode (exclusive, mixed, or none). Methods The data come from 12 nationally representative Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted between 2003 and 2006 in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, and Zimbabwe. Because height and weight were not measured for men in the majority of surveys, this study focuses only on women. Blood samples were collected for HIV and anemia testing, following internationally accepted ethical standards and procedures. HIV and anemia test results were linked anonymously to socio-demographic and height and weight data. The study used descriptive and multivariate statistical methods to examine the relationships between HIV status and BMI, hemoglobin concentration, and breastfeeding mode. In multivariate analysis, data from all 12 countries were pooled together and sampling weights were adjusted according to the relative population sizes of the countries. Results HIV and BMI. HIV prevalence is highest among overweight women in 5 of the 12 countries studied, and it is highest among underweight women only in Malawi. In seven countries, the percentage of HIV-negative women who are underweight is greater than the percentage of HIV-positive women who are underweight. Similarly, in half of the countries studied the percentage of HIV-positive women who are overweight is greater than the percentage of HIV-negative women who are overweight. In pooled analysis, HIV-positive vs. HIV-negative status is significantly positively associated with being overweight, and is significantly negatively associated with being underweight. After controlling for wealth and other socio-demographic characteristics, however, the relationship reverses direction, and HIV-positive status becomes significantly positively associated with being underweight. HIV and Anemia. HIV prevalence increases monotonically with severity of anemia for all countries except Ethiopia. In every country studied, the percentage of HIV-positive women who are anemic is much larger than the percentage of HIV-negative women who are anemic. In pooled analysis, HIV-positive status is significantly negatively associated with hemoglobin concentration, and the relationship grows stronger when background characteristics and BMI are controlled for. HIV, Nutrition, and Breastfeeding. Only limited data are available on women's breastfeeding mode by HIV status, due to the small number of women who are HIV-positive and who have children less than six months old at the time of interview. In pooled multivariate models, however, there does not appear to be any negative impact of breastfeeding on the nutritional status of HIV-positive mothers compared with non-breastfeeding HIV-negative mothers. In fact, HIV-positive women who exclusively breastfeed their infants have slightly higher hemoglobin concentrations than HIV-negative women who do not breastfeed, after controlling for BMI and background characteristics. Conclusions HIV is independently associated with poorer nutritional status-particularly low hemoglobin concentration-after controlling for household wealth and other socio-demographic characteristics of the women studied. This study therefore provides evidence to support increasing food security and providing nutritional supplementation to HIV-positive people. At the same time, this study shows that in bivariate analysis HIV is concentrated among overweight women in several sub-Saharan African countries, emphasizing the fact that HIV does not affect only those who "look sick" or appear malnourished. Implications for the general public include both an emphasis for everyone to get tested regardless of how healthy they may look, and for individuals to remember to use protection with every partner even if they appear healthy. Counselors should encourage people to be tested for HIV regardless of their current BMI, and they should consider that clients could be HIV-positive even if they appear overweight. If past trends continue, the proportion of people in sub-Saharan Africa who are either overweight or underweight will grow. This dual burden has particular implications for ART, which is becoming more widely available as many countries work towards scale-up. To address potential problems with ART use in overweight and underweight patients, clinicians should consider their patient's nutritional status, including titrating drug combinations to patient's body weights when possible to limit adverse effects due to nutritional differences. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL | BODY WEIGHT | OBESITY | ANEMIA | MALNUTRITION | BREASTFEEDING | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Measurement | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition Disorders | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition Document Number: 329994 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Cardiovascular risks and metabolic syndrome in Hong Kong Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Author: Cheung LP; Lam PM; Lok IH; Haines CJ; So WY Source: Human Reproduction. 2008;23(6):1431-1438. Abstract: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) frequently exhibit central obesity, glucose intolerance, atherogenic dyslipidaemia and hypertension which are characteristic features of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). A total of 295 premenopausal Chinese women with PCOS diagnosed by the Rotterdam criteria (mean age: 30.2 plus or minus 6.4 years) and 98 control subjects without PCOS were evaluated for prevalence of MetS and cardiovascular risk factors, including dyslipidaemia and dysglycaemia. Using the 2005 modified Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, MetS (presence of three or more risk factors) was found in 24.9% of PCOS women compared to 3.1% of controls. The prevalence of MetS in PCOS women increased from 16.7% at under 30 years of age to 53.3% at over 40 years. MetS was also more prevalent in overweight and obese (41.3%) than normal-weight PCOS women (0.9%). However, multivariate regression analysis showed that women with PCOS had a 5-fold increase in risk of MetS (odds ratio 4.90; 95% confidence interval: 1.35-17.84) compared with women without PCOS even after controlling for age and BMI, suggesting PCOS alone is an independent risk factor for MetS. There is high prevalence of MetS in Hong Kong Chinese women with PCOS despite their relatively young age. Recognition of these cardiometabolic risk factors requires a high level of awareness in conjunction with early and regular screening. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | OVARIAN CYSTS | PREVALENCE | OBESITY | AGE FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | METABOLIC EFFECTS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Menstruation | Reproduction | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Population Characteristics Document Number: 326851 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Preconception care: a clinical case of "think globally, act locally". Author: Curtis MG Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2008 Dec;199(6 Suppl 2):S257-8. Abstract: In 1900, the life expectancy for a woman in the United States was 48.3 years; by 2004, that life expectancy had risen to 80.4 years.1 Most of the increase is attributable to improvements in nutrition, sanitation, and other public health efforts that are focused at the population level; however, medical advances in secondary and tertiary prevention efforts that target individual patients also played a significant role. Despite evidence of the synergy between medicine and public health, the full integration of these disciplines has never been realized. This dichotomy has fostered the perception that medicine cares for individuals and that public health cares for populations. At the clinical level, health care practitioners often struggle with how to "translate" population-based risk data to the individual who is seated in front of them. To paraphrase the vernacular, "think global, act local" health care providers are grappling with the challenge to "think population, treat individual." The concept and practice of preconception care epitomizes the difficulty, and concurrent simplicity, of translating population- based primary prevention data to individual patient care. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | WOMEN'S HEALTH | LIFE EXPECTANCY | DIET | OBESITY | NUTRITION | DIABETES | PREGNANCY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | TREATMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Reproduction | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 329642 |
| 26. Title: Stunting is associated with wasting in children from the semiarid region of Alagoas, Brazil. Author: Ferreira HS; Florêncio TM; Vieira EF; Assuncao ML Source: Nutrition Research. 2008 Jun;28(6):364-367. Abstract: Stunting is one of the most widespread forms of undernutrition found in Brazilian children. Some studies have revealed an association between this condition and overweight, whereas others report an association with wasting. The objective of this work was to test the hypothesis that stunted children who live in the semiarid region of Alagoas (Brazil), one of the poorest areas of the country, tend to exhibit wasting and not overweight. The study followed a transversal design that involved a probability sample (n = 480 children less than 5 years of age). Anthropometric indexes were compared with the National Center for Health Statistics reference curves. A height-for-age deficit (Z less than -2) was found in 9.6% of the children, whereas weight-for-height (WH) deficit was observed in only 0.6% of them. To test the hypothesis presented, the children were categorized according to quartiles (Q) of height-for-age. Shorter children (first Q; n = 121) were compared with the tallest ones (fourth Q; n = 121), taking into account variables of interest. The median WH value for the shorter children group (Z = -0.03) was significantly (P less than 0.001) lower than that for children included in the group of taller children (Z = 0.62). The prevalence of risk of wasting (WH Z less than -1) in the first Q was higher than that observed in the fourth Q (odds ratio, 3.03, 95% confidence interval, 1.2-8.3). Within the group of children studied, stunting was associated with WH deficit. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | ANTHROPOMETRY | CHILD | BODY WEIGHT | MALNUTRITION | BODY HEIGHT | NUTRITION INDEXES | CALORIC INTAKE | OBESITY | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Nutrition | Health Document Number: 327244 |
| 27. Title: Prevalence of underweight: A matter of concern among adolescents in Osun State, Nigeria. Author: Funke OM Source: Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2008;7(3):503-508. Abstract: Prevalence of undernutrition among adolescents in developing world has shown a decline during the last decade. Adolescents make up approximately 20% of the world's population. There is a dearth of research on adolescent nutrition in developing countries. The aim of this cross sectional study was to determine the prevalence of undernutrition, overweight and obesity as measured by Body Mass Index (BMI) in a representative sample of adolescents aged 10-19 years in Osun State of Nigeria. Adolescents (n = 401) from 32 schools in urban and rural districts of the state responded to a sociodemographic questionnaire. Body mass index for age was calculated and the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity was determined based on WHO/NCHS value of less than 5th, 85th and 95th percentiles respectively. The results consisted of 182 boys and 219 girls. The prevalence of underweight was 20.1% in the study area, which was higher among the rural adolescents (22.4%) than urban (18.7%) and 25.8% and 15.1% among boys and girls respectively. The prevalence of overweight was 3.2% with 4.1% from urban and 1.5% from rural, while 1.1% were boys and 5.0% were girls. Only 0.5% urban girls were obese. Prevalence of underweight was significantly higher in boys at mid adolescence (24.2%, p less than 0.02), boys who were involved in jobs after school hours (13.7%, p less than 0.06) and who do not travel regularly (22.5%, p less than 0.12). While among girls who reside with extended family member (11.9%, p less than 0.05). In conclusion, adolescents living in Osun state, Nigeria are at high risk of underweight. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | NUTRITION SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | BODY WEIGHT | MALNUTRITION | NUTRITION INDEXES | OBESITY | PREVALENCE | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Nutrition | Health | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology Document Number: 327277 |
| 28. Title: [Nutritional evaluation follow-up of the 1982 birth cohort, Pelotas, Southern Brazil] Author: Gigante DP; Minten GC; Horta BL; Barros FC; Victora CG Source: Revista De Saude Publica. 2008 Dec;42 Suppl 2:60-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of over/underweight and its association with demographic and socioeconomic factors. METHODS: Longitudinal cohort study of youths born in 1982 in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. In 2004-5 we interviewed 4,198 of the 5,914 cohort subjects, obtaining weight and stature measurements that were used to calculate body mass index (BMI). Underweight was defined as BMI lower than 18,5 kg/m(2); overweight as BMI between 25 and 30kg/m(2); and obesity as BMI IMC > 30kg/m(2). The effects of socioeconomic (family income and schooling) and demographic (skin color) variables, birthweight, and breastfeeding on underweight, overweight, and obesity were analyzed separately for men and women using Poisson regression. RESULTS: Prevalence of underweight, obesity, and overweight were 6.0%, 8.2%, and 28.9%, respectively. In adjusted analysis, only birthweight remained associated with underweight among men and women. Poor men showed higher risk of underweight, but were protected from obesity and overweight. By contrast, risk of obesity and overweight was higher among poor women. CONCLUSIONS: The present results underscore the importance of socioeconomic determinants on nutritional status, with special emphasis on the distinct effects these factors have among men and women in different nutritional conditions. Language: EnglishPortuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | ADULTS | BODY WEIGHT | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | BIRTH WEIGHT | BREASTFEEDING | INTERVIEWS | ANTHROPOMETRY | OBESITY | PREVALENCE | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Data Collection | Measurement Document Number: 342193 |
| 29. Title: Infertility and polycystic ovarian syndrome: A study of association between body mass index and intrafamily marriages. Author: Haq F; Rizvi J Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2008;65(4):269-274. Abstract: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder which causes anovulatory infertility. Obesity is one of the factors which directly modifies the clinical, biochemical and metabolic expression of this syndrome. Recently a genetic association of PCOS with intrafamily marriages has been postulated. This study investigates the association of environmental factors such as BMI and intrafamily marriages with the clinical, biochemical and hormonal features of this syndrome. The objective was to determine the relationship of different clinical, biochemical parameters and hormonal assay with the BMI of women who are known to have PCOS, and to compare these demographic features with intrafamily marriages. From January 2005 until December 2006, patients attending the infertility clinic at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, were evaluated for their clinical features. Couples were divided into 2 groups: group A had a history of first-degree intrafamily marriages, and group B had none. Complete biochemical evaluation was performed by day-2 serum FSH, LH, prolactin, testosterone and fasting serum insulin levels. The results were recorded on a data collection form. Ultrasonic evaluation was performed with transvaginal ultrasound to check the morphological appearance of the ovaries. A modified glucose tolerance test with 75 g glucose was performed and the results were recorded as normal, impaired and abnormal. Insulin resistance was calculated using the HOMA index method. During this period 203 patients were evaluated for demographic and biochemical features of PCOS. The prevalence of obesity was 70% with 59.3% women found to have hyperinsulinemia while 52.3% of patients had insulin resistance according to the HOMA index method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to compare the 2 groups. A linear relationship between oligomenorrhea, family history of diabetes, tonic LH, high fasting serum insulin levels, insulin resistance and an abnormal glucose tolerance test was revealed, keeping intrafamily marriage and BMI as dependent variables. In this population 48% of couples were in first-degree intrafamily marriages, suggesting the possibility of a high genetic predisposition for abnormal metabolic features beside ethnic predisposition. A linear relationship of high BMI and family marriages has been seen with insulin resistance, oligomenorrhea and impaired glycemic control. The number of obese women and the high rate of intrafamily marriages make our population genetically susceptible to metabolic complications. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | COUPLES | OBESITY | BODY WEIGHT | OVARIAN CANCER | OVARIAN CYSTS | INFERTILITY | DRUG RESISTANCE | GLUCOSE METABOLISM EFFECTS | TESTING | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Physiology | Biology | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Reproduction | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Carbohydrate Metabolic Effects | Metabolic Effects | Measurement | Research Methodology Document Number: 326619 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: The impact of metformin, oral contraceptives, and lifestyle modification on polycystic ovary syndrome in obese adolescent women in two randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Author: Hoeger K; Davidson K; Kochman L; Cherry T; Kopin L; Guzick DS Source: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2008 Nov;93(11):4299-306. Abstract: CONTEXT: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) presents in adolescence, and obesity is a common finding. The benefits and risks of alternate approaches to the management of PCOS in obese adolescent women are not clear. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of metformin, oral contraceptives (OCs), and/or lifestyle modification in obese adolescent women with PCOS. DESIGN: Two small, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials were performed. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 79 obese adolescent women with PCOS participated. INTERVENTIONS: In the single treatment trial, subjects were randomized to metformin, placebo, a lifestyle modification program, or OC. In the combined treatment trial, all subjects received lifestyle modification and OC and were randomized to metformin or placebo. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum concentrations of androgens and lipids were measured. RESULTS: Lifestyle modification alone resulted in a 59% reduction in free androgen index with a 122% increase in SHBG. OC resulted ina significant decrease in total testosterone (44%) and free androgen index (86%) but also resulted in an increase in C-reactive protein (39.7%) and cholesterol (14%). The combination of lifestyle modification, OC, and metformin resulted in a 55% decrease in total testosterone, as compared to 33% with combined treatment and placebo, a 4% reduction in waist circumference, and a significant increase in HDL (46%). CONCLUSIONS: In these preliminary trials, both lifestyle modification and OCs significantly reduce androgens and increase SHBG in obese adolescents with PCOS. Metformin, in combination with lifestyle modification and OC, reduces central adiposity, reduces total testosterone, and increases HDL, but does not enhance overall weight reduction. Language: English Keywords: NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SUPPORT GROUPS | OBESITY | OVARIAN CYSTS | LIFE STYLE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ANDROGENS | LIPIDS | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | TESTOSTERONE | SERUM PROTEIN EFFECTS | ANTHROPOMETRY | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Networks | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Hormones | Endocrine System | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Measurement Document Number: 329306 |
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