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3.
Title: Evolution of the nourishing condition on children submitted to additional feeding program in county of state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Evolucao do estado nutricional de criancas submetidas a um programa de suplementacao alimentar em municipio do estado de Sao Paulo.
Author: Carvalho LG; Saldiva SR; da Costa Rosa TE; Lei DL
Source: Revista de Nutricao / Brazilian Journal of Nutrition. 2009 Mar-Apr;22(2):207-217.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the Program Incentive to Fight Nutritional Deficiencies in the city of Assis, state of Sao Paulo. Methods A total of 132 children under 24 months who participated in the Program Incentive to Fight Nutritional Deficiencies for one year were followed. Their nutritional status was determined by comparing their weight-for-age in z-scores at baseline and after 2, 6, 9 and 12 months of follow-up to that of the reference population median given by the National Center for Health Statistics. Results Most (70%) of the children were classified as undernourished or at risk or malnutrition when they joined the Program Incentive to Fight Nutritional Deficiencies. After 12 months in the program, 64% of the children presented an increase in their weight-for-age z-score. Analysis of the mean weight-for-age z-score variation over time, according to age group and nutritional status at baseline, showed that children under 12 months of age had a significant increase in weight-for-age z-score. Conclusion Malnourished children under one year of age were the ones who benefited most from the Program Incentive to Fight Nutritional Deficiencies.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | CHILDREN | DEFICIENCY DISEASES | NUTRITION DISORDERS | MALNUTRITION | NUTRITION INDEXES | INFANT NUTRITION | BODY WEIGHT | IMPACT | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Nutrition | Health | Physiology | Biology | Communication | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 340199

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Peer Reviewed

Title: Emotional development and nutritional status of HIV/AIDS orphaned children aged 6-12 years old in Thailand.
Author: Isaranurug S; Chompikul J
Source: Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2009 Jan;13(1):138-43.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the emotional development and nutritional status of HIV/AIDS orphans by their infection status. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted during January and December 2005 in four provinces and Bangkok Metropolis where the prevalence of HIV/AIDS among pregnant women was high. The study population consisted of 388 HIV/AIDS orphans who were maternal or paternal or double orphans aged 6-12 years old. The orphans' main caregivers gave informed consent to the project and assessed the emotional development of their orphaned children. The children were measured for weight, height, and emotional development by standard instruments. They were divided into three groups regarding their HIV/AIDS infection status reported by their caregivers: infected, non-infected, and unknown. The chi(2) test was used to determine the association between nutritional status and infection status. RESULTS: Regarding HIV/AIDS infected children, 19.1% were infected, 57.5% were not infected, and 23.4% were unknown. The main caregivers of all types of orphans were grandparents. Only 13.7% of infected orphans lived with their mothers. Most caregivers were females and more than 40 years old. Infected orphans had mean scores of overall emotional development and for each domain less than other groups. The mean scores of self-control and quick recovery were significantly different between infected and non-infected groups (P-value < 0.05). Nearly 50% of infected orphans were rather short and approximately 42% were under weight and light. The findings revealed a significant association between height for age, weight for age and infection status of orphans at a P-value of <0.001. CONCLUSIONS: Orphanhood itself is a vulnerable status and HIV/AIDS infected orphans are most vulnerable. Acceptable and friendly services for orphans and their families are crucial. The services should continue and protect stigmatization.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | NUTRITION INDEXES | CHILD NUTRITION | EMOTIONS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nutrition | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 330859

Title: [Nutritional situation for mothers and children in South Africa] Ernaeringssituasjonen for mor og barn i Sor-Afrika.
Author: Iversen PO
Source: Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening. 2009 Jun 25;129(13):1362-5.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Even 15 years after the downfall of the apartheid regime, there are significant inequalities regarding resources, welfare and social benefits among the people of South Africa. Poverty prevails and conditions are bad with respect to sanitation, health and living conditions; a situation which is likely to affect nutritional health. We have reviewed the nutritional status in South Africa. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This article is based on literature retrieved from non-systematic reviews of the databases PubMed and High Wire Press, in addition to information from official documents and African journals. The author's recent field work in South Africa was also a source of information. RESULTS: Nationwide surveys, as well as smaller studies have documented high rates of stunting, malnutrition and deficiency of micronutrients among South African children. Daily hunger is reported from more than half of South African households. There is also a rise in the number of overweight and obese children and mothers. HIV/aids is highly prevalent and often coexists with tuberculosis. Many of these patients have a poor nutritional status, which in turn reduces the effect of antiviral treatment. INTERPRETATION: The high rate of malnutrition and HIV/aids among mothers and children in South Africa will delay improvement of general health in this population with generations.
Language: Norwegian
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MOTHERS | CHILDREN | INEQUALITIES | NUTRITION INDEXES | CHILD HEALTH | MALNUTRITION | NUTRITION DISORDERS | HIV INFECTIONS | TUBERCULOSIS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nutrition | Health | Infections
Document Number: 342051

Title: Determinants of low birth weight in urban Pakistan.
Author: Janjua NZ; Delzell E; Larson RR; Meleth S; Kristensen S; Kabagambe E; Sathiakumar N
Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2009 Jun;12(6):789-98.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify determinants of low birth weight (LBW) in Karachi, Pakistan, including environmental exposures and nutritional status of the mother during pregnancy. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.ParticipantsFive hundred and forty mother-infant pairs. We interviewed mothers about obstetric history, diet and exposure to Pb. We measured birth weight and blood lead level (BLL). We performed multiple log binomial regression analysis to identify factors related to LBW. RESULTS: Of 540 infants, 100 (18.5 %) weighed 208.7 mg/d), infants of mothers with MUAC less than or equal to the median and dietary vitamin C intake >208.7 mg/d (adjPR = 10.80; 95 % CI 1.46, 79.76), mothers with MUAC above the median and vitamin C intake Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | URBAN POPULATION | PREGNANCY | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | ASCORBIC ACID | NUTRITION INDEXES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Vitamins and Minerals | Nutrition | Health
Document Number: 342264

Peer Reviewed

Title: Association between nutritional status, environmental and socio-economic factors and Giardia lamblia infections among children aged 6-71 months in Brazil.
Author: Silva RR; da Silva CA; de Jesus Pereira CA; de Carvalho Nicolato RL; Negrao-Correa D; Lamounier JA; Carneiro M
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 May;103(5):512-9.
Abstract: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a randomised sample of 405 children aged 6-71 months in Brazil to investigate the association between nutritional status, environmental and socio-economic factors and Giardialamblia infection. Data collection entailed an interview, anthropometric measurements and the collection of faeces and venous blood samples. The analysis was performed using multivariate logistic regression. The prevalence rate for G. lamblia was 26.3%. Nutritional status evaluation showed that 7.9% of the children had chronic malnutrition and 11.1% had acute malnutrition. The risk factors associated with infection by G. lamblia were an age of 2 years or older [odds ratio (OR)=2.4], living in a two-bedroom house or smaller (OR=2.3), living among a family of five or more people (OR=2.4) and living in a house without access to a sewerage system (OR=2.1). Non-participation in the social service programme was associated with a lower risk of infection (OR=0.2). The model adjusted for age, including only biochemical and nutritional variables, showed weak associations with G. lamblia infection for two variables: inadequate animal protein intake according to the Dietary Reference Intake recommendation and low haemoglobin concentration. The sociodemographic and environmental risk factors classically described were associated with G. lamblia infection, but nutritional variables were only weakly associated with it.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CHILDREN | RISK FACTORS | CHILD NUTRITION | MALNUTRITION | NUTRITION INDEXES | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Nutrition | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342514

Title: The World Health Organization child growth standards: expected implications for clinical and epidemiological research [editorial]
Author: Van den Broeck J; Willie D; Younger N
Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2009 Feb;168(2):247-51.
Abstract: In 2006 and 2007, the World Health Organization (WHO) released two sets of child growth standards (World Health Organization, WHO Child Growth Standards. Methods and development. Length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age. WHO, Geneva, 2006; World Health Organization, WHO Child Growth Standards: Methods and Development. Head circumference-for-age, arm circumference-for-age, triceps skinfold-for-age and subscapular skinfold-for-age. WHO, Geneva, 2007) to replace the National Center for Health Statistics references (Hamill et al., National Center for Health Statistics, Vital and Health Statistics Series 11, No 165, 1977) as an international tool for growth and nutritional assessment. This paper explores the scope of implications for future anthropometric research, highlighting foreseeable effects on the choice of research questions, choice of nutritional indices, training of measurers, and issues of internal and external validity of research results. The conclusion drawn is that the introduction of the WHO child growth standards is expected to have wide implications for growth and nutrition research. The full scope of this effect will gradually become clear while researchers, similar to health care workers, make the transition to using the new standards, re-evaluate results of past approaches, and explore the uses and functional validity of the standards, including those for indices that were not previously available.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | INCIDENCE | ANTHROPOMETRY | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | CHILD NUTRITION | NUTRITION INDEXES | BODY WEIGHT | Measurement | Research Methodology | Biology | Nutrition | Health | Physiology
Document Number: 330512

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Peer Reviewed

Title: Determinants of nutritional status of pre-school children in India.
Author: Bharati S; Pal M; Bharati P
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Nov;40(6):801-814.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to assess the spatial distribution of nutritional status of children of less than three years through Z-scores of weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height using data collected by the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2, 1998-99), India. The nutritional status of pre-school children was regressed on different sociodemographic factors after eliminating the effect of age. The data show that there are gender differences and spatial variations in the nutritional status of children in India. Gender difference is not very pronounced and almost disappears when the effects of age and socio-demographic variables are removed. The spatial difference, especially the rural-urban difference, was found to be very large and decreased substantially when the effects of age and socioeconomic variables were removed. However, the differences were not close to zero. All the variables were found to affect significantly the nutritional status of children. However, the literacy of mothers did not affect height-for-age significantly. The weight-for-age and height-for-age scores showed a dismal picture of the health condition of children in almost all states in India. The worst affected states are Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh. Assam and Rajasthans are also lagging behind. Weight-for-height scores do not give a clear picture of state-wise variation. Goa, Kerala and Punjab are the three most developed states in India and also have the lowest percentages of underweight children according to the Z-scores. Along with these three states come the north-eastern states where women are well educated. Thus overall development, enhancement of level of education and low gender inequality are the key factors for improvement in the health status of Indian children. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | CHILDREN | MOTHERS | MALNUTRITION | NUTRITION INDEXES | LITERACY | STANDARD OF LIVING | CASTE | RELIGION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Health | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Nutrition | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Class
Document Number: 326468

14.

Title: Health reform, population policy and child nutritional status in China.
Author: Bredenkamp C
Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, Human Development Network, Health, Nutrition and Population Department, 2008 Apr. 21 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4587)
Abstract: This paper examines the determinants of child nutritional status in seven provinces of China during the 1990s, focusing specifically on the role of two areas of public policy, namely health system reforms and the one child policy. The empirical relationship between income and nutritional status, and the extent to which that relationship is mediated by access to quality healthcare and being an only-child, is investigated using ordinary least squares, random effects, fixed effects, and instrumental variables models. In the preferred model - a fixed effects model where income is instrumented - the author find that being an only-child increases height-for-age z-scores by 0.119 of a standard deviation. The magnitude of this effect is found to be largely gender and income neutral. By contrast, access to quality healthcare and income is not found to be significantly associated with improved nutritional status in the preferred model. Data are drawn from four waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey.(author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | EVALUATION INDEXES | HEALTH SURVEYS | NUTRITION SURVEYS | ONLY CHILD | ONE CHILD POLICY | CHILD NUTRITION | HEALTH POLICY | INCOME | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | NUTRITION INDEXES | BODY HEIGHT | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Health | Nutrition | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Antinatalist Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 326307

15.

Title: Prevalence of undernutrition in Santal children of Puruliya district, West Bengal.
Author: Chowdhury SD; Chakraborty T; Ghosh T
Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2008 Jan 17;45:43-46.
Abstract: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of undernutrition among the Santal children of Puruliya district of West Bengal. 442 Santal children (216 boys and 226 girls) aged 5-12 years were taken from randomly selected schools of Balarampur and Baghmundi areas of Puruliya. Nutritional status was analyzed by Z-score values according to the height-for-age, weight-for-age and weight-for-height reference data of National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The prevalence of undernutrition among Santal children was as follows: stunting (17.9%), underweight (33.7%) and wasting (29.4%). Severe (below -3 Z-score) stunting, underweight and wasting were found in 4.98%, 7.92% and 9.51% of Santal children, respectively. In girls, prevalence of stunting (21.7%) and wasting (35.8%) was higher in comparison to boys (13.8% stunting and 22.7% wasting). (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | NUTRITION INDEXES | TRIBES | CHILD | MALNUTRITION | ANTHROPOMETRY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Measurement | Research Methodology | Nutrition | Health | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases
Document Number: 324486

16.
Peer Reviewed

Title: [Effectiveness of weekly iron supplementation on hemoglobin concentration, nutritional status and development of infants of public daycare centers in Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil] Efetividade da suplementacao semanal com ferro sobre a concentracao de
Author: Eickmann SH; Brito CM; Lira PI; Lima MC
Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2008;24 Suppl 2:S303-11.
Abstract: This study analyzed the effectiveness of weekly iron supplementation on hemoglobin concentration, nutritional status, and mental and motor development of infants at four public daycare centers in Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil. This was a before-after intervention study conducted with weekly iron supplementation for six months in a sample of 76 infants in the 4 to 24 month age group, from February to December 2005. Mental and motor development was assessed through the Bayley Scale of Infant Development II. After supplementation, a significant increase was observed in hemoglobin concentration in the group of infants with initial hemoglobin level < or = 9.5g/dL (p = 0.001). There was also a significant increase in the mean weight-for-length z-score, but the opposite was found for length-for-age. No difference was observed in the developmental indices. We conclude that weekly iron supplementation was effective for increasing hemoglobin concentration in infants with lower initial levels, but no impact on infant development was observed.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | NUTRITION INDEXES | INFANT | INFANT HEALTH | IRON | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Family Planning | Nutrition | Health | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Health | Metals | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 330118

17.

Title: Stunting is associated with wasting in children from the semiarid region of Alagoas, Brazil.
Author: Ferreira HS; Flor�ncio TM; Vieira EF; Assuncao ML
Source: Nutrition Research. 2008 Jun;28(6):364-367.
Abstract: Stunting is one of the most widespread forms of undernutrition found in Brazilian children. Some studies have revealed an association between this condition and overweight, whereas others report an association with wasting. The objective of this work was to test the hypothesis that stunted children who live in the semiarid region of Alagoas (Brazil), one of the poorest areas of the country, tend to exhibit wasting and not overweight. The study followed a transversal design that involved a probability sample (n = 480 children less than 5 years of age). Anthropometric indexes were compared with the National Center for Health Statistics reference curves. A height-for-age deficit (Z less than -2) was found in 9.6% of the children, whereas weight-for-height (WH) deficit was observed in only 0.6% of them. To test the hypothesis presented, the children were categorized according to quartiles (Q) of height-for-age. Shorter children (first Q; n = 121) were compared with the tallest ones (fourth Q; n = 121), taking into account variables of interest. The median WH value for the shorter children group (Z = -0.03) was significantly (P less than 0.001) lower than that for children included in the group of taller children (Z = 0.62). The prevalence of risk of wasting (WH Z less than -1) in the first Q was higher than that observed in the fourth Q (odds ratio, 3.03, 95% confidence interval, 1.2-8.3). Within the group of children studied, stunting was associated with WH deficit. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | ANTHROPOMETRY | CHILD | BODY WEIGHT | MALNUTRITION | BODY HEIGHT | NUTRITION INDEXES | CALORIC INTAKE | OBESITY | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Nutrition | Health
Document Number: 327244

18.

Title: Prevalence of underweight: A matter of concern among adolescents in Osun State, Nigeria.
Author: Funke OM
Source: Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2008;7(3):503-508.
Abstract: Prevalence of undernutrition among adolescents in developing world has shown a decline during the last decade. Adolescents make up approximately 20% of the world's population. There is a dearth of research on adolescent nutrition in developing countries. The aim of this cross sectional study was to determine the prevalence of undernutrition, overweight and obesity as measured by Body Mass Index (BMI) in a representative sample of adolescents aged 10-19 years in Osun State of Nigeria. Adolescents (n = 401) from 32 schools in urban and rural districts of the state responded to a sociodemographic questionnaire. Body mass index for age was calculated and the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity was determined based on WHO/NCHS value of less than 5th, 85th and 95th percentiles respectively. The results consisted of 182 boys and 219 girls. The prevalence of underweight was 20.1% in the study area, which was higher among the rural adolescents (22.4%) than urban (18.7%) and 25.8% and 15.1% among boys and girls respectively. The prevalence of overweight was 3.2% with 4.1% from urban and 1.5% from rural, while 1.1% were boys and 5.0% were girls. Only 0.5% urban girls were obese. Prevalence of underweight was significantly higher in boys at mid adolescence (24.2%, p less than 0.02), boys who were involved in jobs after school hours (13.7%, p less than 0.06) and who do not travel regularly (22.5%, p less than 0.12). While among girls who reside with extended family member (11.9%, p less than 0.05). In conclusion, adolescents living in Osun state, Nigeria are at high risk of underweight. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | NUTRITION SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | BODY WEIGHT | MALNUTRITION | NUTRITION INDEXES | OBESITY | PREVALENCE | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Nutrition | Health | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology
Document Number: 327277

19.

Title: Fertility changes in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Garenne MM
Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, 2008 Sep. 43 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00DHS Comparative Reports No. 18)
Abstract: This report provides an overview of major fertility trends in sub-Saharan Africa in the second half of the 20th century. It also presents the proximate determinants (factors that have a direct mechanical effect on fertility levels) and the socioeconomic correlates of these trends. Cohort and period fertility trends were constructed using World Fertility Survey (WFS) and Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data sets for 31 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Cohort trends were derived from WFS and DHS data for some of the factors that affected fertility change: infertility, age at first marriage, education level, proportion Muslim, proportion Christian, proportion living in a polygynous union, and nutritional status. Period trends were derived for urbanization and income per capita from other sources. Cohort fertility was higher among women born in 1950 than in those born in 1930 but tended to decline in women born in later years. Changes in cohort fertility levels were small, on average. The mean number of children ever born to a woman by age 40 increased from 5.9 in women born in 1930 to 6.2 in women born in 1950 and decreased to 5.6 in women born in 1970. In most cases, the increase in cohort fertility was apparently due to a decline in infertility and, to a lesser extent, decreasing age at first marriage, which was associated with the spread of monotheist religions in the first half of the 20th century. Nutritional status did not have any identifiable impact on cohort fertility. Like cohort fertility, period fertility tended to rise from 1950 to 1975 and then fall until 2000 or later. On average, for the countries investigated, the total fertility rate at age 40 increased from 5.3 children per woman in 1950 to 6.2 in 1975, then declined to 4.9 in 2000. The decline in period fertility appeared to be due primarily to increasing contraceptive use and, to a lesser extent, rising age at first marriage and increasing urbanization. A regression model of the explanatory variables indicated that 37 percent of the decline was attributable to increased contraceptive use, 24 percent to decreased age at first marriage, and 16 percent to increased urbanization. These three variables correlated with level of education and, to a lesser extent, income per capita. The dynamics of the fertility decline were different in urban and rural areas. On average for the countries investigated, the trends in urban and rural areas started to split in approximately 1960. The date of onset of the fertility decline varied greatly by region and country, ranging from the early 1960s in the first urban areas to the late 1990s in the last rural areas. A few rural communities had not started the transition at the time covered by the last available survey. The speed of the fertility decline, approximately 1 child per decade, also varied markedly among countries, from 1.5 children per decade to less than 0.5 children per decade. In addition, a stall in fertility decline occurred in six of the countries investigated (Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar [urban areas], Nigeria, Rwanda-rural, Tanzania [rural areas]); in five of these countries, this stall occurred in 1995-2005. The pattern of the fertility decline in sub-Saharan Africa did not appear to be very different from that of many other countries in the world. However, the fertility decline in sub-Saharan Africa seems to have been somewhat more influenced by changing nuptiality patterns than elsewhere, and its relationship with socioeconomic correlates was somewhat less influenced by income levels and trends than other countries. The appendices present a detailed analysis of fertility trends by country, with information on trends in urban and rural areas, premarital and marital fertility, and periods of monotonic changes. Key Words: Fertility transition, fertility decline, fertility increase, fertility stall, infertility, contraception, age at marriage, proximate determinants, socioeconomic correlates, sub-Saharan Africa.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | COHORT ANALYSIS | WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FERTILITY CHANGES | INFERTILITY | MARRIAGE AGE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | RELIGION | POLYGYNY | NUTRITION INDEXES | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Fertility Surveys | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Comparative Studies | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Reproduction | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Nutrition | Health
Document Number: 329999

20.

Title: Mixed-longitudinal growth of breastfeeding children in Moroto District, Uganda (Karamoja subregion). A loss of biological resiliency?
Author: Gray S; Akol HA; Sundal M
Source: American Journal of Human Biology. 2008 Sep-Oct;20(5):499-509.
Abstract: This study examines the pattern of growth, underlying growth velocity and nutritional status in a sample of thirty breastfeeding Karimojong children, aged from birth to three years. A mixed-longitudinal structure was adopted for the study, which was carried out between August and December, 2004, in two communities in Moroto District, Uganda. Monthly anthropometric and health examinations were administered to mothers and children during this interval. Children in the study were small at birth but grew relatively rapidly for their first six months. Thereafter they experienced falling off of growth in weight, length, and head circumference. Loss of growth velocity and deterioration in nutritional status after six months was a result of physiologic stress arising from high parasite loads, introduction of inappropriate weaning foods, and psychosocial stress associated with patterns of maternal behavior. Environmental and maternal effects on child growth were exacerbated by widespread armed violence and related subsistence change in these communities. Growth of these children reflects loss of growth plasticity resulting from worsening environmental and social conditions in Moroto in 2004.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | NUTRITION INDEXES | CHILD | INFANT | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | BREASTFEEDING | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Nutrition | Health | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Infant Nutrition
Document Number: 328651

21.

Title: Nutritional status and the characteristics related to malnutrition in children under five years of age in Nghean, Vietnam.
Author: Hien NN; Kam S
Source: Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health. 2008 Jul;41(4):232-40.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to assess the nutritional status and characteristics related to malnutrition in children less than five years of age in Nghean, Vietnam. METHODS: In this study, which was conducted in November 2007, 650 child-mother pairs were selected using a two-stage cluster sampling methodology. A structured questionnaire was then administered to the mothers in their home settings. Anthropometric measurement was then used to determine if children were underweight (weight-for-age), wasting (weight-for-height) and stunting (height-for-age) based on reference data from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)/World Health Organization (WHO). Logistic regression analysis was then used to describe the hierarchical relationships between potential risk factors and malnutrition. RESULTS: The mean Z-scores for weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height were -1.46 (95% CI=-1.57, -1.35), -1.44 (95% CI=-1.56, -1.32) and -0.71 (95% CI=-0.82, -0.60), respectively. Of the children included in this study, 193 (31.8%) were underweight, 269 (44.3%) were stunting and 72 (11.9%) were wasting. Region of residence, the mother's level of education and occupation, household size, number of children in the family, weight at birth and duration of exclusive breastfeeding were found to be significantly related to malnutrition. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study indicate that malnutrition is still an important problem among children less than five years of age in Nghean, Vietnam. In addition, maternal, socio-economic and environment factors were found to be significant factors for malnutrition among children under five.
Language: English
Keywords:
VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | NUTRITION INDEXES | ANTHROPOMETRY | CHILDREN | MALNUTRITION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Nutrition | Health | Measurement | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Economic Factors
Document Number: 328613

22.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Nutritional status and serum zinc and selenium levels in Iranian HIV infected individuals.
Author: Khalili H; Soudbakhsh A; Hajiabdolbaghi M; Dashti-Khavidaki S; Poorzare A; Saeedi AA; Sharififar R
Source: BMC Infectious Diseases. 2008;8:165.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus infected individuals are prone to malnutrition due to increased energy requirements, enteropathy and increased catabolism. Trace elements such as zinc and selenium have major role in maintaining a healthy immune system. This study was designed to evaluate the nutritional status of Iranian subjects who were newly diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus infection and to compare serum level of zinc and selenium in these patients with those of the sex and aged match healthy subjects. METHODS: After an interview and physical examination, nutritional assessment was done based on clinical and anthropometric parameters. Body mass index (normal range 18.5-27 kg/m2 based on age) of less than 16, 16-16.9 and 17-18.4 kg/m2 were considered as severe, moderate and mild malnutrition respectively. Serum level of zinc and selenium were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption. RESULTS: Severe, moderate and mild malnutrition were detected in 15%, 38% and 24% of human immunodeficiency virus infected individuals respectively. Compared with the healthy control group, serum level of zinc and selenium in the human immunodeficiency virus infected subjects were significantly lower (P = 0.01 and P = 0.02 respectively). CONCLUSION: Malnutrition found to be prevalent in Iranian human immunodeficiency virus infected individuals and low serum zinc and selenium levels are common in this population.
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | NUTRITION INDEXES | ANTHROPOMETRY | MALNUTRITION | SERUM ZINC LEVEL | Middle East | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Nutrition | Health | Measurement | Nutrition Disorders | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 329764

23.

Title: Diet and nutrition status of children in four tribal blocks of Thane district of Maharashtra, India (Nutrition status of children).
Author: Khandare AL; Siruguri V; Rao A; Venkaiah K; Reddy G
Source: Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2008;7(3):485-488.
Abstract: India accounts for about 40% of undernourished children in the world, which contribute to high morbidity and mortality in the country. Recently reports on deaths due to malnutrition among Tribal communities of Thane district in the State of Maharashtra were widely published in the newspapers and also communicated via other media. A rapid survey was undertaken to investigate the extent of the problem in selected villages of Thane district where the malnutrition deaths were reported. Information was collected from a total of 118 households in 4 villages on nutritional status through clinical examination, anthropometry, dietary intake and general socio-economic status. The results revealed that majority of the population belonged to Scheduled tribe community (95.8%). Data on food and nutrient intake indicated that rice is consumed as the major dietary staple in the region followed by ragi (Eleusine coracana), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and bajra (Pennisetum typhoideum). The average calorie intake per Consumption Unit (CU) was observed to be 1857 kcal which was less than the RDA by 23% and protein 30% (42g) less than the RDA. The percent distribution of children from 0-6 years of age according to nutritional status indicated that the overall prevalence of underweight (less than Median-2SD) among 0-6 year old children was 68.7% while that of severe underweight (less than Median-3SD) was 28.6%. The overall prevalence of stunting (less than Median-2SD) in the children of the 0-6 year age group was 60.4% while that of severe stunting (less than Median-3SD) was 38.5%. The index of current nutritional status and measure of wasting as indicated by weight for height showed overall prevalence as 30.2% and severe wasting as 4.4%. The results of the rapid survey indicated that various factors including health status of mothers, dietary and socio-economic factors have been contributory to the malnutrition of the children and that malnutrition alone may not be the direct cause of the deaths that are reported in the media. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | NUTRITION SURVEYS | CHILDREN | TRIBES | CHILD NUTRITION | CALORIC INTAKE | MALNUTRITION | NUTRITION INDEXES | DIET | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Nutrition | Health | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases
Document Number: 327276

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis in East Africa: A case-control study in Pokot territory of Kenya and Uganda.
Author: Kolaczinski JH; Reithinger R; Worku DT; Ocheng A; Kasimiro J
Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2008;37(2):344-352.
Abstract: In East Africa, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic in parts of Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya and Uganda. It is caused by Leishmania donovani and transmitted by the sandfly vector Phlebotomus martini. In the Pokot focus, reaching from western Kenya into eastern Uganda, formulation of a prevention strategy has been hindered by the lack of knowledge on VL risk factors as well as by lack of support from health sector donors. The present study was conducted to establish the necessary evidence-base and to stimulate interest in supporting the control of this neglected tropical disease in Uganda and Kenya. A case-control study was carried out from June to December 2006. Cases were recruited at Amudat hospital, Nakapiripirit district, Uganda, after clinical and parasitological confirmation of symptomatic VL infection. Controls were individuals that tested negative using a rK39 antigen-based dipstick, which were recruited at random from the same communities as the cases. Data were analysed using conditional logistic regression. Ninty-three cases and 226 controls were recruited into the study. Multivariate analysis identified low socio-economic status and treating livestock with insecticide as risk factors for VL. Sleeping near animals, owning a mosquito net and knowing about VL symptoms were associated with a reduced risk of VL. VL affects the poorest of the poor of the Pokot tribe. Distribution of insecticide-treated mosquito nets combined with dissemination of culturally appropriate behaviour-change education is likely to be an effective prevention strategy. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | TRIBES | LEISHMANIASIS | RISK FACTORS | AGRICULTURE | PESTICIDES | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | NUTRITION INDEXES | BED NETS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Ingredients and Chemicals | Nutrition | Health | Parasite Control | Public Health
Document Number: 325879

25.
Title: Undernutrition among the tribal children in India: tribes of Coastal, Himalayan and Desert ecology.
Author: Kshatriya GK; Ghosh A
Source: Anthropologischer Anzeiger; Bericht Uber Die Biologisch - Anthropologische Literatur. 2008 Sep;66(3):355-63.
Abstract: The purpose of the present cross-sectional investigation was to assess the nutritional condition in children of three tribal communities namely Dhodia, Kinnaura and Bhil, which belong to Coastal, Himalayan and Desert ecology, respectively, in India. A total of 989 tribal children in the age group 0-1 years through 5+ years (below 6 years) was examined. There were 306 Dhodia children (164 boys and 142 girls), 327 Kinnaura children (177 boys and 150 girls) and 356 Bhil children (168 boys and 188 girls) out of 989 subjects. Crown-heel length was measured using infantometer with the child lying supine, height with Martin's anthropometer and body weight using standard weighing machine. Body mass index (BMI) was subsequently computed. 'Z' score was undertaken to obtain comprehensive pictures of undernutrition in terms of wasting, stunting and underweight in these communities. The chi2-test test was also undertaken to compare nutritional indicators by the sexes. It was observed that maximum wasting (85.3%), stunting (86.6%) and underweight (93.3%) was recorded in Kinnaura girls, who belong to Himalayan ecology. The results revealed also that so far as wasting and stunting was concerned, the situation was worst for desert dwelling Bhil, where only 7.3% wasted and 5.6% stunted pre-school children fall in between -1 SD to < or = median as compared to 11.7% wasted and 18.3% stunted pre-school children in Dhodia and 11.3% wasted and 15.3% stunted pre-school children in Kinnaura, who fall in the same category (-1 SD to < or = median). It was important to note that the prevalence of undernutrition in terms of wasting, stunting and underweight was similar in both the sexes (chi2(2) = 1.745, p > 0.05). The findings of the present study revealed the widespread prevalence of undernutrition among the children of Dhodia, Kinnaura and Bhil tribal communities and highlight a need for an integrated approach towards improving the child health as well as the nutritional status in these areas.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | TRIBES | CHILD NUTRITION | ANTHROPOMETRY | MALNUTRITION | NUTRITION INDEXES | ECOLOGY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition | Health | Measurement | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Environment
Document Number: 329098

26.

Title: Epidemiologic transition in an isolated indigenous community in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico.
Author: Malina RM; Pena Reyes ME; Little BB
Source: American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2008 Sep;137(1):69-81.
Abstract: The objective of the present study is to analyze age-specific mortality in a rural indigenous community in the throes of a secular increase in size in the Valley of Oaxaca, southern Mexico, over 30 years, 1970-1999. Variation in mortality by age group was analyzed over time for evidence of an epidemiological transition. The seasonal rain pattern in the Valley of Oaxaca (83% from May through September) was evaluated for its relationship with mortality in wet and dry months. Mortality and causes of death changed markedly over the 30-year interval. Infant and preschool mortality, overall mortality, and causes of death changed from the 1970s through the 1990s. Prereproductive deaths (<15 years) predominated in the 1970s and were largely due to gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases, with periodic outbreaks of measles. Deaths of adults 65+ years predominated in the 1990s and were largely due to degenerative diseases usually associated with aging. The marked changes in age and causes of death over the three decades (epidemiologic transition from Stage I to Stage II) occurred concurrently with significant secular increases in body size in children, adolescents, and young adults, highlighting improved health and nutritional conditions in the community which is in early Stage II of the demographic transition. The demographic transition to Stage II is a leading indicator (15-25 years lag) for the onset of the secular trend, while the epidemiologic transition to Stage II is a predictor that the secular increase is in process in the study community.
Language: English
Keywords:
MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | NUTRITION INDEXES | EPIDEMIOLOGY | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | COMMUNITY | SEASONAL VARIATION | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | DEATH RATE | AGE FACTORS | INFANT MORTALITY | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition | Health | Public Health | Population Characteristics | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Physiology | Biology | Mortality
Document Number: 328835

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Factors associated with the health and nutritional status of children under 5 years of age in Afghanistan: family behaviour related to women and past experience of war-related hardships.
Author: Mashal T; Takano T; Nakamura K; Kizuki M; Hemat S; Watanabe M; Seino K
Source: BMC Public Health. 2008;8:301.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The present study was performed to assess, beyond socio-economic factors, independent associations between the health and nutritional status of children under 5 years old and (1) family behavioural factors related to women with regard to child care and (2) war-related experience by the household of hardships in Afghanistan. METHODS: The subjects were all children born during the previous 5 years from 1400 households in Kabul Province, Afghanistan and were selected by multistage sampling in March 2006. Height and weight measurements of the children and culturally sensitive interviews with their mothers were conducted by household visits. Child mortality, morbidity and nutritional status were evaluated. Four areas were assessed as variables for family behavioural factors related to women: education of mothers, child marriage of the mothers, maternal autonomy in obtaining healthcare for children and preference for a female physician. Hardships experienced by the family were examined by determining their satisfaction of basic material needs and by any experience of being forced to leave a preferred residence. RESULTS: A total of 2474 children from 1327 households completed the examinations and interviews; among them, 101 children were deceased by the time of the interview visits. Diarrhoea (32.5%) and acute respiratory infection (41.0%) were common child health problems and both emaciation (12.4%) and linear growth retardation (39.9%) were prevalent. Regardless of the influence of economic, demographic, family behavioural or hardships experience factors, a lack of maternal autonomy (79.1%) was associated with the occurrence of acute respiratory infection (odds-ratio = 1.72; 95% confidence interval = 1.23, 2.40), and linear growth retardation of children (odds-ratio = 1.38; 95% confidence interval = 1.01, 1.90); a lack of education of the mother (71.7%) and child marriage of the mothers (18.3%) were associated with diarrhoea (odds-ratio = 1.84; 95% confidence interval = 1.40, 2.41; odds-ratio = 1.46; 95% confidence interval = 1.08, 1.96, respectively); a shortage of basic material needs (59.1%) was associated with diarrhoea (odds-ratio = 1.35; 95% confidence interval = 1.08, 1.68); and migration inside the country (52.9%) was associated with underweight children (odds-ratio = 2.48; 95% confidence interval = 1.13, 5.44). CONCLUSION: A lack of education of the mothers, child marriage, lack of maternal autonomy, shortage of basic material needs and internal displacement showed independent and significant negative associations with child health and nutritional variables in this country that has experienced a long period of conflict.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFGHANISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | WOMEN | CHILDREN | CHILD HEALTH | WAR | NUTRITION INDEXES | MORBIDITY | CHILD MORTALITY | FAMILY LIFE | CHILD MARRIAGE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Settlement and Resettlement | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Health | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Nutrition | Diseases | Mortality | Family and Household | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Economic Factors
Document Number: 329341

28.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Overlooking undernutrition? Using a composite index of anthropometric failure to assess how underweight misses and misleads the assessment of undernutrition in young children.
Author: Nandy S; Miranda JJ
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 May;66(9):1963-1966.
Abstract: In light of current international interest in the Millennium Development Goals, this short report examines the suitability of one of the primary indicators being used to assess progress. Using anthropometric data on 46,784 children aged 0-35 months in seven developing countries, we show how the weight for age (underweight) indicator is problematic but not for the reasons conventionally cited. We show that the information it provides about the degree and direction of change in undernutrition over time sometimes contradicts that provided by other conventional indicators. We demonstrate the potential of an alternative indicator, the composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF), which can be used to show the overall extent of undernutrition among children, and which provides an unequivocal statement on the direction and degree of change in undernutrition over time. Given the fundamental importance of undernutrition to child survival and health, the issues raised will be of interest to and have implications for policy makers and planners alike. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | NUTRITION SURVEYS | CHILDREN | MALNUTRITION | ANTHROPOMETRY | NUTRITION INDEXES | RELIABILITY | GOALS | Nutrition | Health | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Planning | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 325890

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Factors associated with increased risk of progression to respiratory syncytial virus-associated pneumonia in young Kenyan children.
Author: Okiro EA; Ngama M; Bett A; Cane PA; Medley GF
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008 Jul;13(7):1-13.
Abstract: The objectives were to identify factors associated with developing severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) pneumonia and their commonality with all-cause lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), in order to isolate those risk factors specifically associated with RSV-LRTI and identify targets for control. A birth cohort of rural Kenyan children was intensively monitored for acute respiratory infection (ARI) over three RSV epidemics. RSV was diagnosed by immunofluorescence of nasal washings collected at each ARI episode. Cox regression was used to determine the relative risk of disease for a range of co-factors. A total of 469 children provided 937 years of follow-up, and experienced 857 all-cause LRTI, 362 RSV-ARI and 92 RSV-LRTI episodes. Factors associated with RSV-LRTI, but not RSV-ARI, were severe stunting (z-score less than or equal to -2, RR 1.7 95%CI 1.1-2.8), crowding (increased number of children, RR 2.6, 1.0-6.5) and number of siblings under 6 years (RR 2.0, 1.2-3.4). Moderate and severe stunting (z-score Less than or equal to -1), crowding and a sibling aged over 5 years sleeping in the same room as the index child were associated with increased risk of all-cause LRTI, whereas higher educational level of the primary caretaker was associated with protection. We identify factors related to host nutritional status (stunting) and contact intensity (crowding, siblings) which are distinguishable in their association with RSV severe disease in infant and young child. These factors are broadly in common with those associated with all-cause LRTI. The results support targeted strategies for prevention. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | CHILD | INFANT | RISK FACTORS | RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS | DISEASES | NUTRITION INDEXES | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Infections | Nutrition | Health
Document Number: 326737

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Complementary feeding with fortified spread and incidence of severe stunting in 6- to 18-month-old rural Malawians.
Author: Phuka JC; Maleta K; Thakwalakwa C; Cheung YB; Briend A
Source: Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2008 Jul;162(7):619-626.
Abstract: Objective: To compare growth and incidence of malnutrition in infants receiving long-term dietary supplementation with ready-to-use fortified spread (FS) or micronutrient-fortified maize-soy flour (likuni phala [LP]). Design: Randomized, controlled, single-blind trial. Setting: Rural Malawi. Participants: A total of 182 six-month-old infants. Intervention: Participants were randomized to receive 1 year of daily supplementation with 71 g of LP (282 kcal), 50 g of FS (FS50) (256 kcal), or 25 g of FS (FS25) (127 kcal). Outcome Measures: Weight and length gains and the incidences of severe stunting, underweight, and wasting. Results: Mean weight and length gains in the LP, FS50, and FS25 groups were 2.37, 2.47, and 2.37 kg (P=.66) and 12.7, 13.5, and 13.2 cm (P=.23), respectively. In the same groups, the cumulative 12-month incidence of severe stunting was 13.3%, 0.0%, and 3.5% (P=.01), of severe underweight was 15.0%, 22.5%, and 16.9% (P=.71), and of severe wasting was 1.8%, 1.9%, and 1.8% (P>.99). Compared with LP-supplemented infants, those given FS50 gained a mean of 100 g more weight and 0.8 cm more length. There was a significant interaction between baseline length and intervention (P=.04); in children with below-median length at enrollment, those given FS50 gained a mean of 1.9 cm more than individuals receiving LP. Conclusion: One-year-long complementary feeding with FS does not have a significantly larger effect than LP on mean weight gain in all infants, but it is likely to boost linear growth in the most disadvantaged individuals and, hence, decrease the incidence of severe stunting. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | CONTROL GROUPS | INFANT | INFANT NUTRITION | INFANT NUTRITION DISORDERS | MALNUTRITION | SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | NUTRITION INDEXES | INTERVENTIONS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition | Health | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Nutrition Programs | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Physiology | Biology | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 327703


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