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1.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Childcare cash benefits and fertility timing in Norway.
Author: Aassve A; Lappegard T
Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Feb;25(1):67-88.
Abstract: In 1998 a new cash benefit for parents with young children was introduced in Norway. Its purpose was to provide a cash payment to parents who either preferred to care for their children at home or to compensate those who were not offered external childcare provision. It has been argued that the new policy encouraged women to stay at home with their children, possibly reducing labour supply. The policy was consequently considered gender-biased, creating reduced incentives for women to participate in the labour market and therefore encouraging a more traditional division of labour of husbands and wives. Given this background of the policy we undertake an analysis in two parts. We ask first the question "who takes the cash benefit?" Second, by applying simple matching techniques, we ask the question "Do couples taking the benefit behave differently in terms of their fertility timing?" Using information from Norwegian registers we find that more traditional households (in a broad sense) are more likely to take the cash benefit. Those taking the benefit accelerate childbearing significantly, though the reasons why they do so varies by socio-economic groups.
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY POLICY | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | CHILD CARE | TIME FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior
Document Number: 331296

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Title: Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields; male infertility and sex ratio of offspring.
Author: Baste V; Riise T; Moen BE
Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2008 May;23(5):369-377.
Abstract: Concern is growing about exposure to electromagnetic fields and male reproductive health. The authors performed a cross-sectional study among military men employed in the Royal Norwegian Navy, including information about work close to equipment emitting radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, one-year infertility, children and sex of the offspring. Among 10,497 respondents, 22% had worked close to high-frequency aerials to a "high" or "very high" degree. Infertility increased significantly along with increasing self-reported exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. In a logistic regression, odds ratio (OR) for infertility among those who had worked closer than 10 m from high-frequency aerials to a "very high" degree relative to those who reported no work near high-frequency aerials was 1.86 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.46-2.37), adjusted for age, smoking habits, alcohol consumption and exposure to organic solvents, welding and lead. Similar adjusted OR for those exposed to a "high", "some" and "low" degree were 1.93 (95% CI: 1.55-2.40), 1.52 (95% CI: 1.25-1.84), and 1.39 (95% CI: 1.15-1.68), respectively. In all age groups there were significant linear trends with higher prevalence of involuntary childlessness with higher self-reported exposure to radiofrequency fields. However, the degree of exposure to radiofrequency radiation and the number of children were not associated. For self-reported exposure both to high-frequency aerials and communication equipment there were significant linear trends with lower ratio of boys to girls at birth when the father reported a higher degree of radiofrequency electromagnetic exposure. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | HEALTH SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MEN | MILITARY PERSONNEL | INFERTILITY | SEX RATIO | ELECTRICITY | RADIO | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | PREVALENCE | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Government | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Energy Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Measurement
Document Number: 326442

4.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Cesarean delivery and subsequent pregnancies.
Author: Daltveit AK; Tollanes MC; Pihlstrom H; Irgens LM
Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2008 Jun;111(6):1327-1334.
Abstract: The objective was to assess possible effects of a cesarean delivery on outcome in subsequent pregnancies. Using an historical cohort design, we analyzed 637,497 first and second births among women with two or more single births and 242,812 first, second, and third births among women with three or more single births registered in the population-based Medical Birth Registry of Norway between 1967 and 2003. Compared with a vaginal delivery at first birth, a cesarean delivery at first birth was followed, in a second pregnancy, by increased risks of preeclampsia (odds ratio [OR] 2.9 and corresponding 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.8 -3.1), small for gestational age (OR 1.5; CI 1.4 -1.5), placenta previa (OR 1.5; CI 1.3-1.8, placenta accreta (OR 1.9; CI 1.3-2.8), placental abruption (OR 2.0; CI 1.8 -2.2), and uterine rupture (OR 37.4; CI 24.9 -56.2). After excluding women with the actual complication at first birth, the corresponding ORs were, in general, lower: 1.7 (CI 1.6- 1.8), 1.3 (CI 1.3-1.4), 1.4 (CI 1.2-1.7), 1.9 (CI 1.3-2.8), 1.7 (CI 1.6 -1.9), and 37.2 (CI 24.7-55.9), respectively. Corresponding reduction in numbers of cesarean deliveries needed to prevent one case were 114, 56, 1,140, 3,706, 300, and 461. In third births, ORs after repeat cesarean delivery were similar to or lower than the ORs after one cesarean delivery; also here, the exclusion of women with the actual outcome in any of their previous pregnancies tended to reduce the ORs. Cesarean delivery was associated with an increased risk of complications in a subsequent pregnancy, but excess risks were reduced after excluding women with the actual complication in any of their previous births. To obtain less biased effects of cesarean delivery on subsequent pregnancies, it is important to account for obstetric history. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | PREGNANT WOMEN | CHILDBIRTH | CESAREAN SECTION | FIRST BIRTH | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | RISK FACTORS | MULTIPARITY | PREECLAMPSIA | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Obstetrical Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Diseases | Biology | Parity
Document Number: 327245

Peer Reviewed

Title: Reproductive history and mortality in late middle age among Norwegian men and women.
Author: Grundy E; Kravdal O
Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2008 Feb;167(3):271-279.
Abstract: There is growing recognition that reproductive patterns may have long-term health implications, although most evidence is restricted to women. The authors used register data to derive fertility histories for all Norwegian men and women born in 1935-1958. Discrete-time hazard modeling was used to analyze later-life mortality by aspects of reproductive history. A total of 63,312 deaths were observed during 14.5 million person-years of follow-up in 1980-2003, when subjects were aged 45-68 years. Models included detailed information on educational qualifications and marital status. Odds of death relative to those for subjects with two children were highest for the childless (women: odds ratio (OR) = 1.50, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.43, 1.57; men: OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.30, 1.40) and next highest for those with only one child (women: OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.26, 1.37; men: OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.16, 1.24). Results for the parous showed a positive association between earlier parenthood and later mortality,a reverse association with late age at last birth, and an overall negative association between higher parity and mortality. The similarity of results for women and men suggests biosocial pathways underlying associations between reproductive history and health. The lack of any high-parity disadvantage suggests that in the "family friendly" Norwegian environment, the health benefits of having several children may outweigh the costs. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | LOGISTIC MODEL | MIDDLE AGED ADULTS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | PARITY | MORTALITY | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | BIRTH HISTORY | TIME FACTORS | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Mathematical Model | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Measurements | Pregnancy History
Document Number: 324323

Peer Reviewed

Title: Does income inequality really influence individual mortality? Results from a "fixed-effects analysis" where constant unobserved municipality characteristics are controlled.
Author: Kravdal O
Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Apr 8;18(7):205-232.
Abstract: There is still much uncertainty about the impact of income inequality on health and mortality. Some studies have supported the original hypothesis about adverse effects, while others have shown no effects. One problem in these investigations is that there are many factors that may affect both income inequality and individual mortality but that cannot be adequately controlled for. The longitudinal Norwegian register data available for this study allowed municipality dummies to be included in the models to pick up time-invariant unobserved factors at that level. The results were compared with those from similar models without such dummies. The focus was on mortality in men and women aged 30-79 in the years 1980-2002, and the data included about 500000 deaths within 50 million person-years of exposure. While the models without municipality dummies suggested that income inequality in the municipality of residence, as measured by the Gini coefficient, had an adverse effect on mortality net of individual income, the results from the models that included such dummies were more mixed. Adverse effects appeared among the youngest, while among older men, there even seemed to be beneficial effects. In addition to illustrating the potential importance of controlling for unobserved factors by adding community dummies (doing a 'fixed-effects analysis' according to common terminology in econometrics), the findings should add to the scepticism about the existence of harmful health effects of income inequality, at least in the Nordic context. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | INCOME DISTRIBUTION | INEQUALITIES | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Income | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 325829

Peer Reviewed

Title: Treatment results of endometrial hyperplasia after prospective D-score classification: a follow-up study comparing effect of LNG-IUD and oral progestins versus observation only.
Author: Orbo A; Arnes M; Hancke C; Vereide AB; Pettersen I
Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2008 Oct;111(1):68-73.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Three different treatment options for endometrial hyperplasia were evaluated in a prospective long-time follow-up study, comparing effects of intrauterine levonorgestrel impregnated device (LNG-IUD), low oral dose of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and no treatment (observation only). To select patients with high probability for co-existing or future carcinoma we used the objective morphometric algorithm, D-score, stratifying patients into three different risk groups. As far as we know, this is the first prospective long-time follow-up study in which treatment recommendation and outcome is based on the D-score assessment. METHODS: From a total of 370 patients initially diagnosed with endometrial hyperplasia from eight different hospitals in North Norway, 258 were available for long-time follow-up. After D-score classification, one of three different treatment options was chosen: LNG-IUD, low oral dose of MPA or observation only. Follow-up controls were performed and biopsies taken inthe local hospitals. RESULTS: Among the 370 investigated cases with endometrial hyperplasia, only ten endometrial cancers were detected at the entrance of the study, all belonging to the high risk group (D-score <0). No further cancers were detected during follow-up, irrespective of risk group. After 6 months treatment with LNG-IUD proved significantly superior to oral treatment (p=0.001 for D-score >1 and p=0.003 for D-score 0-1 groups) and observation only (p=0.001 for D-score >1 and p=0.001 for D-score 0-1 groups). After 56 to 108 months the LNG-IUD proved significantly superior to oral treatment and to the observation group. Comparison of oral therapy to observation only showed no significant differences, neither after 6 months nor after long-time observation. CONCLUSIONS: LNG-IUD is the optimal treatment for endometrial hyperplasia. Outcome after oral low-dose MPA regimen is comparable to expectation.
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | ENDOMETRIAL EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | LEVONORGESTREL | IUD | TREATMENT | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Endometrium | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 328810

Title: Emergency contraception: why the absent effect on abortion rates? [editorial]
Author: Pedersen W
Source: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2008;87(2):132-133.
Abstract: In 1995, the first emergency contraception pill was approved in Norway for prescription use only. In October 2000, levonorgestrel was released for over-the-counter sale in pharmacies. Subsequently, there has been a large increase in sales. Statistics from 1997 show that less than 5,000 doses of emergency contraception were sold. As a response to increased access to the pill, the figures rose steeply to almost 70,000 in 2001. This increase has continued, and in 2007, more than 150,000 pills were sold. Over this 10-year period, we have witnessed a more than 30-fold increase. A large number of Norwegian women at least buy these pills. A number of studies also show that emergency contraception has a high efficacy. Thus, one should expect a large number of unwanted pregnancies to have been prevented among Norwegian women. The paradox is that there has been almost no change in Norwegian abortion rates in the years following the introduction of these pills. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | CRITIQUE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | ABORTION RATE | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Contraceptive Usage | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 324032 Notification

Title: The validity of self-reported prescription medication use among adolescents varied by therapeutic class.
Author: Skurtveit S; Selmer R; Tverdal A; Furu K
Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2008 Jul;61(7):714-7.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Validation studies of self-reported medication use in adolescents have been scarce. The objective of this study was to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of self-reported use of medication using a prescription database as reference standard. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: The study population consisted of a cohort of 2,613 adolescents aged 15-16 years from the Norwegian youth health survey in 2004 and 2005. Self-reported data on medication use were compared with data from the Norwegian Prescription Database which contains information from all prescription dispensed at Norwegian pharmacies. RESULTS: Sensitivity for self-reported questions on medication use was highest for contraceptive pills 99.2% (95% CI 97.7-100) compared to antiasthmatics 79.1% (66.9-91.2), painkillers 48.5% (36.7-60.4), and psychotropic drugs 75.0% (35.6-95.6). Specificity values of self-reported information of psychotropic drugs 89.6% (87.8-91.5) and antiasthmatics 87.4% (85.4-89.5) were higher than for painkillers80.0% (77.5-82.4) and contraceptive pills 76.2% (72.3-80.1). CONCLUSION: Validity of self-reported previous medication use among adolescents differed by the therapeutic classes of medication. The highest sensitivity was observed for contraceptive pills and lowest for prescribed painkillers. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | PRESCRIPTIONS | DRUGS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | DATA COLLECTION | VALIDITY | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Health | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Research Methodology | Measurement
Document Number: 328359

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: A systematic review of delay in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis.
Author: Storla DG; Yimer S; Bjune GA
Source: BMC Public Health. 2008 Jan 14;8:15.
Abstract: Early diagnosis and immediate initiation of treatment are essential for an effective tuberculosis (TB) control program. Delay in diagnosis is significant to both disease prognosis at the individual level and transmission within the community. Most transmissions occur between the onset of cough and initiation of treatment. A systematic review of 58 studies addressing delay in diagnosis and treatment of TB was performed. We found different definitions of, for example, debut of symptoms, first appropriate health care provider, time to diagnosis, and start of treatment. Rather than excluding studies that failed to meet strict scientific criteria (like in a meta-analysis), we tried to extract the "solid findings" from all of them to arrive on a more global understanding of diagnostic delay in TB. The main factors associated with diagnostic delay included human immunodeficiency virus; coexistence of chronic cough and/or other lung diseases; negative sputum smear; extrapulmonary TB; rural residence; low access (geographical or sociopsychological barriers); initial visitation of a government low-level healthcare facility, private practitioner, or traditional healer; old age; poverty; female sex; alcoholism and substance abuse; history of immigration; low educational level; low awareness of TB; incomprehensive beliefs; self-treatment; and stigma. The core problem in delay of diagnosis and treatment seemed to be a vicious cycle of repeated visits at the same healthcare level, resulting in nonspecific antibiotic treatment and failure to access specialized TB services. Once generation of a specific diagnosis was in reach, TB treatment was initiated within a reasonable period of time. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDIES | CLIENTS | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | TUBERCULOSIS | TIME FACTORS | USER COMPLIANCE | TREATMENT | RISK FACTORS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | HIV INFECTIONS | POVERTY | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | BELIEFS | STIGMA | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | IMPACT | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Infections | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Biology | Viral Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Status | Communication
Document Number: 323625

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Previous abortions and risk of pre-eclampsia.
Author: Trogstad L; Magnus P; Skjaerven R; Stoltenberg
Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2008 Dec;37(6):1333-1340.
Abstract: Background: The risk of pre-eclampsia is reduced for second and later births. The causes and mechanisms behind this reduction are unknown. The aim of the study was to estimate the risk of pre-eclampsia in primiparous women according to history of spontaneous and induced abortions, while controlling for several potentially confounding factors. Methods: The sample consisted of 20 846 primiparous women participating in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Information on abortions and confounders were self-reported in postal questionnaires. The diagnosis of pre-eclampsia was retrieved from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Estimation and confounder control was performed with multiple, logistic regression. Results: One previous induced abortion reduced the risk moderately [odds ratio (OR) 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.69-1.02]. Two or more induced abortions reduced the risk more significantly (OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.18-0.73). Adjustment for confounders did not change the estimates. Conclusions: The protective effect of two prior induced abortions was similar to what is commonly seen after one birth. Spontaneous abortions may to a larger extent than induced abortions be associated with other factors, such as infertility, that may increase the risk of preeclampsia. Normal pregnancies interrupted in early pregnancy may induce immunological changes that reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia in a subsequent pregnancy.
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | COHORT ANALYSIS | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREVALENCE | PREECLAMPSIA | PRIMIPARITY | RISK ASSESSMENT | ABORTION | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Evaluation | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Data Analysis
Document Number: 328658 Notification

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Termination of pregnancy according to immigration status: a population-based registry linkage study.
Author: Vangen S; Eskild A; Forsen L
Source: BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2008;115(10):1309-1315.
Abstract: Objective: Frequency of termination of pregnancy (TOP) and associated risk factors according to immigration status were studied. Design Population-based registry study linking hospital data with information from the Central Population Registry of Norway. Setting: Oslo, Norway. Population: All women 15-49 years undergoing TOP and resident in Oslo, Norway from 1 January 2000 to 31 July 2003. Methods: TOP rates per 1000 women/year were calculated. The association of socio-economic variables such as maternal age, marital status, number of children and education level within the study groups were estimated as odds ratios and using logistic regression. Main outcome measure: Termination of pregnancy. Results: Refugees (30.2, 95% CI = 28.5-31.8) and labour migrants (19.9, 95% CI = 18.7-21.3) had significantly higher TOP rates than nonmigrants (16.7, 95% CI = 16.3-17.1). Except in women less than 25 years, labour migrants had higher TOP rates than nonmigrants. Refugees had the highest rates in all age groups. Being unmarried was associated with a substantially increased risk of TOP among the nonmigrants; such effect was not observed among labour migrants and refugees. Two or more children were associated with increased risk among nonmigrants and refugees compared with four or more among the labour migrants. Generally, higher education showed a protective effect that was most pronounced among nonmigrants. Compared with nonmigrants, adjusted risk of TOP was 1.37 (95% CI = 1.25-1.50) for labour migrants and 1.94 (95% CI = 1.79-2.11) for refugees. Conclusion: Public health efforts to increase the use of contraceptives among refugees and labour migrants above 25 years should be encouraged.
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | LABOR FORCE | MIGRANTS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | PREGNANCY | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Biology | Reproduction | Fertility
Document Number: 307999

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Strong decline in female sterilization rates in Norway after the introduction of a new copayment system: a registry based study.
Author: Bakken IJ; Skjeldestad FE; Schoyen U; Husby MG
Source: BMC Women's Health. 2007 Aug 27;7(1):12.
Abstract: January 1, 2002, copayment for outpatient female sterilization in Norwegian public hospitals increased from 33 euros to 750 euros after a revision of the health care system. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the new copayment system on female sterilization epidemiology. We retrieved data on all female sterilizations 1999-2005 (N=23 1333) from the Norwegian Patient Register, an administrative register to which it is mandatory for all hospitals to report. Sterilizations with diagnostic codes indicative of vaginal delivery, caesarean section, spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and termination of pregnancy were analyzed separately. All other sterilizations were defined as "interval sterilization". An abrupt fall in female sterilization was observed after the raise in copayment. Age-adjusted incidence rates dropped from 6.3-6.8 per 1000 women in 1999-2001 to 2.2-2.3 per 1000 women during 2002-2005. Interval sterilizations dropped to 25% of the previous level after the rise in copayment while sterilizations in conjunction with caesarean section and postpartum sterilization remained constant. For many Norwegian women seeking contraception, sterilization is no longer an available alternative. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | FEMALE STERILIZATION | NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES | HEALTH POLICY | ECONOMIC FACTORS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception
Document Number: 313834

14.

Title: Family size, birth order, and child IQ.
Author: Black SE; Devereux PJ; Salvanes KG
Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [5] p.
Abstract: It is clear that birth order affects children's outcomes along a number of dimensions, including education and earnings, although recent evidence from the psychology literature provides mixed evidence of the effects of birth order on IQ. The evidence on the effect of family size in the economics literature is even more mixed, with inconclusive results on all outcomes. This paper uses a large dataset on the population of Norway and focuses on the effect of birth order and family size on IQ, an outcome not previously available in datasets of this magnitude. Because of the endogeneity of family size, we instrument for family size using twin births. Importantly, we find a strong and significant effect of both birth order and family size on IQ. Our results suggest that earlier born children have higher IQs, and this effect becomes slightly larger when controls for birth characteristics are included, suggesting that it is unlikely that biological explanations for birth order effects play much role. In addition, we find that family size has a negative effect on IQ, suggesting that random shocks to family size have a negative effect on existing children. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | CHILDREN | BIRTH ORDER | INTELLIGENCE | FAMILY SIZE | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | INCOME | MULTIPLE BIRTH | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Biology | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Reproduction
Document Number: 317833

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Adolescents: Is there an association between knowledge of oral contraceptives and profession of provider?
Author: Hansen T; Skjeldestad FE
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2007 Dec;12(4):303-308.
Abstract: Knowledge about oral contraceptives (OCs) was investigated among young users of OCs by profession of provider, namely, physician or public health nurse. A 44-item questionnaire designed to assess communication about contraception and knowledge of OCs was distributed to students in 11 of 13 high schools in Trondheim, Norway. Data from 688 OC users were eligible for analyses. Knowledge about OCs was measured by means of 15 questions, from which scores on three separate indices and a total index were determined. Separate indices included knowledge about physical changes during OC use (index I), knowledge about the pill's relative efficacy (index II) and knowledge about risks of cancer/thromboembolism (index III). Logistic regression analyses showed that high scores with regard to knowledge indices were predicted by sexual activity and communication about contraception with peers and/or parents. Profession of provider was not associated with high knowledge scores. Information given during brief and annual discussions with health professionals appears to have an insignificant impact as compared with information from other sources. Our results plead for an over-the-counter practice. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | ADOLESCENTS | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | KNOWLEDGE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | RISK FACTORS | CANCER | THROMBOEMBOLISM | PUBLIC HEALTH | COMMUNICATION | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Biology | Neoplasms | Diseases | Embolism | Vascular Diseases
Document Number: 322473

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: A randomized trial on the clinical performance of Nova T 380 and Gyne T 380 Slimline copper IUDs.
Author: Haugan T; Skjeldestad FE; Halvorsen LE; Kahn H
Source: Contraception. 2007 Mar;75(3):171-176.
Abstract: The objective of this open randomized study was to compare the clinical performance of Nova T380 and Gyne T380 Slimline copper intrauterine devices (IUDs). Eligible for analyses were 957 Norwegian parous women aged 18-45 years. Clinical performance was measured upon the removal of IUD due to contraceptive failure, expulsion, bleeding, pain, pelvic inflammatory disease and other medical reasons during a 5-year study period. The discontinuation rate due to contraceptive failure was significantly higher in the first year for Nova T380 users than for Gyne T380 Slimline users, whereas no differences were observed thereafter (the 5-year cumulative failure rates were 4.4% and 2.2%, respectively, per 100 women). However, the partial expulsion rate was significantly higher in the first year for Gyne T380 Slimline users than for Nova T380 users (the 5-year cumulative rates were 3.4% and 1.1% respectively, per 100 women). No other major differences in reasons for discontinuation were found between the study groups. There was a slight nonsignificant increase in hemoglobin levels for both study groups over the course of the study. Clinical performance was considered satisfactorily high for both devices. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | CONTRACEPTIVE REMOVAL | IUD EXPULSION | BLEEDING | PAIN | PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE | PREGNANCY | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Reproduction
Document Number: 313007

17.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Use of IUD and subsequent fertility -- follow-up after participation in a randomized clinical trial.
Author: Hov GG; Skjeldestad FE; Hilstad T
Source: Contraception. 2007 Feb;75(2):88-92.
Abstract: Although the IUD has been a contraceptive method for about 50 years, how it affects subsequent fertility remains controversial. The aim of our study was to examine time to pregnancy, pregnancy outcome and the need for infertility workup in a cohort of previous copper IUD users. From May 1993 to April 1995, 957 women were included in a prospective cohort IUD study in the city of Trondheim, Norway. From this randomized clinical trial, we identified 205 women eligible for study participation. Group A comprised 109 women who removed their IUD for purposes of planning to become pregnant, while Group B comprised 96 women who became pregnant or planned pregnancy after a complicated IUD use. Data were collected through a postal questionnaire. All information from the questionnaires was validated against data kept in the medical record at the general practitioner's office or in the hospital record of women who became pregnant or started an infertility workup. All analyses were done using SPSS. In Group A, 93.6% (102/109) of the women became pregnant. Time to conception was unaffected by parity order, duration of use and age at time for removal of the IUD. Among the seven women who did not conceive, four women cancelled pregnancy plans, while three women started an infertility workup. The distribution of intra-/extrauterine pregnancies did not differ between Groups A and B. However, significantly more pregnancies were terminated as induced abortions in Group B. The two women (2%) who did not conceive in Group B did not start an infertility workup. In line with results from other studies, there is no evidence that prior use of a copper-containing IUD increases the risk for impaired fertility regardless of the reason for removal. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | WOMEN | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | FERTILITY | INFERTILITY | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | IUD COMPLICATIONS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Population Dynamics | Reproduction | Pregnancy
Document Number: 311483

18.

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effects of current education on second- and third-birth rates among Norwegian women and men born in 1964: Substantive interpretations and methodological issues.
Author: Kravdal O
Source: Demographic Research. 2007 Oct 13;17(9):211-246.
Abstract: A variety of approaches have been employed to assess the importance of women's education for their second- or third-birth rates. Some researchers have included the educational level measured at a relatively high age in their models, whereas others have included current education. A few have taken selection into account by modelling first-, second-, and higher-order birth rates jointly, with a common unobserved factor. The corresponding education-fertility relationships among men, however, has not attracted any attention. In this study, based on Norwegian register data for the 1964 cohort, a high current educational level for a woman is found to stimulate her second- and third-birth rates. Controlling for selection through joint modelling turns out to be quite unimportant, but the results are very different if the educational level attained by age 39 is included instead of current education. It is important to be aware of such sensitivity to the specification of education. The corresponding effectsfor men are also positive, but not more strongly positive than those for women. These results may suggest that we should not take for granted that women's education generally reduces fertility, and that it does so because of higher opportunity costs for the better educated. However, it is also possible that a high current educational level is linked with modest aspirations for further schooling, which would tend to stimulate subsequent fertility, that it is partly caused by some individual, family or community characteristics that also lead to high fertility, or that it even to some extent is a result of plans to have a child fairly soon. These alternative interpretations are discussed. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | WOMEN | EDUCATION | BIRTH RATE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | GENDER RELATIONS | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 322408

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Settlement size and fertility in the Nordic countries.
Author: Kulu H; Vikat A; Andersson G
Source: Population Studies. 2007 Nov;61(3):265-285.
Abstract: While the variation in childbearing patterns across countries and between socio-economic groups within a country has been studied in detail, less is known about the differences in fertility patterns across settlements within a country. Using aggregate and individual-level register data, we examine fertility variation across settlements in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. We observe a significant variation in fertility level by settlement size in all four of these Nordic countries - the larger the settlement, the lower the fertility. Second, the variation in fertility level has decreased over time, but significant differences in fertility between settlements of different size persist. Third, the timing of childbearing also varies across settlements - the larger the settlement, the later the peak of fertility. Fourth, our analysis of parity-specific fertility in Sweden shows that the major socio-economic characteristics of women account for only a small portion of fertility variation across settlements. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DENMARK | FINLAND | NORWAY | SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | COMMUNITY | POPULATION SIZE | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Fertility | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements
Document Number: 313933

21.
Title: Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer in former users of oral contraceptives -- The Norwegian women and cancer study.
Author: Lund E; Bakken K; Dumeaux V; Andersen V; Kumle M
Source: International Journal of Cancer. 2007;121(3):645-648.
Abstract: Combined estrogen-progestin menopausal therapy (HRT) and combined estrogen-progestin contraceptives (OC) both increase breast cancer risk during current use and a few years after. We investigated risk of breast cancer in women who were users of HRT dependant on former history of OC use in a large, national population-based cohort study, the Norwegian Women and Cancer study (NOWAC). Exposure information was collected through postal questionnaires. Based on follow-up of 30,118 postmenopausal women by linkage to national registers of cancer, deaths, and emigration we revealed 540 incident breast cancer cases between 1996 and 2004. Compared to never users of either drugs current use of HRT gave a significant (p = 0.002) higher risk of breast cancer in former OC users, RR = 2.45 (95% CI 1.92-3.12), than among never users of OCs, RR = 1.67 (1.32-2.12). Relative risk of current use of HRT was similar for estrogen only and combinations with progestin added in ever users of OCs. The increased risk of breast cancer in current HRT users with a history of former OC use could have potential great impact on postmenopausal breast cancer risk as the proportion of postmenopausal women with former OC use will continue to increase. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | MENOPAUSE | BREAST CANCER | RISK FACTORS | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | SCREENING | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Biology | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Examinations and Diagnoses
Document Number: 320626

22.

Title: Predicting willingness to engage in unsafe sex and intention to perform sexual protective behaviors among adolescents.
Author: Myklestad I; Rise J
Source: Health Education and Behavior. 2007 Aug;34(4):686-699.
Abstract: This article examines the sociocognitive processes contributing to intention to use contraception and willingness to engage in unsafe sex, using extended versions of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the Prototype/Willingness model. Data were obtained from a questionnaire delivered to all the pupils in ninth grade (N = 196) at three schools in Oslo. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to predict intention and willingness. The results showed that subjective norm was the most important predictor of intentions for girls, whereas moral norm was most important for boys' intentions and willingness. Prototypes were the most important predictor for girls' willingness. Implications of the findings are discussed. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX FACTORS | ATTITUDES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SAFER SEX | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 313723

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Changes in vaginal morphology, steroid receptor and natural antimicrobial content following treatment with low-dose mifepristone.
Author: Narvekar N; Lakha F; Critchley HO; Glasier AF; Williams AR; Leminen R; Heikinheinmo O; Kelly RW; Baird DT
Source: Contraception. 2007 Apr;75(4):271-280.
Abstract: We have previously shown that the antigestagen mifepristone is contraceptive when given in a daily dose of 5 mg, po. Epidemiological studies suggest that gestagen-only contraceptives may increase the risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) due to effects on the vaginal defenses to infection. We investigate the effects of mifepristone on vaginal thickness, steroid receptor and natural antimicrobial content and pharmacokinetics of mifepristone. In a pilot study, eight women were given mifepristone 5 mg/day for an average of 33 days. Ovarian function was assessed by measurement of estradiol and progesterone in blood and their metabolites in urine and by serial ultrasound of their ovaries. Vaginal biopsies were collected before (late proliferative) and after taking mifepristone. All subjects showed a similar pattern of descending serum concentrations of mifepristone. The elimination phase half-life was 18 � 5.1 h (mean � SD). Mean Cmax measured at 1 h was 641.7 nmol/L (range, 502-740 nmol/L). All eight women reported amenorrhea for the duration of treatment and seven of eight women showed biochemical and ultrasound evidence of anovulation. There was no significant change in vaginal thickness following treatment [342 � 40 �m pretreatment, 303 � 69 �m posttreatment (mean � SEM); p > .05]. Estrogen (ERa, ERh) and androgen receptor were expressed in both vaginal epithelium and subepithelial stroma, whereas progesterone receptor was expressed predominantly in the subepithelial stroma. There was no change in receptor content and distribution following mifepristone treatment. Natural antimicrobial mRNA [secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, human beta defensins mRNA (HBD1, HBD2, HBD3, HBD5), granulysin and elafin] was extracted from the vaginal tissues, and the content was unaffected by mifepristone treatment. The absence of changes in vaginal thickness, steroid receptor and natural antimicrobial content and its distribution in this preliminary study suggests that in contrast to other estrogen-free contraceptives, mifepristone is unlikely to be associated with the increased risk of transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | STEROID METABOLIC EFFECTS | VAGINA | MICROBICIDES | HORMONE RECEPTORS | RU-486 | INFECTION PREVENTION | TIME FACTORS | HIV TRANSMISSION | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Metabolic Effects | Physiology | Biology | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Membrane Proteins | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Infections | Diseases | Population Dynamics | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases
Document Number: 308432

24.

Title: Air pollution, social deprivation, and mortality: A multilevel cohort study.
Author: Noess O; Piro FN; Nafstad P; Smith GD; Leyland AH
Source: Epidemiology. 2007 Nov;18(6):686-694.
Abstract: It is becoming increasingly evident that exposure to air pollution and its adverse effects are not equitably distributed. Our goal was to investigate the role of social deprivation in explaining the effect of neighborhood differences in level of air pollution fine particulates (PM2.5) on mortality when the indicators of social deprivation are measured at both individual level and at neighborhood level. All inhabitants registered in Oslo, Norway on 1 January 1992 in the age group 50-74 years (n = 105,359) constitute the study base. We used an air dispersion model (AirQUIS) to estimate levels of exposure in the period 1992-1995 in all 470 administrative neighborhoods. These data were linked to Census, educational, and death registries. Deaths were recorded in the period 1992-1998. PM2.5 was associated with most neighborhood-level indicators of deprivation, as was most clearly seen for type of dwelling and ownership of dwelling. The effect of PM2.5 on mortality was to some extent explained by these indicators independently of the corresponding individual-level indicators. Findings from this study suggest that socially deprived neighborhoods have higher exposure to air pollution. Deprivation at both the individual and neighborhood level is associated with air pollution, accounting for some of the excess mortality associated with air pollution in these neighborhoods. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | CENSUS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | EXPOSURE | MORTALITY | SIDE EFFECTS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Population Statistics | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Economic Factors | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Risk Factors | Biology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 326512

25.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Child care availability and first-birth timing in Norway.
Author: Rindfuss RR; Guilkey D; Morgan SP; Kravdal O; Guzzo KB
Source: Demography. 2007 May;44(2):345-372.
Abstract: Both sociological and economic theories posit that widely available, high-quality, and affordable child care should have pronatalist effects. Yet to date, the empirical evidence has not consistently supported this hypothesis. We argue that this previous empirical work has been plagued by the inability to control for endogenous placement of day care centers and the possibility that people migrate to take advantage of the availability of child care facilities. Using Norwegian register data and a statistically defensible fixed-effects model, we find strong positive effects of day care availability on the transition to motherhood. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA LINKAGE | COHORT ANALYSIS | CHILD CARE | FERTILITY | FIRST BIRTH | AGE FACTORS | POPULATION REGISTER | FAMILY POLICY | SOCIAL WELFARE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Child Rearing | Behavior | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Population Characteristics | Population Statistics | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 317138

26.

Title: Lessons from evaluations of women and gender equality in development cooperation.
Author: Aasen B
Source: Oslo, Norway, Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation [Norad], 2006 Dec. 19 p. (Synthesis Report 2006/1)
Abstract: In 2005 Norad commissioned the Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research (NIBR) and partners to carry out an evaluation of the Strategy for Women and Gender Equality in Development Cooperation (1997-2005). The evaluation showed significant weaknesses in the institutionalisation of activities, a lack of resources and deficient reporting of results in the field. Several other evaluations of efforts to promote gender equality in development cooperation have come to similar conclusions. Consequently, this criticism does not apply to Norwegian development cooperation alone; it appears to apply to international development cooperation in general. There is therefore reason to consider the findings of these evaluations more systematically in order to find out what they say about weaknesses in efforts to empower women and promote gender equality and the explanations and recommendations they provide. This synthesis report is based on a review of evaluations by Norad, Sida, DFID, the European Commission (EC), OECD/DAC, UNDP, ILO and the World Bank. The evaluations reviewed here were carried out in the period 2002 to 2006. Since 2002, growing international attention has been paid to weaknesses in the strategy to integrate women and gender equality into development cooperation, and to the lack of results. I have therefore chosen to include a certain amount of more recent literature and three reports from meetings that address this issue. These reports have largely focused on the possibilities for strengthening gender equality activities in a situation with new aid modalities. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | SUMMARY REPORT | EVALUATION | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Problems | Political Factors | Diseases
Document Number: 312524

27.
Title: Oral contraceptives and increased headache prevalence: the Head-HUNT study.
Author: Aegidius K; Zwart JA; Hagen K; Schei B; Stovner LJ
Source: Neurology. 2006 Feb 14;66(3):349-353.
Abstract: The objective was to examine the prevalence of headache and migraine among women using oral contraceptives (OCs) in a large, cross-sectional population-based study. In the Nord-Tr�ndelag Health Study in Norway 1995--1997 (HUNT 2), 27,700 (60%) out of 46,506 invited women responded to headache questions (Head-HUNT). Among 14,353 premenopausal women, 13,944 (97%) responded to questions regarding use of contraceptives. There was a significant association between headache and reported use of estrogen-containing OCs in premenopausal women, both for migraine (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.2 to 1.7) and for non-migrainous headache (OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.0 to 1.4). A significant dose relationship between headache and the amount of estrogen in the OCs could not be demonstrated. No significant association between headache and OCs containing only gestagen was found. Headache, especially migraine, was more likely among premenopausal women using oral contraceptives containing estrogen. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREVALENCE | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | HEADACHE | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Research Methodology | Measurement | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Diseases
Document Number: 309791

28.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Gendering family composition: sex preferences for children and childbearing behavior in the Nordic countries.
Author: Andersson G; Hank K; Ronsen M; Vikat A
Source: Demography. 2006 May;43(2):255-267.
Abstract: It has been argued that a society's gender system may influence parents' sex preferences for children. If this is true, one should expect to find no evidence of such preferences in countries with a high level of gender equality. In this article, we exploit data from population registers from Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden to examine continuities and changes in parental sex preferences in the Nordic countries during the past three to four decades. First, we do not observe an effect of the sex of the firstborn child on second-birth risks. Second, we detect a distinct preference for at least one child of each sex among parents of two children. For third births, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish parents seem to develop a preference for having a daughter, while Finns exhibit a significant preference for having a son. These findings show that modernization and more equal opportunities for women and men do not necessarily lead to parental gender indifference. On the contrary, they may even result in new sex preferences. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | DENMARK | FINLAND | SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | PARENTS | SEX PREFERENCE | SONS | DAUGHTERS | FIRST BIRTH | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | SOCIAL CHANGE | CULTURE | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 308135

29.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Chlamydia trachomatis testing patterns and prevalence of genital chlamydial infection among young men and women in central Norway 1990-2003: a population-based registry study.
Author: Bakken IJ; Nordbo SA; Skjeldestad FE
Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2006 Jan;33(1):26-30.
Abstract: The study objective was to investigate Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) testing patterns, prevalence, and incidence among men and women in S�r-Tr�ndelag county, central Norway, 1990-2003. The goal of this study was to obtain data for recommendations regarding CT screening. Laboratory data on CT tests for persons 15 to 24 years old were retrieved and analyzed. Four percent of men and 44% of women had been CT tested at least once by the age of 20. By the age of 25, 44% of men and 84% of women had been tested. Prevalence at first test was at its peak in 2000-2002 (men: 15-19 years 18%, 20-24 years 23%; women: 15-19 years 11%, 20-24 years 9%). Incidence estimates were higher for persons with a positive first test than for persons with a negative first test. More men and more female teenagers need to be tested. Repeat testing is particularly important among people who have been diagnosed with CT. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | YOUTH | MEN | WOMEN | CHLAMYDIA | TESTING | PREVALENCE | INCIDENCE | SCREENING | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Examinations and Diagnoses
Document Number: 295477

30.
Peer Reviewed

Title: The relationship between age of menarche and mental distress in Norwegian adolescent girls and girls from different immigrant groups in Norway: results from an urban city cross-sectional survey.
Author: Lien L; Dalgard F; Heyerdahl S; Thoresen M; Bjertness E
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2006 Jul;63(2):285-295.
Abstract: Lower age of menarche has been associated with increased mental distress among adolescent girls. The association might be mediated via body image, as girls with early menarche tend to have higher weight than those with late onset menarche. Many of the existing studies of menarche and mental distress are based on samples of white, western girls. The aim of the study was to analyze the association between age of menarche and mental distress among Norwegian girls and girls from different immigrant groups, and to study the effect of body mass index (BMI) and the difference between current and desired weight, on the relationship between age of menarche and mental distress. The study was a cross-sectional population-based self-report survey of all 10th grade pupils in Oslo for two consecutive years. A total of 3694 girls (91%) participated, one quarter of which were first or second generation immigrants. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist-10 was used to measure mental distress. An inverse, linear association between age of menarche and mental distress was found for both Norwegian girls and girls from all the immigrant groups. Regardless of immigrant status, girls with early onset menarche had higher BMI and higher difference in current and desired weight than those with late onset menarche. In linear regression, the difference in current and desired weight was more strongly associated with mental distress both among the Norwegian girls and girls from immigrant groups than age of menarche and BMI when controlling for social and behavioral factors. Early age of menarche might serve as a predictor for psychopathology in Norwegians girls as well as in girls from different immigrant groups. The association between age of menarche and mental distress might be mediated via differences in current and desired weight. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | URBAN AREAS | ETHNIC GROUPS | MENARCHE | STRESS | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | PUBERTY | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Cultural Background | Menstruation | Reproduction | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health
Document Number: 301883


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