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Title: FHI quality improvement guidelines for care and support programs for orphans and other vulnerable children.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]
Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, FHI, 2009 Jan. 18 p.
Abstract: The guidelines are organized into nine areas of support that respond to the basic needs and human rights of children. They are also aligned with the core areas of support for programs for orphans and vulnerable children established by the U.S. government in the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). The areas covered by the guidelines are cross-cutting issues, care coordination, health, food and nutrition, education, psychosocial support, shelter and care, protection, and household economic strengthening.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | STANDARDS | MANUAL | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | CHILD HEALTH | EDUCATION | NUTRITION | FOOD SECURITY | HOME CARE | MENTAL HEALTH | SOCIAL PROTECTION | IMPLEMENTATION | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Care and Support | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Political Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 339984

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effect of contraceptive pill on the selenium and zinc status of healthy subjects.
Author: Fallah S; Sani FV; Firoozrai M
Source: Contraception. 2009 Jul;80(1):40-3.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The study was conducted to ascertain the influence of oral contraceptive pill (OCP) uptake on serum zinc and selenium in contraceptive pill users. STUDY DESIGN: The concentration of zinc and selenium was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer in 50 healthy women with normal menstrual cycles as a control group and 50 women taking low-dose OCP. RESULTS: The control reference values were 81.61+/-9.44 and 70.35+/-25.57 mcg/dL, which were obtained for zinc and selenium, respectively. Use of OCP resulted in a significant decrease in serum zinc levels (pLanguage: English
Keywords:
IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ZINC | NUTRITION | Middle East | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Health
Document Number: 341583

Title: Faces of positive change: Highlighting positive changes in the lives of orphans and vulnerable children in Ethiopia.
Author: Lynch K; Radeny S; Bunkers K
Source: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Save the Children, 2009. [49] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-04-00433-00)
Abstract: This book provides stories about the children, families, and communities who have participated in and benefited from the PC3 Program (Positive Change: Children, Communities, and Care). The program is a five-year (2004-2009) effort designed to provide care and support to half a million orphans and vulnerable children and their families in Ethiopia.
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | SUMMARY REPORT | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | NUTRITION | CAPACITY BUILDING | MALNUTRITION | HIV PREVENTION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases
Document Number: 331822

Title: Docosahexaenoic acid in red blood cells of women of reproductive age is positively associated with oral contraceptive use and physical activity.
Author: Magnusardottir AR; Steingrimsdottir L; Thorgeirsdottir H; Gunnlaugsson G; Skuladottir GV
Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 2009 Jan;80(1):27-32.
Abstract: Optimal intake of the long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and proper balance between intake of n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA are important for human health. Considerable evidence exists to show that DHA has a marked benefit during pregnancy. Lifestyle factors can affect the biosynthesis of DHA from dietary precursors, incorporation into membranes and degradation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the PUFA composition of red blood cells (RBCs) from women (n=40) in reproductive age, and how it is affected by diet and other lifestyle factors. Of all the lifestyle factors tested oral contraceptive use and physical activity were the ones correlated with DHA in RBCs, after adjustment for DHA intake. The findings indicate that oral contraceptive use and physical activity have a positive impact on the DHA status, as assessed by RBC level, of women in reproductive age.
Language: English
Keywords:
ICELAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | FITNESS | HEMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | DIET | NUTRITION | LIFE STYLE | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Health | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Behavior
Document Number: 330996

Peer Reviewed

Title: Nutritional status of Malawian adults on antiretroviral therapy 1 year after supplementary feeding in the first 3 months of therapy.
Author: Ndekha M; van Oosterhout JJ; Saloojee H; Pettifor J; Manary M
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2009 Sep;14(9):1059-63.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 3 months with a greater body mass index (BMI) as a result of supplementary feeding with ready-to-use fortified spread would maintain a higher BMI 9 months after the feeding ended. METHODS: Two cohorts of wasted adults with AIDS, after 12 months of ART and 3 months of supplementary feeding with either ready-to-use fortified spread, an energy dense lipid paste; or corn/soy blended flour, were assessed for clinical and anthropometric status, quality of life, and ART adherence after 3 and 9 months. RESULTS: 336 ART patients participated: 162 who had received ready-to-use fortified spread and 174 who had received corn/soy blended flour. 9 months after stopping food supplements, both groups had a similar BMI, fat-free body mass, hospitalization rate and mortality. Binary logistic regression modelling showed that lower BMI, lower CD4 count, and older age at baseline were associated with a higher risk of death (odds ratio for BMI = 0.63, 95% CI 0.47-0.79). Adherence to the ART regimen and quality of life were similar in both cohorts. CONCLUSION: While supplementary feeding with ready-to-use fortified spread can ameliorate the BMI, an established risk factor for mortality, this effect is sustained only during the time of the intervention. Supplementary feeding of wasted patients for longer than 3 months should be investigated.
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | NUTRITION | SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING | BODY WEIGHT | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Infant Nutrition | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 342976

Title: Effects of programs supporting orphans and vulnerable children: Key findings, emerging issues, and future directions from evaluations of four projects in Kenya and Tanzania. An evaluation.
Author: Nyangara F; Thurman TR; Hutchinson P; Obiero W
Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, MEASURE Evaluation, 2009 Jun. 49 p. (SR-09-52USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00)
Abstract: This report summarizes findings from evaluations of four programs, two in Kenya and two in Tanzania, that support orphans and other vulnerable children (OVC). The report focuses on the outcomes, emerging issues, and lessons learned. Implications of the findings are offered to provide guidance to OVC service providers, donors, and policy-makers.
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | KENYA | SUMMARY REPORT | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | CHILD HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | ADVOCACY | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | NUTRITION | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | CARE AND SUPPORT | EDUCATION | SOCIAL PROTECTION | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Communication | Social Change | Behavior | Political Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331821

Title: SAWAKA Jali Watoto Program supporting most-vulnerable children, Tanzania. A case study.
Author: Nyangara F; Matiko C; Kalungwa Z
Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, MEASURE Evaluation, 2009 Jul. 25 p.
Abstract: In 2007-2008, the MEASURE Evaluation project evaluated the Jali Watoto (Care for Children) project in Tanzania. Jali Watoto is a child- and community-centered program that provides support to most-vulnerable children and their caregivers. The evaluation assessed the effectiveness of the program model in improving the well-being of most-vulnerable children and their caregivers in communities affected by HIV / AIDS. In addition, the paper outlines the programmatic implications of the findings for service providers and other stakeholders and makes recommendations regarding effective, replicable interventions.
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | SUMMARY REPORT | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | CARE AND SUPPORT | NEEDS | LANGUAGE | NUTRITION | EDUCATION | MALNUTRITION | RECOMMENDATIONS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Communication | Nutrition Disorders
Document Number: 331827

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Malaria has no effect on birth weight in Rwanda.
Author: Rulisa S; Mens PF; Karema C; Schallig HD; Kaligirwa N; Vyankandondera J; de Vries PJ
Source: Malaria Journal. 2009 Aug 10;8(1):194.
Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Malaria has a negative effect on pregnancy outcome, causing low birth weight, premature birth and stillbirths, particularly in areas with high malaria transmission. In Rwanda, malaria transmission intensity ranges from high to nil, probably associated with variable altitudes. Overall, the incidence decreased over the last six years (2002-2007). Therefore, the impact of malaria on birth outcomes is also expected to vary over time and space. METHODS: Obstetric indicators (birth weight and pregnancy outcome) and malaria incidence were compared and analyzed to their association over time (2002-2007) and space. Birth data from 12,526 deliveries were collected from maternity registers of 11 different primary health centers located in different malaria endemic areas. Malaria data for the same communities were collected from the National Malaria Control Programme. Associations were sought with mixed effects models and logistic regression. RESULTS: In all health centres, a significant increase of birth weight over the years was observed (p < 0.001) with a significant seasonal fluctuation. Malaria incidence had no significant effect on birth weight. There was a slight but significant decreasing effect of malaria incidence on the occurrence of premature delivery (p-value 0.045) and still birth (p-value 0.009). Altitude showed a slight but significant negative correlation with birth weight. Overall, a decrease over the years of premature delivery (p = 0.010) and still birth (p=0.036) was observed. CONCLUSION: In Rwanda, birth weight and pregnancy outcome are not directly influenced by malaria, which is in contrast to many other studied areas. Although malaria incidence overall has declined and mean birth weight increased over the studied period, no direct association was found between the two. Socio-economic factors and improved nutrition could be responsible for birth weight changes in recent years.
Language: English
Keywords:
RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | BIRTH RECORDS | MALARIA | BIRTH WEIGHT | NUTRITION | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Vital Statistics | Population Statistics | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342541

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Does type of household affect maternal health? Evidence from India.
Author: Saikia N; Singh A
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 May;41(3):329-53.
Abstract: The present paper examines the association between the type of household and maternal health in India using data from the National Family Health Survey 1998-99. The indicators of maternal health used in the analysis are contraceptive use, visit to obtain antenatal care in the first trimester, safe delivery and nutritional status of women measured in terms of body mass index (BMI). Binary and multinomial logistic regressions are used to establish associations. The type of household is coded into three categories, viz. nuclear household, joint household with in-laws and joint household without in-laws. The other independent variables used in the analysis are age, children ever born, work status, education of women, religion, caste, standard of living, exposure to mass media, women's autonomy and presence of others at the time of interview. The findings clearly suggest that type of household is significantly associated with the utilization of the above-mentioned services that positively affect maternal health. Women in nuclear households are more likely to utilize these services compared with women in joint households. However, an association between type of household and BMI was not found.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | EVER MARRIED | WOMEN | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INTERVIEWS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | NUTRITION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Health | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 341402

12.

Title: Anemia and growth failure among HIV-infected children in India: a retrospective analysis.
Author: Shet A; Mehta S; Rajagopalan N; Dinakar C; Ramesh E; Samuel NM; Indumathi CK; Fawzi WW; Kurpad AV
Source: BMC Pediatrics. 2009;9:37.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Anemia and poor nutrition have been previously described as independent risk factors for death among HIV-infected children. We sought to describe nutritional status, anemia burden and HIV disease correlates among infected children in India. METHODS: We analyzed retrospective data from 248 HIV-infected children aged 1-12 years attending three outpatient clinics in South India (2004-2006). Standard WHO definitions were used for anemia, HIV staging and growth parameters. Statistical analysis included chi square, t tests, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of anemia (defined as hemoglobin < 11 gm/dL) was 66%, and 8% had severe anemia (Hb < 7 gm/dL). The proportion of underweight and stunted children in the population was 55% and 46% respectively. Independent risk factors of anemia by multivariate analysis included the pre-school age group (age younger than 6 years) (OR: 2.87; 95% CI: 1.45, 5.70; p < 0.01), rural residence (OR: 12.04; 95% CI: 5.64, 26.00; p < 0.01), advanced HIV disease stage (OR: 6.95; 95% CI: 3.06, 15.79; p < 0.01) and presence of stunting (Height-for-age Z Score < -2) (OR: 3.24; 95% CI: 1.65, 6.35; p < 0.01). Use of iron/multivitamin supplementation was protective against risk of anemia (OR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.22, 0.90; p = 0.03). Pulmonary tuberculosis was an independent risk factor in multivariate analysis (OR: 3.36; 95% CI: 1.43, 7.89; p < 0.01) when correlated variables such as HIV disease stage and severe immunodeficiency, and nutritional supplement use were not included. Use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) was associated with a reduced risk of anemia (OR: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.53; p < 0.01). No significant association was found between anemia and gender, cotrimoxazole, or ART type (zidovudine versus stavudine). CONCLUSION: The high prevalence and strong interrelationship of anemia and poor nutrition among HIV-infected children in India, particularly those living in rural areas underscores the need for incorporating targeted nutritional interventions during national scale up of care, support and treatment among HIV-infected children.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PREVALENCE | CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | RURAL AREAS | ANEMIA | NUTRITION | BODY WEIGHT | TREATMENT | NEEDS | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Measurement | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Geographic Factors | Health | Physiology | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Economic Factors | Primary Health Care
Document Number: 342981

13.
Title: Iodine status and thyroid function of pregnant, lactating women and infants (0-1 yr) residing in areas with an effective Universal Salt Iodization program.
Author: Wang Y; Zhang Z; Ge P; Wang Y; Wang S
Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009;18(1):34-40.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the iodine nutrition and thyroid function of pregnant women, lactating women and infants residing in areas where the Universal Salt Iodization program is in place. METHODS: Pregnant women, lactating women and infants were selected randomly in the regions where iodized salt coverage rate is more than 90% since 2000. Urine iodine levels of pregnant woman, lactating woman and infants, milk iodine of lactating woman, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free T4 of women were tested respectively. RESULTS: Median Urinary Iodine (MUI) of infants, three groups of pregnant women (first, second and third trimester) and two groups lactating women (breastfeeding less than or more than six months) were 233, 174, 180, 147, 126 and 145 microg/L, respectively. Median milk iodine of lactating women was 163 microg/L. Percentage of milk iodine < 150 microg/L of early lactating women was 40% less than that of late lactating women (p < 0.01).There was a positive correlation between urine iodine of infants and milk iodine of lactating women (r = 0.526, p = 0.000). T4 of two women were above or below the reference range. Total 15.4% women's TSH were abnormal. Most of these women's urinary iodine were lower than 150 microg/L. CONCLUSION: Iodine status of most of the target population for Universal Salt Iodization program is adequate, but iodine deficiency still existed in some. To assure every new life's brain not be damaged by iodine deficiency, iodine status of targeted populations should be monitored and supplements provided according to the monitoring outcomes.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | PREGNANT WOMEN | THYROID EFFECTS | PROTEIN BOUND IODINE ALTERATIONS | NUTRITION | DIET | LACTATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Endocrine Effects | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Health | Maternal Physiology
Document Number: 342000

14.
Title: [Use of spirulina supplement for nutritional management of HIV-infected patients: study in Bangui, Central African Republic] Interet de la Spiruline chez les personnes vivant avec le VIH a Bangui (RCA).
Author: Yamani E; Kaba-Mebri J; Mouala C; Gresenguet G; Rey JL
Source: Medecine Tropicale. 2009 Feb;69(1):66-70.
Abstract: Treatment of HIV-infected persons including nutritional management is a major concern in Africa and in particular in the Central African Republic (CAR). This six-month randomized prospective longitudinal study was carried out at the Friends of Africa Center that was a facility for comprehensive management of persons infected and affected by HIV in Banqui, CAR. The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of spirulina supplement on clinical and laboratory findings in HIV-infected patients who were not indications for ARV treatment. A total of 160 patients were randomly assigned to two groups. Patients in group 1 (n=79) received 10 grams of spirulina per day on a regular basis while patients in group 2 (n = 81) received a placebo. In addition patients in both groups received dietary products supplied by the World Food Program (WFP). Follow-up of the 160 patients at three and six months showed that 16 patients had been lost from follow-up and 16 had died, with no difference in distribution between the two groups. A significant improvement in the main follow-up criteria, i.e., weight, arm girth, number of infectious episodes, CD4 count, and protidemia, was observed in both groups. No difference was found between the two groups except with regard to protidemia and creatinemia that were higher in the group receiving spirulina supplement. From a clinical standpoint results were less clear-cut since the Karnofsky score was better in the group receiving spirulina than in the group receiving the placebo at 3 months but not at 6 months and fewer patients presented pneumonia at six months. Further study over a longer period will be needed to determine if spirulina is useful and to evaluate if higher doses can have beneficial nutritional and immunitary effects without adverse effects, in particular renal problems.
Language: French
Keywords:
AFRICA, CENTRAL | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | HIV INFECTIONS | TREATMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | NUTRITION | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 342434

15.

16.

17.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Report of the Intergovernmental Conference of Far-Eastern Countries on Rural Hygiene.
Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2008 Jan;98(1):40-42.
Abstract: While it is obvious that attention to the problem of rural populations has been an important consideration of Governments for many years, it is evident that, since the Great War. the people of many countries and their Governments realize more strongly than ever that that part of the population living on the land and producing the essential foodstuffs for all has been too often neglected. Governments are realizing more and more their obligations in this matter, and programs working toward the bettering of the social, economic, health and cultural conditions of the country-dwellers are becoming more general and more comprehensive. This present Conference had brought together Governmental representatives from the important countries of the East. The group includes: medical men concerned with curative and preventive medical services, educators, agronomists, specialists in rural reconstruction, sanitary engineers, experts in nutrition, and investigators who are devoting their attention to specific diseases. Statesmen and members of the legal profession who are concerned primarily with administrative duties are also to be found in the group. The development of rural programs reveals, in many instances, that the best results are to be obtained when the different welfare activities are planned and executed simultaneously by a trained staff. The interrelations of the work of the various groups have become more patent, and success in its broad lines rests on a realization of the interdependence of the work of all concerned. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA | SUMMARY REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | POPULATION | RURAL AREAS | GOVERNMENT | HEALTH SERVICES | EDUCATION | MALARIA PREVENTION | PUBLIC HEALTH | NUTRITION | HYGIENE | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 323107

18.

Title: 2006 Bangladesh Urban Health Survey (UHS). Volume II.
Author: Bangladesh. National Institute of Population Research and Training [NIPORT]; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Carolina Population Center. MEASURE Evaluation; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh [ICDDR,B]; Associates for Community and Population Research [ACPR]
Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, MEASURE Evaluation, 2008 Dec. [310] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00TR-08-68b)
Abstract: Nearly all of the global population growth in the next three decades will occur in urban areas, primarily as a massive migration occurs from the rural areas of middle and lower-income societies to their cities. Many, if not most of these migrants, who are generally possessed of low human and financial capital on arrival in the city, will settle in slums, the areas of concentrated poverty and environmental vulnerability that are already a dominant feature of much of the urban landscape of the developing world. Bangladesh will be no exception to these trends. The growth in her urban population is set to outstrip by a wide margin that in rural areas. Moreover, the urban growth already experienced in recent decades demonstrates that slums will likely be an increasingly important feature of urban existence in Bangladesh. Anticipating these developments, USAID and the Government of Bangladesh tasked a research team based in Bangladesh and the United States (at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) with conducting a survey designed to obtain a broad health profile of the urban population of Bangladesh. The ultimate fruit of this effort was the 2006 Urban Health Survey (2006 UHS), a rich, microlevel health-interview survey of communities, households, and individuals throughout the City Corporations and a sample of District Municipalities. The principal objectives of the 2006 UHS were: 1) To obtain a profile of health problems and health-care seeking behavior in urban areas of Bangladesh; 2) To identify vulnerable groups and examine their health profile and health-care seeking behavior; and 3) To examine the individual, household, and neighborhood-level factors associated with health outcomes and health behaviors in urban areas.
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | SUMMARY REPORT | PREVALENCE | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | NUTRITION | HYPERTENSION | TOBACCO USE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | FERTILITY | FAMILY PLANNING | REPRODUCTION | INFANT NUTRITION | MENTAL HEALTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Measurement | Research Methodology | Health | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 329543

19.

Title: Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2006-07.
Author: Pakistan. National Institute of Population Studies; Macro International. MEASURE DHS
Source: Islamabad, Pakistan, National Institute of Population Studies, 2008 Jun. [400] p.
Abstract: The 2006-07 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey is the fifth in a series of demographic surveys conducted by the National Institute of Population Studies since 1990. However, the PDHS 2006-07 is the second survey conducted as part of the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys programme. The survey was conducted under the aegis of the Ministry of Population Welfare and implemented by the National Institute of Population Studies. The 2006-07 PDHS supplements and complements the information collected through the censuses and demographic surveys conducted by the Federal Bureau of Statistics. It updates the available information on population and health issues, and provides guidance in planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating health and population programmes in Pakistan. The results of the survey assist in the monitoring of the progress made towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The 2006-07 PDHS includes topics related to fertility levels and determinants, family planning, fertility preferences, infant, child and maternal mortality and their causes, maternal and child health, immunization and nutritional status of mothers and children, knowledge of HIV/AIDS, and malaria. The 2006-07 PDHS also includes direct estimation of maternal mortality and its causes at the national level for the first time in Pakistan. The survey provides all other estimates for national, provincial and urban-rural domains. This being the fifth survey of its kind, there is considerable trend information on reproductive health, fertility and family planning over the past one and a half decades. The primary purpose of the 2006-07 PDHS is to furnish policymakers and planners with detailed information on fertility, family planning, infant, child and adult mortality, maternal and child health, nutrition, and knowledge of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | MARRIAGE AGE | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | INFANT MORTALITY | CHILD MORTALITY | MORTALITY | MATERNAL HEALTH | CHILD HEALTH | NUTRITION | MALARIA | HIV | AIDS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | KNOWLEDGE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Contraception | Health | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 327805

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Confirming the impact of HIV/AIDS epidemics on household vulnerability in Asia: the case of Cambodia.
Author: Alkenbrack Batteh SE; Forsythe S; Martin G; Chettra T
Source: AIDS. 2008 Jul;22 Suppl 1:S103-111.
Abstract: This study explores the effects of HIV and AIDS on household economics and the social wellbeing of children in HIV-affected families in Cambodia. A purposive sample of parents living with HIV and their children was selected from networks of people living with HIV. 'Nearest-neighbour' households served as the comparison group. Interviews were conducted with the parent and at least one child or adolescent in each household between October 2003 and January 2004. The urban/rural sample included 1000 households, 1000 adults, and 1443 children aged 6-17 years, inclusive, and was drawn from Phnom Penh, Battambang and Takeo provinces. Despite similar overall expenditures, HIV-affected households incurred proportionately larger expenditures on medical care and funerals. Income among case households was lower than comparison households. HIV-affected households were more likely to sell off assets, borrow from family members, take out loans, and ration medical care and food for children. Children in HIV-affected households reported eating fewer meals in a day, increased frequency of hunger, and increased household and employment responsibilities compared with comparison children. School enrollment rates were similar between pairs of households. The results add to growing evidence that HIV and AIDS contribute to increased vulnerability to poverty and increased burdens on families and children. This study corroborates findings from previous studies in Asia, while providing country-specific information to stakeholders in Cambodia. At this stage in the epidemic, policy makers should focus on implementing and evaluating mitigation interventions.
Language: English
Keywords:
CAMBODIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | HOUSEHOLDS | HIV INFECTIONS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | INCOME | CHILD | ADOLESCENTS | ADULTS | POVERTY | NUTRITION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health
Document Number: 328252

21.
Title: Integrating nutrition security with treatment of people living with HIV: lessons from Kenya.
Author: Byron E; Gillespie S; Nangami M
Source: Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 2008 Jun;29(2):87-97.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The increased caloric requirements of HIV-positive individuals, undesirable side effects of treatment that may be worsened by malnutrition (but alleviated by nutritional support), and associated declines in adherence and possible increased drug resistance are all justifications for developing better interventions to strengthen the nutrition security of individuals receiving antiretroviral treatment. OBJECTIVE: To highlight key benefits and challenges relating to interventions aimed at strengthening the nutrition security of people living with HIV who are receiving antiretroviral treatment. METHODS: Qualitative research was undertaken on a short-term nutrition intervention linked to the provision of free antiretroviral treatment for people living with HIV in western Kenya in late 2005 and early 2006. RESULTS: Patients enrolled in the food program while on treatment regimens self-reported greater adherence to their medication, fewer side effects, and a greater ability to satisfy increased appetite. Most clients self-reported weight gain, recovery of physical strength, and the resumption of labor activities while enrolled in dual (food supplementation and treatment) programs. Such improvements were seen to catalyze increased support from family and community. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide further empirical support to calls for a more holistic and comprehensive response to the coexistence of AIDS epidemics with chronic nutrition insecurity. Future work is needed to clarify ways of bridging the gap between short-term nutritional support to individuals and longer-term livelihood security programming for communities affected by AIDS. Such interdisciplinary research will need to be matched by intersectoral action on the part of the agriculture and health sectors in such environments.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV | MALNUTRITION | NUTRITION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | TREATMENT | INTERVENTIONS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Nutrition Disorders | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 328716

22.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Preconception care: a clinical case of "think globally, act locally".
Author: Curtis MG
Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2008 Dec;199(6 Suppl 2):S257-8.
Abstract: In 1900, the life expectancy for a woman in the United States was 48.3 years; by 2004, that life expectancy had risen to 80.4 years.1 Most of the increase is attributable to improvements in nutrition, sanitation, and other public health efforts that are focused at the population level; however, medical advances in secondary and tertiary prevention efforts that target individual patients also played a significant role. Despite evidence of the synergy between medicine and public health, the full integration of these disciplines has never been realized. This dichotomy has fostered the perception that medicine cares for individuals and that public health cares for populations. At the clinical level, health care practitioners often struggle with how to "translate" population-based risk data to the individual who is seated in front of them. To paraphrase the vernacular, "think global, act local" health care providers are grappling with the challenge to "think population, treat individual." The concept and practice of preconception care epitomizes the difficulty, and concurrent simplicity, of translating population- based primary prevention data to individual patient care. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | WOMEN'S HEALTH | LIFE EXPECTANCY | DIET | OBESITY | NUTRITION | DIABETES | PREGNANCY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | TREATMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Reproduction | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 329642

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Crowding out effect of tobacco expenditure and its implications on household resource allocation in India.
Author: John RM
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 Mar;66(6):1356-1367.
Abstract: This paper examines whether spending on tobacco crowds out expenditure on basic needs and whether it has implications on nutrition intake and household resource allocation in India. The paper uses a household sample survey from India for the year 1999-2000. A system of quadratic conditional Engel curves was estimated for a set of 10 broad groups of commodities. The results suggest that tobacco consuming households had lower consumption of certain commodities such as milk, education, clean fuels and entertainment which may have more direct bearing on women and children in the household than on men suggesting possible 'gender effects' and biases in the allocation of goods and services within the household. Tobacco spending was also found to have negative effects on per capita nutrition intake. The nature of crowding out was found to be similar in low- and high-income households. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | NUTRITION SURVEYS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | HOUSEHOLDS | CHILDREN | TOBACCO USE | EXPENDITURES | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | HOME ECONOMICS | NUTRITION | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | SEX FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Health | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors
Document Number: 324677

24.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Advances in the treatment of acne.
Author: Kimball AB
Source: Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 2008 Sep;53(9 Suppl):742-52.
Abstract: Acne vulgaris affects most people at some time in their life. This common condition can have devastating effects on a person's quality of life and may leave permanent scars. Treatment options, which are designed to disrupt one or more of the pathogenic features that characterize acne, include topical therapies (e.g., antibiotics, retinoids, benzoyl peroxide and combination products), systemic treatments (e.g., oral antibiotics, hormonal therapies and oral retinoids, which are indicated for severe recalcitrant nodulocystic acne), and, to a lesser extent, light-based and physical treatments. Combination oral contraceptives (COCs) represent one type of hormonal treatment. Their mode of action is to reduce the availability of free testosterone, which stimulates the sebaceous glands to produce sebum. Most COCs used in the United States contain progestins derived from 19-nortestosterone, giving them at least some degree of androgenic activity. Of the 3 COCs with an FDA indication for the treatment of moderate acne, only YAZ contains drospirenone, a progestin that combines no androgenic activity with antiandrogenic activity. This drospirenone-containing COC has been shown to be effective in reducing both inflammatory and noninflammatory acne lesions.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | ACNE | DIET | NUTRITION | PREVALENCE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | TREATMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Dermatitis | Diseases | Health | Measurement | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 329797

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effect of integration of supplemental nutrition with public health programmes in pregnancy and early childhood on cardiovascular risk in rural Indian adolescents: Long term follow-up of Hyderabad nutrition trial.
Author: Kinra S; Sarma KV; Ghafoorunissa; Mendu VV; Ravikumar R
Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2008;337(251):a605.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine whether integration of nutritional supplementation with other public health programmes in early life reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease in undernourished populations. Its design used approximately 15 years' follow-up of participants born within an earlier controlled, community trial of nutritional supplementation integrated with other public health programmes. 1165 adolescents aged 13-18 year participated in 29 villages (15 intervention, 14 control) near Hyderabad city, south India. Balanced protein-calorie supplementation (2.51 MJ, 20 g protein) was offered daily to pregnant women and preschool children aged under 6 years, coupled with integrated delivery of vertical public health programmes. The main outcome measures were height, adiposity, blood pressures, lipids, insulin resistance (homoeostasis model assessment (HOMA) score), and arterial stiffness (augmentation index). The participants from the intervention villages were 14 mm (95% confidence interval 4 to 23; P=0.007) taller than controls but had similar body composition. The participants from the intervention villages had more favourable measures of insulin resistance and arterial stiffness: 20% (3% to 39%; P=0.02) lower HOMA score and 3.3% (1% to 5.7%; P=0.008) lower augmentation index. No strong evidence existed for differences in blood pressures and serum lipids. In this undernourished population, integrated delivery of supplemental nutrition with other public health programmes in pregnancy and early childhood was associated with a more favourable profile of cardiovascular disease risk factors in adolescence. This pragmatic study provides the most robust evidence to date on this important hypothesis for which classic trials are unlikely. Improved maternal and child nutrition may have a role in reducing the burden of cardiovascular disease in low income and middle income countries. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | CONTROL GROUPS | PREGNANT WOMEN | CHILDREN | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | NUTRITION | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | DISEASE PREVENTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Physiology | Biology | Prevention and Control | Diseases
Document Number: 328113

26.

Title: Determinants of malnutrition in Senegal: individual, household, community variables, and their interaction.
Author: Linnemayr S; Alderman H; Ka A
Source: Economics and Human Biology. 2008 Jul;6(2):252-63.
Abstract: The relationship between poverty and nutrition is a two-sided one: on the one hand, economic growth (which is generally associated with an eradication of poverty) leads to reduced malnutrition. On the other hand, nutrition is one of the key ingredients for human capital formation, which in turn represents one of the fundamental factors of growth. There are numerous studies that show the correlates of malnutrition using both household- and community-level variables. However, few of these studies allow for the potential endogeneity of community infrastructure or indicate their interplay with characteristics of the mother. The current study considers the socio-economic determinants of child malnutrition and investigates how programs compensate for the increased risks facing young mothers and their children or substitute for a low social status of the mother in the household. The empirical results show that children of mothers giving birth at a young age are disadvantaged in terms of their anthropometric status. Interaction effects of the presence of a non-governmental organization (NGO) or a health post in the village with characteristics of the mother stress the important role played by these institutions in helping disadvantaged mothers overcome their difficulties. These findings have implications for efficient program design and represent a further step towards gaining an improved understanding of the complex determinants of child (mal)nutrition.
Language: English
Keywords:
SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | MOTHERS | MALNUTRITION | ANTHROPOMETRY | NUTRITION | BODY HEIGHT | BODY WEIGHT | AGE FACTORS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Health | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 328814

27.

Title: HIV-positive poor women may stop breast-feeding early to protect their infants from HIV infection although available replacement diets are grossly inadequate.
Author: Lunney KM; Jenkins AL; Tavengwa NV; Majo F; Chidhanguro D
Source: Journal of Nutrition. 2008 Feb;138:351-357.
Abstract: Little is known about mothers' perspectives and experiences of early breast-feeding cessation as a strategy to reduce postnatal HIV transmission in rural, resource-constrained settings. We conducted in-depth interviews (IDI) with 15 HIV-positive breast-feeding mothers of infants aged 3-5 mo about their plans for feeding their infants after age 6 mo. We also conducted IDI with 12 HIV-positive mothers who intended to stop breast-feeding after receiving their infant's HIV-PCR negative test result at age 6 mo. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were conducted with the same 12 mothers and 16 HIV-negative or status unknown mothers who were breast-feeding their 6- to 9-mo-old infants. Of the 12 mothers who intended to stop breast-feeding, 11 did so by 9 mo. Median energy intake (percent requirement) was 1382 kJ (54%) among weaned infants compared with 2234 kJ (87%) among breast-feeding infants. Median intakes were less than 67% of the recommended levels for 9 and 7 of the 12 micronutrients assessed for weaned and breast-feeding infants, respectively. Factors facilitating early breast-feeding cessation were mothers' knowledge about HIV transmission, family support, and disclosure of their HIV status; food unavailability was the primary barrier. HIV-positive mothers in resource-constrained settings may be so motivated to protect their child from HIV that they stop breast-feeding early even when they cannot provide an adequate replacement diet. As reflected in the new World Health Organization guidance, HIV-positive mothers should continue breastfeeding their infants beyond 6 mo if replacement feeding is still not acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable, and safe. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | MOTHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | RURAL POPULATION | POVERTY | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | BREASTFEEDING | DIET | NUTRITION | SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING | INFANT NUTRITION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Health
Document Number: 323789

28.
Title: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding: close-up on a complex case.
Author: Marcum C
Source: Advance For Nurse Practitioners. 2008 Jul;16(7):57-60.
Abstract: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) represents a disruption in normal cyclic ovulatory stimulation of the endometrial lining. The bleeding associated with DUB may be heavy and prolonged, or it may be light and random. The diagnosis of DUB is made only after ruling out other causes of abnormal bleeding. This article presents a case report of a 51-year-old women with previous history of myocardial infarction with bleeding that was heavier than that of her normal menstrual cycle.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN | MENSTRUATION DISORDERS | ENDOMETRIOSIS | NUTRITION | WOMEN'S HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | BLEEDING | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Health
Document Number: 330890

29.

Title: Healthy people, healthy ecosystems: a manual on integrating health and family planning into conservation projects.
Author: Oglethorpe J; Honzak C; Margoluis C
Source: Washington, D.C., World Wildlife Fund, 2008. [96] p.
Abstract: Several conservation organizations have started integrating health and family planning into conservation projects. This integration has multiple benefits. Often conservation practitioners recognize the potential value of integrated PHE (population-health-environment) projects but need guidance on how to effectively incorporate P and H components into their project or on how to create a PHE project from scratch. This manual was created as a resource for these practitioners. It reviews not only the how, but also the why and what of PHE projects. We have defined PHE projects in the manual as: Projects that integrate health and/or family planning with conservation activities, thereby seeking synergistic successes and greater conservation and human welfare outcomes than if they were implemented in single-sector approaches. This manual provides guidance for field-based conservation practitioners in developing countries on integrating health and family planning into community conservation projects. It is designed for those who are starting work in a new area as well as those who might be adding on a health or population component to an existing conservation project. In addition, some sections are likely to be of interest to health partners, development organizations and donors. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | MANUAL | POPULATION PRESSURE | CHILD HEALTH | MATERNAL HEALTH | NUTRITION | FOOD SECURITY | MALARIA | DISEASE PREVENTION | RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS | FAMILY PLANNING | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Health | Food Supply | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Prevention and Control | Infections | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Training Programs | Education | Policy | Political Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 328047

30.

Title: Social determinants, suboptimal health behavior, and morbidity in urban slum population: an Indian perspective.
Author: Pawar AB; Mohan PV; Bansal RK
Source: Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 2008 Jul;85(4):607-618.
Abstract: Improving the health of urban residents, particularly those living in slum areas, requires an integrated approach. Appropriate interventions must be based on a well-grounded understanding of health determinants. Social factors are as important as physical factors in determining health status and suggest alternative interventions. Employment, stress, social exclusion, social support, substance use, nutrition, transport, and conditions during childhood are among the most important social determinants of health status identified by the International Center for Health and Society. This paper uses social determinants of health approach to understand morbidity outcomes for people residing in the slums of Surat City, India. To quantify suboptimal health behavior and identify the determinants of health status for this population survey data on household characteristics, health-seeking behavior, socioeconomic status, food and personal habits, social life, and physical activity has been used. After controlling for socioeconomic and demographic factors, logistic regression analysis reveals that social exclusion, stress, and lack of social support are significantly associated with morbidity. Thus, understanding of social determinants of health by policy makers is important as the health sector has a crucial role in addressing disparities in social determinants. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | INTERVENTIONS | SLUMS | URBAN POPULATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | MORBIDITY | BEHAVIOR | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | EMPLOYMENT | STRESS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | NUTRITION | SUBSTANCE ADDICTION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Programs | Organization and Administration | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Economic Factors | Diseases | Health | Macroeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems
Document Number: 327886


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